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The U.S. Army and Interrogation During Operation Iraqi Freedom I, May 2003 - April 2004

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The U.S. Army and Interrogation During Operation Iraqi Freedom I, May 2003 - April 2004 THE FIGHT FOR THE HIGH GROUND: THE U.S. ARMY AND INTERROGATION DURING OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM I, MAY 2003 - APRIL 2004 A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE Military History by DOUGLAS A. PRYER, MAJOR, U.S. ARMY B.A., Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, 1989 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2009 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 12-06-2009 Master‘s Thesis AUG 2008– JUN 2009 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER THE FIGHT FOR THE HIGH GROUND: THE U.S. ARMY AND INTERROGATION DURING OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM I, MAY 5b. GRANT NUMBER 2003 - APRIL 2004 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Major Douglas A. Pryer 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORG REPORT U.S. Army Command and General Staff College NUMBER ATTN: ATZL-SWD-GD Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027-2301 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT During Operation IRAQI FREEDOM I (OIF I), U.S. soldiers waged a desperate war against a growing insurgency. Mounting U.S. casualties became the catalyst for a hidden "war within the war." Arrayed on one side of this secret conflict were leaders who believed that the "ends justify the means." Opposing this camp were those who believed that U.S. soldiers do not torture because of the higher ideals to which all Americans should subscribe. This clandestine conflict was waged at every level of command, from the fields of Iraq to Washington, D.C. In this history, the adverse influence of the ends-justify-the-means camp in Iraq is charted. Conversely, interrogation operations within the largest division task force and brigade combat team of OIF I are explored to explain why most interrogators treated detainees humanely. Those deficiencies of Army doctrine, force structure, and training that enabled harsh interrogation policies to sometimes trump traditional virtues are explained. Lastly, the Army's recent dramatic improvements with regard to interrogations are summarized and still-existing deficiencies are noted. This history concludes that the damage done by abusive interrogations will be felt for years to come--and that much work still needs to be done to ensure such damage never recurs. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Interrogation, Operation Iraqi Freedom I, HUMINT, Detention, SERE, Abu Ghraib, Camp Cropper, Camp Bucca, Military Intelligence, Law of War, CJTF-7, 1st Armored Division, Striker, Ethics, Detainee Abuse, ICRC 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 19b. PHONE NUMBER (include area code) (U) (U) (U) (U) 224 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 ii MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Name of Candidate: MAJ Douglas A. Pryer Thesis Title: THE FIGHT FOR THE HIGH GROUND: THE U.S. ARMY AND INTERROGATION DURING OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM I, MAY 2003 - APRIL 2004 Approved by: , Thesis Committee Chair Jonathan M. House, Ph.D. , Member Lieutenant Colonel Nathan J. Hoepner, M.A. , Member David Roeder, M.A. Accepted this 12th day of June 2009 by: , Director, Graduate Degree Programs Robert F. Baumann, Ph.D. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student author and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to this study should include the foregoing statement.) iii ABSTRACT THE FIGHT FOR THE HIGH GROUND: THE U.S. ARMY AND INTERROGATION DURING OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM I, MAY 2003 - APRIL 2004, by MAJ Douglas A. Pryer, 224 pages. During Operation IRAQI FREEDOM I (OIF I), U.S. soldiers waged a desperate war against a growing insurgency. Mounting U.S. casualties became the catalyst for a hidden "war within the war." Arrayed on one side of this secret conflict were leaders who believed that the "ends justify the means." Opposing this camp were those who believed that U.S. soldiers do not torture because of the higher ideals to which all Americans should subscribe. This clandestine conflict was waged at every level of command, from the fields of Iraq to Washington, D.C. In this history, the adverse influence of the ends- justify-the-means camp in Iraq is charted. Conversely, interrogation operations within the largest division task force and brigade combat team of OIF I are explored to explain why most interrogators treated detainees humanely. Those deficiencies of Army doctrine, force structure, and training that enabled harsh interrogation policies to sometimes trump traditional virtues are explained. Lastly, the Army's recent dramatic improvements with regard to interrogations are summarized and still-existing deficiencies are noted. This history concludes that the damage done by abusive interrogations will be felt for years to come--and that much work still needs to be done to ensure such damage never recurs. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank Dr. Jonathan House, my committee chairman, and Lieutenant Colonel Nathan Hoepner, one of my committee members, for their remarkable diligence and mentorship while helping me produce this history. I am also grateful for the helpful comments of others who reviewed the transcript, especially John McCool, Operational Leadership Experiences Team Chief; and Lieutenant Colonel Jeffery Lippert, Chief of Detention, Judicial, and Legal Policy, Multi-National Force-Iraq. Secondly, I would like to thank the former 1st Armored Division and 501st Military Intelligence Battalion leaders who consented to interviews in support of this project, including not only Lieutenant Colonel Hoepner but also Lieutenant Colonel Russell Godsil, Lieutenant Colonel (Retired) Elizabeth Rogers, Lieutenant Colonel Larry Wilson, Lieutenant Colonel Mark Crisman, Major Craig Martin, Major Brad Johnson, Captain Nicole Lauenstein, Captain Scott Linker, Chief Warrant Officer 5 (Retired) Robert Ferguson, Chief Warrant Officer 3 Kenneth Kilbourne, Chief Warrant Officer 3 John Groseclose, and Ms. Amanda Meyer. I have truly enjoyed crossing paths with all these great leaders again. Thirdly, I would like to thank my wife, Sunny, for her enduring love and support. My pursuit of this project has certainly proven a distraction from what was supposed to be, during the year field grade officers spend with our families at Fort Leavenworth, the "best year of our lives." Despite the distraction of this project, any year spent at home is a good year, and I feel blessed to have had her and our time together at this storied and idyllic Army post. v Lastly, I would like to express my heartfelt admiration for the Human Intelligence leaders and soldiers of Operation Iraqi Freedom I, the vast majority of whom fought hard to keep themselves and others on the moral high ground. Without their good judgment and deeds, this paper would not have been possible. I dedicate this project to them. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE ............ iii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. vii ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................... ix ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................................... xii TABLES .......................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1 ONE TERRIBLY HOT SUMMER ...............................................................1 CHAPTER 2 "IT‘S JUST NOT RIGHT" ..........................................................................17 Interrogations and Law ................................................................................................. 18 Interrogations and UCMJ, Regulations, and Doctrine .................................................
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