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Las Redes De Información Del Cardenal Francisco De Dietrichstein En El

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Las Redes De Información Del Cardenal Francisco De Dietrichstein En El TIEMPOS MODERNOS, número 42, junio de 2021 ISSN: 1699-7778 Sección: MONOGRÁFICO Recibido: 16-01-2021 Modificado: 30-03-2021 Aceptado: 21-04-2021 Páginas: 321-340 Las redes de información del cardenal Francisco de Dietrichstein en el imperio español The information networks of cardinal Francis of Dietrichstein within the Spanish empire Stanislav Luska Universidad Masaryk, Brno (República Checa) ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2958-7135 [email protected] NOTA BIOGRÁFICA Doctorando en el Departamento de Historia, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Masaryk, Brno, República Checa. RESUMEN El artículo presenta los vínculos del cardenal Francisco de Dietrichstein (1570–1636) con el imperio español, con un enfoque especial a sus redes de información. Como uno de los principales protagonistas de la vida política en los países patrimoniales de los Habsburgo austríacos en el primer tercio del siglo XVII, aprovechó su vínculo con la monarquía hispánica para construir dentro de ella su propia red de agentes, quienes le proporcionaban servicio y noticias de todos los rincones de la monarquía. Mediante el análisis de su correspondencia, se descifrarán los detalles del funcionamiento de este sistema, su carácter y estructura. Para aclarar las bases sobre que se construye esta red se acudirá a describir también los orígenes del servicio dinástico de la familia Dietrichstein dentro del sistema clientelar de los reyes españoles en el Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico. PALABRAS CLAVE Redes de información; patronazgo; agentes; František z Dietrichsteina; Franz von Dietrichstein. ABSTRACT The article presents the ties of cardinal Francis of Dietrichstein with the Spanish empire, with a special focus on his information networks there. As one of the main protagonists of political life in the patrimonial lands of the Austrian Habsburgs in the first third of the seventeenth century, he took advantage of his link with the Hispanic monarchy to build within it his own network of agents who provided him service and news from all its corners. By analyzing their correspondence, the details of the operation of this system, its character and structure, will be deciphered. In order to clarify the bases of its construction, the origins of the dynastic service of the Dietrichstein family within the patronage system of the Spanish kings in the Holy Roman Empire will also be described. KEYWORDS Information networks; patronage; agents; František z Dietrichsteina; Franz von Dietrichstein. MONOGRÁFICO 321 TIEMPOS MODERNOS – N.o 42, junio de 2021 – ISSN: 1699-7778 – [Págs. 321-340] Las redes de información del cardenal Francisco de Dietrichstein en el imperio español Stanislav Luska SUMARIO 1.INTRODUCCIÓN. 2. LOS DIETRICHSTEIN ENTRE EL SACRO IMPERIO ROMANO Y ESPAÑA. 3. EL CARDENAL DIETRICHSTEIN, SU CARRERA Y VÍNCULOS CON ESPAÑA. 4. LAS REDES DE INFOR- MACIÓN. 5. MADRID. 6. BRUSELAS. 7. ITALIA DEL NORTE. 8. CONCLUSIÓN. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Francisco Serafín de Dietrichstein (o Dietristán, en su forma hispanizada, Madrid 1570 – Brno 1636) fue uno de los personajes claves para la historia de la monarquía centroeuropea de los Habsburgo a prin- cipios del siglo XVII. Durante su vida ejerció numerosos cargos eclesiásticos, políticos y cortesanos: fue el camarero del papa Clemente VIII, obispo en Olomouc y cardenal de la iglesia católica, miembro del Consejo Secreto y mayordomo mayor del emperador Rodolfo II, gobernador de Moravia, Viena y Austria Inferior y ad- ministrador de los extensos dominios familiares de los Dietrichstein, entre otros. 1 También fue un personaje cosmopolita que gracias a los mencionados cargos y sus lazos familiares estableció vínculos con personas importantes de una gran parte de Europa. 2 Entre estos contactos, ocupaban un lugar destacado los que se encontraban en diferentes partes del imperio español, lo que fue favorecido por la política dinástica de los Habsburgo durante los siglos XVI y XVII. La unión familiar de los países hereditarios de los Habsburgo en Europa central y de los de la corona española fomentó vínculos entre estas dos partes del continente, que se reflejaron también en la red de contactos del cardenal Francisco de Dietrichstein. Aprovechando sus vínculos familiares a la tradición del servicio a ambas ramas de la familia Habsburgo, estableció en el imperio español mediante sus agentes su propia red de información, gracias a la cual estaba pendiente de todos los sucesos que podían ser de su interés como alto dignitario eclesiástico, político y cliente del Rey Católico. El período principal del funcio- namiento de esta red se ubica en los años veinte del siglo XVII, coincidiendo con la cima de la carrera del cardenal. Sin embargo, la extensión temporal de este fenómeno (el auge repentino alrededor del año 1619 y el cese alrededor de 1630) puede deberse al estado de conservación del archivo familiar de los Dietrichstein, parcialmente incompleto por su saqueo durante la Guerra de los Treinta Años. 3 El estudio de las relaciones entre ambas partes del dominio de los Habsburgo se ha convertido en el objeto de interés de los historiadores de manera más sistemática hasta en las décadas recientes, cuando enlazaron con los trabajos ya clásicos de Viktor Bibl y Bohdan Chudoba historiadores como Friedrich Edel- mayer, Pavel Marek, Rubén González Cuerva o Laura Oliván Santaliestra, entre otros. 4 Tema aún menos explorado han sido los agentes, que sólo ocasionalmente salieron de la anonimidad para ser mencionados tanto en las fuentes como en la literatura. En general ha ocurrido en relación con las nuevas investigaciones sobre la diplomacia en la Edad Moderna, que enfatizan la informalidad con la que nació el sistema diplomá- 1 Para su biografía completa, véase: Pavel BALCÁREK, Kardinál František Ditrichštejn (1570-1636). Gubernátor Moravy, České Budějovice, Veduta, 2007 (Osobnosti českých a moravských dějin 5). 2 Para documentar esta amplia red de contactos, puede servir su correspondencia, guardada en MZA (Moravský zemský archiv – Archivo regional de Moravia), RAD (Rodový archiv Ditrichštejnů – Archivo familiar de los Dietrichstein), legs. 427-445, núms. 1905-1909. Para más detalles, véase: Jindřich OBRŠLÍK – Jan ŘEZNÍČEK – Vladimír VOLDÁN, Rodinný archiv Ditrichštejnů (G 140). Inventáře a katalogy fondů Státního oblastního archivu v Brně, Vol. II, Brno, Státní archiv, 1979, págs. 549-570. 3 El castillo de Mikulov, sede residencial de la familia Dietrichstein, fue conquistado por las tropas suecas en 1645 durante su planeado ataque a Viena. Los suecos saquearon en su totalidad el castillo, llevándose, entre otras cosas, la increíblemente rica biblio- teca de los Dietrichstein y su archivo familiar. Éste luego fue rescatado en la segunda mitad del siglo XVII por el embajador imperial en Suecia, conde Nostic, sin embargo, es posible que no haya sido devuelto en su totalidad y falten documentos familiares previos al año del saqueo. Para este tema, véase: Ibídem, Vol. I, págs. 22-23. Sobre el saqueo de Mikulov, véase: Emil SCHIECHE, “Umfang und Schicksal der von den Schweden 1645 in Nikolsburg und 1648 in Prag erbeuteten Archivalien” en Bohemia. Jahrbuch des Collegium Carolinum, núm. 8, 1967, págs. 111-133. 4 Para nombrar solo algunos de los trabajos más importantes, véase: Friedrich EDELMAYER, Söldner und Pensionäre. Das Netzwerk Philipps II. im Heiligen Römischen Reich, Múnich, Bohlau Verlag, 2002 (Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur der iberischen und iberoamerikanischen Länder, 7), luego Pavel MAREK, La embajada española en la corte imperial (1558-1641). Figuras de los embaja- dores y estrategias clientelares. Praga, Karolinum, 2013 (Ibero-Americana Pragensia, Supplementum, 33), luego Rubén GONZÁLEZ CUERVA, Baltasar de Zúñiga. Una encrucijada de la Monarquía hispana (1561-1622), Madrid, Polifemo, 2012 (Colección La Corte en Europa, Temas 9), u obras colectivas José MARTÍNEZ MILLÁN – Rubén GONZÁLEZ CUERVA (coords.), La dinastía de los Austria: las relaciones entre la Monarquía Católica y el Imperio, 3 Vols, Madrid, Polifemo, 2001 (Colección La Corte en Europa, Temas 5), o Laura OLIVÁN SANTALIESTRA, Mariana de Austria. Imagen, poder y diplomacia de una reina cortesana. Madrid, Editorial Complutense, 2006. MONOGRÁFICO : Formas cotidianas de cohesión social en América y Europa, siglos XVI al XVIII [coords. Martha Atzin Bahena Pérez y Diana Roselly Pérez Gerardo] 322 TIEMPOS MODERNOS – N.o 42, junio de 2021 – ISSN: 1699-7778 – [Págs. 321-340] Las redes de información del cardenal Francisco de Dietrichstein en el imperio español Stanislav Luska tico moderno, en sus inicios basado más bien en las relaciones personales que institucionales. Justamente el protagonismo de los agentes como una forma de representación de su patrón se puede enmarcar en los mecanismos de clientelismo y patronazgo que se están definiendo como uno de los modelos sociales prin- cipales en las cortes de la Edad Moderna. 5 A pesar del papel sumamente interesante de los agentes, existen muy pocos estudios con un enfoque más centrado que aclaran su actividad y circunstancias en las que trabajaban para sus patrones. Pioneros entre estos estudios son sin duda los trabajos de Dirk Jakob Jansen sobre Jacopo Strada, anticuario del em- perador Rodolfo II y amigo del padre del cardenal Dietrichstein, Adam. 6 Aunque un intento más sistemático de abarcar el tema de los agentes de manera más general, presentaron en especial en sus obras colectivas Marika Keblusek y Badeloch Vera Noldus, 7 falta todavía mucho para formar una imagen más plástica de estos personajes. Precisamente sobre
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