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1 a SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY CF TJ!Tilani PERSIAN

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1 a SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY CF TJ!Tilani PERSIAN 1 A SOCIOLINGUISTIC STUDY CF TJ!tilANI PERSIAN by NADER JAHANGIRI, B .A., M .A. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of London, University College, London LOiU4N. January 1980 2 ABSTRACT This study investigates the social differences of the Persian language in Tebran. It is based on data collected from sixty informants: forty adults balanced equally between the two sexes and four educational groupa with university, secondary, primary and no education respectively, and twenty schoolchildren from both sexes equally from families with highest and lowest education. The social parameters are related to fourteen phonological, morphological and syntactic variables. This work is presented in five chapters. Chapter One gives general background information on the city of Tehran and its social structure. It also discusses the history of the Persian language from early days and gives some comments on the writing system. Chapter Two is about the research in Tehran. It gives the characteristics of the sample and the method of interview. It also gives a short introduction on sociolinguistic variables as well as the theoretical issues. In Chapter Three the co-variation of the linguistic variables and the social factors, such as class, sex and age, as well as style, are discussed and shown by means of figures and tables. Chapter Four is about the politeness system in Persian. Here the pronouns and verbs and their variations are given. The combination of these variations and their application in terms of power and solidarity are also discussed. Chapter Five gives an overview of the results of the analysis. It discusses the various theoretical issues such as transition probabilities, lexical diffusion, and the sociolinguistic structure of Tebran in detail, arid draws the final conclusion. 3 ACKNOWLIDGEMENTS Guidance, encouragement, as well as the co-operation of the speech community were essential in completing the present thesis. Thus I am indebted to many people. My deepest gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr. iichard A.. Hudson, whose extremely generous help, constant encouragement and invaluable advice on the theoretical issues were always available throughout this study. I am very grateful to my sixty informants, especially to those working class ladies whose cultural restrictions at last did not prevent them from helping me. My thanks also go to my former colleagues in the Iranian Academy of Language, especially to Mr. S.M. Assi, Mr. D. Sepanj and Mr. M.R. Tanidevar. They arranged a number of interviews and introduced many informants. Without their help, many interviews could not have taken place. I am also thnnkful to the authorities in the Iranian Academy of Language who provided me with tape recorder, room and other facilities. My special thanks go to Miss Mary McGrath for her moral support and constant encouragement. I am most grateful to her. Lastly, my thanks go to Mrs • Nelson-Smith for her elegant and careful typing of the thesis. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables .. ............ S ••S• • •••• S...... S •4sS•S S.... IS p. 6 List of Figures . •. .. 9 List of Symbols and Notational Conventions 11 CHAPTER ONE. BACKGROUND 12 Section I: Tebran and its Social Structure 13 History .. .. 13 The city today 15 17 Population . ... •.. Migration .. .. .. .. .. 19 Housing and education 21 Communication . .. .. 26 Economic structure . .. .. ... .• .. 27 Lnployinent ..............,.....•......., 28 Section II: Persian Lenguage . .. ... .. ...... 30 Hisry . .. .. .. 30 Persian . .. ... •.. .. , 32 Non-Ir nipn languages . .. .. •. .. 33 The language situation in Tehran and the writing system . .. 35 CHAPTER TWO. TIREARCH 38 Section I: The Sample •................................. 39 Pilot survey and main survey ............ 39 Free speech .......•...•...•.•........... 40 Reading style and sampling .............. 41 Interviews ... ..• , .• • • ... .. .... .. .... 44 Section II: The Linguistic Variables 46 Vocalic variables . ... ... ... • • 47 Consonantal variables 48 Morphological and syntactic variables 49 Metathesis . •. .. •.. I SI •I •. SI.. 51 Rhythmic doubling 52 Theoretical issues .. .. .. • •• • ••• •5 • 52 CHAP THREE. THE CO-VARIATION OF LINGUISTIC AND SOCIAL VARIABI.. .. .. • s .• •..• S Lectionl: PhonologicalVariables 55 A • Vocalic variables •.••...• 55 Vowel assimilation . • . • •. • . • • 55 / e / vowel raising 73 / a 1--I u / variable •.....,........,,. 76 / ey / monophthongisation 88 ow/monophthongiaation / 93 B. Consonantal Variables .. .. .. •. .. ... .. 99 / st/assimilation 99 / h/deletion 116 / t / variable 129 / d / variable .. .• . .. • . 138 / r / deletion 145 Glottal stop deletion 153 5 Chapter Three (continued) Section II: Morphological and Syntactic Variable .......... 165 / h / and / / variable ........... 165 I man / and / m& / variable ................ 173 Preposition deletion ....................... 187 CHAPTER FOUR. POLITE FORM IN PERSIAN . 207 Section I: The Personal Pronoun and Noun-Phrases ....... 209 A • First person • •. •.... •.... .. ... •. • 1•S.Se 210 B• Second person •*..•••.eS••••••.SIs.••••** 21k C. Third person •.........•••.•..........•.. 217 D. Plural pronouns • • • . • . • . • . 218 Section II. Verb System: two verbs and their variations. 220 Section III. Combination of Various Stylistic Variations.. 225 Section IV. The Relationship between the Pronouns and - Verbs used and the Social Context •........ 235 Section V. The Social Differences in Use of Polite Forms and Honorific Titles ..... .• . ...... 238 Section VI. The Effect of the Persian Revolution on the Politeness System . • . • . • . • . 2k3 CHAPTERPIVE. PATTERNSOFVARIATION......................... 2k5 Sectionl.. HomogeneityofGroups....................... 2k6 Section II. Individual Speakers and Group Norms on 10 Selected Variables by Class 256 Section III. Symbolic Function of Variables 259 Sex factor and its sociolinguistic value 260 Style and its relationship to linguistic change 263 Age factor and its relationship with the change process . • • . • . • • • • , • , • . • • • 265 Overlapping .• ..... .•.. ..•.. ...•.......•• 270 SectionlV. LexicalDiffusion..............,............ 276 Thanalt3.on probability 278 . Appendix A. I. Questionnaire . • . • • . • . • . • . 286 II. Sentences . .. .. .... .. •.•• . .... ... ... .... .. .• •.... .. • 288 III. Questions leading to particular answers ................ 291 IV. Word List ..,...................................•.•..... 29k Appendix B. I. Speech of aradionewareader 297 II. Unwritten speech of a University lecturer during a seminar ...........•........... ..••.•.......••••...• 298 III. Conversation of a group of workers in a print-house 299 IV. Conversation of two men from a fruit market in the south of Tehran ...............•..........••..••....•. 300 Appendix C. Blocking and non-blocking recording sheets 302 Variable! man/'-'/ m&/ 303 Variable / h / deletion • . • . • • • . • • . • . 30k BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................••••...•••••.•.••,•••••.•.• 305 6 Map of Tehran p. 16 Table 1.1 Growth of population from 1925-1976 p. 17 1.2 Age pyramid of Tehran population based on 1966 census p. 18 1.3 Migration by sex and cause for entire country, urban areas p. 20 i.k Urbanisation from 1955-1970 for entire country p. 21 1.5 Old and tfew cycle of education p. 2k 1.6 Percentage of literacy in province of Tebran in comparison to country in general p. 25 1.7 Distribution of literacy by age and sex, city of Tebran p. 25 1.8 Level of education by sex and years of education and percentage of illiteracy by sex, city of Tehran p. 26 1.9 Employment status of the population, 10 years plus p. 28 1.10 Employed population by class of worker, city of Tehran p. 28 1.11 Employed population by major occupation groups p. 29 1.12 Employed population by level of education and major occupational group. p. 29 1.13 LRnguages spoken in Iran and their percentages p. 3k 1.1k Persian vocalic system and the orthographic symbols p. 36 3.1 Percentage of assimilation for individual items and the overall score for all speakers before / o / p. 57 3.2 - do - before / a / p. 3.3 - do - before / i / p. 3.k - do - before / u / p. 59 3.5 - do - before / / p. 60 3.6 Overall percentage of items with different vocalic environment p. 61 3.7 Effect of the immediately following consonant after the prefix / be / on the aasimflation process p. 61 Assimilation of six items in free speech by all speakers p. 63 3.9 Group scores for vowel-assimilation in 18 lexical items p. 65/65a 3.10 Effect of frequent and highly covered items on statistical results p. 6k 3.11 Vowel ass imil ation scores for 1O adult informants CSS p. 66 3.12 - do - for 20 young informants CSS p. 67 3.13 Vowel-raising scores for individuals items and total percentage of raising by CSA p. 73 3.1k Percentage of vowel raising by CSSA p. 7k 3.15 Percentage of / / raising in different phonotactic positions and phonological environments, by style, regardless of CSA distinctions p. 78 ICY: CSS = class, sex and style; CSA = class, sex and age; CSA = class, style, sex and age. 7 3.16 'ercentage of / & / raising in different phonological environments in all positions by style, regardless of CSA distinctions p. 78 3.18 Scores for / & / raising for kO individual adult informants by class and style p. 86 3.19 - do - for 20 individual young informants p. 87 3.20 Percentage of / ey / monophthongisation for 7 items and for a].]. speakers p. 89 3.21 Percentage of / ey / monophthongisation of mono- and polysyllabic items by style for all speakers p. 89
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