DOCSLIB.ORG

The Impact of Interferon Lambda 3 Gene Polymorphism on Natural Course and Treatment of Hepatitis C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Impact of Interferon Lambda 3 Gene Polymorphism on Natural Course and Treatment of Hepatitis C Hindawi Publishing Corporation Clinical and Developmental Immunology Volume 2012, Article ID 849373, 9 pages doi:10.1155/2012/849373 Review Article The Impact of Interferon Lambda 3 Gene Polymorphism on Natural Course and Treatment of Hepatitis C F. Bellanti, 1 G. Vendemiale,1, 2 E. Altomare,1 and G. Serviddio1 1 Department of Medical and Occupational Sciences, C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, University of Foggia, Italy 2 IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy Correspondence should be addressed to G. Serviddio, [email protected] Received 28 April 2012; Accepted 2 July 2012 Academic Editor: Domenico Sansonno Copyright © 2012 F. Bellanti et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Host genetic factors may predict the outcome and treatment response in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Very recently, three landmark genome-wide association studies identified single nucleotide polymorphisms near the interleukin 28B (IL28B) region which were more frequent in responders to treatment. IL28B encodes interferon (IFN)λ3, a type III IFN involved in host antiviral immunity. Favourable variants of the two most widely studied IL28B polymorphisms, rs12979860 and rs8099917, are strong pretreatment predictors of early viral clearance and sustained viral response in patients with genotype 1 HCV infection. Further investigations have implicated IL28B in the development of chronic HCV infection versus spontaneous resolution of acute infection and suggest that IL28B may be a key factor involved in host immunity against HCV. This paper presents an overview about the biological activity and clinical applications of IL28B, summarizing the available data on its impact on HCV infection. Moreover, the potential usefulness of IFNλ in the treatment and natural history of this disease is also discussed. 1. Introduction progression. Currently, pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) is considered the standard of care for chronic More than 20 years after the discovery of the hepatitis C hepatitis C, but the rate of SVR is around 50% in patients virus (HCV) in 1989, it is now well established that HCV with HCV genotype 1, the most common genotype [5, 6]. infection affects all countries, leading to a major global health Because PEG-IFN/RBV therapy is costly and often accompa- problem that requires widespread active interventions for its nied by several adverse effects, pre-treatment predictions of prevention and control [1]. Prevalence data estimate that those patients who are unlikely to benefit from this regimen 130–170 million persons, or 2-3% of the world population enables ineffective treatment to be avoided. Viral load and are infected with HCV [2]. HCV infection is characterized viral genotypes and the stage of liver disease strongly predict by two distinct outcomes: in about 30% of cases, innate the response to HCV treatment [7, 8]. Moreover, host genetic andadaptiveimmuneresponsesachieveapermanentcontrol differences may influence the response to HCV treatment. of infection, referred to as spontaneous HCV clearance; Recently, through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) however, most frequently, the host immune responses fail of patients infected by genotype 1 HCV, it has been reported and chronic infection is established [3]. Chronic hepatitis that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to C is highly heterogeneous in clinical presentation and out- the cytokine IFNλ3 (also known as IL28B) are strongly comes. This heterogeneity may be dependent on virus geno- associated with a response to PEG-IFN/RBV therapy [9– type but is also largely related to host factors that have been 12]. There has subsequently been rapidly increasing data clearly proven to affect the severity and rapidity of disease regarding the significance of the IL28B polymorphism not progression [4]. The successful eradication of HCV in chron- only in response to therapy but also in spontaneous clearance ically infected patients, defined as a sustained virological of acute HCV infection. Clinically available tests then made response (SVR), is associated with a reduced risk of disease IL28B genotype testing become part of the standard of care. 2 Clinical and Developmental Immunology Genetic analysis of the host may thus predict which patients clinical setting has started for hepatitis C: pegylated rHu are more likely to respond to treatment, taking into account IFNλ (PEG-IFNλ) has now been evaluated in two phase that IL28B genotype is only one of many factors that can 1 clinical trials [28, 29]. The initial phase 1A study was influence response rates to PEG-IFN/RBV therapy in HCV designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic, infection and should be interpreted in the context of other and pharmacodynamic activity of a single dose of PEG-IFNλ clinical factors predicting SVR. in healthy volunteers; a few participants developed reversible, dose-related increases in liver transaminases, but PEG-IFNλ 2. The IFNλ Family did not induce fever, fatigue, or any overt haematological changes [28]. The phase 1B study has been conducted in IFNλ was identified during the recent years and classified as a patients with chronic genotype 1 HCV infection, mostly non new group, type III IFN. The IFNλ gene family is composed responders to PEG-IFN/RBV therapy; PEG-IFNλ induced of three distinct genes: IFNλ1 (IL29), IFNλ2 (IL28A), and significant decreases in the levels of HCV, was well tolerated, IFNλ3 (IL28B) [13, 14]. The members of this IFN family and did not induce any significant haematological toxicities interact through unique receptors that are distinct from type such as neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, or anemia [29]. I(IFNα/β)andtypeII(IFNγ) IFN receptors. The receptor However, this study lacks a direct comparison between IFNλ for type III IFN is composed of the unique IFNλR1 chain, and IFNα and the influence of viral and patient genotypes, also called IL28Rα and the IL10R2 chain, which is shared and it is not clear whether the antiviral effects are mediated with IL10, IL22, and IL26 receptor complexes (Figure 1)[15]. directly or through the stimulation of immune cells or IL28A, IL28B, and IL29 are clustered together on chromo- both. Since the presumed effects of IFNλ on viral clearance some 19 (19q13.13 region) and are coexpressed together with observed in the GWAS are mediated through treatment with other type I IFNs (IFNα and IFNβ) by virus-infected cells exogenous IFNα, it is conceivable that although IFNλ may [13, 14]. IFNλRsareexpressedatvariablelevelsonmost be less potent than IFNα as a direct antiviral, taken together cell types, and they mediate signalling resulting in induction these cytokines may have an additive effect [24]. of many of the same genes that are induced by signalling through IFNα/β Rs [13]. Very interestingly, hepatocytes from 3. The Effect of IFNλ3Polymorphismon liver biopsy specimens have a high IFNλ receptor expression IFNλ Biology (IL28Rα), while no expression is evidenced on fibroblasts, endothelial cells, adipocytes, or primary central nervous IL28B/IFNλ3 may harbour the ability to induce potent system cells [16–18]. innate antiviral responses in vitro via signalling through Signalling through type I (IFNα/β) or type III (IFNλ) the IL28 receptor complex, whose expression has been IFN receptor complexes results in the formation of a verified on a variety of cells, including lymphocytes [24, transcription factor complex known as IFN-stimulated gene 30, 31]. Moreover, studies performed in vivo showed that factor 3 (ISGF3), which consists of three proteins: STAT1, IL28B/IFNλ3 had the potential to induce helper T-cell type STAT2 and IRF-9 (also known as ISGF3γ or p48). After it 1-biased adaptive cellular immune responses [32]. IFNλ3 is fully assembled, ISGF3 translocates to the nucleus where has significant influence on antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell it binds to IFN-stimulated response elements (ISREs) in function, especially in regards to cytotoxicity, since it is a the promoters of various IFN-stimulated genes classically potent effector of the immune system with special emphasis associated with the antiviral phenotype, including OAS1, on CD8+ T-cell killing functions [32]. MX1, IRF7,andEIF2AK2 [double-stranded RNA-activated IFNλ3 is to date the only member of type III interferons protein kinase (PKR)] [19]. The proteins encoded by these with genetic variations associated with differential expression genes mediate the antiviral activity induced by the IFNs [20]. profiles for downstream genes involved in the immune As a result, the downstream biological activities induced by response and outcome for a disease that exhibits symptoms either IFNα or IFNλ are very similar, including induction of of dysregulation of the immune response. In 2009, three antiviral and antiproliferative activity in many cell types. genome-wide association studies reported an association There are currently very limited available data comparing between SVR and two SNPs located near the gene region the different biological activity of the three IFNλs. Biological encoding IFNλ3 (IL28B; rs12980275 and rs8099917) in activity ultimately depends on the receptor cytoplasmic HCV-infected patients treated with PEG-IFN/RBV com- domains, which are not related, and these may trigger over- bination therapy [9–11]. Further subsequent studies well lapping but different
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MOUSE INTERLEUKIN-28B/INTERFERON-LAMBDA 3, CARRIER FREE Product Number: 12821-1 Lot Number: 5559 Size: 25 Μg
    MOUSE INTERLEUKIN-28B/INTERFERON-LAMBDA 3, CARRIER FREE Product Number: 12821-1 Lot Number: 5559 Size: 25 µg Description: Mouse Interleukin-28B/Interferon-lambda 3, Carrier Free Source: A DNA sequence encoding the mature mouse IL-28B/IFN-λ3 (Asp 20 - Val 193) (Kotenko, S.V. et al., 2003, Nat. Immunol. 4(1):69 - 77) was expressed in E. coli. Form: Lyophilized Buffer: Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) Reconstitution: It is recommended that sterile PBS be added to the vial to prepare a stock solution of no less than 100 μg/mL. Endotoxin: < 1 EU/µg Molecular Weight: The 175 amino acid residue methionyl form of recombinant mouse IL-28B has a predicted molecular mass of approximately 19.7 kDa. Purity: > 95% Synonyms: Mu IL-28B; Mu IFN-λ3 Accession #: NP_796370 Assays Used to Measure Bioactivity: Human HepG2 cells infected with encephalomyocarditis virus (Sheppard, P. et al., 2003, Nature Immunol. 4:63). The ED50 for this effect is typically 7.5 - 37.5 ng/mL. Shipping Conditions: Wet Ice Physical State of Product During Shipping: Lyophilized Special Conditions/Comments: After receipt, this product should be kept at -70˚C or below for retention of full activity. Upon reconstitution, this cytokine can be stored under sterile conditions at 2˚C to 8˚C for one month or at -20˚C to -70˚C in a manual defrost freezer for three months without detection loss of activity. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. For more information on protein handling, visit the PBL website at www.interferonsource.com . Product Information: Human IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29, also named interferon-λ2 (IFN-λ2), IFN-λ3, and IFN-λ1, respectively, are newly identified class II cytokine receptor ligands that are distantly related to members of the IL-10 family (11- 13% aa sequence identity) and type I IFN family (15 - 19% aa sequence identity).1 – 3 The genes encoding these three cytokines are localized to chromosome 19 and each is composed of multiple exons.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Characterization of Tea Catechin Treated Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines Yewseok Suh
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2006 Molecular Characterization of Tea Catechin Treated Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines Yewseok Suh Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF TEA CATECHIN TREATED HUMAN PROSTATE CANCER CELL LINES By YEWSEOK SUH A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2006 The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Yewseok Suh defended on May 12, 2006. Qing-Xiang Amy Sang Professor Directing Dissertation Thomas C.S. Keller III Outside Committee Member Joseph B. Schlenoff Committee Member Hong Li Committee Member Approved: Naresh Dalal, Chair, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Joseph Travis, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii This dissertation is dedicated to my parents for their endless love and encouragement, to my lovely wife Inok Park for her support, and to our charming daughter, Tae-won. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my major professor for her support throughout the research. Also thanks to all my committee members, Dr. Thomas C. S. Keller III, Dr. Hong Li, and Dr. Joseph B. Schlenoff, for their support, advice, and guidance. Special thanks to our lab members especially, Ziad Sahab and Robert G. Newcomer and former lab member Douglas R.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Chen Lingyan 1448129
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Genetics and Epigenetics in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Chen, Lingyan Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 03. Oct. 2021 GENETICS AND EPIGENETICS IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS Lingyan CHEN Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King’s College London This thesis is submitted for the degree of DoCtor of Philosophy (PhD) 1 To my parents 2 DeClaration The work described in this thesis was carried out within the Vyse Immunogenetics Group in the Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics at King’s College London under the supervision of Professor Timothy James Vyse and Dr David Lester Morris and between the years of October 2014 and March 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Ncounter® Autoimmune Discovery Consortium Panel
    nCounter® Autoimmune Discovery Consortium Panel - Gene Details Official Symbol Accession Alias / Previous Symbol Official Full Name Other targets or Isoform Information AAMP NM_001087.3 angio associated migratory cell protein ABHD6 NM_020676.5 abhydrolase domain containing 6 ACKR2 NM_001296.3 CMKBR9,CCBP2;chemokine binding protein 2 atypical chemokine receptor 2 ACOXL NM_018308.1 acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase-like acyl-CoA oxidase like ACSL6 NM_001009185.1 FACL6;fatty-acid-Coenzyme A ligase, long-chain 6 acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 6 ADA NM_000022.2 adenosine deaminase ADAM30 NM_021794.2 a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 30 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 30 ADCY3 NM_004036.3 adenylate cyclase 3 ADCY7 NM_001114.4 adenylate cyclase 7 AFF3 NM_001025108.1 LAF4;lymphoid nuclear protein related to AF4,AF4/FMR2 family, member 3 AF4/FMR2 family member 3 AGAP2 NM_014770.3 CENTG1;centaurin, gamma 1 ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2 AHI1 NM_001134830.1 Abelson helper integration site Abelson helper integration site 1 AHR NM_001621.3 aryl hydrocarbon receptor AHSA2;AHA1, activator of heat shock 90kDa protein ATPase homolog 2 AHSA2 NM_152392.1 (yeast),activator of HSP90 ATPase homolog 2 activator of HSP90 ATPase homolog 2, pseudogene APECED;autoimmune regulator (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis AIRE NM_000383.2 ectodermal dystrophy) autoimmune regulator AMIGO3 NM_198722.2 adhesion molecule with Ig like domain 3 ANKRD55 NM_024669.2 ankyrin repeat domain 55 ANTXR2 NM_058172.5 anthrax toxin receptor
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Lambda Interferons in Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Outcomes and Therapeutic Strategies
    viruses Review Review of Lambda Interferons in Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Outcomes and Therapeutic Strategies Laura A. Novotny 1 , John Grayson Evans 1, Lishan Su 2, Haitao Guo 3 and Eric G. Meissner 1,4,* 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29525, USA; [email protected] (L.A.N.); [email protected] (J.G.E.) 2 Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-843-792-4541 Abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects over 250 million people worldwide and causes nearly 1 million deaths per year due to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Approved treatments for chronic infection include injectable type-I interferons and nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors. A small minority of patients achieve seroclearance after treatment with type-I interferons, defined as sustained absence of detectable HBV DNA and surface antigen (HBsAg) antigenemia. However, type-I interferons cause significant side effects, are costly, must be administered for months, and most patients have viral rebound or non-response. Nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors reduce HBV viral load and improve liver-related outcomes, but do not lower HBsAg levels or impart Citation: Novotny, L.A.; Evans, J.G.; seroclearance.
    [Show full text]
  • Cytokine-Targeted Therapeutics for KSHV-Associated Disease
    viruses Review Cytokine-Targeted Therapeutics for KSHV-Associated Disease Nedaa Alomari and Jennifer Totonchy * Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 September 2020; Accepted: 25 September 2020; Published: 28 September 2020 Abstract: Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is linked to several human malignancies including Kaposi sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD) and recently KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). As with other diseases that have a significant inflammatory component, current therapy for KSHV-associated disease is associated with significant off-target effects. However, recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of KSHV have produced new insight into the use of cytokines as potential therapeutic targets. Better understanding of the role of cytokines during KSHV infection and tumorigenesis may lead to new preventive or therapeutic strategies to limit KSHV spread and improve clinical outcomes. The cytokines that appear to be promising candidates as KSHV antiviral therapies include interleukins 6, 10, and 12 as well as interferons and tumor necrosis factor-family cytokines. This review explores our current understanding of the roles that cytokines play in promoting KSHV infection and tumorigenesis, and summarizes the current use of cytokines as therapeutic targets in KSHV-associated diseases. Keywords: KSHV; pathogenesis; cytokine signaling; cytokine therapeutics; cytokine targeted therapy; immunomodulatory therapeutics 1. Introduction In 1994, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) was first identified in a Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) lesion by Chang and Moore [1].
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19: a Drug Repurposing and Biomarker Identification by Using Comprehensive Gene-Disease Associations Through Protein-Protein Interaction Network Analysis
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 March 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0440.v1 COVID-19: A drug repurposing and biomarker identification by using comprehensive gene-disease associations through protein-protein interaction network analysis Suresh Kumar* Department of Diagnostic and Allied Health Science, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Management & Science University, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author Suresh Kumar, PhD Department of Diagnostic and Allied Health Science, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences Management & Science University, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Abstract COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) is a pandemic disease with an estimated mortality rate of 3.4% (estimated by the WHO as of March 3, 2020). Until now there is no antiviral drug and vaccine for COVID-19. The current overwhelming situation by COVID-19 patients in hospitals is likely to increase in the next few months. About 15 percent of patients with serious disease in COVID-19 require immediate health services. Rather than waiting for new anti-viral drugs or vaccines that take a few months to years to develop and test, several researchers and public health agencies are attempting to repurpose medicines that are already approved for another similar disease and have proved to be fairly effective. This study aims to identify FDA approved drugs that can be used for drug repurposing and identify biomarkers among high- risk and asymptomatic groups. In this study gene-disease association related to COVID-19 reported mild, severe symptoms and clinical outcomes were determined. The high-risk group was studied related to SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and life cycle by using Disgenet and compared with curated COVID-19 gene data sets from the CTD database.
    [Show full text]
  • R J M E EVIEW Romanian Journal of R Morphology & Embryology
    Rom J Morphol Embryol 2020, 61(1):33–43 doi: 10.47162/RJME.61.1.04 R J M E EVIEW Romanian Journal of R Morphology & Embryology http://www.rjme.ro/ Host immune response in chronic hepatitis C infection: involvement of cytokines and inflammasomes MIHAIL VIRGIL BOLDEANU1,2), ISABELA SILOŞI1), ANDREEA LILI BĂRBULESCU3), RALUCA ELENA SANDU4), CRISTIANA GEORMĂNEANU5), VLAD PĂDUREANU6), MIRCEA VASILE POPESCU-DRIGĂ7), IOAN SABIN POENARIU7), CRISTIAN ADRIAN SILOŞI8), ANCA MARILENA UNGUREANU9), ANDA LORENA DIJMĂRESCU10), LIDIA BOLDEANU9) 1)Department of Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania 2)Medico Science SRL – Stem Cell Bank Unit, Craiova, Romania 3)Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania 4)Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania 5)Department of Emergency Medicine and First Aid, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania 6)Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania 7)PhD Student, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania 8)Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania 9)Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania 10)Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania Abstract Chronic liver disease is a major health issue worldwide and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There is evidence that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is correlated with immune senescence by way of immune activation and chronic inflammation, which lead to increased metabolic and cardiovascular risk, as well as progressive liver damage.
    [Show full text]
  • Control of the Physical and Antimicrobial Skin Barrier by an IL-31–IL-1 Signaling Network
    The Journal of Immunology Control of the Physical and Antimicrobial Skin Barrier by an IL-31–IL-1 Signaling Network Kai H. Ha¨nel,*,†,1,2 Carolina M. Pfaff,*,†,1 Christian Cornelissen,*,†,3 Philipp M. Amann,*,4 Yvonne Marquardt,* Katharina Czaja,* Arianna Kim,‡ Bernhard Luscher,€ †,5 and Jens M. Baron*,5 Atopic dermatitis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease with increasing prevalence, is closely associated with skin barrier defects. A cy- tokine related to disease severity and inhibition of keratinocyte differentiation is IL-31. To identify its molecular targets, IL-31–dependent gene expression was determined in three-dimensional organotypic skin models. IL-31–regulated genes are involved in the formation of an intact physical skin barrier. Many of these genes were poorly induced during differentiation as a consequence of IL-31 treatment, resulting in increased penetrability to allergens and irritants. Furthermore, studies employing cell-sorted skin equivalents in SCID/NOD mice demonstrated enhanced transepidermal water loss following s.c. administration of IL-31. We identified the IL-1 cytokine network as a downstream effector of IL-31 signaling. Anakinra, an IL-1R antagonist, blocked the IL-31 effects on skin differentiation. In addition to the effects on the physical barrier, IL-31 stimulated the expression of antimicrobial peptides, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth on the three-dimensional organotypic skin models. This was evident already at low doses of IL-31, insufficient to interfere with the physical barrier. Together, these findings demonstrate that IL-31 affects keratinocyte differentiation in multiple ways and that the IL-1 cytokine network is a major downstream effector of IL-31 signaling in deregulating the physical skin barrier.
    [Show full text]
  • SUPPLEMENTARY APPENDIX Exome Sequencing Reveals Heterogeneous Clonal Dynamics in Donor Cell Myeloid Neoplasms After Stem Cell Transplantation
    SUPPLEMENTARY APPENDIX Exome sequencing reveals heterogeneous clonal dynamics in donor cell myeloid neoplasms after stem cell transplantation Julia Suárez-González, 1,2 Juan Carlos Triviño, 3 Guiomar Bautista, 4 José Antonio García-Marco, 4 Ángela Figuera, 5 Antonio Balas, 6 José Luis Vicario, 6 Francisco José Ortuño, 7 Raúl Teruel, 7 José María Álamo, 8 Diego Carbonell, 2,9 Cristina Andrés-Zayas, 1,2 Nieves Dorado, 2,9 Gabriela Rodríguez-Macías, 9 Mi Kwon, 2,9 José Luis Díez-Martín, 2,9,10 Carolina Martínez-Laperche 2,9* and Ismael Buño 1,2,9,11* on behalf of the Spanish Group for Hematopoietic Transplantation (GETH) 1Genomics Unit, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Madrid; 2Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Madrid; 3Sistemas Genómicos, Valencia; 4Department of Hematology, Puerta de Hierro General University Hospital, Madrid; 5Department of Hematology, La Princesa University Hospital, Madrid; 6Department of Histocompatibility, Madrid Blood Centre, Madrid; 7Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology Unit, IMIB-Arrixaca, Morales Meseguer General University Hospital, Murcia; 8Centro Inmunológico de Alicante - CIALAB, Alicante; 9Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Madrid; 10 Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Com - plutense University of Madrid, Madrid and 11 Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain *CM-L and IB contributed equally as co-senior authors. Correspondence:
    [Show full text]
  • Ncounter® Host Response Panel - Gene and Probe Details
    nCounter® Host Response Panel - Gene and Probe Details Gene Accession Synonyms Full Name Other targets or Isoform Information ACE NM 000789.2 DCP1;angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) 1;ACE1,CD143;peptidyl-dipeptidase A angiotensin I converting enzyme ACKR2 NM 001296.5 CMKBR9,CCBP2;chemokine binding protein 2;CCR10,D6,CCR9 atypical chemokine receptor 2 ACKR3 NM 020311.1 CMKOR1,CXCR7;chemokine orphan receptor 1,chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 7;RDC1,GPR159 atypical chemokine receptor 3 ACKR4 NM 016557.2 CCRL1;chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 1;CCR11,CCBP2,VSHK1,CCX-CKR,PPR1 atypical chemokine receptor 4 ACOX1 NM 001185039.1 acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 1, palmitoyl,acyl-CoA oxidase 1, palmitoyl;PALMCOX;palmitoyl-CoA oxidase acyl-CoA oxidase 1 FACL2;fatty-acid-Coenzyme A ligase, long-chain 2;LACS2,LACS,ACS1,LACS1,FACL1;lignoceroyl-CoA synthase,long-chain fatty-acid- ACSL1 NM_001995.4 coenzyme A ligase 1 acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 1 ACSL3 NM 203372.1 FACL3;fatty-acid-Coenzyme A ligase, long-chain 3;ACS3,PRO2194 acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 3 FACL4,MRX63,MRX68;fatty-acid-Coenzyme A ligase, long-chain 4,mental retardation, X-linked 63,mental retardation, X-linked ACSL4 NM_004458.2 68;ACS4,LACS4;lignoceroyl-CoA synthase, long-chain fatty-acid-Coenzyme A ligase 4 acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4 ACVR1 NM 001105.2 ACVRLK2;activin A receptor, type I;SKR1,ALK2,ACVR1A activin A receptor type 1 ADAR NM 001025107.1 IFI4,G1P1;interferon-induced protein 4;ADAR1 adenosine deaminase RNA
    [Show full text]
  • (MDR/TAP), Member 1 ABL1 NM 00
    Official Symbol Accession Official Full Name ABCB1 NM_000927.3 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 1 ABL1 NM_005157.3 c-abl oncogene 1, non-receptor tyrosine kinase ADA NM_000022.2 adenosine deaminase AHR NM_001621.3 aryl hydrocarbon receptor AICDA NM_020661.1 activation-induced cytidine deaminase AIRE NM_000383.2 autoimmune regulator APP NM_000484.3 amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein ARG1 NM_000045.2 arginase, liver ARG2 NM_001172.3 arginase, type II ARHGDIB NM_001175.4 Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) beta ATG10 NM_001131028.1 ATG10 autophagy related 10 homolog (S. cerevisiae) ATG12 NM_004707.2 ATG12 autophagy related 12 homolog (S. cerevisiae) ATG16L1 NM_198890.2 ATG16 autophagy related 16-like 1 (S. cerevisiae) ATG5 NM_004849.2 ATG5 autophagy related 5 homolog (S. cerevisiae) ATG7 NM_001136031.2 ATG7 autophagy related 7 homolog (S. cerevisiae) ATM NM_000051.3 ataxia telangiectasia mutated B2M NM_004048.2 beta-2-microglobulin B3GAT1 NM_018644.3 beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1 (glucuronosyltransferase P) BATF NM_006399.3 basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like BATF3 NM_018664.2 basic leucine zipper transcription factor, ATF-like 3 BAX NM_138761.3 BCL2-associated X protein BCAP31 NM_005745.7 B-cell receptor-associated protein 31 BCL10 NM_003921.2 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 10 BCL2 NM_000657.2 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 BCL2L11 NM_138621.4 BCL2-like 11 (apoptosis facilitator) BCL3 NM_005178.2 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 3 BCL6 NM_001706.2 B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 BID NM_001196.2 BH3 interacting domain death agonist BLNK NM_013314.2
    [Show full text]