Surveying Riparian Zone and Water Quality of Jajrud River

Iranian Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 6(1) 29-43 2020

Surveying riparian zone and water quality of Jajrud River

R. Ameri Siahouei 1, a, M. Zaeimdar1, a, R. Moogouei1*, S. A. Jozi 2 1 Department of Environmental Management, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Environment, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran a These are equally contributed to assign the manuscript as first author

Received: June 2020 Accepted: August 2020

Abstract

In this paper the riparian zones and water Surveying riparian zones shows that a total of quality of Jajrud River were examined. Human 168 ha of areas around the river need to be and economic factors affecting the river rehabilitated to restore vegetation that was ecosystem have been assessed for ten years. effective in reducing and controlling non-point The evaluation results show that the total water pollution. exploiters of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, Keywords: Jajrud River, Plants; water quality 12.02%, the number of horticultural exploitation is 15.75%, the number of Introduction beekeeping exploitation is 18.01%, the number Riparian zones are habitats and plant of active agricultural cooperatives 50%, the communities around riverbeds and include number of issued building permits has hydrophilic plants. Around the rivers and increased by 270.45%, the number of active lakes, the transition zone includes the service cooperatives covered by the General biological community along the rivers and Directorate of Cooperatives has increased by lakes. These communities are affected by 56.25%, the construction of freeways, their fresh water (Griggs, 2009; Chen et al., highways and main roads has increased by 2019). They are usually narrow and Downloaded from ijaah.ir at 2:09 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.6.1.29 ] 89.69%. Examination of qualitative parameters fragmented and therefore vulnerable. In fact, including nitrate, electrical conductivity, total they are part of the land that directly affects dissolved solids, BOD5, COD, pH, phosphate or is affected by rivers and streams. These and ammonium shows that BOD5, TDS and areas include the immediate banks of rivers, NH4 exceeds 14 times, 16 times and 17 times including bed, margins and surrounding more than allowable limits respectively. lands, and floodplains. The width of riparian Correspondence R. Moogouei, Department of zones depends on the type of river and its Environmental Management, North Tehran watershed. So the level that is affected and Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (e- needs to be managed is different. The size of mail: [email protected]). the riparian vegetation along the river

Ameri Siahouei et al., Surveying riparian zone and water quality of Jajrud River

changes over time. These ecosystems have a 2018). Jajrud River is located in Shemiranat high biodiversity and are the source of many region in Tehran province. Shemiranat region ecosystem services. These areas, with a has different uses that have compatible and sponge-like function, are effective in adverse effects and consequences on the reducing water flow during flooding and region's ecosystem. According to the latest absorbing water pollutants (Betz et al., 2018). statistics published by the National Statistics The management and restoration of riparian Center of Iran, the population of Shemiranat zones affect the aquatic animal health in two city has grown by 23.4% between 2007 and ways. First: Direct effect through physical 2017. An examination of the situation in the protection of river canal and conservation of region in terms of economic and human aquatic habitat. Second: Indirect effect activities in the last ten years shows that the through phytoremediation of pollutants from total number of farmers in the agricultural, river water and increasing water quality. The forestry and fisheries sectors has increased by health of aquatic animals depends on the 12.02%. The number of horticultural quality of the water. Vegetation around the exploitation is 15.75%, the number of river or riparian zone plays an important role beekeeping exploitation is 18.1%, the number in the physical and chemical quality of water. of active agricultural cooperatives, 50%, the Therefore, to maintain the ecological balance number of issued building permits, 270.45%, of the river, vegetation and animals are and the number of active service cooperatives interdependent. Management and restoration under the coverage of the General Directorate of vegetation around the river preserves the of Cooperatives has increased by 56.25%. geomorphological features and health of the These exploits, if unsustainable and river that directly affects the health of aquatic incompatible with the environment, affect the animals. Aquatic habitats for spawning and quality of river water as well as the rearing larvae are protected. With the surrounding vegetation. Construction of restoration of vegetation around the river and freeways, highways, main roads and side the physical protection of the canal and the roads has increased by 89.69% (Statistical Downloaded from ijaah.ir at 2:09 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.6.1.29 ] riverbed and the preservation of habitats and Yearbook of Iran 2019). An increase of water quality, the endangered aquatic almost 90% in the construction of all kinds of animals’ population will increase. In many roads, in addition to the destruction of natural parts of the country, these ecosystems need habitats, is accompanied by an increase in all management so that their performance in kinds of pollution and waste. An increase of water purification is not disrupted. One of the more than 270% in the issuance of building services of these ecosystems is the control of permits will affect the appearance and use of non-point and point pollution of rivers, which the area. At the same time, some human has become a major problem in many activities and various economic sectors have industrialized countries (Gunawardena et al., seen negative growth in the last ten years.

Iranian Journal of Aquatic Animal Health

Household electricity subscribers decreased and chemical parameters between 1391 and by 77.84% and the change in electricity sales 1398 in 5 sampling stations have been per MWh unit was estimated at 85.98%. studied. Industrial electricity subscribers have also experienced a growth of 12.5%. Water sales, Material and Method

number of fuel sales stations, light livestock Jajrud water catchment with an area of 1892 breeding, heavy livestock breeding, poultry Km2 with coordinates of 35°:25ʺ to 36° farming, number of greenhouse exploitation, degrees northen latitude and 51°:23ʺ to 52°: number of agricultural exploitation 6ʺ eastern longitude located in the eastern operations, have had negative growth part of Tehran (Behbahaninia and Salmasi respectively, - 39.72%, - 23.80%, - 35.55%, - 2019). The main tributary of this river 76.02%, - 59.39%, - 31.57%, - 65.37%. originates from the Kharsang Mountain Increasing and decreasing these human and located in the northeast of Tehran and its economic uses, in addition to the length is 140 km. Then, after passing through consequences of climate change, has several Fasham village, and Oshan, it changes its effects on the region (Hashempour et al., direction to the southeast and enters Latian 2020). These activities have adverse effects Lake after passing Rudak and Lashgarak. on the riparian zones. Riparian zones play a Then it flows towards Parchin and enters significant role in purifying various water Varamin plain through Sharifabad canal. The pollutants (Moogouei et al., 2018; Moogouei branches of Jajrud River include Ahar, Afjeh, and Chen 2020). The aim of this study was to Omame, Oshan, Khairrudbar, Damavand, investigate the area of polygons of riparian Rote, Shemshak, Keresht, Garmabdar, Lalon zone vegetation along the Jajrud River and and Nasrabad. According to the statistics areas without vegetation, from Sarband Sar to recorded in Shemiranat city in annual weather the entrance of Latian Dam using satellite report in 2019, in 1396, the average air images. Satellite images are a suitable tool for temperature has changed from 5.2°C to environmental and agricultural modeling Downloaded from ijaah.ir at 2:09 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.6.1.29 ] 28.1°C and monthly rainfall has changed (Liang et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2020). In from 0 to 109.5 mm. Relative humidity has this study, Landsat / Copernicus satellite changed from 9% to 70%. images measured the area of polygons without certain vegetation and the area of Introducing marginal plant communities polygons that need of restoration. Also, the The list of plants that live in or near the river water quality of the river in terms of physical is shown in the table 1.

Ameri Siahouei et al., Surveying riparian zone and water quality of Jajrud River

Table 1. List of plants in the Jajrud River for the riparian zone restoration program (Khorasani, 2001) Next to the Inside the Next to Inside the Scientific Name Scientific Name water water the water water

Nasturtium officinalis * Carex spp. * Calamagrostis pseudoghragmites * Sisymbrium irio *

Mentha aquatica * Crambe kotschyanus *

Lythrum salicaria * Holosteum umbellatum *

Phragmites australis * Chellidonium majus *

Typha australis * Rumex crispus *

Catabrosa aquatica * Mentha longifolia *

Zanichelia palustris * Agropyron repens *

Callitriche palustris * Anagalis coerulea *

Juncus inflexous * Arectium lappa *

Malcolmia africana * Xanthium spinosa *

Conya canadensis * Geranium spp *

Erodium cicutatrium * Epilobium hirsutum *

Parameters studied in Jajrud River water eastern parts of Tehran so, parameters have In this study, to evaluate water quality, nitrate, been compared with the water quality standard electrical conductivity, total dissolve solid, for drinking water also (Water and Soil Office

turbidity, BOD5, COD, pH, phosphate and of the Environmental Protection Agency ammonium related to 6 sampling stations 2016). between 2012 and 2019 have been studied and Cluster analysis of sampling stations compared. Sampling stations are Fasham, Cluster analysis was performed using SPSS Jajrud, Meygoon, Oshan, Rudak and Latian software to check the similarity of water quality Dam. Standard methods were used to measure characteristics in different sampling stations. the parameters measured. To measure turbidity, Downloaded from ijaah.ir at 2:09 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.6.1.29 ] Mathematical and statistical calculations and electrical conductivity, pH and TDS, cluster analysis were performed using 2016 turbometers, EC meters, pH meters and forums Excel and SPSS 16 (Fan et al., 2018). were used, respectively (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Investigating the riparian zone along the 2020). These parameters have been compared Jajrud River using satellite imagery with the water quality standard for In this study, vegetation around Jajrud River environmental protection (aquatic ecosystems), using Google Earth software (Emage Iran's environmental protection. Moreover, Landsat/Copernicus, Emage @ 2020 Maxar Jajrud water flows into the Latian Dam Lake, Thechnologies) was investigated. Satellite which is the source of drinking water supply in images were taken between May and

Iranian Journal of Aquatic Animal Health

September 2017, and areas with dense According to the water quality standard for vegetation and no vegetation were identified, environmental protection (aquatic and then polygons without vegetation were ecosystems), the allowable pH for rivers of drawn and their area was calculated. group 1 is between 6 and 9. Water quality standard for drinking use, for group 2 (for Results water that after normal physical treatment, Quality parameters of Jajrud River water chemical treatment and disinfection such as The water quality of the river in terms of non- pre-chlorination, coagulation and clotting, point source pollution has been studied settling, filtration and disinfection can be between 2012 and 2019. (Fig 1-9). For each drunk), is between 5 to 5.9. In this research parameter, the average data presented in according to standard the amount of pH is multiple sampling stations is determined. within the allowable limit (Figure 1).

pH 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Year

Figure 1. Changes in the pH of Jajrud River water between 2012 and 2019. All the data are the average of three replicates ± SD.

In the standard of the Environmental two mentioned uses. COD values are presented Protection Organization of Iran, the allowable in figure 2.

Downloaded from ijaah.ir at 2:09 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.6.1.29 ] amount of COD has not been determined for the

COD 80

1 -

40 mg L mg 20 0 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Year

Figure 2. COD changes of Jajrud River water between 2012 to 2019. All the data are the average of three replicates ± SD.

Ameri Siahouei et al., Surveying riparian zone and water quality of Jajrud River

According to the water quality standard standard of water source for drinking use (less

for environmental protection (aquatic than 5 mg per liter) BOD5 values in this

ecosystems), the amount of BOD 5 allowed for research is much more than allowed level group 1 rivers is less than 3. Comparing to the (Figure 3).

BOD 5 80 70 60

50 1 - 40

mg L mg 30 20 10 0 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 -10 Year

Figure 3. BOD5 changes in Jajrud River water between 2012 and 2019. All the data are the average of three replicates ± SD.

Sometimes it has reached 14 times the ecosystems), the amount of TDS allowed for allowable limit. According to the water quality Group 1 rivers is not mentioned. TDS values standard for environmental protection (aquatic are presented in figure 4.

TDS 450 400 350

300 1 - 250

mg L mg 200

Downloaded from ijaah.ir at 2:09 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.6.1.29 ] 150 100 50 0 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 year

Figure 4. TDS changes in Jajrud River water between 2012 and 2019. All the data are the average of three replicates ± SD.

According to the water quality standard allowable level for EC in water quality for environmental protection (aquatic standard for drinking use is 2000. In this ecosystems), the amount of EC allowed for research all measured EC values are above Group 2 rivers is not recommended. The 2000 (Figure 5).

Iranian Journal of Aquatic Animal Health

EC 800 700 600

500

1 -

400 mg L mg 300 200 100 0 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Year

Figure 5. EC changes in Jajrud River water between 2012 and 2019. All the data are the average of three replicates ± SD.

Nitrate is one of the major non-point for drinking water use is 50 mg L-1. In this source pollutants in most aquatic ecosystems. research nitrate concentrations are in The allowable limit for this parameter is not acceptable level comparing to standard set in the standard of water ecosystems, but (Figure 6).

NO3 7

5 1

- 4

mg L mg 3

Downloaded from ijaah.ir at 2:09 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.6.1.29 ] 0 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Year

Figure 6. Changes in NO3 water of Jajrud River between 2012 and 2019. All the data are the average of three replicates ± SD.

The permissible concentration of than 1.5 mg L-1. In this research in some cases, ammonium in aquatic ecosystems is less than or ammonium concentration have been reported up equal to 1 mg L-1 and for drinking water use is less to 17 times higher than allowed level (Figure 7).

Ameri Siahouei et al., Surveying riparian zone and water quality of Jajrud River

NH4 17.4 17.2 17

16.8

1 -

16.6 mg L mg 16.4 16.2 16 15.8 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Year

Figure 7. NH4 changes in Jajrud River water between 2012 and 2019. All the data are the average of three replicates ± SD.

No values are specified in the standard for phosphorus standard for environmental phosphate concentration. Phosphate and protection is less than 0.065 mg L-1. This turbidity measured values are presented in parameter also has a significant destructive figures 8 and 9. Phosphate is also a major effect on aquatic ecosystems, especially the source of non-point source pollution. The total Latyan dam lake.

PO4 1.4

1.2

1 1

- 0.8 Downloaded from ijaah.ir at 2:09 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.6.1.29 ]

mg L mg 0.6

0.4

0.2

0 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 year

Figure 8. PO4 changes in Jajrud River water between 2012 and 2019. All the data are the average of three replicates ± SD.

Iranian Journal of Aquatic Animal Health

Turbidity 300

250

200

150

NTU 100

0 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 -50 year

Figure 9. Changes in the turbidity of the Jajrud River between 2012 and 2019. All the data are the average of three replicates ± SD.

Cluster Analysis Euclidean distance function has been used to water quality measurement stations. The results adjust the method of measuring the distance of cluster analysis of sampling stations are between the water parameters of Jajrud River in shown in Figure 10.

Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine

C A S E 0 5 10 15 20 25 Label Num +------+------+------+------+------+

Fasham 1 ─┐ Jajrud 3 ─┼───┐ Meygoon 2 ─┘ ├───────────────────────────┐ Oshan 5 ─────┘ ├───────────────┐ LatianDa 6 ─────────────────────────────────┘ │ Rudak 4 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Figure 10. Cluster analysis of similarity of measured parameters in Jajrud River water at stations 1- Fasham, 2- Meygoon, 3- Jajrud, 4-Rudak, 5-Oshan, 6-behind Latian dam. Downloaded from ijaah.ir at 2:09 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.6.1.29 ] Investigation of riparian zones with satellite appearance of the land. Satellite images show images the vegetation of the area. According to the To check the satellite images, first the shape file photos as well as maps related to topography, of Jajrud region in GIS software has been soil type, rainfall, temperature and speed and converted and retrieved in Google Maps wind direction, sunny hours and also software and then analyzed. In areas where the considering the ecological needs of native Jajrud River canal has been destroyed and plants in this area, vegetation can be vegetation in the riparian areas has been reconstructed in designated polygons. One destroyed, polygons have been mapped and hundred and sixty eight ha of land around the measured in proportion to the degraded Jajrud River need to restoration (Table 2). 37

Ameri Siahouei et al., Surveying riparian zone and water quality of Jajrud River

Table 2. Polygons in need of restoration in the riparian areas of the Jajrud River Polygon No. Unit Total area 1-57 (m2) 1680200

Discussion

In developing countries, industrialization and to non-point source pollution and monitoring of the lack of water treatment infrastructure have water quality parameters. Analysis of the water created point and non-point pollution quality parameters of the Jajrud River shows (Gunawardena et al., 2018). Non-point source that these parameters are similar in the cities of pollution is difficult to quantify and control Fasham, Jiroud and Meygoon. In other words, compared to point source pollution caused by in terms of the similarity of the changes, these industrial activities (Asadi, 2005). One of the three cities classify in one cluster. The situation most effective ways to control this pollution is is different behind the Latian Dam, and the to use vegetating to uptake different types of station is located separately in a cluster. The water pollutants. Plants have an important role city of Rudak is in a different situation from the in remediation of various types of above 4 cases and is in a separate category. environmental pollution through the process of Satellite images can also be used to examine phytoremediation (Moogouei et al., 2018; vegetation changes and zoning for restoration Moogouei and Chen 2019). According to program (Sadr and Rodier 2012; Liang et al., studies conducted by Hashemipour et al. In 2018; Xie et al., 2019). Using this technique, 2020 on the effects of climate change on the the percentage of vegetation changes can be watershed of Jajrud region, Tehran Pars Water examined. The loss of vegetation around the treatment Program (TWTP) will not guarantee river, shown in Figure 11, is one of the main the water quality of water according to standard causes of sediment transfer to the river during in Jajrud catchment area. Therefore, it is rainfall, resulting in increased water-suspended necessary to increase control measures related solids.

Downloaded from ijaah.ir at 2:09 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.6.1.29 ]

Figure 11. Polygons without vegetation around the river (Dimension 1116X632, Width 1116 pixels, height 632 pixel, Resolution 96 dpi; Imagery Date: 09/19/2019; 35° 49' 20.19" N 51° 34' 35.32" E elev 5595 ft eye alt 6730 ft).

Iranian Journal of Aquatic Animal Health

In some areas, construction has been carried out the figure 13, the possibility of restoration is on the riverbed (Figure 12), which makes it zero. A survey of the riparian zone showed that very difficult to restoration. In different in many parts of the river canal, the river canal polygons, for example, in an area of 7766 m2 in has been destroyed.

Figure 12. Construction on the riverbed (Dimension 1116X632, Width 1116 pixels, height 632 pixel, Resolution 96 dpi; Imagery Date: 06/30/2019; 35° 50ʹ 38.93ʺ N 51° 33ʹ 34.83ʺ E elev 5684 ft eye alt 6218 ft).

Downloaded from ijaah.ir at 2:09 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.6.1.29 ]

Figure 13. Areas without the possibility of restoration from the river bank.

Research on the Qarachai River in Markazi of marginal lands, soil saturation, margin Province has shown morphological changes vegetation fires, cutting of vegetation in and lateral erosion along the river. Sand marginal lands, geological and lithological harvesting, agricultural runoff, flood irrigation structure of river banks, human factors, water

Ameri Siahouei et al., Surveying riparian zone and water quality of Jajrud River

diversion, agricultural drainage are important after restoration of riparian zones, the rate of

factors in changing the stability and destruction reduction of NH3-N has increased from -

of the sides (Agharazi et al., 2018). One of the 14.29% to 66.29%. BOD5 has risen from - 0.5% methods of protecting the river wall is to 7.25%. Ecological engineering will biological protection. The vegetation on the significantly reduce non-point source pollution, river walls strengthens the soil if properly increase water quality, increase biodiversity, managed. Tree roots strengthen the soil and and bring economic benefits (Ameri Siahouei et improve soil structure and increase soil and al., 2019). In a study conducted in 2010 on the wall strength. The root increases soil resistance Jajrud River (Behbahaninia and Salmasi, 2019). and therefore the soil tolerates flood stress. The average nitrate was 3.3 and 8 mg L-1, Types of tamarisk and willow, which are native respectively. In the present study, the range has to this region, have a dense root system and can changed from 1.2 to 6. So managing the play an important role in bed stability and riparian zone around the Jajrud River help erosion control. In a study of rivers in northern restoration of the ecosystem. Therefore, in China, non-point source pollution was order to manage non-point source pollution, it significantly remediated through the restoration is necessary to replant the riparian zones of riparian zones (Mi et al., 2015). In this study, according to the table 3.

Table 3. Executive plan and practical objectives of management and restoration of riparian zones in order to control non-point source pollution Practical objectives Executive plan Prepare a list of plants in riparian areas Determining plant health Cultivation of plants up to 30 meters wide, which Development of riparian areas with native species can be done by attracting public participation Concluding a protection agreement between Announcement of protection area potential owners and conservation organizations Field training of target groups Education Attract participation, local communities, reconstruction Attracting the participation of local communities in projects and create recreational opportunities the planning process of the meeting Phone protection and recovery Prepare a list of the phone Downloaded from ijaah.ir at 2:09 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.6.1.29 ]

The range of parameters is important in plant species to remediate the predominant

terms of vegetation river resilience. Comparing pollutions of this river, which are mainly BOD5 the measured parameters with the and ammonium. Replanting of vegetation environmental protection standard, and should be with a focus on native plant species identifying the parameters within the with high remediation and bioaccumulation unauthorized range, shows at what thresholds potential especially for those mentioned these measures have exceeded the tolerance parameters. Replanting must be implemented in level of riparian communities. Therefore, it is damaged areas without vegetation. Moreover necessary to examine the ability of each native improving water quality increases the

Iranian Journal of Aquatic Animal Health

possibility of developing aquaculture. In the last References ten years, agricultural, forestry and fisheries activities have increased by 12.02 percent. Agharazi, H., Ebrahimi, N. and Nikcheh, S., Development of rainbow trout farms in Jajrud 2018. Human and natural incompatibility in the River can help vegetation density in addition to destruction of river walls (Case study: protein production. Nitrogen and phosphorus in Gharachai river, Markazi province), 3rd fish feces are nutrients for the plant. On the other National Conference on Soil Protection and hand, the establishment of Rainbow trout Watershed Management, June 20-30, 2016. facilities on the Jajrud River will emit Ameri Siahouei, R., Zaeimdar, M., Moogouei, wastewater to the environment. Use of R. and Jozi, S.A., 2020. Potential of Cyperus phytoremediation technique for aquaculture alternifolius, Amaranthus retroflexus, Closia wastewater treatment and choose of hyper cristata and Bambusa vulgaris to accumulator plants reduce adverse phytoremediate emerging contaminants and environmental impacts of aquaculture. phytodesalination; Insight to floating beds Simultaneously aquaculture wastewater can be technology. Caspian Journal of Environmental accounted as nutrients for plants in vegetation Sciences, 18(4), pp.309-317. restoration projects. The best exposure level of pH for rainbow trout is between 6.5 to 8.5 Asadi, M. E., 2005. Non-point source pollution (Moogouei et al., 2010). This level for DO is in water Problems and views, Second National between 7 to 13 mg L-1. The acceptable Conference on Watershed Management and continuous exposure level of TDS for rainbow Soil and Water Resources Management, trout is less than 400 mg L-1 (Moogouei et al., Kerman, 1384. (In Persian). 2010). The best exposure level of nitrate is less than 0.55 mg L-1 and the acceptable continuous Behbahaninia, A. and Salmasi, R., 2019. exposure level of nitrate is less than 50 mg L-1. Investigating and recognizing the physical and chemical properties of Jajrud River pollutants, The acceptable continuous exposure level of turbidity is less than 25 (NTU). Our findings in Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Downloaded from ijaah.ir at 2:09 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.6.1.29 ] 2019 shows that, the average of these parameters Tehran, Iran. in this study is 8.3, 8.61 mg L-1, 247.62 mg L-1, Betz, F., Lauermann M. and Cyffka, B., 2018. 5.77 mg L-1, 10.2 NTU respectively. Therefore, Delineation of the riparian zone in data-scarce after the EIA procedure, rainbow trout farms can regions using fuzzy membership functions: An be established there. evaluation based on the case of the Naryn River in Kyrgyzstan. Geomorphology, 306, 170-181. Conflicts of interest Chen, F., Lu, S., Hu, X., He, Q., Feng, C., Xu, None of the authors has any conflicts of Q., Chen, N., Ngo, H.H. and Guo, H., 2019. interest to declare. Multi-dimensional habitat vegetation 41

Ameri Siahouei et al., Surveying riparian zone and water quality of Jajrud River

restoration mode for lake riparian zone, Taihu, in Northern China. Ecological Engineering, China. Ecological Engineering, 134, 56-64. 76, 142-150.

Fan, X., Cui, B., Zhao, H., Zhang, Z. and Moogouei R., Karbassi, A.R., Monavari S.M., Zhang, H., 2010. Assessment of river water Rabani M. and Taheri Mirghaed A., 2010. quality in Pearl River Delta using multivariate Effect of selected physico-chemical parameters statistical techniques. Procedia environmental on growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus sciences, 2, 1220-1234. mykiss) Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 9(2) 245-254. Griggs, F.T., 2009. California Riparian Habitat Restoration Handbook, Second edition, River Moogouei, R. and Chen, Y., 2020. Removal of Partners, www.RiverPartners.org. cesium, lead, nitrate and sodium from wastewater using hydroponic constructed Gunawardena, A., White, B., Hailu, A., wetland. International Journal of Wijeratne, E.M.S. and Pandit, R., 2018. Policy Environmental Science and Technology, 1-8. choice and riverine water quality in developing countries: An integrated hydro-economic Moogouei, R., Borghei, M., Hosseini, S. and modelling approach. Journal of environmental Tajadod, G., 2018. Potential of plant species for management, 227, 44-54. phytoremediation of metformin from solutions. International journal of environmental science Hashempour, Y., Nasseri, M., Mohseni- and technology, 15(3), 593-598. Bandpei, A., Motesaddi, S. and Eslamizadeh, M., 2020. Assessing vulnerability to climate Sadr, K. and Rodier, X., 2012. Google Earth, change for total organic carbon in a system of GIS and stone-walled structures in southern drinking water supply. Sustainable Cities and Gauteng, South Africa. Journal of Society, 53, 101904. Archaeological Science, 39(4), 1034-1042.

Khorasani, N., 2001. Environmental study of Standard Methods for the Examination of

Downloaded from ijaah.ir at 2:09 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.6.1.29 ] Jajrud, Fon and Flora rivers. Natural Water and Wastewater. 2020. Available at: Environment Journal 54)1). https://www.standardmethods.org/.

Liang, J., Gong, J. and Li, W., 2018. Applications Statistical Yearbook of Iran. 2019. Data and and impacts of Google Earth: A decadal review Statistical Information, National Statistics (2006–2016). ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry Center of Iran, 2019. and Remote Sensing, 146, 91-107. Water and Soil Office of the Environmental Mi, Y., He, C., Bian, H., Cai, Y., Sheng, L. and Protection Agency. 2016. Iran Water Quality Ma, L., 2015. Ecological engineering Standard, Iranian National Standards restoration of a non-point source polluted river Organization, Tehran, Iran.

Iranian Journal of Aquatic Animal Health

Xie, Z., Phinn, S.R., Game, E.T., Pannell, D. J., Hobbs, R. J., Briggs, P. R. and McDonald- Madden, E., 2019. Using Landsat observations (1988–2017) and Google Earth Engine to detect vegetation cover changes in rangelands-A first step towards identifying degraded lands for conservation. Remote Sensing of Environment, 232, 111317.

Zhang, C., Di, L., Yang, Z., Lin, L. and Hao, P., 2020. AgKit4EE: A toolkit for agricultural land use modeling of the conterminous United States based on Google Earth Engine. Environmental Modelling & Software, 104694. Downloaded from ijaah.ir at 2:09 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 [ DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.6.1.29 ]