FRONTISPIECE

1. Campanian variegated volcanogenic clay and marly nannofossil ooze from near the base of Nashville Seamount (Site 382, Core 17, Section 2). The clays (darker layers) are locally silty and contain zeolites, volcanic glass, and palagonite. The sand layer at 116 to 121 cm consists of zeolites and volcanic glass along with foraminifers and calcareous shell fragments. Most sediments appear to be displaced from shallower areas on the flank of Nashville Seamount.

2. Typical Albian "black claystone" at Site 386, central Bermuda Rise, showing alternating gray-green burrow-mottled beds and black, finely laminated beds. Coarse layers are radiolarian sands, and small concretion is siderite (Core 62, Section 2).

3. Cretaceous volcaniclastic breccia from the lower flank of Vogel Seamount (Site 385, Core 24, Section 1). The breccia con¬ sists of poorly sorted, angular to subrounded clasts of basalt in various stages of alteration in a base matrix of calcite.

4. Cretaceous/Tertiary contact in calcareous ooze at Site 384 (J-Anomaly Ridge). The contact, slightly disturbed by drilling, occurs at 33 cm, at the upward change from lighter to darker color. This sequence represents probably the most complete biostratigraphic record of the Cretaceous/Tertiary transition yet obtained in a pelagic facies (Site 384, Core 13, Section 3).

5. Cenomanian black claystone with pyrite nodule, southeastern Bermuda Rise (Site 386, Core 44, Section 1).

6. Transition zone typifying the contact between underlying greenish gray and black claystones and overlying reddish, zeolitic claystones, all of Cenomanian age (Site 386, southeastern Bermuda Rise, Core 4, Section 5).

7. Rhythmically bedded Albian claystones and radiolarian mudstones from Site 387 (Core 35, Section 2) on the western Bermuda Rise. At least four gradational cycles are displayed, typified by an upper, black homogeneous or thinly laminated radiolarian mudstone that grades downward through dark gray claystone with wavy laminae and small burrow mottles to green-gray claystone with large black burrows. Cycles are "randomly" interrupted by laminated radiolarian sand and silt beds.

8. Finely bedded Lower Cretaceous (upper Berriasian to lower Valanginian) gray and greenish gray limestones with ammonite aptychi from just above basalt at Site 387 (Core 49, Section 3) on the western Bermuda Rise. The occurrence of pyrite and dark carbonaceous laminae suggest sporadic recurrence of local, Pintrasediment reducing conditions within a quiet, pelagic depositional environment. 26 —10 48 41 40 50 I ^

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120 120 89 130 Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project

A Project Planned by and Carried Out With the Advice of the JOINT OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FOR DEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES)

Volume XLIII

covering Leg 43 of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger Istanbul, Turkey to Norfolk, Virginia June-August 1975

PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS Brian E. Tucholke, Peter R. Vogt, Ivar O. Murdmaa, Peter Rothe, Robert L. Houghton, Jon S. Galehouse, Ansis Kaneps, Charles L. McNulty, Jr., Hisatake Okada, John W. Kendrick, Kenneth R. Demars, and I. N. McCave

SCIENCE EDITOR Ansis Kaneps

Prepared for the NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION National Ocean Sediment Coring Program Under Contract C-482 By the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Scripps Institution of Oceanography Prime Contractor for the Project This material is based upon research supported by the National Science Foundation under Contract No. C-482. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations ex¬ pressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

References to this Volume:

It is recommended that reference to whole or part of this volume be made in one of the following forms, as appropriate: Tucholke, B. E., Vogt, P. R., et al., 1979. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 43: Washington (U.S. Government Printing Office). Arthur, M. A., 1979. Origin of Upper Cretaceous multicolored claystones of the Western Atlantic, In Tucholke, B. E., Vogt, P. R., et al, 1979. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 43: Washington (U.S. Government Printing Office), p. 417-420.

Printed June 1979

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-603338

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $21.50 Stock Number 038-000-00408-5 IV Foreword

For the three and one-half years between From these concepts come major interpre¬ 1872 and 1876, the H.M.S. CHALLENGER— tations of the results of the drilling as they bear after which D/V GLOMAR CHALLENGER on patterns of sedimentation and physical and is named—undertook the world's first major chemical characteristics of the ancient oceans. Oceanographic expedition. It is fitting that our As a result of the success of the Deep Sea century should have its counterpart to that fa¬ Drilling Project, the National Science Founda¬ mous ship a century ago whose voyages helped tion extended its contract with the University established oceanography as a science. It is of California to encompass an additional 36 equally fitting that GLOMAR CHALLENGER months of drilling, allowing GLOMAR CHAL¬ should be plying the same waters one century LENGER to continue operations throughout later seeking answers to new questions con¬ the oceans of the world in exploring the deep cerning the history of our planet and the life it ocean floors for a period presently extending supports. The fundamental advancement of one full decade. Scientific interest will involve our knowledge of the earth will lead to en¬ major effort in drilling deeply into the oceanic hanced capabilities to understand its processes crustal igneous rocks to study the processes and and to use its natural resources intelligently. mechanisms leading to the formation of the The Deep Sea Drilling Project is being oceanic crust. undertaken within the context of the National These reports contain the results of ini¬ Science Foundation^ Ocean Sediment Coring tial studies of the recovered core material and Program. The Foundation is funding the proj¬ the associated geophysical information. The ect by means of a contract with the University contribution to knowledge has been exceedingly of California, and the Scripps Institution of large and future studies of the core material Oceanography is responsible for its manage¬ over many years will contribute much more. ment. The University has, in turn, subcon¬ The importance of the work of the Deep tracted with Global Marine Incorporated for Sea Drilling Project and D/V GLOMAR the services of the drilling ship, GLOMAR CHALLENGER is internationally recognized. CHALLENGER. In response to this recognition, a number of Scientific planning is conducted under the nations are providing partial support. Effective auspices of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions January 1974, the USSR and the Federal Re¬ for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES). The public of Germany entered into agreements JOIDES consortium has convened advisory with the United States for participation and panels for that purpose, consisting of a large support. Similar arrangements were agreed to number of distinguished scientists from the aca¬ by Japan in July 1975, the United Kingdom in demic institutions, Government agencies, and September 1975, and France in January 1976. private industry of many countries. Altogether, All people, in their lives, activities, and the project has involved the active interest and industry, should benefit greatly from the project participation of many of the world's best scien¬ —from the technological advances that are be¬ tists and technologists. ing made and through the information being The first ocean coring operations for the obtained on natural resources. Deep Sea Drilling Project began on August 11, 1968. During the ensuing years of drilling op¬ erations in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Mediterranean Sea, and Antarctic waters, the scientific objectives that had been set forth were successfully accomplished. Primarily, the age of the ocean basins and their processes of de¬ Richard C. Atkinson velopment were determined. Emphasis was Director placed on broad reconnaissance and on testing the involvement of the mid-oceanic rise systems Washington, D. C. in the development of the ocean basins. October 1976 Recognizing the need in the Oceanographic community for scientific planning of a program to obtain deep sedimentary cores from the ocean bottoms, four of the major Oceano¬ graphic institutions that had strong interests and programs in the fields of marine geology and geophysics, formed in May 1964, the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES). This group, Lamont- Doherty Geological Observatory; Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, -__j n University of Miami; the Scripps Institution of JT I*βIELO€3 Oceanography, University of California at San Diego; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, expressed an interest in undertaking scientific planning and guidance of the sedi¬ mentary drilling program. It was the purpose of this group to foster programs to investigate the sediments and rocks beneath the deep oceans by drilling and coring. The membership of this original group was later enlarged in 1968 when the University of Washington be¬ came a member, and again in 1975 when Uni¬ versity of Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, the Oregon State University School of Oceanog¬ raphy, the University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, and Texas A&M Uni¬ versity Department of Oceanography became members. Through discussions sponsored by the JOIDES organization, with support from the National Science Foundation the Lamont-Doh- erty Geological Observatory operated a drilling program with Dr. J. Lamar Worzel as Principal Investigator. This successful drilling effort early in the summer of 1965, on the Blake Plateau region off Jacksonville, Florida, used the drilling vessel, Caldrill I. With this success in hand, planning began for a more extensive deep sea effort. This re¬ sulted in the award of a contract by the National Science Foundation to the University of Cali¬ fornia for an eighteen-month drilling program in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, termed the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Operations at sea began in August 1968.

vn The goal of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Policy (p. xvii) approved by the National Sci¬ is to gather scientific information that will help ence Foundation. determine the age and processes of develop¬ The advent of Glomar Challenger, with its ment of the ocean basins. The primary strategy deep-water drilling ability, is exceedingly time¬ is to drill deep holes into the ocean floor, relying ly. It has come when geophysical investigation largely on technology developed by the petro¬ of the oceans has matured through 20 to 30 leum industry. years of vigorous growth to the point where Through the efforts of these five principal we have some knowledge about much of the organizations and of the panel members which formerly unknown oceanic areas of our planet. About one million miles of traverses had been were drawn from a large cross section of lead¬ made which tell us much about the global pat¬ ing earth scientists and associates, a scientific tern of gravity, magnetic and thermal anomalies, program was developed. and about the composition, thickness and strati¬ Cores recovered from deep beneath the fication of the sedimentary cover of the deep- ocean floor will provide reference material for sea and continental margin. The coverage with a multitude of future studies in fields such as such data has enabled the site selection panels biostratigraphy, physical stratigraphy, and Pa¬ to pick choice locations for drilling. The knowl¬ leomagnetism, that will afford a new scope for edge gained from each hole can be extended into the surrounding area. Detailed geophysical studies of the physical and chemical aspects of surveys were made for most of the selected lo¬ sediment provenance, transportation, deposi¬ cations prior to drilling. tion, and diagensis. In-hole measurements, as feasible, should provide petrophysical data to The earth sciences have recently matured permit inference of lithology of intervals from from an empirical status to one in which sub¬ which no cores were recovered. stantial theories and hypotheses about major tectonic processes are flourishing. Theories A report, describing the core materials and about the origin of magnetic fields and magnetic information obtained both at sea and in labora¬ reversals, about ocean floor spreading and con¬ tories on shore, is published as soon as possible tinental drift, and about the thermal history of after the completion of each cruise. These re¬ our planet, have led to specific predictions that ports are a cooperative effort of the scientists could be tested best by an enlightened program participating in the cruise and are intended pri¬ of sampling of deep-sea and continental margin marily to be a compilation of results which, it sediments and underlying rocks. is hoped, will be the starting point for many future new and exciting research programs. The members of JOIDES and the scien¬ Preliminary interpretations of the data and ob¬ tists from all interested organizations who have servations taken at sea, are also included. served on the various advisory panels are proud to have been of service to the Nation and be¬ Core materials and data collected on the lieve that the information and core materials cruise will be made available to qualified scien¬ that have been obtained will be of value to stu¬ tists through the Curator of the Deep Sea dents of earth sciences and all humanity for Drilling Project, following a Sample Distribution many years to come.

Vlll Deep Sea Drilling Project

MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS OF THE JOINT SENIOR PROJECT PERSONNEL OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FOR DEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES):* Mr. Frank C. MacTernan Principal Engineer and Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften and Rohstoffe, Deputy Project Manager Federal Republic of Germany

Dr. David G. Moore Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University Chief Scientist

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Dr. Stan M. White Science, University of Miami Associate Chief Scientist for Science Operations Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California Dr. John L. Usher Associate Chief Scientist for USSR Academy of Sciences Science Services

University of Washington Mr. William R. Riedel Curator Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Mr. Stanley T. Serocki Project Development Engineer OPERATING INSTITUTION:

Mr. Valdemar Larson W. A. Nierenberg, Director Scripps Institution of Oceanography Operations Manager University of California at San Diego La Jolla, California Mr. William T. Soderstrom Finance Administrator

DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT Mr. Robert Olivas Logistics Officer N. T. Edgar Project Chief Scientist Mr. Robert S. Bower M. N. A. Peterson Contracts Officer Principal Investigator and Project Manager

* Includes member organizations during time of the Ms. Sue Strain cruise. Personnel Officer

IX Participants Aboard GLOMAR CHALLENGER for Leg Forty Three:

Dr. Brian E. Tucholke Mr. John W. Kendrick Co-Chief Scientist Geochemist Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Shell Development Company Palisades, New York 10964 Bellaire Research Center P. O. Box 481 Dr. Peter R. Vogt Houston, Texas 77001 Co-Chief Scientist Department of Navy Dr. Kenneth R. Demars Naval Research Laboratory Physical Properties Specialist Code 8106 University of Rhode Island Washington, D.C. 20375 Narragansett Bay Campus Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 Dr. Ivar O. Murdmaa Sedimentologist Dr. I. N. McCave P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Sedimentologist USSR Academy of Sciences School of Environmental Sciences 1, Letnyaya, Lublino University of East Anglia Moscow 109387 Norwich NR4 7T3 USSR England Dr. Peter Rothe Mr. Glen Foss Sedimentologist Cruise Operations Manager Laboratorium für Sedimentforschung Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Mineralogisch Petrografisches Institut Scripps Institution of Oceanography der Universiteit Heidelberg La Jolla, California 92093 D-69 Heidelberg 1 Mr. Robert Connally Federal Republic of Germany Weatherman Mr. Robert L. Houghton NOAA Sedimentologist National Weather Service Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution East Coast Weather Patrol Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 439 West York Street Norfolk, Virginia 23510 Dr. Jon S. Galehouse Sedimentologist Captain Loyd Dill Department of Geology Captain of the Drilling Vessel San Francisco State University Global Marine, Inc. San Francisco, California 94132 Los Angeles, California 90017 Dr. Ansis Kaneps Mr. Cotton Guess Paleontologist (Foraminifers) and Drilling Superintendent Editorial Representative Global Marine, Inc. Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Los Angeles, California 90017 Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 92093 Mr. Ted Gustafson Laboratory Officer Dr. Charles L. McNulty, Jr. Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Paleontologist (Foraminifers) Scripps Institution of Oceanography The University of Texas at Arlington La Jolla, California 92093 Department of Geology Arlington, Texas 76010 Mr. Richard Myers Dr. Hisatake Okada Chemist Paleontologist (Nannofossils) Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Scripps Institution of Oceanography Palisades, New York 10964 La Jolla, California 92093

XI Mr. Lloyd Russill Mr. Paul Laughlin Electronics Technician Electronics Technician Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 92093 La Jolla, California 92093 Mr. Burnette Hamlin Ms. Trudy Wood Marine Technician Paleontological Preparation Technician Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 92093 La Jolla, California 92093 Ms. Anne Gilbert Graham Mr. Dennis Graham Marine Technician Photographer Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 92093 La Jolla, California 92093 Mr. Kenneth Thompson Ms. Veda Hays Marine Technician Yeoman Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 National Science Foundation Scripps Institution of Oceanography 1800 G Street, N.W. La Jolla, California 92093 Washington, D. C. 20550 Mr. Donald Cameron Marine Technician Deep Sea Drilling Project, A-031 Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 92093

Deep Sea Drilling Project Publications Staff

Dr. Ansis G. Kaneps Mr. Ray Silk Mr. Fred Laughter Science Editor Production Manager Science Editor Ms. Paula Worstell Ms. Virginia L. Roman Ms. Mary A. Young Science Editor Art Supervisor Production Coordinator Mr. James Shambach Ms. Jody Spear Ms. Janice E. Bowman Science Editor Production Coordinator Production Coordinator

XII JOIDES Advisory Groups*

Executive Committee Dr. Seiitiro Utida Ocean Research Institute Dr. Manik Talwani University of Tokyo Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. Norman D. Watkins Dr. Warren S. Wooster Rosensteil School of Marine and University of Rhode Island Atmospheric Science Dr. George P. Woollard Dr. William A. Nierenberg Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Dr. Joe S. Creager Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of Washington Dr. Arthur E. Maxwell Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. Maurice Rattray University of Washington Planning Committee Academician Andrie S. Monin Mr. John I. Ewing P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Prof. Dr. F. Bender Dr. William W. Hay Bundesanstalt für Bodenforschung Rosenstiel School of Marine and Dr. Hans Closs** Atmospheric Science Bundesanstalt für Bodenforschung Dr. Joe S. Creager Mr. John I. Ewing University of Washington Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Mr. William R. Riedel Dr. Paul M. Fye Scripps Institution of Oceanography Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. James R. Heirtzler Dr. Charles J. Merdinger Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. Gleb Udintsev Dr. Gleb Udintsev P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Dr. Hans Closs Dr. Melvin N. A. Peterson (Ex-Officio) Bundesansta.lt für Bodenforschung Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. N. Terence Edgar (Ex-Officio) Dr. John V. Byrne Scripps Institution of Oceanography Oregon State University Dr. George Shor Monsieur Jacques Debyser Scripps Institution of Oceanography CNEXO Dr. Helmut Beiersdorf Dr. Richard A. Geyer Bundenstalt für Geowissenschaften Texas A&M University und Rohstoße Sir Peter Kent, F.R.S. Dr. Arnold Bouma Texas A&M University Natural Environment Research Council Dr. John A. Knauss Dr. William Bryant University of Rhode Island Texas A&M University Monsieur Yves La Prairie Dr. C. G. A. Harrison CNEXO Rosenstiel School of Marine and Captain T. K. Treadwell Atmospheric Science Texas A&M University Dr. Dennis E. Hayes Dr. P. R. Twinn Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Natural Environment Research Council Dr. James Kennett * Includes members during time of Leg 36 University of Rhode Island (April-May 1974) Dr. LaVern D. Kulm Oregon State University * * Alternate

Xin Dr. Yves Lancelot Dr. James P. Kennett CNEXO University of Rhode Island Dr. Anthony S. Laughton Dr. Ian W. D. Dalziel Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. Xavier Le Pichon Dr. David W. Scholl CNEXO United States Geological Observatory Dr. Dean A. McManus Dr. James R. Heirtzler Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution University of Washington Dr. Noriyuki Nasu Dr. William G. Melson Smithsonian Institution Ocean Research Institute Dr. Peter Barker Dr. Jean-Guy Schilling University of Birmingham University of Rhode Island Dr. David J. W. Piper Dr. Tj. H. VanAndel Dalhousie University Oregon State University Prof. A. P. Lisitzin Dr. George P. Woollard Hawaii Institute of Geophysics P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Dr. A. V. Zhivago P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Atlantic Advisory Panel Mr. John I. Ewing Advisory Panel on Sedimentary Petrology Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory and Physical Properties Dr. William A. Berggren Dr. George H. Keller Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Dr. Dennis E. Hayes Meteorological Laboratories Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. Edwin L. Hamilton Dr. Xavier Le Pichon Naval Undersea Research Center Centre National pour I'Exploitation des Oceans Dr. Alexander P. Lisitzin Dr. Kenneth S. Deffeyes USSR Academy of Sciences Princeton University Prof. Dr. G. Muller Laboratorium für Sedimentforschung, Dr. Anthony S. Laughton Heidelberg Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Dr. Adrian P. Richards Dr. Fabrizio Aumento Lehigh University Dalhousie University Dr. Nahum Schneidermann Dr. Enrico Bonatti Gulf Research and Development Rosenstiel School of Marine and Company Atmospheric Science Dr. Gleb Udintsev Dr. Tjeerd H. Van Andel P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Oregon State University Dr. Karl Hinz Dr. John T. Whetten Bundesanstalt für Bodenforschung University of Washington Dr. Charles D. Hollister Dr. Joe S. Creager University of Washington Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. Harry E. Cook Dr. Ulrich von Rad United States Geological Survey Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Dr. Alfred G. Fischer Antarctic Advisory Panel Princeton University Dr. Dennis E. Hayes Mr. Henry L. Gill Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory Dr. Robert H. Rutford Dr. C. J. Clausen University of Nebraska Norges Geotekniske Institutt

xiv Dr. G. Ross Heath Advisory Panel on Pollution Prevention University of Rhode Island and Safety Dr. Hollis D. Hedberg Princeton University Advisory Panel on Organic Geochemistry Mr. John I. Ewing Dr. Keith A. Kvenvolden Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory NSAS Ames Research Center Dr. Louis E. Garrison Dr. Earl W. Baker United States Geological Survey Northeast Louisiana University Dr. Manik Talwani Dr. Ellis E. Bray Mobil Oil Company Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. N. A. Eremenko Dr. Dennis E. Hayes Institute of Geology and Exploration of Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Combustible Mineral Resources Mr. Oscar Weser Dr. William W. Hay Scripps Institution of Oceanography Rosenstiel School of Marine and Dr. H. Grant Goodell Atmospheric Science University of Virginia Dr. Richard D. Mclver Dr. E. L. Winterer Esso Production Research Laboratory Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. John M. Hunt Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. J. Gordon Erdman Advisory Panel on Inorganic Geochemistry Phillips Petroleum Company Dr. Heinrich D. Holland Hoffman Laboratory Dr. Erwin Suess Oregon State University Dr. Wallace S. Broecker Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. A. A. Geodekjan P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR Mr. John I. Ewing Dr. Dietrich Welte Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Lehrstuhl für Geologie, Geochemie, und Dr. Joris M. Gieskes Lagerstratten des Erdols und der Kohle Scripps Institution of Oceanography Rhein-West. Techn. Hochschule Dr. Ian R. Kaplan University of California at Los Angeles Dr. Frank T. Manheim Advisory Panel on Information Handling University of South Florida Dr. Melvin A. Rosenfeld Dr. Karl K. Turekian Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Yale University Dr. Daniel W. Appleman Dr. Igor M. Varentsov Smithsonian Institution The USSR Academy of Sciences Dr. Jack G. Barr Dr. Gleb N. Baturin Standard Oil Company of California The USSR Academy of Sciences Dr. James C. Kelley Dr. Erwin Suess University of Washington Oregon State University Mr. William R. Riedel Dr. K. H. Wedepohl Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. T. A. Davies (Ex Officio) Geochemisches Institut der Universiteit/Gottingen Middlebury College Industrial Liaison Panel Dr. H. Glashoff Mr. W. A. Roberts Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Phillips Petroleum Company Professor Leonid Sitnikov Mr. Fred C. Ackman Academy of Sciences of the USSR Esso Exploration Inc.

xv Mr. Melvin J. Hill Dr. David W. Scholl Gulf Oil Corporation U.S. Geological Survey Mr. John D. Moody Dr. Roland Von Huene Mobil Oil Corporation U.S. Geological Survey

Advisory Panel on Ocean Crust Advisory Panel on Ocean Margin (Passive) Dr. William G. Melson Dr. Joseph R. Curray Smithsonian Institution Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. Leonid Dmitriev Dr. A. W. Bally Institute of Geochemistry, USSR Shell Oil Company Dr. Stanley R. Hart Academician V. V. Beloussov Carnegie Institution of Washington Soviet Geophysical Committee Dr. James R. Heirtzler Professor Daniel Bernoulli Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut, Basel Dr. Ian D. MacGregor Professor Dr. Hans Closs University of California at Davis Dr. Manik Talwani Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoße Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Mr. John Ewing Dr. W. Jason Morgan Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Princeton University Dr. K. Hinz Dr. Hans Schmincke Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Ruhr-Universitat Bochum Dr. Lucien Montadert Dr. Werner Schreyer Institut Francais du Petrole Ruhr-Universitat Bochum Mr. David G. Roberts Dr. John C. Sclater Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dr. E. Seibold Dr. Nikolas Christensen Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut, Universitat-Kiel University of Washington Dr. Von Stackleberg Dr. Gleb Udintsev Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR Advisory Panel on Ocean Paleoenvironment Professor Hans M. Bolli Advisory Panel on Ocean Margin (Active) Technische Hochschule, Zurich Dr. Seiya Uyeda Dr. Thomas A. Davies Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. Joe S. Creager Mr. Jacques Debyser University of Washington CNEXO, Paris Dr. I. P. Kosminskaya Dr. William W. Hay Institute of the Physics of the Earth, USSR Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science Dr. Loren W. Kroenke Dr. Valeri A. Krasheninnikov University of Hawaii Geological Institute, USSR Dr. Creighton A. Burk Dr. Alexander Lisitzin Mobile Oil Corporation P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR Princeton, New Jersey Dr. James Kennett University of Rhode Island Dr. William J. Ludwig Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. Gordon Packham Advisory Panel on Site Surveying University of Sydney Dr. Brian T. R. Lewis Academician A. P. Pieve University of Washington Institute of Geology, USSR

XVI Dr. Mahlon Ball Dr. Marcus Langseth Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. Elizabeth Bunce Dr. Vince Renard Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Centre Oceanologique de Bretagne Dr. Edgar S. Driver Dr. G. Stober Gulf Global Exploration Company Deminex, Dusseldorf Mr. John Ewing Dr. Roland Von Huene Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory U.S. Geological Survey Dr. Karl Hinz Dr. Joe S. Watkins Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe University of Texas Dr. Donald M. Hussong Dr. Gleb Udintsev Hawaii Institute of Geophysics P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR Dr. Edward L. Winterer Dr. L. Kogan Scripps Institution of Oceanography Southern Branch of the Institute of Oceanology, USSR Dr. Isabella Premoli-Silva University of Milano Downhole Measurements Panel Mr. William R. Riedel Mr. R. E. Boyce (ex-officio) Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. H.-J. Schrader Dr. N. Christensen Geologisch-Palaontologisches University of Washington Institut der Universitat Kiel Dr. Tj. H. Van Andel Dr. J. R. Heirtzler Oregon State University Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Professor Thomas J. Worsley Dr. R. Hyndman University of Washington Victoria Geophysical Observatory Dr. I. P. Kosminskaya Dr. A. F. Richards Institute of the Physics of the Earth, USSR Lehigh University

xvn Deep Sea Drilling Project SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION POLICY

Distribution of Deep Sea Drilling samples for investi¬ of the study proposed, size and approximate number gation will be undertaken in order to (1) provide of samples required to complete the study, and any supplementary data to support GLOMAR CHAL¬ particular sampling technique or equipment that LENGER scientists in achieving the scientific objec¬ might be required. The requests will be reviewed by tives of their particular cruise, and in addition to the Chief Scientist of the Project and the cruise serve as a mechanism for contributions to the Initial co-chief scientists; approval will be given in accor¬ Reports; (2) provide individual investigators with dance with the scientific requirements of the cruise materials that are stored with samples for reference as determined by the appropriate JODIES Advisory and comparison purposes. Panel(s). If approved, the requested samples will be taken, either by the shipboard party if the work¬ The National Science Foundation has established a load permits, or by the curatorial staff shortly follow¬ Sample Distribution Panel to advise on the distribu¬ ing the return of the cores to the repository. Pro¬ tion of core materials. This panel is chosen in accor¬ posals must be of a scope to ensure that samples dance with usual Foundation practices, in a manner can be processed and a contribution completed in that will assure advice in the various disciplines lead¬ time for publication in the Initial Reports. Except ing to a complete and adequate study of the cores for rare, specific instances involving ephemeral prop¬ and their contents. Funding for the proposed research erties, sampling will not exceed one-quarter of the must be secured separately by the investigator. It volume of core recovered, with no interval being cannot be provided through the Deep Sea Drilling depleted and one-half of all core being retained as Project. an archive. Shipboard sampling shall not exceed The Deep Sea Drilling Projects Curator is respon¬ approximately 100 igneous samples per investigator; sible for distributing the samples and controlling their in all cases co-chief scientists are requested to keep quality, as well as preserving and conserving core sampling to a minimum. material. He also is responsible for maintaining a The co-chief scientists may elect to have special record of all samples that have been distributed, studies of selected core samples made by other inves¬ shipboard and subsequent, indicating the recipient, tigators. In this event the names of these investi¬ and the nature of the proposed investigation. This gators and complete listings of all materials loaned or information is made available to all investigators of distributed must be forwarded, if possible, prior to DSDP materials as well as other interested research¬ the cruise or, as soon as possible following the cruise, ers on request. to the Chief Scientist through the DSDP Staff Science The distribution of samples is made directly from one Representative for that particular cruise. In such of the two existing repositories, Lamont-Doherty cases, all requirements of the Sample Distribution Geological Observatory and Scripps Institution of Policy shall also apply. Oceanography, by the Curator or his designated If a dispute arises or if a decision cannot be reached representative. in the manner prescribed, the NSF Sample Distribu¬ tion Panel will conduct the final arbitration. 1. Distribution of Samples for Research Leading to Contributions to Initial Reports Any publication of results other than in the Initial Reports within twelve (12) months of the comple¬ Any investigator who wishes to contribute a paper to tion of the cruise must be approved and authored a given volume of the Initial Reports may write to by the whole shipboard party and, where appropriate, the Chief Scientist, Deep Sea Drilling Project (A-031) shore-based investigators. After twelve months, indi¬ Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of vidual investigators may submit related papers for California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, open publication provided they have submitted their U.S.A., requesting samples from a forthcoming contributions to the Initial Reports. Investigations cruise. Requests for a specific cruise should be not completed in time for inclusion in the Initial received by the Chie-f Scientist two months in advance Reports for a specific cruise may not be published in of the departure of the cruise in order to allow time other journals until final publication of that Initial for the review and consideration of all requests and Report for which it was intended. Notice of sub¬ to establish a suitable shipboard sampling program. mission to other journals and a copy of the article The request should include a statement of the nature should be sent to the DSDP Chief Science Editor. * Revised October 1976

xix 2. Distribution of Samples for Research leading to thin layers or important stratigraphic bound¬ Publication other than in Initial Reports aries will also require Panel review. (2) If investigators wish to study certain A. Researchers intending to request samples for properties which may deteriorate prior to the studies beyond the scope of the Initial Reports normal availability of the samples, they may should first obtain sample request forms from request that the normal waiting period not the Curator, Deep Sea Drilling Project apply. All such requests must be reviewed (A-031), Scripps Institution of Oceanogra¬ by the curators and approved by the NSF phy, University of California at San Diego, Sample Distribution Panel. La Jolla, California 92093, U.S.A. On the forms the researcher is requested to specify the quantities and intervals of the core C. Samples will not be provided prior to assur¬ required, make a clear statement of the pro¬ ance that funding for sample studies either posed research, state time required to com¬ exists or is not needed. However, neither plete and submit results for publication, formal approval of sample requests nor dis¬ specify the status of funding and the availa¬ tribution of samples will be made until the bility of equipment and space foreseen for appropriate time (Item A). If a sample the research. request is dependent, either wholly or in part, on proposed funding, the Curator is prepared In order to ensure that all requests for highly to provide to the organization to whom the desirable but limited samples can be con¬ funding proposal has been submitted any sidered, approval of requests and distribution information on the availability (or potential of samples will not be made prior to 2 months availability) of samples that it may request. after publication of the Initial Core Descrip¬ tions (LCD.). ICD's are required to be D. Investigators receiving samples are respon¬ published within 10 months following each cruise. The only exceptions to this policy sible for: will be for specific instances involving ephem¬ (1) publishing significant results; however eral properties. Requests for samples can be contributions shall not be submitted for pub¬ based on the Initial Core Descriptions, copies lication prior to 12 months following the of which arc on file at various institutions termination of the appropriate leg; throughout the world. Copies of original core logs and data are kept on open file at DSDP (2) acknowledging, in publications, that and at the Repository at Lamont-Doherty samples were supplied through the assistance Geological Observatory, Palisades, New of the U.S. National Science Foundation and York. Requests for samples from researchers others as appropriate; in industrial laboratories will be handled in (3) submitting five (5) copies (for distri¬ the same manner as those from academic bution to the Curatofs file, the DSDP Reposi¬ organizations, with the same obligation to tories, the GLOMAR CHALLENGERS publish results promptly. Library, and the National Science Founda¬ tion) of all reprints of published results to B. (1) The DSDP Curator is authorized to dis¬ the Curator, Deep Sea Drilling Project tribute samples to 50ml per meter of core. (A-031), Scripps Institution of Oceanogra¬ Requests for volumes of material in excess of phy, University of California at San Diego, this amount will be referred to the NSF La Jolla, California 92093, U.S.A.; Sample Distribution Panel for review and approval. Experience has shown that most (4) returning, in good condition, the remain¬ investigations can be accomplished with 10ml ders of samples after termination of research, sized samples or less. All investigators are if requested by the Curator. encouraged to be as judicious as possible with regard to sample size and, especially, fre¬ E. Cores arc made available at repositories for quency within any given core interval. The investigators to examine and to specify exact Curator will not automatically distribute any samples in such instances as may be neces¬ parts of the cores which appear to be in par¬ sary for the scientific purposes of the sam¬ ticularly high demand; requests for such parts pling, subject to the limitations of B (1 and will be referred to the Sample Distribution 2) and D, above, with specific permission of Panel for review. Requests for samples from the Curator or his delegate.

xx F. Shipboard-produced smear slides of sedi¬ 3. Other Records ments and thin sections of indurated sedi¬ Magnetics, seismic reflection, downhole logging, and ments, igneous and metamorphic rocks, will bathymetric data collected by the GLOMAR CHAL¬ be returned to the appropriate repository at LENGER will also be available for distribution at the end of each cruise or at the publication the same time samples become available. of the Initial Reports for that cruise. These smear slides and thin sections will form a Requests for data may be made to: reference collection of the cores stored at each repository and may be viewed at the Associate Chief Scientist, Science Services respective repositories as an aid in the selec¬ Deep Sea Drilling Project (A-031) tion of core samples. Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego La Jolla, California 92093 A charge will be made to recover the expenses in G. The Deep Sea Drilling Project routinely pro¬ excess of $50.00 in filling individual requests. If cesses by computer most of the quantitative required, estimated charges can be furnished before data presented in the Initial Reports. Space the request is processed. limitations in the Initial Reports preclude the 4. Reference Centers detailed presentation of all such data. How¬ ever, copies of the computer readout are As a separate and special category, samples will be available for those who wish the data for distributed for the purpose of establishing up to five further analysis or as an aid on selecting reference centers where paleontologic materials will samples. A charge will be made to recover be available for reference and comparison purposes. expenses in excess of $50.00 incurred in The first of these reference centers has been approved filling requests. at Basel, Switzerland.

xxi CONTENTS

Chapter Page Chapter Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 10. DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES OF ORGANIC-CARBON-RICH BLACK AND GREEN MUDSTONES AT DSDP SITES 386 PART I: INTRODUCTION 3 AND 387, WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC 411 I. N. McCave 1. INTRODUCTION AND EXPLANATORY NOTES, LEG 43 DEEP SEA DRILLING 11. ORIGIN OF UPPER CRETACEOUS PROJECT 5 MULTICOLORED CLAYSTONES OF Brian E. Tucholke and Peter R. Vogt THE WESTERN ATLANTIC 417 Michael A. Arthur PART II: SITE REPORTS 29 12. SHALLOW-WATER CARBONATES FROM SITE 384 421 2. SITE 382: NASHVILLE SEAMOUNT- Peter Rothe VOLCANISM ALONG THE EASTERN NEW ENGLAND SEAMOUNT CHAIN 31 13. EOCENE PORCELLANITES AND EARLY The Shipboard Scientific Party CRETACEOUS CHERTS FROM THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC BASIN. . . 437 3. SITE 383: DRILLING ABOVE THE Volkher Riech and Ulrich von Rad /-ANOMALY RIDGE IN THE SOHM ABYSSAL PLAIN 95 14. COARSE FRACTION MINERALOGY OF The Shipboard Scientific Party LEG 43 SEDIMENTS 457 Ivar O. Murdmaa, V. Kazakova, 4. SITE 384: THE CRETACEOUS/TER¬ and A. Rudakova TIARY BOUNDARY, APTIAN REEFS, AND THE J-ANOMALY RIDGE 107 15. DISTRIBUTION AND CHEMISTRY OF The Shipboard Scientific Party PHILLIPSITE, CLINOPTILOLITE, AND ASSOCIATED ZEOLITES AT DSDP SITES 5. SITE 385: VOLCANISM AT VOGEL 382, 385, AND 386 IN THE WESTERN SEAMOUNT IN THE CENTRAL NEW NORTH ATLANTIC 463 ENGLAND SEAMOUNT CHAIN 155 Robert L. Houghton, Peter Rothe, The Shipboard Scientific Party and Jon S. Galehouse 6. SITE 386: FRACTURE VALLEY SEDI¬ MENTATION ON THE CENTRAL PART IV: PALEONTOLOGICAL STUDIES. . 485 BERMUDA RISE 195 The Shipboard Scientific Party 16. SMALLER CRETACEOUS FORAMIN¬ IFERS OF LEG 43, DEEP SEA DRILLING 7. SITE 387: CRETACEOUS TO RECENT PROJECT 487 SEDIMENTARY EVOLUTION OF THE C. L. McNulty WESTERN BERMUDA RISE 323 The Shipboard Scientific Party 17. CALCAREOUS NANNOPLANKTON— LEG 43, DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT. 507 Hisatake Okada and Hans R. Thierstein PART III: SEDIMENTOLOGICAL STUDIES. . 393 18. UPPER BARREMIAN-LOWERMOST 8. DIAGNOSIS OF TURBIDITES AT SITES APTIAN ORBITOLINID FORAMINIFERS 386 AND 387 BY PARTICLE-COUNTER FROM THE GRAND BANKS CONTI¬ SIZE ANALYSIS OF THE SILT (2-40 µm) NENTAL RISE, NORTHWESTERN FRACTION 395 ATLANTIC (DSDP LEG 43, SITE 384) ... 575 I. N. McCave Rolf Schroeder and Antonietta Cherchi 9. HEAVY MINERALOGY AND PROV¬ 19. PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY OF CRETA¬ ENANCE OF VOLCANICLASTIC CEOUS SEDIMENTS FROM SITE 387, TURBIDITES OF SITE 386 407 WESTERN BERMUDA RISE 585 Jon S. Galehouse Daniel Habib

xxiii Chapter Page Chapter Page

20. APTYCHI (AMMONOIDEA) AND 31. CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE AMMONITES FROM THE LOWER CRE¬ RECORDS AT DSDP SITE 384 (NORTH TACEOUS OF THE WESTERN BERMUDA ATLANTIC) AND SOME PALEOCENE RISE, LEG 43, SITE 387, DSDP 591 PALEOTEMPERATURES AND CARBON Otto Renz ISOTOPE VARIATIONS IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN 695 21. RUDISTS FROM DSDP LEG 43, SITE 384. 599 Anne Boersma, Nicholas Shackleton, Mike Bob F. Perkins Hall, and Quentin Given 32. ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF CRETA¬ 22. THE CRETACEOUS/TERTIARY CEOUS SHALLOW-WATER CARBON¬ BOUNDARY EVENT IN THE NORTH ATES FROM SITE 384 719 ATLANTIC 601 Peter Rothe and Jochen Hoefs Hans R. Thierstein and Hisatake Okada 23. PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE 33. PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF PALEOCENE/EOCENE CALCAREOUS BASALTIC ROCKS RECOVERED ON NANNOPLANKTON FROM THE NORTH LEG 43 OF THE DEEP SEA DRILLING ATLANTIC OCEAN 617 PROJECT 721 Bilal U. Haq, Hisatake Okada, Robert L. Houghton and G. P. Lohmann 34. RADIOMETRIC AGES OF BASALTS FROM DSDP LEG 43: SITES 382 AND 385 (NEW ENGLAND SEAMOUNTS), 384 PART V: GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES 631 (J-ANOMALY), 386 AND 387 (CENTRAL AND WESTERN BERMUDA RISE) 739 24. GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF BLACK Robert L. Houghton, J. Elliott Thomas, Jr., CLAYS FROM LEG 43, DEEP SEA Richard J. Diecchio, and Angelo Tagliacozzo DRILLING PROJECT 633 J. W. Kendrick

25. ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE PART VI: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 755 SHALES FROM THE NORTHWESTERN PROTO-ATLANTIC, DSDP LEG 43 643 Bernd R. T. Simoneit 35. ENGINEERING AND OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA, LEG 43 757 K. R. Demars, V. A. Nacci, and W. E. Kelly 26. GEOCHEMISTRY OF CARBON: DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT LEG 43 651 J. G. Erdman and K. S. Schorno 36. SEISMIC VELOCITIES, DENSITIES, AND ELASTIC CONSTANTS AT ELEVATED 27. TETRAPYRROLE PIGMENTS FROM PRESSURES OF BASALTS AND VOL¬ BERMUDA RISE: DSDP LEG 43 657 CANICLASTIC BRECCIAS, DSDP LEG 43 769 S. E. Palmer, W. Y. Huang, and E. W. Baker Nikolas I. Christensen, Joe M. Hull, and Kathleen A. Hubert 28. PETROLEUM-GENERATING POTEN¬ TIAL OF CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS 37. ROCK- AND PALEOMAGNETISM OF FROM LEG 43, DEEP SEA DRILLING LEG 43 BASALTS 773 PROJECT 663 N. Petersen, U. Bleil, and P. Eisenach J. W. Kendrick, A. Hood, and J. R. Castano

29. INTERSTITIAL WATER STUDIES, SITES 38. MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY OF CRE¬ 386 AND 387, LEG 43 669 TACEOUS SEDIMENTS FROM DSDP Randall S. Miller, James R. Lawrence, SITE 386 781 and Joris M. Gieskes B. H. Keating and C. E. Helsley

30. INORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF LEG 43 39. PALEOMAGNETIC RESULTS FROM SEDIMENTS 675 EARLY TERTIARY/LATE CRETACEOUS I. O. Murdmaa, V. V. Gordeev, E. M. Emelya- SEDIMENTS OF SITE 384 785 nov, and E. S. Bazilevskaya P. A. Larson and N. D. Opdyke

XXIV Chapter Page Chapter Page

PART VII: SYNTHESES 789 45. THE J-ANOMALY IN THE CENTRAL NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 879 40. WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC: SEDI¬ Philip D. Rabinowitz, Steven C. Cande, MENTARY EVOLUTION AND ASPECTS and Dennis E. Hayes OF TECTONIC HISTORY 791 Brian E. Tucholke and Peter R. Vogt PART VIII: APPENDICES 887 41. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ACOUSTIC STRATIGRAPHY AND LITHOSTRA¬ I. UNDERWAY GEOPHYSICAL DATA: TIGRAPHY IN THE WESTERN NORTH GLOMAR CHALLENGER LEG 43 889 ATLANTIC BASIN 827 Brian E. Tucholke Brian E. Tucholke II. SITE SURVEY, DSDP SITE 386 1013 42. THE NEW ENGLAND SEAMOUNTS: Frederick A. Bowles TESTING ORIGINS 847 Peter R. Vogt and Brian E. Tucholke III. X-RAY MINERALOGY STUDIES- LEG 43 1019 Roman Koch and Peter Rothe 43. MAGNETIC ANOMALIES AND SEA¬ FLOOR SPREADING IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC, AND A REVISED IV. GRAIN-SIZE AND CARBON/CARBON¬ CALIBRATION OF THE KEATHLY (M) ATE ANALYSES, LEG 43 1043 GEOMAGNETIC REVERSAL Donald H. Cameron CHRONOLOGY 857 P. R. Vogt and A. M. Einwich V. GRAPE MEASUREMENTS OF WET BULK DENSITY AND POROSITY, LEG 43 1049 The Shipboard Scientific Party 44. VOLCANO HEIGHT AND PALEO-PLATE THICKNESS 877 Peter R. Vogt INDEX 1103

XXV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The shipboard scientists gratefully acknowledge the assistance and special efforts of the numerous individuals who contributed to the success of the forty-third voyage of Glomar Challenger. The competence and amiable cooperation of Captain Lloyd Dill, the ship's crew, and the drilling crew are especially appreciated. Glenn Foss, Cruise Operations Manager, pro¬ vided an effective liaison between the scientists and drilling crew and was a capable advisor on drilling operations. We are also very appreciative of the excellent technical assistance and cooperation of Ted Gustafson, Laboratory Officer, and his technical group — Donald Cameron, Anne Graham, Dennis Graham, Burnette Hamlin, Paul Laughlin, Richard Myers, Ken Thompson, and Trudy Wood, who performed a variety of tasks contributing to the success of the scientific studies. Special thanks go to Ms. Veda Hays, who served as Yeoman, for her long hours of effort in typing shipboard reports. The members of the JOIDES Atlantic Advisory Panel and its Chairman, John Ewing, provided considerable assistance in planning the cruise. We also thank Paula Worstell for her considerable help in the final editing and coordination of this volume. Finally, we thank Ms. Bettye Cummins of DSDP, an unsung heroine who provided continual help in dousing brushfires associated with pre-cruise and post-cruise person¬ nel shuffling.