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Design Diversity in Early Residential Complexes in Tehran (1950-1970); Lessons to Learn

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International Journal of Architectural Engineering & Urban Planning, Volume 31, Number 2, 2021 DOI: 10.22068/ijaup.31.2.551 Research Paper Design Diversity in Early Residential Complexes in Tehran (1950-1970); Lessons to Learn Ali Alai 1*, Dorsa Jeddi Yeganeh 2 1 Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 2 Master of Architecture, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Received: April 2020, Revised: April 2021, Accepted: May 2021, Publish Online: May 2021 Abstract During 1950 to 1970, some of the first residential complexes in Tehran were developed to accommodate low and middle- income people. Although they were among the first residential complexes designed and built in the country, various quantitative and qualitative measures had been considered in their design to satisfy the target residents’ needs and to meet the projects’ goals. What could be the reason for satisfaction, despite they were among the early experiences of residential complexes design in country? The main reason for the success of these complexes was due to perfect design considerations; i.e. correct selection of design patterns which are less frequent in recent housing complexes. Some of these design considerations include providing public, semi-public and private open spaces, paying attention to pedestrians, sustainability and respect for the surrounding urban and climatic environment. This paper reviews some examples of early housing complexes in Tehran, including Chaharsad-Dastgah, Narmak, Nazi-Abad, Shahr-Ara, Behjat-Abad, Farah, Kan and Chaharom-e-Aban, to help recognize past achievements and reapply them in designing new housing complexes. Keywords: Affordable housing, Tehran, Housing complex, Density, Low-income, Neighbourhoods. 1. INTRODUCTION parts of Iran, such as Navvab1 district development and Maskan-e Mehr2 projects, which are implemented for low In the mid-1940s, Iranian cities, especially Tehran, faced and middle income groups. According to Etemad (Etemad, an increased migration from rural areas. As a result of a high 2013), recent residential projects, such as Navvab, have demand for housing, mass building production was fundamental design problems, such as the lack of public prioritized in the second Pahlavi era, and supply of new open spaces, green pedestrian axes, green spaces or parks, towns and housing complexes for immigrants and low- which in addition to socio-cultural consequences, could lead income populations had expanded (Einifar & Aghalatifi, into a sense of insecurity for residential complexes 2011). Public sector investment was initially seen as the (Research group of Rahpo Sakht Sharestan, 2014). Etemad also argued that the lack of attention to urban context in Downloaded from www.iust.ac.ir at 14:34 IRST on Wednesday October 6th 2021 [ DOI: 10.22068/ijaup.31.2.551 ] only solution to the affordable housing problem of low- income people and government employees. However, the Navvab led to the isolation of the complex from the city private sector later entered the field. A range of projects fabric so that sometimes no space was left for designing a with various design patterns were implemented for the first suitable urban environment. In some cases, the lack of time in the country which later merged into surrounding proper design of rear spaces have turned those into wasteful, urban areas. Some of them are currently among the highest insecure places (Etemad, 2013). Another research indicated quality neighbourhoods in their area. According to previous studies, there are high levels of sense of belonging among * Corresponding author: [email protected] residents in complexes such as Narmak and Shahrara © 2021 Iran University of Science & Technology. All rights reserved 1 Navvab project was one of the largest development projects in the heart (Azizi, 2006; Moidfar & Moghaddam, 2011). Although of Tehran, which it’s construction began in 1990. these projects might have some disadvantages, 2 Maskan-e Mehr housing plan was approved in 2007 to provide housing environmental qualities seen in most of them are missing in for low-income groups throughout the country. Dwelling units built in today’s designs of large housing complexes in different this plan, are mostly located in the outskirts of the cities, Because the value of land in these areas was less and the government reduced the cost of housing to a large extent by removing or reducing the value of land from the cost of housing. 1 A. Alai, D. Jeddi Yeganeh that the lack of urban facilities and educational and cultural from the eastern border of the city, with no primary urban uses in Maskan-e Mehr projects has transformed these infrastructure. For this reason, infrastructural facilities complexes into single-function areas. The establishment of including a power distribution network, water supply, wells, housing complexes without required uses and related pumping and water treatment stations were gradually functions, in some cases, has led to the creation of dead provided for the residential complex. spaces and unsafety, so that early occupants face severe The network of the access roads was formed so that problems in these recent settlements (Research … , 2014). primary streets ran north-south and secondary streets (access Some of other environmental issues that we encounter in to residential units), with an 8 to 15-metre width, ran east- design of recent residential complexes such as Maskan-e west (Ajdari 1947) (Figure 2). The east-west design of Mehr and Navvab projects (Etemad, 2013) include ignoring secondary streets made it possible for most units to take the natural topography or solar radiation and wind direction advantage of south-facing windows to receive sunlight, in locating buildings, short distances between residential which seems to be the basic primary design on the creation blocks that cause unwanted shading, and a lack of buffer of the plots. Another point that may be exclusive is the spaces between buildings and highways and major power placement of building’s mass, adjacent to the streets. This lines (Research …, 2014). organization made it possible to harmonize the project with This study is an attempt to identify values and the cityscape as well as to create private backyards (Figure environmental qualities in the design of early housing 3), which, of course, are not visible today. The courtyards complexes, which have been omitted in recent residential were located in the middle of the lot with service zones such complexes. We hope that these lessons will be learned and as a kitchen and bathroom at one end (Figure 4). The main used in the design of future housing projects. north-south street, which was 20 metres wide, passed through the middle of the neighbourhood ("Iranian Rahni - 2. METHODS OF RESEARCH (Appendix A) bank buildings," 1972). In the middle of the main street, a wide west-east boulevard was designed with community facilities located at its two ends. Additionally, there was a The research method in this paper is firstly based on fairly large square located in the middle of the eastern part direct analysis of housing complexes by observation of of the boulevard. This east-west axis is considered as one of existing conditions of these complexes, in order to explore the important features of the general layout of this the architectural features of the samples. These projects are neighbourhood that still exists. The community facilities also studied in terms of location, density, access network, that were around the square and the boulevard include spatial organization, and several other characteristics based commercial, administrative, service, educational, and health on information collected from documents, and aerial images units. Despite the fact that this complex was in outskirts of from 1971. Ten important early housing complexes in the city, but due to the coordination, size and orientation of Tehran during a period of 20 years, including Chaharsad- residential plots, floor area ratio and specially street’s layout Dastgah, Narmak, Nazi-Abad, Shahr-Ara, Kan (south and with the urban context, and also the lack of fence and gate, it north), Farah, Chaharom-e-Aban (south and north), and has been able to gradually integrate with its surrounding in Behjat-Abad, are selected and analysed in this paper. These future growth of the city (Figure 2). Another important projects were built in Tehran during 1950-1970s and located feature was using the traditional Iranian architectural next or up to 10 kilometres away from Tehran at that time elements such as “Eyvan” (Balcony), “Hayat” (courtyard) & (Figure 1). “Bahar - Khab” (terrace) in architectural design of houses (Bani Masoud, 2009). 2.1. Chaharsad-Dastgah The plots had a floor to area ratio of 35%, dwelling density of 31 units per hectare, and population density of Chaharsad-Dastgah, in the east side of Tehran, is among 160 per hectare at the time of construction. Thus, the project the very first housing projects constructed in Tehran in the was considered as an example of low density housing 1940s. Chaharsad-Dastgah, which in Persian translates into complex2. To meet economic efficiency criterion, and for “400 units”, was initiated with the aim of promoting better marketability, residential units of this neighbourhood 1 Downloaded from www.iust.ac.ir at 14:34 IRST on Wednesday October 6th 2021 [ DOI: 10.22068/ijaup.31.2.551 ] affordable housing supported by Rahni - bank (mortgage were designed as independent but attached (row or terraced) bank). The purchased land was originally located on the houses. The houses, located on plots of approximately 170 fringes of the city near the Doshan-Tappeh area with asphalt square metres, included four types of two, three, four, and road access from Tehran. Chaharsad-Dastgah was designed five bedroom units on one or two floors with or without a and realized to accommodate 374 residential units for a basement (Ajdari 1947). Although the residential units of population of nearly 1900 in a total area of about 12 this housing complex were designed in several types, the hectares ("Iranian Rahni - bank buildings," 1972).
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