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Individuation and the Shaping of Personal Identity a Comparative Study of the Modern Novel

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Individuation and the Shaping of Personal Identity a Comparative Study of the Modern Novel 1 Individuation and the Shaping of Personal Identity A comparative study of the modern novel Submitted for the degree of doctor of philosophy at School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 2003-2005. Frode Saugestad ProQuest Number: 10673192 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673192 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 Abstract This study endeavours to contribute to the sociology of literature through its analysis of the process of individuation in three distinct literatures, one western and two Arabic. The overarching aim of this thesis is to link the process of individuation to the literary genre of the novel, and demonstrate how one can probe certain aspects of individuation through the study of the novel. This particular approach facilitates a significant dialogical interaction between the process of individuation and the genre of the novel. By contextualising each writer in his specific literary field of production one is able to identify the specificity of his literary contribution, in the process of shaping personal identity. The introduction outlines the theoretical framework and argues that literary texts are immersed in a complex social network of power relations relevant to perceptions of identity, the process of individuation and the psychology of the individual, by linking them to the complex process of modernity. The study grounds its investigation in the most sophisticated theories in the sociology of cultures, identity and literary theory through the work of Pierre Bourdieu, Stuart Hall, Anthony Giddens, Rene Girard, and Mikhail Bakhtin. By doing so it avoids the normative and simplistic understanding of the process of individuation, and the genre of the novel. It views the modem novel as immersed in a complex social network of power relations (Bourdieu), relevant to perceptions of identity (Hall), and the process of individuation and the psychology of the individual (Girard), interwoven into the fabric of the complex process of modernity (Giddens) and articulated in the modern novel due to its polyphony of voices (Bakhtin). 3 For my father 4 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6 TRANSLITERATION NOTE 8 INTRODUCTION 9 The field of cultural production 11 Language as symbolic power 18 The rules of art 20 The question of cultural Identity & The consequences of modernity 23 Self, other and identity in literary structure 28 Dialogism, heteroglossia and transparent minds in the novel 32 CHAPTER I Knut Hamsun: Hunger, Mysteries, Pan 41 The early years 42 The new novel 44 HUNGER 48 Hunger for literary recognition 48 Ylajali 59 MYSTERIES 67 Miniman, a mini man? 68 Martha and Dagny, the white angels 72 PAN 82 Lieutenant Thomas Glahn 82 Glahn’s revenge 90 Hamsun in short 97 CHAPTER II Naguib Mahfouz: The Beggar, Respected Sir 101 Doyen of the Arabic novel 102 The novel is the poetry of the modern world 106 The artist’s response to his new reality 113 THE BEGGAR 117 The family, Arab society in miniature 121 5 Ontological sickness! Poetry, sex and Sufism as means to an end 125 RESPECTED SIR 138 Battle for symbolic power 140 Sex and power 144 God and divine power 151 Mahfouz in short 153 CHAPTER III Tayeb Salih: The Wedding of Zein, Season of Migration to the North 156 Stranger in the promised land 157 Development of a Sudanese literary field 160 Traditional society and traditional power battles 163 THE WEDDING OF ZEIN 166 The battle for religious legitimacy 169 Haneen, Zein and the power of mysticism 175 Ni’ma and the marriage to Zein 178 The wedding, and Zein as God 181 SEASON OF MIGRATION TO THE NORTH 184 Colonialism, Imperialism, Neo-colonialism or Post colonialism 185 Desired desire 188 Cultural conquest 194 Mustafa Y S the Narrator 198 Back to nature 205 Salih in short 210 CONCLUSION 212 Heroes and anti-heroes 220 Homo Individucas and the novel 229 BIBLIOGRAPHY 236 Books 236 Articles 241 6 Acknowledgements My sincere acknowledgements and gratitude go first and foremost to Professor Sabry Hafez. This thesis owes everything to him and would never have been commenced were it not for his encouragement and supervision, and he proved to be the best mentor imaginable and an immense moral and emotional support throughout my work. I am indebted to him for stimulating and encouraging my intellectual curiosity, desire for hard work and academic maturity. He has guided me into the craftsmanship of scholarly research, and I can only repay him by doing my utmost in my future academic endeavours. I would also like to thank Stiftelsen Thomas Fearnley, Heddy og Nils Astrup and Lise ogAnfinn Helgesens fond for the grants awarded to me during my degree. Looking back on my time in London I would like to thank Nils Martin Gunneng for friendship and support and James Howarth who proved to be an inspiring and stimulating colleague, friend and travel companion with whom I discussed many interesting aspects of life and modem Arabic literature. My thanks are also due to John Mallison and Anja Garbarek, Julie Rasmussen and Sascha Asvarischtsch for accommodation. Finally, Matthew Games and especially Eleanor Kilroy deserve recognition for meticulously proofreading and correcting my English. During my time in Egypt Mohab Attia Mahmoud helped me with my Arabic and was a challenging discussion partner regarding Egyptian and Arabic cultures and societies. Asliraf Abd El-Fattah Eissa lent a hand with translation of important and difficult articles. Bahaa Taher and Gamal El-Ghitani helped me navigate the Egyptian and Arabic literary fields. Britt and Raouf Boutros-Ghali provided me with a nice home. I am also grateful to some good friends in Norway, Trude Semb and Terje Gurholt whose encouragement and support meant a lot to me in the early and decisive stages of my academic endeavours. Professor Per Thomas Andersen at the University of Oslo gave valuable feedback, especially on the chapter on Hamsun. Importantly, this thesis would never have seen the light without the immeasurable generosity of Anne Lise Jordal Kvaavik. Thank you for always being there - Without you I would not be here today. 7 My indebtedness to my family, especially my mother, Margrete Saugestad, and my grandparents, Borghild (Bom-Bom) and Ole Andreas (Basffa) Saugestad, is vast, and beyond expression. Thank you for always standing by me. Finally, my heartfelt love and gratitude is towards Christina Teng Topsoe for always supporting, inspiring and encouraging me and bearing with me the burden of this thesis. I love you. At last I absolve everyone but myself from any responsibility for the errors, contradictions and opinions in my work. London, September 2005 Transliteration note Since this is a study of comparative literature this thesis will not use standard transliteration with the diacritical marks. This position is adopted throughout to avoid confusion and to be systematic. All the books are read in the English translation and all quotes, title of books and articles, names of authors, characters and places will be given in the way in which they appear in the translations throughout. 9 INTRODUCTION The question of individuation and the pursuit of meaning has preoccupied scholars of literature, the social sciences, and philosophy, as well as artists and writers, since the late nineteenth century. The range of approaches to understanding how and why this new interest in existential experiences came about in diverse societies has varied in terms of different perceptions. These approaches range from those that consider this quest for meaning to be a spiritual one, or a socially sanctioned and constrained one, an internal process, or a result of a self-imposed solitude or an existential crisis generated by the increasing socio-political pluralism in modem societies. The overarching aim of this study is to link die process of individuation to the novel as a distinct literary genre. In order to identify and locate the shaping of identity that is articulated within the novel, three writers have been selected: Knut Hamsun from Norway, Naguib Mahfouz from Egypt and Tayeb Salih from the Sudan. A further aim of this study is to contextualise each writer and to identify die specificity of his literary contribution to make the later comparison meaningful. I will apply modem critical literary theory in an attempt to answer the crucial question of how and why this new type of literature emerged in various cultures and out of diverse literary traditions at a specific time, and to understand the genesis of individuation and the pursuit of meaning as it developed in all three contexts. Furthermore, the aim of this thesis is to analyse the social consciousness of the individual, and the shift from collective consciousness to individualism in the three different countries, Noiway, Egypt and the Sudan. The latter two countries were chosen for this study because individuation is not a fully achieved or socially accepted idea in the Arab world today. Such an approach facilitates a comprehension of the pursuit of meaning, and whether this individuation is a self- imposed isolation and/or an existential crisis, and how a shift from a strong sense of unity to socio-political pluralism influenced these writers, as well as whether there is any parallel between their lives and writing, in other words, autobiographical elements.
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