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Introduction Notes Introduction 1. D. Lieven, Empire: The Russian Empire and Its Rivals (London: John Murray, 2000), p. xiv. 2. B. S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), pp. 4–5. 3. J. Bérenger, A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1273–1700, trans. C. A. Simpson (London: Longman, 1994), pp. 79–81. 4. Ibid., pp. 74–7. 5. V. Zimányi, ‘Adel und Grundherrschaft in Ungarn in der Frühneuzeit’, in H. Feigl and W. Rosner (eds), Adel im Wandel (Vienna: Niederösterreichisches Institut für Landeskunde, 1991), p. 40. 6. Bérenger, Habsburg Empire, pp. 39–40, 79. 7. On the importance of persuasion in the relations of imperial powers and subject elites, see generally R. Guha, Dominance without Hegemony: History and Power in Colonial India (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997). For the central statement on the role of collaboration in building and maintaining empires, see R. Robinson, ‘Non-European Foundations of European Imperialism: Sketch for a Theory of Collaboration’, in E. R. Owens and R. B. Sutcliffe (eds), Studies in the Theory of Imperialism (London: Longman, 1972), p. 18. See also P. Kennedy, ‘Continuity and Discontinuity in British Imper- ialism, 1815–1914’, in C. C. Eldridge (ed.), British Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (London: Macmillan [now Palgrave Macmillan], 1984), p. 4, and J. Gallagher with R. Robinson, ‘The Imperialism of Free Trade’, in J. Gallagher with A. Seal (eds), The Decline, Revival 171 172 NOTES and Fall of the British Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 6–7. A useful recent commentary on the Habsburg empire is Solomon Wank, ‘The Habsburg Empire’, in K. Barkey and M. von Hagen (eds), After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), pp. 49–50. Chapter 1: The Pattern of Empire 1. Matthias von Neuenburg, Chronik, in Quellenbuch zur Geschichte Öster- reichs, ed. O. Frass, 4 vols (Vienna: Birkenverlag, 1956–67), vol. 1, p. 125. 2. C. F. Laferl, Die Kultur der Spanier in Österreich unter Ferdinand I., 1522–1564 (Vienna: Böhlau, 1997), p. 38. 3. From Joseph Grünpeck, Geschichte Friedrichs III, in Frass, Quellenbuch, vol. 2, pp. 257–9. A good appraisal is A. Lhotsky, ‘Friedrich III: Sein Leben und Seine Persönlichkeit’, in A. Lhotsky, Aufsätze und Vorträge, 5 vols, ed. H. Wagner and H. Koller (Vienna: Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, 1971), vol. 2, pp. 119–63. 4. E. Bruckmüller, Sozialgeschichte Österreichs (Vienna: Herold, 1985), p. 156; V. Press, ‘The System of Estates in the Austrian Hereditary Lands and in the Holy Roman Empire: A Comparison’, in R. J. W. Evans and T. V. Thomas (eds), Crown, Church and Estates: Central European Politics in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991), p. 11. 5. M. Tanner, The Last Descendant of Aeneas: The Hapsburgs and the Mythic Image of the Emperor (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993), p. 124. A thoughtful overview of the Habsburg connection with music is K. Vocelka and L. Heller, Die Lebenswelt der Habsburger: Kultur- und Mentalitätsgeschichte einer Familie (Graz: Styria, 1997), pp. 52–66. 6. H. Wiesflecker, Maximilian I.: Die Fundamente des habsburgischen Welt- reiches (Vienna: Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, 1991), pp. 365–75; H. Wiesflecker, Kaiser Maximilian I.: Das Reich, Österreich und Europa an der Wende der Neuzeit, 5 vols (Vienna: Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, 1986), vol. 5, p. 614. 7. H. G. Koenigsberger, ‘The States-General of the Netherlands before the Revolt’, in H. G. Koenigsberger (ed.), Estates and Revolutions: Essays in Early Modern History (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1971), pp. 125–43. NOTES 173 8. Wiesflecker, Maximilian I., vol. 5, pp. 530–45. 9. Wiesflecker, Fundamente, p. 310. 10. Ibid., pp. 311, 313. 11. Ibid., p. 312. 12. Bruckmüller, Sozialgeschichte, pp. 135–6. 13. Wiesflecker, Fundamente, pp. 296–7. 14. Ibid., pp. 296–310. A good overview of Burgundian administration is R. Vaughan, Valois Burgundy (London: Allen Lane/Penguin, 1975), pp. 95–113. 15. Frass, Quellenbuch, vol. 2, p. 25. 16. Laferl, Spanier in Österreich, pp. 66–75; S. Petrin, ‘Die niederöster- reichischen Stände im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert’, in H. Knittler (ed.), Adel im Wandel: Politik. Kultur. Konfession, 1500–1700 (Horn: Berger, 1990), p. 287. 17. A. Niederstätter, 1400–1522: das Jahrhundert der Mitte: an der Wende vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit (Vienna: Ueberreuter, 1996), p. 138. 18. Frass, Quellenbuch, vol. 1, pp. 263–4. 19. P. S. Fichtner, Ferdinand I of Austria: The Politics of Dynasticism in the Age of the Reformation (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1982), p. 45. 20. V. Zimányi, Economy and Society in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Hungary (1526–1650) (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1987), pp. 68–9. 21. Fichtner, Ferdinand I, p. 62. 22. Ibid., pp. 54–5. 23. Ibid., pp. 158–9; K. J. Dillon, Kings and Estates in the Bohemian Lands, 1526–1564 (Brussels: Librairie Encyclopédique, 1976), pp. 133–42; J. Bahlcke, Regionalismus und Staatsintegration im Wiederstreit: Die Länder der böhmischen Krone im ersten Jahrhundert der Habsburgerherrschaft (1526–1619) (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1994), p. 166. 24. Fichtner, Ferdinand I, pp. 66–7; T. Fellner and H. Kretschmayr, Die österreichische Zentralverwaltung, 4 vols (Vienna: Holzhausen, 1907– 25), vol. 1, pt 1, pp. 29–31. 25. See the tables in Fellner and Kretschmayer, Zentralverwaltung, vol. 1, pt 1, pp. 275–87. 26. P. S. Fichtner, Emperor Maximilian II (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 80–3. 27. Ibid., p. 73. 28. T. Winkelbauer, ‘Herren und Holden: Die niederösterreichischen Adeligen und ihre Untertanen im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert’, in Knittler, Adel im Wandel, pp. 77–8. 174 NOTES 29. P. S. Fichtner, ‘Habsburg Household or Habsburg Government?: A Sixteenth-Century Administrative Dilemma’, Austrian History Year- book, 26 (1995), pp. 45–60. 30. Fichtner, Maximilian II, p. 79. 31. The classic work on this subject remains Stephen Fischer-Galati, Ottoman Imperialism and German Protestantism, 1521–1555 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1959). 32. G. Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, 1600–1660: International Calvin- ism and the Reformed Church in Hungary and Transylvania (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000), p. 22. 33. H. Louthan, Johannis Crato and the Austrian Habsburgs: Reforming a Counter-Reform Court (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Theological Seminary, 1994), p. 3. 34. Frantiseˇk Cˇerny´ (ed.), Deˇjiny Ceského Divadla, 4 vols (Prague: Cˇeskoslovenská Akademia Veˇd, 1968), vol. 1, pp. 134–7. 35. A. Edel, Der Kaiser und Kurpfalz: Eine Studie zu den Grundelementen pol- itischen Handelns bei Maximilian II. (1564–1576) (Göttingen: Vanden- hoeck and Ruprecht, 1997), pp. 307–8. 36. This picture is worked out in compelling detail by A. P. Luttenberger, Kurfürsten, Kaiser, und Reich: Politische Führung und Friedenssicherung unter Ferdinand I. und Maximilian II. (Mainz: Philip von Zabern, 1994). 37. R. J. W. Evans, Rudolf II and his World: A Study in Intellectual History, 1576–1612 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), pp. 62–3; K. Vocelka, Rudolf II und seine Zeit (Vienna: Böhlau, 1985), p. 96. 38. Evans, Rudolf II, pp. 53–83. 39. Winkelbauer, ‘Herren und Holden’, pp. 78–9. See also V. Press, ‘Adel in den österreichisch–böhmischen Erblanden und im Reich zwis- chen dem 15. und dem 17. Jahrhundert’, in Knittler, Adel in Wandel, p. 24. 40. Frass, Quellenbuch, vol. 2, p. 98. Chapter 2: An Empire Takes Hold 1. G. Mecenseffy, Geschichte des Protestantismus in Österreich (Graz: Böhlau, 1956), pp. 71–6. 2. R. Bireley, SJ, ‘Confessional Absolutism in the Habsburg Lands in the Seventeenth Century’, in C. W. Ingrao (ed.), State and Society in Early NOTES 175 Modern Austria (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1994), pp. 40–1; Fichtner, Maximilian II, p. 189. 3. Bireley, ‘Confessional Absolutism’, pp. 45–6; P. S. Fichtner, ‘Habsburg State Building: The Incomplete Sixteenth Century’, Austrian History Yearbook, 25 (1994), p. 152. 4. J. Franzl, Ferdinand II.: Kaiser im Zwiespalt der Zeit (Graz: Verlag Styria, 1978), pp. 43–5; Mecenseffy, Protestantismus, pp. 79–82; R. Bireley, SJ, Religion and Politics in the Age of the Counterreformation: Emperor Ferdinand II, William Lamormaini, S.J., and the Formation of Imperial Policy (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1981), pp. 13, 17. 5. K. J. MacHardy, ‘Cultural Capital and Noble Identity’, Past and Present, 163 (May 1999), pp. 46–7, 68–71. 6. J. Bücking, Frühabsolutismus und Kirchenreform in Tirol (1566–1665): Ein Beitrag zum Ringen zwischen ‘Staat’ und ‘Kirche’ in der frühen Neuzeit (Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1972), pp. 115–222. 7. K. J. MacHardy, ‘The Rise of Absolutism and Noble Rebellion in Early Modern Habsburg Austria, 1570–1620’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 34 (1992), pp. 410, 431–2; J. Van Horn Melton, ‘The Nobility in the Bohemian and Austrian Lands, 1620–1780’, in H. M. Scott and C. Storrs (eds), The European Nobilities in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, 2 vols (London: Longman, 1995), vol. 2, pp. 111–13. 8. Bireley, ‘Confessional Absolutism’, pp. 38–9. See also J. Mears, ‘The Thirty Years’ War, the “General Crisis”, and the Origins of a Stand- ing Professional Army in the Habsburg Monarchy’, Central European History, 21 (1988), pp. 122–41; A. Kraus, ‘Das katholische Herrscher- bild im Reich, dargestellt am Beispiel Kaiser Ferdinands II. und Kurfürst Maximilians I. von Bayern’, in K. Repgen (ed.), Das Herrscherbild im 17. Jahrhundert (Münster: Aschendorff, 1991), p. 19. 9. Bireley, ‘Confessional Absolutism’, pp. 45–76; Fichtner, ‘Habsburg State Building’, p. 152. 10. H. Dollinger, ‘Kurfürst Maximilian I. von Bayern und Justus Lipsius’, Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, 66, nos. 2/3 (1964), pp. 229–33; Kraus, ‘Katholische Herrscherbild’, pp. 13, 16. 11. G. Reingrabner, Protestanten in Österreich: Geschichte und Dokument- ation (Graz: Böhlau, 1981), p. 175; F. Schragl, Glaubensspaltung in Niederösterreich (Vienna: Dom-Verlag, 1973), p. 153. 12. K. J. MacHardy, ‘Der Einfluß von Status, Konfession und Besitz auf das politische Verhalten des niederösterreichischen Ritterstandes, 176 NOTES 1580–1620’, in G.
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