THE PAPERS OF John Peabody Harringtan IN THE Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957 VOLUME SIX A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES: NATNE AMERICAN HISTORY, LANGUAGE, AND CULTURE OF THE NORTHEAsnSOUTHEAST EDITED BY Elaine L. Mills and Ann J Brickfield THE PAPERS OF John Peabody Harrington IN THE Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957

VOLUME SIX

A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES: Native American History, Language, and Culture of the Northeast/Southeast Prepared in the National Anthropological Archives Department ofAnthropology National Museum ofNatural History Washington, D.C.

THE PAPERS OF John Peabody Harringtan IN THE Smithsonian Institution 1907-1957

VOLUME SIX

A GUIDE TO THE FIELD NOTES: Native American History, Language, and Culture of the Northeast/Southeast

EDITED BY Elaine L. Mills and AnnJ. Brickfield

KRAUS INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS A Division of Kraus-Thomson Organization Limited White Plains, N.Y. ,I'

© Copyright The Smithsonian Institution 1987

All rights reseroed. No part ofthis work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in anyform or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or taping, information storage and retrieval systems-without written permission ofthe publisher.

First Printing

Printed in the United States of America @JTM Contents The paper in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Science- Permanence of Papers for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. INTRODUCTION VI / vzz Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scope and Content ofthis Publication VI/vii Harrington, John Peabody. History ofthe Papers and the Microfilm Edition VI/viii The papers ofJohn Peabody Harrington in the Editorial Procedures VI / x Smithsonian Institution, 1907 - 1957. A guide to the field notes. Acknowledgements VI/xii "Prepared in the National Anthropological Archives, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of History, Washington, D.C." Vols. edited by Elaine L. Mills and Ann]. Brickfield. An official inventory for the microfilm edition of Harrington's NOTES TO RESEARCHERS VI/xv papers in the Smithsonian Institution, 1907-1957. Includes bibliographies. Using the Guide VI I xv Contents: v. 1. Native American history, language, and culture Using the Microfilm VI/xvi of Alaska/Northwest Coast-[etc.]-v. 5. Native American history, language, and culture of the Plains-v. 6. Native Note on Terminology VI / xviz American history, language, and culture of the Northeast/ Southeast. 1. Harrington,John Peabody-Archives-Microform catalogs. 2. Indians-Manuscripts-Microform catalogs. 3. Indians- Languages- Manuscripts- Microform catalogs. PHOTOGRAPHS VI / xzx 4. National Anthropological Archives-Microform catalogs. I. Mills, Elaine L. II. Brickfield, Ann]. Sequoyah VI/xx Z1209.H33 1981 [E58] 970.004'97 81-7290 ISBN 0-527-84243-5 (v. 1) Moswetuset Hummock, Massachusetts VI/xxi ISBN 0-527-84364-4 (v. 6) Gouverneur Morrison VI/xxi VI/vi Contents SERIES DESCRIPTIONS and REEL CONTENTS VI / 1 Algonquian VI / 1 Shawnee / Peoria VI / 7 Western Abnaki/ Eastern Abnaki/Passamaquoddy VI / 9 Massachusett VI / 20 Mahican / Stockbridge VI / 21 Northern Iroquoian VI / 28 Wyandot VI / 30 Delaware (Oklahoma and Ontario) VI / 37 Powhatan VI / 43 Cherokee VI / 46 Creek / Seminole / Alabama / Koasati / Choctaw VI/51 General and Miscellaneous Materials VI/53 APPENDIX VI/55 Introduction Abbreviations and Special Uses ofTerms VI/55

SCOPE AND CONTENT OF THIS PUBLICATION "A Guide to the Field Notes: Native American History, Language, and Culture of the Northeast/Southeast," is the sixth volume ofa ten-vol­ ume official inventory for the microfilm edition ofThe Papers ofJohn P. Harrington in the Smithsonian Institution, 1907-1957. This inventory supersedes any other published or unpublished finding aids describing the collection. Volume One covers Alaska/Northwest Coast, Volume Two covers Northern and Central California, Volume Three covers Southern California/Basin, Volume Four covers the Southwest, and Volume Five covers the Plains. Subsequent volumes of this inventory will be issued as each section ofthe microfilm edition becomes available, and will cover Harrington's field notes on Mexico/Central America/ South America. There will also be a volume on Harrington's notes and writings on special linguistic studies and one on his correspondence and financial records. At the completion ofthe project all the volumes will be issued in a cumulated hardbound edition. The materials described herein represent the results ofJohn

VI/vii VI/viii John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/ix

P. Harrington's study ofthe native languages and cultures ofthe East, a approximately one million pages were actually government property as region in which he worked primarily in the later part of his career as they had been created while her father was a federal employee. A sizable ethnologist with the Bureau of American Ethnology. The documents portion ofthese California-based papers was actually loaned on a long­ focus primarily on linguistic data and contain rehearings ofearly vocab­ term basis to the Department ofLinguistics at the University ofCalifor­ ularies as well as detailed studies of placenames. Because much of the nia, Berkeley, under the charge ofProfessor Mary R. Haas. After exten­ material is not based on original fieldwork, maps are not provided as in sive use there by several generations ofgraduate students in linguistics, previous volumes. cultural anthropology, and archeology, they were shipped to the Smith­ Only original documents created by Harrington, his co­ sonian during the period from 1976 to 1979. workers, and field assistants, or field notes given to him by others are Work on organizing the Harrington Papers began almost as contained in this publication. Related materials collected by Harring­ soon as the first boxes of documents arrived at the archives. Early in ton such as printed matter,journals, and booksare not included. Photo­ 1962, Catherine A. Callaghan, then a graduate student at U.C., Berke­ stats, microfilm and typed and handwritten copies of publications and ley, was hired on a temporary appointment to tackle the monumental manuscripts which lack his annotations have likewise been omitted. task of preparing a box list for several tons of notes. She spent several Some additional field notes from Harrington's work in the months identifying as many bundles as possible by tribe or language, at Northeast and Southeast may be housed among his papers at the Santa least down to the family level. Barbara Museum of Natural History. The anthropologists on the staff Refinement of this initial sorting was continued by the then plan to inventory and microfilm those documents, funding permitting. current archivist Margaret C. Blaker and later, in the early 1970s, by a Other smaller blocks of Harrington's papers can be found outside the member ofher staff,Jane M. Walsh. Throughout this period the papers Smithsonian Institution-notably at the Southwest Museum and the were available to researchers, some ofwhom were able to make sugges­ Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley-and additional tions for improving the identification ofsmall portionsofthe collection. items may subsequently come to light. This publication presently repre­ A new energy was infused into the work on the papers after sents the majority of Harrington's output in the area. the arrival in 1972 ofNational Anthropological Archives Director Her­ manJ. Viola. He not only encouraged the application of modern archi­ val methods to avoid the piecemeal efforts of the past, but also actively HISTORY OF THE PAPERS sought ways to improve the accessibility of the material to a steadily AND THE MICROFILM EDITION growing number of researchers. Encouraged by the interest ofa num­ The original documents comprising The Papers ofJohn Peabody Harring­ ber ofmicrofilm companies in publishing the papers on film, he decided ton are housed in the Smithsonian Institution's National Anthropologi­ in 1975 to submit a proposal for funding such a project to the National cal Archives (N.A.A.) where they were brought together after Harring­ Historical Publications and Records Commission (N.H.P.R.C.). ton's death in 1961. Some of the papers were already located on the A major consultant in developing the documentation for this Smithsonian premises in the archives of the Bureau of American Eth­ proposal was Geoffrey L. Gamble, then a Smithsonian Fellow doing nology (B.A.E.), having been deposited by him as individual manu­ work on Harrington's Yokuts field data. During his year at the archives, scripts while in the bureau's employ. Others were located at various he began integrating the Berkeley-based material with the material in warehouses in the Washington, D.C., area and elsewhere. Washington and compiled the first systematic inventory of the entire The great bulk ofthe papers was sorted in a numberofstorage collection. Through correspondence and attendance at meetings he locations in California by his daughter Awona Harrington and sent to helped to marshall support for the archives' project among members of Washington, D.C., over a period of several years. Although the lin­ the anthropological profession. guist-ethnologist had expressed the wish that his field notes be given to In December 1976 the Smithsonian Institution received a some institution in California, Miss Harrington recognized that the grant from the N.H.P.R.C. for the first year ofan envisioned five-year VI/x John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/xi venture, and work on the "Harrington Microfilm Project" officiall began. Herman J. Viola was the project director. Elaine L. Mills a~ sheets and slips. The contents offolders and envelopes might not match archives staff member who had already done considerable work on the outside labels if the containers had been reused. The fact that Harrington, for many reasons, was a poor docu­ Harrington's photographs, was chosen as editor. N ... A A arc h··IVISt James R. Glenn and Smithsonian linguist Ives Goddard agreed to act as menter of his own work posed yet another challenge to the effort to consultants to the project. identify, arrange, and describe the field data. His notes often furnished little internal evidence for easily determining either the language, tribe, or identity of the informants involved, or the circumstances under EDITORIAL PROCEDURES which the work was done. A page-by-page examination was often neces­ The present arrangement ofthe Papers ofJohn P. Harrington does not sary to glean enough clues to file the material properly. represent the state in which he left the papers. Much editorial work has An important aspect ofthis work was the deciphering ofHar­ had to be done for this published inventoryand to make the notes usable rington's numerous personally devised abbreviations and special uses of by. resea~ch~rs at th~ National ~nthropologicalArchives and through terms. Some codes were fairly obvious ("Tl." for Tlingit; "U.U." for thIs ~ubhcatlon. ThIs was due In part to the way in which the various Upper Umpqua). Others were not nearly so clear ("Can." for Canalefio, por~Ions ofthe collec~ionarriv~d at the archives and in part to Harring­ i.e. Chumash; "No Sir" for Noser, or Yana). Sometimesan abbreviation ton s lack of methodIcal organIzation and thorough documentation. would have to be seen in many contexts before it could be correctly . As ~xplained above, the papers were widely scattered at the interpreted. The creation ofa working file ofgeneral abbreviationsand tIme 0: H~rnngton' s death. The urgency of packing the material and those referring to informants and tribes or languages assured that any re~ov~ng It from the various warehouses, storage sheds, and offices in form could be recognized if encountered elsewhere in the papers. whIch It ~as then beingstored made it necessary to pack many unrelated The research necessarily led from the field notes to other manuscrIpts and segments of field notes in any given box. Despite the parts of the collection. The examination of the correspondence was early efforts to broadly categorize the material, much sorting still re­ quite illuminating. Harrington sometimes gave a fuller description of mained to be done. his fieldwork in letters to his friends than in the field notes themselves. There was also the task ofinterfiling similar material from the Searches offinancial records also proved exceptionally helpful in estab­ Wash~ng~o~,D.C., and Berkeley repositories. In some cases parts ofthe lishing indirect identification of the notes. In accounts of expenses same IndIvIdual manuscripts or sets of notes had been separated. Care Harrington often listed informantsand the numberofhours he worked had to be taken to assure that a meaningful order was restored. Interre­ with each. Cancelled checks provided information on linguistic services lationships also had to be determined between these sections and the rendered. All such information, along with that gleaned from annual cataloged portion of the archives' holdings from Harrington. reports and other administrative records of the Bureau of American The difficulties posed by the sheer bulk of material to be Ethnology, was compiled in a working chronology of Harrington's life exa:nined and sorte~ wer~ complicated by additional factors. Harring­ and career, a valuable summary which will be published in the cumu­ ton s method of sortIng hIS papers was to tie them into bundles some­ lated edition of this inventory. times ~s much as a foot thick. Each stack might contain widely di~parate At times it was necessary to identify field notes through com­ materIals: correspondence, financial records, notes to himself, and parative work, with extensive use ofpublished dictionaries, grammars, other miscellaneous matter, in addition to the field notes for the Indian ethnographies, and maps, as well as unpublished vocabularies housed at group or groups with which he was working at the time. the National Anthropological Archives and elsewhere. The problems I~consistencies in Harrington's system for labeling added to of varying orthographies used by Harrington and the other linguists the confusIon. Pages obviously intended as heading sheets might be sometimes made it difficult to categorize positively the linguistic data he found in the middle or at the bottom of a stack of loose, unnumbered recorded. For this reason a number of linguistic consultants were brought in to cover each ofthe major language families represented in VI/xii John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/xiii

the papers. (Those who worked on this section are listed in "Acknowl­ which have been indispensable to the success of the project. Adminis­ edgements.'') Their examination of the relevant material during an trative support has come from Herman J. Viola, who has served as the average week-long visit allowed them to confirm identifications already project's director. The attention to detail shown by the project's con­ made and to supply explanations for any tentatively or totally uncate­ sultantsJames R. Glenn and Ives Goddard, in reviewing the guide and gorized material. Their findings were submitted in reports which gave the reels of microfilm, has improved the accuracy and clarity of both suggestions for further editorial work. narrative descriptions and microfilm targets. In refining the arrangements of notes within each series, two Special thanks go to my coeditor, Ann Brickfield, for her archival principles were kept constantly in mind. One was to determine superb work in organizing Harrington's field notes on the tribes of the and then preserve or restore any original arrangement scheme in­ East and in preparing most of the descriptive notes for this guide. My tended by Harrington. Thus, ifheading sheets were found indicating a thanks also to staff member Louise Mills for her background study of semantic or an alphabetic organization, any misfiled pages were refiled Harrington's fieldwork in this area. to conform to these plans. If, however, large blocks ofnotes were totally In addition, I wish to recognize the assistance oftwo members without order, an attempt was made to find a logical method of reor­ of the staff at National Anthropological Archives. Vyrtis Thomas has ganizing them. For example, a section of vocabulary elicited through greatly facilitated the packing, shipping, and reboxing ofthe field notes. the use of a secondary source was arranged to follow the order of the Mary Frances Bell has provided expert editorial guidance in preparing lexical items in that source. Time limitations required that some partic­ this guide. ularly confusing sections be left in an "unsorted" state. The "Harrington Microfilm Project" has drawn continually Considerable time was spent in preparing descriptions of the on the technical resources of many other individuals inside the Smith­ field notes in an effort to make them maximally useful to researchers in sonian Institution in the offices ofGrants and Risk Management, Print­ as many disciplines as possible. Harrington's field methods usually inte­ ing and Photographic Services, and the Library. Deserving of special grated linguistic and ethnographic descriptive work into one approach. mention are David R. Short of the Contracts Office and Jeanne Ma­ Thus, while eliciting grammatical data, he developed ethnographic honey of the Department of Anthropology, whose competence, pa­ data. He also had a strong sense ofbeing an American Indian historiog­ tience, and good spirits have made administrative details much less ofa rapher. All of his material incorporates data relevant to post-contact, nightmare. local history, and the personal histories of informants. Therefore, al­ Obviously of vital importance to the project have been the though a particular set of material is categorized in this publication as editorial and production staffs at Kraus International Publications and linguistic, it might just as accurately be described as ethnographic, his­ Graphic Microfilm, especially, at Kraus, Camilla Palmer, Associate Edi­ torical, or biographical. Division titles were assigned largely for conve­ tor; Barry Katzen, managing editor; and, at Graphic, Mickie Stengel, nience, depending upon the predominance ofanyone type ofmaterial lead technician. I thank them for their cooperation in producing a within that division. The detailed descriptions which follow indicate the high-quality publication. It has been a pleasure working with them. I variety of material to be found within each category. Researchers are would also like to acknowledge the generous financial support of the encouraged to at least skim each descriptive paragraph to ensure that National Historical Publications and Records Commission, the Ahman­ they locate all notes of potential interest to them. For more technical son Foundation, and Kinetics Technology Incorporated. Frank Burke, information on the microfilm and its use with this guide, please see the Roger Bruns, and George Vogt of the N.H.P.R.C. have all been ex­ "Notes to Researchers" which follow this introduction. tremely helpful in offering training and advice in all aspects ofediting a microfilm publication. I have also benefited from the technical advice of Alan Bain, William Bright, and Marc Okrand, whose suggestions have ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS improved the quality and usefulness of both the film and the guide. I wish to express my appreciation to the other staff members of the Special appreciation is due Awona Harrington, Mary R. Haas, "Harrington Microfilm Project" for their cooperation and support, and Catherine Callaghan for their early efforts to preserve the papers

.... VI/xiv John Peabody Harrington and to Geoffrey L. Gamble who helped in so many ways to forward the microfilm project in its early stages. Thanks also to the numerous scholars who have written so kindly in support ofthe present work. The enthusiastic encouragement ofall these people has served as an inspira­ tion in the often overwhelming task ofediting such a voluminous set of papers. A number of consultants, researchers, and information spe­ cialists deserve special thanks for their work on the field notes for the "Northeast/Southeast." They collectively helped us to identify and better organize the notes here at the archives and carefully reviewed our drafts of series descriptions. The project staff is particularly in­ debted to Ives Goddard for his expert assistance in this area, to Frank T. Siebert,Jr., and Gordon M. Day for their comments and corrections on a number of sections, and to Charles Banks Wilson, who located a sizable portion of Harrington's Shawnee field notes. I would also like to extend thanks to John P. Marr and the Harrington family for their notes ofpersonal encouragement. A final, special thank you goes to my husband, Bob Kline, for his unfailing Notes to Researchers support and assistance in all phases of the project.

ELAINE L. MILLS, Editor The John P. Harrington Papers National Anthropological Archives USING THE GUIDE Researchers are encouraged to read relevant portions of this guide before examining the microfilm itself. A perusal of the series descrip­ tions and reel contents will give an accurate idea of both the general scope and specific contents of each block of field notes. The field notes for the Northeast/Southeast have been ar­ ranged by tribe/language or, in the case of comparative material, by field trip. Each ofthese categories constitutes a "series." Series descrip­ tions begin with a brief introduction, furnishing such background in­ formation as the circumstances ofthe trip and the identity ofthe princi­ pal Indian and non-Indian informants and coworkers. This is followed by textual descriptions (highlighted by titles in bold face type) of the major divisions within the notes- for example, vocabularies, dictiona­ ries, texts, ethnographic notes, historical and biographical data, and bibliographies. Finally, the reel contents list provides a detailed outline of contents complete with reel and frame numbers. Other helpful aids are checklists of the people with whom Harrington worked and the published and unpublished works to which

VI/xv ,r t VI/xvi John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/xvii

I

I he referred. In the first list, abbreviations and alternate spellings of Two editorial devices have been used to guide the researcher names appear in parentheses. In the second listing, brief notes in through each reel of film. The first is the "target," a kind of signpost brackets indicate whether Harrington possessed a copy of the work interspersed throughout the records. It serves primarily to announce (photostat, microfilm, typescript, handwritten copy, etc.). The notation the beginning of each new section on a reel. It may also be used to "N.A.A." stands for National Anthropological Archives; "B.A.E." explain the peculiarities of certain pages of notes such as: handwritten stands for Bureau of American Ethnology. annotations by informants and assistants; errors in numbering; missing, Also included, if relevant, are a list of publications by Har­ misplaced, and two-sided pages; abbreviations which are not obvious in rington himselfand cross-references to other series in the "Northeast/ context; old manuscript numbers; and cross-references to other parts of Southeast" field notes or elsewhere in the papers. Researchers are the papers. The second device is the''flash space," a strip ofblank film urged to skim the forthcoming guides to "Correspondence" as well as placed between major and minor sections to aid in spotting division the "Chronology of Harrington's Career" for additional information. breaks (between letters of the alphabet in a dictionary, for example) Interested researchers should contact the National Anthropological when reeling quickly through the film. Archives for information regarding any photographs and sound re­ When individual manuscript pages are faded, discolored, cordings mentioned in the guide. torn, or reversed (as in carbons), typed transcripts appear on the film beside the manuscript version. These follow the original text as closely as possible. Any information supplied by the editor is bracketed. USING THE MICROFILM Before being duplicated each master reel ofmicrofilm passed TheJohn P. Harrington Papers are published on 35mm microfilm at a a frame-by-frame quality control check at Kraus International Publica­ reduction of 14: 1. Images appear in the"A" position, usually two to a tions. It was then proofread by the "Harrington Microfilm Project" frame. Each numbered reel begins with introductory frames giving staff against the inventory list for the Papers as they appear in the general reel contents and technical information. folders and boxes at the National Anthropological Archives. The only Beginning with the first original item, a digital counter ap­ omissions are those noted in the "Scope and Content" section and on pears at the bottom center ofeach frame for ease in locating and citing the backs ofthose pages where data has either been completely obliter­ documents. The location ofeach section of notes for a given tribe/lan­ ated, or crossed out and copied exactly elsewhere. guage is provided in the reel contents lists in this guide. A list will direct researchers to the film by two sets of digits, the first designating the correct reel and the second indicating a frame or group of frames. NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY Thus, to locate "Linguistic Notes" under Shawnee (002:0319- 0379) Occasionally, terms used in this publication for referring to Indian turn to Reel 002, Frames 0319 through 0379. groups may not be those currently utilized by anthropologists, linguists, In citing the papers in footnotes and bibliographical refer­ or tribal members. To avoid confusion in choosing among alternative ences, researchers should refer to the original set of papers and their terms or the various ways to spell them, the editor referred to a stan­ location and should mention the use of the microfilm edition. A sug­ dardized master list based on the catalogs of manuscripts and photo­ gested form for the first citation is: graphs in the National Anthropological Archives. Shawnee Field Notes John P. Harrington Papers National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution (Microfilm edition: Reel 002, Frame 0354) ' .. Moswetuset Hummock (also referred to as "Great Blue Hill"), one of the geographical features of interest to Harrington in his study of the etymology of "Massachusetts." Photograph by Ralph Burhoe, sent to Harrington September 9, 1939.

Governeur Morrison, an author and reporter involved in the search for Sequoyah's grave. He also collabo­ rated with Harrington on the article "Sequoyah's Cherokee Alphabet." Photograph autographed on the reverse and sent to Harrington May 17, 1938.

Sequoyah (also known as George Gist, Guess, or Guest), inventor of the Cherokee syllabary. From a painting by Charles Bird King, Washington, nc., 1828.

VI/xx VI/xxi Series Descriptions And Reel Contents

Algonquian

This is a body ofmaterial involving Algonquian languages for which Harrington collected or kept very few notes. There is very little original data; it is undated for the most part.

CHEYENNE GRAMMAR The notes on Cheyenne are scanty. They consist oftwo pages ofgram­ matical excerpts from Rodolphe Petter's English-Cheyenne Dictionary (1915).

FOX LINGUISTIC NOTES General linguistic notes on Fox stem from conversations which Har­ rington had with Truman Michelson on the Fox syllabary and gram­ mar. One note is dated September 24, 1924; others are undated. One page gives the etymology ofthe word Chicago and a Potawatomi equiv­ alent. Phonetic material (former B.A.E. mss. 6021 pt. and 6025pt.) is

VI/I VI/2 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/3

based on WilliamJones's "Algonquian (Fox)" (1911). A bibliography is OJIBWA LINGUISTIC NOTES included, mainly on Michelson's publications and manuscripts which he Ojibwa linguistic notes, which comprise the largest section of Algon­ submitted to the B.A.E. quian material, fall into three categories. The first is a joint interview conducted with C. F. Voegelin and his informant, Gregor McGregor, who was technically considered a speaker of Ottawa. This meeting MENOMINI GRAMMAR probably took place in Ann Arbor in the summer of 1940. It includes Harrington copied the phonetic key from Leonard Bloomfield's Meno­ notes Harrington took ofVoegelin's lecture at the University ofMichi­ mini Texts (1928). He was with Bloomfield in Chicago on May 27, 1939. gan on June 25, 1940 (former B.A.E. ms. 6020pt.). There is a slight There is a short report on a conversation with Michelson (former emphasis on placenames in an otherwise random vocabulary. B.A.E. mss. 6025pt. and 6030). A brief description of Menomini tent­ From James Hammond Trumbull's Notes on Forty Algonkin shaking was excerpted from W. J. Hoffman's The Menomini Indians Versions of the Lord's Prayer (1873), Harrington copied the Southern (1896). Chippeway version (pp. 74 -75) and penciled in a slightly different English translation. A final potpourri of undated notes includes a miscellaneous MIAMI-PEORIA GRAMMAR vocabulary from secondary sources and a few pages of grammatical Miscellaneous vocabulary entries were copied from Albert Gatschet's material. The etymologies of several Ojibwa words are briefly devel­ B.A.E. manuscripts 3025 and 3026b. (Those entries marked 3026b are oped. Frederic Baraga's A Dictionary ofthe Otchipwe Language is the most no longer listed as part of that B.A.E. manuscript.) frequently cited source (former B.A.E. mss. 6020pt. and 6025pt.).

MOHEGAN-PEQUOT-MONTAUK VOCABULARY POTAWATOMI LINGUISTIC NOTES Harrington interviewed ChiefSimon Kahquados in Blackwell, Wiscon­ In July 1924, Foster H. Saville loaned Harrington an 1890 copy of a sin (n.d.) and recorded general ethnographic information, particularly 1798 Montauk vocabulary taken by John Lyon Gardiner. On file are a regarding the loss ofPotawatomi lands due to Indian Office policies and three-page typescript of this manuscript and several pages of a Mohe­ illegal acts ofthe Menominis. A briefvocabulary is included. Unrelated gan-Pequot bibliography. to this interview is a Potawatomi phoneme chart.

MONTAGNAIS MISCELLANEOUS NOTES COMPARATIVE AND MISCELLANEOUS NOTES Only three bibliographical notes are given. Two placenames came from One group ofcomparative phonetic material on Algonquian consists of J.N.B. Hewitt in November 1926. reading notes regarding the earliest appearances of certain phonetic sounds. Harrington consulted primarily the works ofSir Isaac Pitman, Jean Claude Mathevet (Nipissing, Abnaki), and Silas Tertius Rand NANTICOKE-CONOY-UNALACHTIGO LINGUISTIC (Micmac). Additional peripheral bibliographical information is identi­ NOTES fied in the notes. The only date recorded is March 26, 1951. Reading notes on these languages were taken principally from Speck's There are other scattered reading notes with Menomini, The Nanticoke and Conoy Indians . .. (1927) and from Hodge's "Hand­ Cree, Fox, and Ojibwa phonetic comparisons, based mainly on Leonard book" (1907). Some linguistic and ethnohistoric material is included Bloomfield's Menomini Texts (1938) and Plains Cree Texts (1934). One and there is a brief bibliography. page of Arapaho terms was copied from Kroeber. Northeast / Southeast VI/5 VI/4 John Peabody Harrington SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON In the category of general linguistic and ethnographic notes (former B.A.E. ms. 6025pt.), information results from various conver­ Baraga, Frederic sations with fellow linguists: Truman Michelson andJ.N.B. Hewitt on 1853 A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Explained in English. September 24, 1924; Hewitt in November 1924 and November 1926; Cincinnati: Printed for Jos. A. Hemann. [Photostat and mi­ Michelson in October 1930; and Michelson and Frank G. Speck in May crofilm of Part 2 in N.A.A.] 1934. Under the heading "The Southern Delawares," Harrington ar­ Bloomfield, Leonard ranged random information on the Virginia Indians, touching briefly 1928 "Menomini Texts." Publications of the American Ethnological on history and ethnography. He included some Abnaki, Cree, and Society 12: 1- 309. [Photostat of pp. 1- 15 in N.A.A.] Cherokee linguistic terms, as well as a general bibliography. 1934 "Plains Cree Texts." Publications ofthe American Ethnological Vocabulary material in this series (former B.A.E. ms. 6025pt.) Society 16: 1-309. consists of terms from various Algonquian languages, most probably Gatschet, Albert S. taken from unidentified printed sources. One note gives "The Chief 1890- Miami Language. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 3025, from Mass[achusetts]" as an informant. One group of terms is com­ 1895 ms National Anthropological Archives. pared with Natick words and with a vocabulary recorded by Roger n. d. ms Peoria Morphology. Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology ms. 3026b, Williams. National Anthropological Archives. Hodge, Frederick W., ed. PERSONS CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON 1907- "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau 1910 ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30: entire issue. Linguistic Informants Hoffman, Walter J. OJIBWA 1896 "The Menomini Indians." Fourteenth Annual Report ofthe Bu­ Carry A. Lyford reau ofAmerican Ethnologyfor 1892-1893 (Part I). Gregor McGregor Jacker, Edward POTAWATOMI 1878 "The Mental Capacity of the American Indian As Indicated Chief Simon Kahquados by His Speech." The American Catholic Quarterly Review NOT IDENTIFIED 3: 10:255 - 281. "The Chief from Mass." Jones, William N onlinguistic Informants 1911 "Algonquian (Fox)." Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin Regina Flannery 40:735 - 873. K roeber, Alfred L. Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents 1916 "Arapaho Dialects." University of California Publications in John G. Carter American Archaeology and Ethnology 12:3:71-138. Jesse Walter Fewkes Mathevet, Jean Claude J.N.B. Hewitt 1890 Aiamie-tipadjimowin masinaigan. Montreal: J. M. Valois. Truman Michelson Petter, Rodolphe Foster H. Saville 1915 English-Cheyenne Dictionary. Kettle Falls, Washington: [Alanson B.?] Skinner Printed . . . by V. Petter. Frank G. Speck Pitman, Sir Isaac Matthew W. Stirling 1846 A Phonographic Dictionary ofthe English Language. London: I. C. F. Voegelin Pitman Phonetic Dept. Erminie Voegelin VI/6 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/7 Radin, Paul Shawnee / Peoria 1919 "The Genetic Relationship of the North American Indian Languages." University of California Publications in American It is not well documented when the notes for this small section Archaeology and Ethnology 14:5:489-502. were accumulated. Internal evidence suggests that some information Rand, Silas Tertius was collected in 1940 and some after 1943. A group of comparative 1888 Dictionary ofthe Language ofthe Micmac Indians. Halifax, N.S.: terms were probably interfiled as late as 1949 or 1950. John Snake, Nova Scotia Printing Co. interpreter at Shawnee and a relative ofIndian historian Thomas Wild­ Speck, Frank G. cat Alvord, spoke both Shawnee and Delaware and was probably inter­ 1927 "The Nanticoke Indians with a Review of Linguistic Material viewed in 1940. Alice Blalock (abbreviated "Alice B.") of Quapaw, from Manuscript and Living Sources." Papers ofthe Historical Oklahoma, provided Shawnee and Peoria equivalences, and Maggie Society ofDelaware n.S. 1. Boyd (Mag.) ofCommerce, Oklahoma, was responsible for some Shaw­ Trumbull, James Hammond nee terms. Except for a few extracts from C. F. Voegelin's "Shawnee 1873 "Notes on Forty Algonkin Versions of The Lord's Prayer." Stems and theJacob P. Dunn Miami Dictionary" (1938 -1940), most of The Transactions ofthe American Philological Association, 1872: the material is little more than raw field notes. entire issue. Hartford. VOCABULARY One section of field notes consists of over 300 pages of Shawnee and Peoria lexical items, copied one word to a page. Maggie Boyd, born at Peoria, Oklahoma, in 1882, and her husband, Sam, were the infor­ mants. A speaker named Amos is mentioned several times in the notes but is not further identified. The Indian names offamily members and ALGONQUIAN lists of possible informants are interspersed with the vocabulary. Har­ Reel 001 rington prepared an "English word-guide" to the vocabulary (former REEL FRAMES B.A.E. ms. 6022pt.). 001 0001-0002 Cheyenne Grammar A brief vocabulary (former B.A.E. ms. 6022pt.) from Alice 0003-0017 Fox Linguistic Notes [includes former B.A.E. mss. Blalock consists ofShawnee and Peoria terms and includes placenames 6021pt. and 6025pt.] and notes on persons, probably given after 1943. Scattered Delaware 0018-0023 Menomini Grammar [includes former B.A.E. mss. terms copied from Harrington'sJohn Snake notes (see below) are inter­ 6025pt. and 6030] filed. A field note suggests that a more comprehensive Shawnee and 0024-0033 Miami-Peoria Grammar Peoria vocabulary (former B.A.E. ms. 6022pt.) was the work ofMaggie 0034-0041 Mohegan-Pequot-Montauk Vocabulary Boyd reheard by "B," presumably referring to Blalock. Very little of 0042-0045 Montagnais Miscellaneous Notes this category is actually labeled "Mag." or "Maggie Boyd," however, 0046-0090 N anticoke-Conoy-Unalachtigo Linguistic Notes and most notes are attributed to "B." 0091-0144 Ojibwa Linguistic Notes [includes former B.A.E. mss. 6020pt. and 6025pt.] LINGUISTIC NOTES 0145-0150 Potawatomi Linguistic Notes These few notes (former B.A.E. ms. 6023pt.) include Shawnee terms 0151-0260 Comparative and Miscellaneous Notes [includes with Delaware, Miami, Kickapoo, and Abnaki comparisons either given former B.A.E. ms. 6025pt.] by John Snake or interfiled from other Harrington field notes. ______..__--••••••••- ~_~c',. .III

VIIS John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/9

A few additional original notes were evidently Voegelin's (former B.A.E. ms. 6022pt.), and terms extracted from his "Shawnee Western Abnaki / Eastern Abnaki / Stems ... "(1938-1940) are interfiled. Passamaquoddy

Harrington accumulated information on these languages be­ PERSONS CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON tween April 24 and October 24, 1949. Most ofhis time was spent in Old Town, Maine, although he worked also in Bangor, at the State House Linguistic Informants Library in Augusta, at the Maine Historical Society in Portland, and in PEORIA Eastport, Maine. He secured linguistic information from St. Francis Alice Blalock (Alice B.) speakers of Odanak near Pierreville, Quebec, and from a colony of Maggie Boyd (Mag., Mrs. Boyd) Abnakis in Albany, New York. In November and December of 1949 SHAWNEE while on trips between New York City and Washington for other rea­ Alice Blalock sons, he carried the notes with him for further sorting and rearranging. Maggie Boyd Reports indicate that in 1952 he was in the process of assembling an Sam Boyd (Sam) extensive study on the Abnaki, possibly incorporating data on the vo­ John Snake cabulary, grammar, history, and ethnography of both Abnaki lan­ ABNAKI guages. Alfred Miller (Am) The bulk of the notes consists of Maine placenames culled DELAWARE, MIAMI, KICKAPOO from numerous secondary sources ranging from seventeenth-century John Snake documents to publications ofthe 1940s, and also including little known Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents local histories, old maps and atlases, highway and forestry maps, and C. F. Voegelin unidentified newspaper clippings. Located here also are lesser numbers of placenames of other states in the Northeast and the provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick. Most of the material was reheard by St. Francis, Penobscot, and Passamaquoddy speakers, with an occasional SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Malecite, Micmac, and Menomini comparison. Voegelin, C. F. The principal St. Francis informants were Oliver Obomsawin 1938- "Shawnee Stems and the Jacob P. Dunn Miami Dictionary." (01.) and Alfred Miller (Am., AI.) ofOdanak, and George Dennis (Geo., 1940 Indiana Historical Society, Prehistory Historical Society 1:3:61­ Den.) andJohn Watso of Albany. Obomsawin supplied information in 108,1:5:131-167,1:8:287-341,1:10:407-478. person at Odanak and in correspondence with Harrington. Some ofhis contributions are written in his own hand. Material from their corre­ spondence has been cut out, pasted, and interfiled with related notes. SHAWNEEjPEORIA Dennis and Watso were part ofa colony ofapproximately fifty Abnakis who lived in Albany. Dennis was married to Adelaida Masta, daughter Reel 002 ofProfessor Henry Lorne Masta, one ofthe frequently citedauthors on REEL FRAMES Abnaki. In mid-October, Watso introduced Harrington to Edwin E. 002 0001-0318 Vocabulary [includes former B.A.E. ms. 6022pt.] Nagazoa (Ed., Nag., N.) and Maude Benedict Nagazoa, the former 0319-0379 Linguistic Notes [former B.A.E. mss. 6022pt. and described as a perfect Abnaki speaker. Also in Albany was Thomas 6023pt.] Sadoquin, eighty-six years old, who claimed to be a former pupil of VI/IO John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VIllI

Masta. Masta was thought to be about seventy-nine or eighty in 1932 WESTERN ABNAKI (ST. FRANCIS) VOCABULARY when he published Abenaki Indian Legends, Grammar and Place Names. These entries are semantically arranged in about a dozen categories Other informants include Mrs. Daylight (Mrs. D., D.), Antoine Medza­ chosen by Harrington. The most extensive section (former B.A.E. ms. labolet, ChiefCharles Nolet, and Dominico Berni. Berni's role is some­ 6029pt.) is that of Maine placenames copied from secondary sources. what uncertain. He may have translated a letter ofinquiry to the B.A.E. Harrington compiled long lists of names from numerous sources, which Harrington was assigned to handle, and which may have had usually one to a page, and reheard them with Indian speakers. For nothing to do with Abnaki.! example, he borrowed Lucius L. Hubbard's Woods and Lakes ofMaine Andrew E. Dana (And.), Frank and Mary Mitchell, and from the State House Library in Augusta, and spentJuly 30- 31 copy­ CharlesJohn Saulis provided Penobscot and Passamaquoddy material, ing names from it. He subsequently reheard them, probably in early yielding extensive placename etymologies. Dana and Saulis lived on October, with Obomsawin and Miller in Pierreville. The most fre­ Indian Island at Old Town and the Mitchells may also have been from quently cited sources wereJoseph Laurent's New Familiar Abenakis and there. Dana was fluent in Penosbscot and Passamaquoddy, and Har­ English Dialogues (1884), and the Masta publication (1932). Both au­ rington found him to be a multitalented person, intellectual and artistic. thors were native St. Francis speakers. Other sources consulted in Au­ Among the notes are a number ofDana's pen and ink sketches illustrat­ gusta and at the Maine Historical Society in Portland include Charles M. ing a term or a geographic location. The Mitchells and Saulis were Starbird's The Indians ofthe AndroscogginValley (1928), Charles T.Jack­ primarily Passamaquoddy speakers. Harrington apparently spent the son's First Report on the Geology ofthe State ofMaine (1837), William D. weekend ofJuly 18 and 19, 1949, eliciting information from them, with Williamson's The History ofMaine (1839), and Eugene Vetromile's The Dana and Saulis also present. Penobscot and a few Malecite (spelled Abnakis and Their History . . . (1866). This section also contains place­ "Malacite" throughout Harrington's notes) terms came from Harry names of the New England States, New York, and the provinces of Francis whose mother, MaryJean Francis, was a Malecite Indian. Other Quebec and New Brunswick. Watso also contributed to the linguistics, informants were Lena Mitchell, Laura, and Mr. and Mrs. William Nep­ and a few Penobscot and Passamaquoddy equivalences were supplied by tune of Pleasant Point, near Eastport, Maine. William Neptune was a Dana. The notes on tribenames include names found in the texts and Passamaquoddy but Harrington credited him with Wawenock data. maps ofseventeenth-century voyages ofdiscovery and in early histories Field notes and correspondence indicate that Harrington of New England and Canada. Old and New World names and ethnic consulted with Dr. Frank T. Siebert,Jr., in person and by mail. Siebert and race designations are also found in this category. had worked with Dana from 1935 to 1939 and it was he who brought Harrington and Dana together. An interview with Arthur E. Edgerley at the State Highway WESTERN ABNAKI (ST. FRANCIS) GRAMMATICAL Commission office in Augusta early in August combined bits of history DRAFTS AND NOTES surrounding the sites as well as names of some of the people who for­ A typed draft, with related notes (former B.A.E. ms. 6029pt.), dated merly inhabited them. Ethnographic information is interspersed from 1950, is titled "The Abnakis and Their Language." According to Har­ time to time throughout most of the field notes. rington's introduction, the dialect is that of St. Francis and is based on terms from Laurent and Masta. Rehearings were with Obomsawin and Miller. Harrington also made use ofA Dictionary ofthe Abnaki Language in North America ... (1833 Pickering edition), a dictionary of Eastern 1. Referring to Harrington's St. Francis informants, Gordon M. Day says: "I doubt that Berni was an Indian; I suspect Mrs. Daylight was a Penobscot; and I know that Abnaki by Sebastian Rale. This work was published under the name Antoine Medzalabolet was from Becancour. The rest were from St. Francis." (Personal Sebastian Rasles. The fact that the two varieties of Abnaki were sepa­ communication with editor, June 5, 1986.) rate languages was not well understood at the time of Harrington's -- ~"------1

VI/I2 John Peabody Harrington Northeast/ Southeast VI/I3 work. Thus the rehearings with St. Francis speakers suited Harring­ Passamaquoddy comparisons culled from Harrington's notes are inter­ ton's purposes. The notes cover phonetics and morphology, the latte.r filed. Among the sources consulted are William Jones's An Algonquin arranged according to grammatical word form. Most of t~e gr~mm~tl­ Syllabary (1906) and Frank T. Siebert, Jr.'s Certain Proto-Algonquian cal material was reheard by Miller and Watso. ExtensIve hIstorIcal Consonant Clusters (1941). background material was sent to Harrington by T .R.L. MacIn.nes, sec­ retary of the Indian Affairs Branch of the Department of MInes and Resources in Ottawa. One communication was sent in September, and a EASTERN ABNAKI HISTORICAL AND second is dated October 29, 1949. A Mr. A. E. St. Louis did the actual ETHNOGRAPHICAL NOTES research of the department's records and included some Huron data. Harrington cut out and pasted portions of these letters and interfiled This comprises a small assortment ofrandom reading notes culled from them with related notes. Some ofthe linguistic information is in Obom­ various secondary sources, most of which are identified in a related sawin's hand. The bibliographical data are excellent. bibliographical section. A few bits ofhistorical information come from Dana and Watso. There are no linguistic elaborations.

EASTERN ABNAKI (PENOBSCOT) VOCABULARY RECORDS RELATING TO PENOBSCOT/ This series consists of a semantically arranged vocabulary in about ten PASSAMAQUODDY PLACENAMES categories chosen by Harrington. Andrew Dana, ~ary an? Fr~~k Mitchell, CharlesJohn Saulis, and Lena Mitchell provIded the lInguIstIc The major section is built around a proposed paper titled "The Indian information which included occasional Passamaquoddy comparisons Placenames of Maine" (former B.A.E. mss. 4463pt. and 6029pt.). A and a few Malecite terms from Harry Francis. Many notes are in Dana's short introductory draft is followed by a linguistic study ofplacenames handwriting. Ethnographic data sometimes accompany the linguistics, ofMaine organized according to its sixteen counties. One briefsection one segment of the material culture category being almost entirely organized by regions and trails probably represents a discarded plan of ethnographic. Harrington managed to etymologize ce:tain phenom~­ procedure, and there is one group of miscellaneous names. The names were garnered from Eckstorm (1941); from the topographical sheets of nal and geographic terms from the placename appendIx ofJoseph N1­ the U.S. Geological Survey; maps on hand at theJames W. Sewall Co., colar published by Fannie Hardy Eckstorm (cited in the ~otes as "Eckst.") in Indian Place-names ofthe PenobscotValley and the Ma'lne Coast foresters ofOld Town; highway maps; and the map found in Lucius L. (1941). Some of the tribenames were formerly part of B.A.E. manu­ Hubbard's Woods and Lakes ofMaine ... (1883), the latter a frequently script 4463. Other sources consulted include Frank G. Speck's "Penob­ cited secondary source. A few terms from Rale (Rasles) (1833) were scot Transformer Tales" (1918) and Penobscot Man (1940); James reheard as were some from Trumbull (1903). Dana, Saulis, and the Trumbull's Natick Dictionary (1903); and Dictionary ofAmerican-Indian Mitchells were the principal informants, with fewer elicitations from Place and Proper Names in New England (1909) by Robert A. Douglas­ William Neptune and Laura. Many terms bear the identification "Pen." Lithgow (abbreviated "D-L"). for Penobscot and "Pass." for Passamaquoddy. If not identified, they are usually in the Penobscot dialect and given by Dana. There are a few Malecite and Micmac equivalences and one or two Menomini names. EASTERN ABNAKI (PENOBSCOT) GRAMMAR Correspondence indicates that work on the paper had reached this stage ofdevelopment byJuly 20, 1949 (Harrington to M. W. Stirling). Grammatical notes (former B.A.E. ms. 6029pt.) include phonetics and Dr. Frank T. Siebert, Jr., read the manuscript. morphology, with great emphasis on the former. Dana wrote out ~any Two segments on Maine sites contain no linguistic elabora­ ofthe fornls and reviewed them with Harrington. Some St. FrancIs and tions. One list, organized by county and generally entered one item to a VI/14 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/15 page, parallels the section described above. It comes from the same "Bashaba and Bessabes Are Two Different Words." From numerous secondary sources and evidently was accumulated as a guide to the later accounts of the earliest recorded voyages to the New World, Harring­ rehearings. The second group, collected from various sources, provides ton accumulated reading notes to prove that Bashaba was a general historical information only (former B.A.E. ms. 6029 pt.). name for a chiefand that Bessabes was the personal name ofa particular Placenames from other states and provinces include rehear­ chief. Again there are no linguistic etymologies. ings on the placename Massachusetts, New Brunswick placenames, and a miscellaneous group of unsorted and discarded notes.

PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON Linguistic Informants

PENOBSCOTjPASSAMAQUODDY TEXTS EASTERN ABNAKI (PENOBSCOT) Linguistic treatment of "Pomole" and "Glooscap" texts is mainly in Andrew E. Dana Dana's handwriting, and the texts appear to be Dana's versions. Empha­ Harry Francis sis is on Maine placenames (former B.A.E. ms. 4463 pt.). Frank Mitchell (Mr. Mitchell) Mary Mitchell (Mrs. Mitchell) Charles John Saulis WESTERN ABNAKI (ST. FRANCIS) Dominico Berni PASSAMAQUODDY HISTORICAL NOTES Mrs. Daylight (D., Mrs. D.) George Dennis (Geo., Den.) This is a typescript titled"A Short History of the Passamaquoddy In­ Antoine Medzalabolet (Antoin) dians" in English only. It was either written or copied by William Nep­ Alfred Miller (Am., AI.) tune and sent from Perry, Maine, to Harrington in Portland on Sep­ Edwin E. Nagazoa (Nag., Ed., N.) tember 22, 1949 (former B.A.E. ms. 6012). Perry is near Eastport. Maude Benedict Nagazoa Chief Charles Nolet Oliver Obomsawin (01.) Thomas Sadoquin John Watso (John W., W.) MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND NOTES PENOBSCOT/PASSAMAQUODDY This section includes notes for three proposed papers. One paper is on Dodge the name "Tarentine" as applied to native Americans ofthe East Coast. PASSAMAQUODDY Harrington found evidence ofits use among the records and histories of Andrew E. Dana early voyagers to America. The second paper was to be a commentary Laura on the Abnaki vocabulary compiled in 1605 byJames Rosier, a member Frank Mitchell ofthe expedition under Captain George Waymouth (Weymouth). Har­ Lena Mitchell rington made a copy ofthe Waymouth terms while in New York City in Mary Mitchell November 1949. Both sets of notes contain occasional references to Mr. & Mrs. William Neptune Laurent and Masta, but no linguistic data. A third paper was called Charles John Saulis VI/16 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/17

MALECITE 1907 "Aboriginal Place Names of New York." New York State Mu­ Harry Francis seum Bulletin 108, Archeology 12:5 - 333. MENOMINI Bloomfield, Leonard Webb [Miller] 1946 "Algonquian." Linguistic Structures of Native America. Harry N onlinguistic Informants Hoijer et aI., eds. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology no. Oscar Crockett 6:85-129. Arthur E. Edgerley Brinton, Daniel G., and Albert S. Anthony, eds. Miss Gilpatrick (Miss G.) 1888 A Lenape-English Dictionary. From Anonymous Manuscript in Rae D. Graves the Archives ofthe Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa. Phila­ Mr. Keezer (taxi driver) delphia: The Historical Society ofPennsylvania. [Microfilm in "Lady-in-charge at the Augusta Public Library" N.A.A.] Mr. MacNichol Champlain, Samuel de Philip Nicholas (worked on ferry between Old Town and 1878 Voyages ofSamuel de Champlain, Translated by Charles Pomeroy Indian Island, Maine) Otis. Boston: Prince Society. Margaret Whalen (Whelan) Collections ofthe Maine Historical Society 1891 Index vols. 1-9. (See for manuscripts and articles on Abnaki.) Assistants, Collaborators, Correspondents Douglas-Lithgow, Robert A. Simone Ed. Belin 1909 Dictionary ofAmerican-Indian Place and Proper Names in New William N. Fenton England. Salem, Mass.: The Salem Press Co. Dr. E. R. Hitchner Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy Louis Iggotson 1941 "Indian Place-names of the Penobscot Valley and the Maine T.R.L. MacInnes Coast." In Appendix by Joseph Nicolar, "Penobscot Place­ A. E. St. Louis names." [Originally article in Old Town Herald, date un­ Jessie Shaw known.] University ofMaine Studies, 2nd ser., no. 55. Frank T. Siebert, Jr. Hodge, Frederick W., ed. 1907 - "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau 1910 ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30: entire issue. SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Hubbard, Lucius L. Attwood, Stanley Bearce 1883 Woods and Lakes ofMaine. Boston: Ticknor & Co. 1946 The Length and Breadth ofMaine. Augusta, Maine: Kennebec Jackson, Charles T. Journal Print Shop. 1837 First Annual Report on the Geology ofthe State ofMaine. Augusta: Baraga, Frederic Smith and Robinson. 1853 A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Explained in English. Jones, William Cincinnati: Printed for Jos. A. Hemann. [Photostat and mi­ 1906 "An Algonquin Syllabary." AnthropologicalPapers, Boas Anni­ crofilm in N.A.A.] versary Volume. New York: G. E. Stechert & Co. Beauchamp, W. M. Kendall, Edward Augustus 1893 Indian Names in New York. Fayetteville, N.Y.: Printed by H. C. 1809 Travels Through the Northern Parts of the United States. New Beauchamp, Recorder Office. York: Printed and Published by I. Riley. VI/I8 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/I9

Laurent, Joseph 1940 Penobscot Man. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania 1884 New Familiar Abenakis and English Dialogues. Quebec: Printed Press. by L. Brosseau. Starbird, Charles M. Masta, Henry Lorne 1938 The Indians ofthe AndroscogginValley. Lewiston, Maine: Lewis­ 1932 Abenaki Indian Legends, Grammar and Place Names. Victoria­ ton Journal Printshop. ville, Quebec: La Voix des Bois-Francs. Trumbull, James Hammond Maurault,Joseph Pierre 1903 "Natick Dictionary." Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 1886 Histoire des Abenakis Depuis 1605 Jusqu'a Nos Jours. Sorel, 25:entire issue. Quebec: Imprime a l'Atelier Typographique de la "Gazette Vetromile, Eugene de Sorel." 1866 The Abnakis and Their History. New York: J. B. Kirker. Murchie, Guy Whittemore, Edwin Carey 1947 Saint Croix, The Sentinel River. New York: Duell, Sloan and 1902 The Centennial History of Waterville, Kennebec Co., Maine. Pearce. Waterville: Executive Committee of the Centennial Celebra­ Nicolar, Joseph tion. See Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy. Williams, Roger Prince, J. Dyneley 1643 A Key into the Language ofAmerica. London: Printed by Greg­ 1901 The Modern Dialect of the Canadian Abenakis. Torino: Casa ory Dexter. Editrice Ermanno Loescher. Williamson, William D. 1921 "Passamaquoddy Texts." Publications of the American Ethno­1832 The History ofthe State ofMaine. 2 vols. [S.l.]: Hallowell, Glazier, logical Society 10:1-85. Masters & Co. Ride, Sebastien (Sebastian Rasles) 1833 "A Dictionary of the Abnaki Language in North Amer­ WESTERN ABNAKI/EASTERN ABNAKI/ ica ... with an Introductory Memoir and Notes by John PASSAMAQUODDY Pickering." Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, n.s. 1:370-574. [Photostat and microfilm of pp. Reels 003 - 008 376-565 in N.A.A.] REEL FRAMES Western Abnaki (St. Francis) Vocabulary [includes Rosier, James 003 0001-0793 1605 "The Voyage of Captaine George Weymouth." In Purchas, former B.A.E. ms. 6029pt.] Samuel. Pilgrimes v. 3, book 4. London (1625). 004 0001-0504 Western Abnaki (St. Francis) Grammatical Drafts and Notes [includes former B.A.E. ms. 6029pt.] Siebert, Frank T., Jr. 1941 "Certain Proto-Algonquian Consonant Clusters." Language 005 0001-0668 Eastern Abnaki (Penobscot) Vocabulary [includes 17:4:298- 303. former B.A.E. ms. 4463pt.] Smith, John 006 0001-0272 Eastern Abnaki (Penobscot) Grammar [includes 1630 The True Travels, Adventures, and ObservationsofCaptaineJohn former B.A.E. ms. 6029pt.] Smith. London: Printed by J. H. for T. Slater. 0273-0322 Eastern Abnaki Historical and Ethnographical Notes Records Relating to Penobscot/Passamaquoddy Speck, Frank G. 0323-0843] 1918 "Penobscot Transformer Tales." International Journal of 007 0001-0866 Placenames [includes former B.A.E. ms. American Linguistics 1:3: 187- 244. [Photostat in N.A.A.] 008 0001-0193 4463pt. and 6029pt.] ...

VI/20 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/21

0194-0234 Penobscot/Passamaquoddy Texts [includes former SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON B.A.E. ms. 4463pt.] Douglas-Lithgow, Robert A. 0235-0245 Passamaquoddy Historical Notes [includes former 1909 Dictionary of American-Indian Place and Proper Names in New B.A.E. ms. 6012] England. Salem, Mass.: The Salem Press Co. 0246-0351 Miscellaneous Writings and Notes Eliot, John See Pilling, James C. Hodge, Frederick W., ed. 1912 "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30:entire issue. Pilling, James c. 1891 "Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages." Bureau of Massachusett American Ethnology Bulletin 13: 127 -184. Trumbull, James Hammond WRITINGS 1903 "Natick Dictionary." Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin This undated section (former B.A.E. ms. 6018pt.) is based principally 25:entire issue. on the works of the seventeenth-century missionary John Eliot. An article titled "Two Massachusetts Texts with Interlinear Translation" was intended for submission to the International Journal of American Linguistics but was not published. The material includes a typescript and MASSACHUSSETT two preliminary drafts with related notes. It covers biographical infor­ Reel 009 mation on Eliot and lists his writings according to those containing REEL FRAMES translations and those without translations. The texts Harrington chose 009 0001-0155 Writings for the paper are the Beatitudes and the Lord's Prayer from the Gospel 0156-0189 Records Relating to Placenames [former B.A.E. ms. of St. Matthew. Much of the biographical and historical information 6029pt.] comes from James C. Pilling's Bibliography ofthe Algonquian Languages (1891). Also consulted was James Trumbull's "Natick Dictionary" (1903). Harrington provided C. E. Lauterbach of Pasadena with an interlinear translation of Eliot's version of the 23rd Psalm. The notes Mahican / Stockbridge give one word or expression per page. The first evidence of Harrington's interest in studying the Mahican language surfaced in January 1930 correspondence. (At this time, he used the names Mahican and Mohegan interchangeably.) In RECORDS RELATING TO PLACENAMES September 1930 he tried to interest Bernard Hoffmann of Santa Bar­ This series consists of a copy of Massachusett language placenames bara, California, to fund a Wisconsin field trip in a search for Stock­ excerpted from the Dictionary of American-Indian Place and Proper bridge vocabulary, legends, songs, placenames, tribenames, history, Names in New England (1909) by R. A. Douglas-Lithgow (D.-L.). There etc. He hoped to find native speakers who could rehear terms from are no linguistic annotations. (Former B.A.E. ms. 6029pt.). early manuscripts and publications. - ''""''wr:t'" --'llIII

VI/22 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/23

Between 1930 and 1949, Harrington secured copies of or COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY made reading notes from some ofthese manuscripts, most ofwhich are The vocabulary (former B.A.E. mss. 6025, 6028pt., and 6029pt.) is clearly identified in the field notes. The most exhaustively reheard and arranged according to numerous semantic categories designated by reorganized body ofmaterial consists ofterms and text copied from the Harrington. The basic source is Michelson's Stockbridge manuscript Stockbridge linguistic notes and texts recorded by Truman Michelson 2734, information from which was photocopied, cut, and pasted on in 1914. This material is filed as B.A.E. manuscript 2734. Harrington's individual sheets, and then reheard with Mahican informants, and com­ notes and correspondence reveal a diligent search for those informants pared with secondary sources and with Abnaki material rewritten or of Michelson who might still be living in the Stockbridge, Wisconsin, removed from his own field notes. Webb Miller was Harrington's prin­ area in the hope that they would be willing to work with him. cipal informant. Some information bears the labels William Dick In 1949, Harrington arrived at the Stockbridge Reservation (W.D.), Sot Quinney (S.Q.) and Alfred Miller (A.M.). These three on April 16 and remained there until April 23. Mr. Arvid E. Miller Stockbridge Indians were Michelson's informants in 1914 and the in­ drove him around the area and introduced him to numerous other formation is Michelson's. Harrington located Dick sometime prior to Millers, most of whom supplied linguistic and ethnohistoric informa­ December 1937 but Dick died before they had a chance to work to­ tion. His first introduction to Bernice Metoxen Robinson Huntington gether. Alfred Miller died in 1923 and is not related to Harrington's (sometimes erroneously spelled Robertson) took place at this time. In Abnaki informant of the same name, whose initials are usually written 1914, at the age ofabout thirty-seven, she had been one of Michelson's "Am." Other Mahican informants were Bernice £Jnd Carl Miller, wife informants. She had also worked with Frank T. Siebert,Jr., in 1935 and and father ofArvid; Edward, Hardy, and Sam Miller; Bernice Robinson 1936. She was a black adopted by the Mahicans with whom she lived Huntington (Bernice, B., B2); Elmer Davids; and Webb's daughter, from earliest childhood; she learned Menomini in school. Harrington's Mrs. Ed Bowman. Harrington interfiled Menomini information se­ first meeting with her was unsuccessful, the second more cordial and cured later in Washington from Al Dodge. fruitful, and about the last week ofOctober 1949, on a subsequent trip The "Persons" category is quite rich in biographical informa­ to Wisconsin, he was able to hear and rehear with her a substantial tion. Webb Miller apparently identified for Harrington the subjects of amount of Mahican linguistics. He found another excellent informant some of his old photographs, although the prints were not found with in Webb Miller. Most of the notes are ofa comparative nature, particu­ the notes. There are two pages taken from an old family record listing larly comparisons with the two Abnaki dialects and with Delaware. This the names Pye, Bennett, Moon, and Turkey, the dates ranging from fell into place rather easily as Harrington was in various cities ofMaine, 1845 to 1865. in Quebec, and in Albany, N.Y., between April 24 and October 24 Harrington evidently began another (possibly later) semantic taking notes from St. Francis and Penobscot Abnaki speakers. He ex­ organization ofthe Michelson notes. There are fewer categories and no tracted Delaware terms from Daniel G. Brinton and Albert S. An­ photocopied excerpts. thony's A Lenape-English Dictionary (1888), and from the unpublished Other secondary sources used as a basis for comparison are manuscript of Mathew S. Henry, Vocabulary ofWords in Various Indian Brinton and Anthony (1888), James Trumbull's Natick Dictionary Dialects ofthe United States (ca. 1861). In Novemberand December while (1903), and Frederic Baraga's A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language traveling between New York and Washington for other reasons, he (1853). carried most ofthese notes with him and began the work ofsorting and rearranging, which continued on and off in Washington at least until 1952. Other equivalent terms are in Menomini and were supplied by COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR interviews in Washington with Al Dodge, an employee of the Interior Department. Ojibwa and Pequot terms are mainly from secondary A set of grammatical notes is also based on the Michelson manuscript sources. 2734 but it is not as well developed as the vocabulary material. Only a

.... VI/24 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/25 few notes deal with phonetics. There is more information on verbs and WRITINGS numerals than on any other morphological category. Webb and Sam Harrington drafted a proposed article for publication in the Interna­ Miller and Al Dodge were the most frequently identified informants. tional Journal ofAmerican Linguistics titled "Seven Mahican Texts Re­ The same secondary sources were cited, as well as terms from the later corded by Truman Michelson" (former B.A.E. ms. 6028pt.). Con­ printings of eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century compila­ tained here are the eighty-page draft and related notes. Harrington tions of David Zeisberger (1887) and John G. E. Heckewelder (1887). excerpted the texts verbatim from the Michelson manuscript 2734, This series was formerly cataloged as part of B.A.E. ms. 6028. including Michelson's interlinear Mahican translations and free English versions. The draft co~tains a short vocabulary culled from the texts which Harrington arranged semantically. He provided some Mahican COMPARATIVE LINGUISTIC NOTES historical background and explained certain orthographic changes made to update Michelson's spelling and to facilitate pronunciation. An These are the notes (former ms. 6023pt.) resulting from Harrington's eighth text in English only was given to Michelson by Sterling Peters. two 1949 interviews with Bernice Robinson Huntington and encom­ There is informative bibliographical material both in the body of the pass vocabulary, grammar, ethnography, ethnohistory, and some mis­ draft and in the separate section devoted to this category. The article cellaneous information on Stockbridge persons, includingsomething of evidently was not published. her own background. One group is arranged alphabetically by main entry in Mahican, with Delaware, St. Francis Abnaki, Natick, Ojibwa, and Cree equivalences (ifany) placed immediately following the related Mahican term. The unmarked main entries are apparently Hunting­ ton's original terms; those in ink marked Brinton and Anthony are from their 1888 dictionary; the pencil notes are St. Francis Abnaki obtained PERSONS CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON in the field and are identified by informant "codes" Am. (Alfred Linguistic Informants Miller), Den. (George Dennis); Watso (John Watso); 01. (Oliver Obom­ sawin). The significance of the numbered divider pages was not docu­ MAHICAN/STOCKBRIDGE mented. Mrs. Charlie Besaw Another group designated "B2" probably refers to the fall Mrs. Ed Bowman rehearing with Bernice Huntington and is confined chiefly to St. Lucy Bowman Francis Abnaki and Menomini equivalences. Some new information Orrin Bowman from Huntington, especially changes in orthography, may have been Elmer Davids interfiled. Informants in the other languages and the main secondary Bernice Robinson Huntington (Bernice, B., B2) sources consulted are the same as those used for the comparative vocab­ Mrs. Abe Miller ulary and grammar. Arvid Miller A third group contains Huntington's comments on Mathew S. Mrs. Arvid Miller Henry's Vocabulary. ... It represents an attempt to organize Henry's Bernice Miller material according to a semantically arranged vocabulary and a brief Carl Miller grammar touching on phonetics and morphology. Harrington crossed Dolla Miller out St. Francis Abnaki comparisons and, according to a field note, Edward Miller copied them for use elsewhere. He also incorporated some of Hunting­ Fawn Miller ton's (B2) terms. Hardy Miller VI/26 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/27

Sam Miller Davidson, John Nelson Webb Miller 1893 Muh-he-ka-ne-ok, a History ofthe Stockbridge Nation. Milwaukee: MENOMINI S. Chapman. Al Dodge Edwards, Jonathan Bernice Robinson Huntington 1788 Observations on the Language ofthe Muhhekaneew Indians. New EASTERN ABNAKI (PENOBSCOT) Haven: Printed by Josiah Meigs. [Photostat in N.A.A.] Andrew Dana (Andup, Dup. And.) Heckewelder,John G. E. WESTERN ABNAKI (ST. FRANCIS) 1887 Comparative Vocabulary of Algonquin Dialects, from Hecke­ George Dennis (Den.) welder'sManuscripts in the Collectionsofthe AmericanPhilosophi­ Alfred Miller (Am.) cal Society, Philadelphia. Cambridge: J. Wilson and Son. Uni­ Oliver Obomsawin (01.) versity Press. [Photostat & microfilm, pp. 2 -7, in N.A.A.] John Watso (Watso) Henry, Mathew Schropp MALECITE ca. Vocabulary of Words in Various Indian Dialects of the United Harry Francis 1861ms States. 2 vols. Manuscript Collection 59, ms. 00-243, Maine DELAWARE (OKLAHOMA) Historical Society, Portland. Sally Fallleaf (spelled "Fall-leaf" by Harrington) Hodge, Frederick W., ed. Jake Parks 1907- "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau Nonlinguistic Informants 1910 ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30:entire issue. Elmer Davids Howse, Joseph Bernice Robinson Huntington 1844 A Grammar of the Cree Language; with Which Is Combined an Hardy Miller Analysis of the Chippeway Dialect. London: J.G.F. &J. Riving­ ton. Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Michelson, Truman MartaJ. Herrera 1914ms Stockbridge Linguistic Notes and Texts. Bureau of American Bernard Hoffmann Ethnology ms. 2734, National Anthropological Archives. Dr. Frank T. Siebert, Jr. 1912 "Preliminary Report on the Linguistic Classification of Al­ gonquian Tribes." Twenty-Eighth Annual Report ofthe Bureau ofAmerican Ethnologyfor 1906-1907:221- 290b. 1939 "Linguistic Classification of Cree and Montagnais-Naskapi SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Dialects." Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 123 (Anthro­ Baraga, Frederic pological Papers, no. 8):67 - 95. 1853 A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Explained in English. Pilling, James Constantine Cincinnati: Printed for Jos. A. Hemann. [Photostat and mi­ 1891 "Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages." Bureau of crofilm in N.A.A.] American Ethnology Bulletin 13:entire issue. Brinton, Daniel G., and Albert S. Anthony, eds. Trumbull, James Hammond 1888 A Lenape-EnglishDictionary. Froman Anonymous Manuscript 1903 "Natick Dictionary." Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin in the Archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa. 25:entire issue. Philadelphia: The Historical Society ofPennsylvania. [Micro­ Zeisberger, David film in N.A.A.] 1887 Vocabularies by Zeisberger. From the Collection ofManuscripts

• VI/28 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/29

Presented byJudge Lane to Harvard University. Nos. 1 & 2. SIX NATIONS LINGUISTIC NOTES Cambridge: John Wilson and Son. The Sam Liquors interview provided a variety oflinguistic information in Mohawk, Tuscarora, and Seneca, with a slight emphasis on place­ names and tribenames. The Mohawk material is usually preceded by MAHICANjSTOCKBRIDGE the labels "Hag." or "Hagersv.," presumably referring to the Ontario Reels 010-012 town of Hagersville which Harrington visited in May 1940. A few notes on conversations with Fenton are included, probably taken in 1940 at REEL FRAMES the University of Michigan. 010 0001-08391 Comparative Vocabulary [former B.A.E. mss. 6025, 011 0001-026Ij 6028pt., and 6029pt.] 0262-0574 Comparative Grammar [former B.A.E. ms. 6028] 012 0001-0550 Comparative Linguistic Notes [former B.A.E. ms. IROQUOIAN SONGS 6023pt.] Further information from Fenton on Iroquoian songs is in a rough, 0551-0771 Writings [former B.A.E. ms. 6028pt.] undeveloped stage. (Fenton later published articles on this subject.) An April 1943 note indicates another conversation with Fenton on Seneca.

Northern Iroquoian MIXED IROQUOIAN MISCELLANEOUS NOTES Most ofthis briefsection results from the few days Harrington There are a few pages of highly miscellaneous bits of Seneca, Oneida, spent in Ontario in May 1940, where his primary purpose was to inter­ and Tuscarora material, some of it fromJ.N.B. Hewitt. Notes on Iro­ view Delaware speakers. He apparently came into contact, however, quoian food preparation were excerpted from a number of secondary with Iroquoian residents Sam Liquors (Lickerish) and Mr. and Mrs. sources. Andrew Davis. According to Delaware field notes, Davis was a store­ keeper just west of the Smoothtown home ofJosiah Montour, a Dela­ ware informant. Davis was described as a Cayuga Indian, but he pro­ PERSONS CONTACTED BY HARRINGTON vided Mohawk information. Other notes were apparently taken in 1940 at the University of Michigan Linguistics Institute in Ann Arbor, most Linguistic Informants ofthem in conjunction with B.A.E. ethnologist William N. Fenton. Two MOHAWK of Fenton's informants were Dozy and Shanks. Harrington mentioned Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Davis JohnJimmieson as a third speaker; his name could possibly beJimmer­ Sam Liquors son. J.N.B. Hewitt supplied brief linguistic and ethnographic informa­ TUSCARORA AND SENECA tion. One note is dated October 1935. Sam Liquors Fenton's Informants

NORTHERN IROQUOIAN MOHAWK LINGUISTIC NOTES Dozy This category is comprised ofeight pages ofrandom notes given by Mr. John Jimmieson [Jimmerson?] and Mrs. Davis on May 4, 1940. Shanks

.. VI/30 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/31

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Voyages ofJacques Cartier, Publications of the Archives of Canada, No. William N . Fenton 11 (1924), which contained both Cartier vocabularies as well as the J. N. B. Hewitt Horatio Hale comparative vocabulary excerpted from Sir Daniel Wil­ Morgan son's "The Huron-Iroquois of Canada" (1885). Harrington also sent Miss Pierce for photocopies ofGiovanni Battista Ramusio's translations into Italian ofCartier's vocabulariesand the Bibliotheque Nationale manuscripts of Cartier and Andre Thevet. He inserted extensive comparative notes SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON from Gabriel Sagard (1632); Jean Andre Cuoq (1882); Arent Van Curler (1896), cited by Harrington as "Brandt Van Curler;" and Percy Zeisberger, David J. Robinson (1948). 1887 Vocabularies by Zeisberger. From the Collection ofManuscripts Wyandot informants included Jessie Perry (Jessie); Ida Presented by Judge Lane to Harvard University, Nos. 1 & 2. Schrimpser Jones (J., Mrs. John Jones); her sister Gladys Hutchinson; Cambridge: John Wilson and Son. ninety-two-year-old Lizzie Tussinger (Elizabeth); Mary Bracken, aunt ofJones and Hutchinson; Mag; and Norman Young (Y.). Young spoke both Wyandot and Seneca. All were apparently descendants of the NORTHERNIROQUOIAN Wyandots who settled in northeastern Oklahoma, and except for Mrs. Reel 013 Tussinger and Jessie Perry, they were interviewed in Miami, Okla­ REEL FRAMES homa, and vicinity in early September 1950. Tussinger lived in Okla­ homa City; Perry's home was not positively identified. 013 0001-0005 Mohawk Linguistic Notes On orabout December 28, 1950, Harrington traveled to New 0006-0027 Six Nations Linguistic Notes York City and Amherstburg, Ontario. According to correspondence, 0028-0046 Iroquoian Songs Harrington also worked in Miami, Oklahoma, on March 12 and 13, 0047-0057 Mixed Iroquoian Miscellaneous Notes 1951, but field notes indicate nothing ofpossible interviews. He contin­ ued to correspond with officials at the Canadian Archives (see other sections) through February 17, 1951, and with the Bibliotheque Na­ tionale in Paris in October and November of 1951. Wyandot Harrington also corresponded with Elizabeth Best (Mrs. Maurice), who was apparently the "last speaker ofthe Canadian form of The bulk ofthis material represents a comparative treatment the Wyandot language," 1 but there is no record of an interview with of Jacques Cartier's first and second vocabularies and the historical her. Harrington hoped to publish a rehearing with herofCartier's 1535 background of his voyages. Although some of Cartier's terms were vocabulary, but his notes are still in manuscript form. He was still pur­ reheard by Wyandot informants, most of the content is based on ex­ suing the subject in 1953 and 1954. tractions from numerous secondary sources and organized for two pro­ posed papers. The theme of one centered around North America's earliest vocabulary; the second was submitted for publication in March VOCABULARY 1951 and proposed to analyze the history, meaning, and location of Most of this category was evidently organized in several different ways Hochelaga. Other isolated notes are dated between September 1950 to compare Cartier's two vocabularies with each other and with other and January 1951. 1. See B.A.E. ms. 4621, Semi-official and Personal Correspondence Files of The primary source consulted was Henry Percival Biggar, The Matthew W. Stirling, Harrington to Stirling, June 4, 1952. VI/32 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/33 secondary sources. The main entry of the first vocabulary is numbered nation refers to Biggar's Appendix 5, pp. 309 - 311. There are no according to Biggar's annotated list of Ramusio's Italian terms (pp. rehearings. 80 - 81), not according to the Indian term to which they correspond, a Two final groups contain Wyandot terms from the text of worthwhile note of clarification as not all Italian words have Indian Cartier's second voyage and from Sagard's vocabulary. There are no translations. Biggar's French equivalences are also included. Interfiled linguistic annotations. are comments from Sagard, Robinson, Cuoq, Hale, and other second­ ary sources identified either in the notes or under "Sources Consulted." GRAMMAR Sagard's vocabulary was printed without pagination. The page num­ bers which appear after his name were penciled in by Harrington to the This briefsection contains small amounts of phonetic data and a list of Sagard photocopy (filed in N .A.A.). Rehearings with informants, ifany, morphologic headings for which there are no notes. are also interfiled. Some cutout excerpts from correspondents were mounted and interspersed. They were identified only as "C," "F," and WRITINGS "P." The initials "F" and "P" may refer to William N. Fenton, and to Kenneth L. Pike of the Summer Institute of Linguistics. It is possible In this section are three partial, preliminary drafts for the paper on that "c" represents C. F. Voegelin, although Harrington usually em­ North America's earliest vocabulary followed by related reading notes ployed the abbreviation "Voeg." when referring to him. from secondary sources. Some historical background and vocabulary Cartier's second vocabulary was treated in much the same are interspersed, but there are no rehearings. The draft and notes for a manner. Only terms not found in the first vocabulary were examined. paper titled "New Materials on the Locating & Meaning ofHochelaga" Numerical designations on each page are often confusing. The num­ are also without rehearings but the etymology of Hochelaga provides bers in the upper right-hand corner indicate a new main entry. The some linguistic content. numbers bracketed at the left of the main entry indicate Harrington's running total ofhow many Indian terms Cartier actually accumulated; MISCELLANEOUS NOTES no duplications were taken into consideration. He assigned numbers 1- 58 to the first vocabulary and 59 - 129 to the second. Extractions Harrington arranged the French and Italian translations of Cartier's from Thevet's manuscript Fr. 15454, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, vocabularies under semantic and morphological headings but did not are preceded by the label "Paris." There are no rehearings and only a include the equivalent Indian term. The bracketed numbers are those few comparisons with other Six Nations languages. Harrington assigned to Biggar's lists. Two other brief sections contain a minimum of reheard vo­ Some brief biographical data on the Oklahoma informants cabulary terms. One is another listing of Cartier's first vocabulary en­ are provided, and general bibliographic information includes random tered according to Ramusio's original list. The second contains tribe­ reading notes. names, tribal locations, and an etymology of the expression "Wyandot language." Some miscellaneous words were reheard with the Okla­ PERSONS CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON homa informants, and some ethnohistory is interspersed. A comparative organization of the first and second vocabu­ Linguistic Informants laries relied principally upon Biggar, Ramusio, Van Curler, and Robin­ WYANDOT son, utilizing various methods to designate sources. The bracketed Mary Bracken numbers indicate the numerical order ofthe Indian word in Ramusio's Gladys Hutchinson original list. Some notes were cut out from photocopies and mounted Ida Schrimpser Jones (J., Mrs. John Jones) and others were handwritten and interfiled. The "Hale, Wilson" desig- Mag VI/34 John Peabody Harrington Northeast/ Southeast VI/35

Jessie Perry (Jessie) 1535- The Voyages ofJacques Cartier. Manuscript in Paris, Biblio­ Turkey 1536ms theque Nationale, Fr. 5589. [Photostat and microfilm of vo­ Lizzie Tussinger (Elizabeth) cabulary in N.A.A.]. Norman Young Champlain, Samuel de CAYUGA AND ONONDAGA 1567- Les Voyages de la Nouvelle France Occidentale Dicte Canada. Mr. F. W. Waugh 1635 Paris: C. Collet. SENECA Clark, Jeremiah A. Norman Young 1902 ... Micmac Dictionary . . . by Rev. Silas T. Rand . . . Tran­ ITALIAN scribed and Alphabetically Arranged, with a Grammar and List of Mr. Terry Place-names. Charlottetown, P.E.I.: The Patriot Publishing Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Company. Mr. Andrews Cuoq, Jean Andre Mr. Boyd 1882 Lexique de la Lanque Iroquoise. Montreal: J. Chapleau & Fils. "c" [C. F. Voegelin?] Dawson, J. W. "F" [William N. Fenton?] 1860 "Notes on Aboriginal Antiquities Recently Discovered in the William N. Fenton Island of Montreal." The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist "P" [Kenneth L. Pike?] 5:430-449. C. F. Voegelin 1861 "Additional Notes on Aboriginal Antiquities Found at Mon­ Erminie Voegelin treal." Ibid. 6:362 - 373. Charles Banks Wilson Fraser, Alexander See Potier, Pierre. Frey, S. L. SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON 1898 "The Mohawks; an Enquiry into Their Origin, Migrations Bailey, Alfred Goldsworthy and Influence on the White Settlers." Transactions of the 1933 "The Significance of the Identity and Disappearance of the Oneida Historical Society 8:5 - 41. Laurentian Iroquois." The Transactions of the Royal Society of Hewitt,J.N.B. Canada, Ser. 3, Sect. 2, Vol. 27:97 -108. 1912 "Huron." In "Handbook ofAmerican Indians North ofMex­ Barbeau, C. M. ico," Frederick W. Hodge, ed. Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology 1915 "Classification of Iroquoian Radicals with Subjective Pro­ Bulletin 30:1:584 - 591. nominal Prefixes." Canada, Geological Survey, Memoir no. 46, Lighthall, W. D. Anthropological Series no. 7. 1899 "Hochelagans and Mohawks; a Link in Iroquois History." The Baxter, James P. Transactions ofthe Royal Society ofCanada, Ser. 2, Sect. 2, Vol. 1906 A Memoir ofJacques Cartier, Sieur de Limoilou. New York: 5:199-211. Dodd, Mead & Company. Pacifique, Pere Biggar, Henry Percival 1922 "Jacques Cartier a Port-Daniel." Bulletin de la Societe de Geo­ 1924 "The Voyages ofJacques Cartier." Publications of the Public graphie de Quebec 16:3: 138- 143. Archives ofCanada, No. 11:61. Potier, Pierre Cartier, Jacques 1920 "Huron Manuscripts from Rev. Pierre Potier's Collection." VI/36 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/37

Fifteenth Reportofthe Bureau ofArchivesofthe Province ofOntario WYANDOT 1918, 1919. Reel 014 Ramusio, Giovanni Battista REEL FRAMES 1556 Terzo Volvme delle Navigationi et Viaggi nel qvale si Contengono 014 0001-0691 Vocabulary Ie nauigationi al mondo nuouo ... da Giouanni da Verrazzano, 0692-0714 Grammar & del Capitano Iaques Cartier. Venetia: Stamperia de Givnti. 0715-0930 Writings [Photostat of 9 pages in N.A.A.] 0931-1120 Miscellaneous Notes Rand, Silas Tertius See Clark, Jeremiah A. Robinson, Percy J. 1948 "The Huron Equivalences of Cartier's Second Vocabulary." Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada Series 3, 52:2:127 -146. Delaware (Oklahoma and Ontario) Sagard, Gabriel (Fr. Gabriel Sagard Theodat) 1632 Le Grand Voyage du Pays des Hvrons, situ! en l'Amerique vers La This section (former B.A.E. ms. 6023pt.) involves the two Mer douce, es derniers confins de La nouuelle France, dite Canada. Delaware languages. These are now distinguished by linguists as Unami Paris: Chez Denys Moreav. [Photostat of vocabulary in (in Oklahoma) and Munsee (in Ontario), but Harrington, following N.A.A.] local usage, referred to both as Delaware. Schoolcraft, Henry R. In April 1940, Harrington and C. F. Voegelin were in Bart­ 1847 Notes on the Iroquois. Albany: Erastus H. Pease & Co. lesville, Oklahoma, on a joint field trip where they interviewed a num­ Swadesh, Morris ber of Delaware-speaking Indians. The exact itinerary is difficult to 1937 "The Phonemic Interpretation of Long Consonants." Lan­ reconstruct. Field notes and correspondence indicate that they were quage 13:1:1- 10. together in Bartlesville at least between April 8 and 20, and early in Van Curler, Arent May, they were in Greencastle, Indiana, where Voegelin gave Harring­ See James Grant Wilson ton a list of Delaware terms to investigate in Smoothtown, Ontario on Wilson, Sir Daniel Six Nations Reserve. Of the two notes that locate Harrington in that 1885 "The Huron-Iroquois of Canada." Proceedings of the Royal vicinity, only one is dated (May 4, 1940-see "Mohawk Linguistic Society ofCanada for the Year 1884, 2:2:55 -106. Notes"). It must have been a brief stop as he was in Seattle en route to Wilson, James Grant Alaska on May 7. 1896 "Arent Van Curler and His Journal of 1634-35." Annual InJune 1940 Harrington and Voegelin made another trip to Report ofthe American Historical Associationfor the Year 1895. Oklahoma. They visited May Haas at Eufaula and Frank T. Siebert,Jr., Washington: Government Printing Office. at Oklahoma City and Norman. On that occasion they worked with a Wintemberg, W. J. number of Delawares, Shawnees, Otoes, and others. During the first 1927 "Was Hochelaga Destroyed or Abandoned?" American An­ week of August, after his return to Washington, D.C., Harrington thropologist n.s. 21: 1:251-254. reorganized the notes for which Voegelin had requested clarification. Zeisberger, David In Oklahoma, Harrington visited the city of Bartlesville; the 1887 Zeisberger's Indian Dictionary. Eben Norton Horsford, ed. towns of Dewey and Copan; and Claremore, the location of the Indian Cambridge: John Wilson and Son. Health Services Hospital. Among the informants whom he interviewed VI/38 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/39

were Mabel Bobb Beaver (Mabel) and Henry Duncan Beaver (Duncan); Shawnee, Kaw, and Ojibwa equivalences. The Munsee terms may have Sally and John Fallleaf (spelled "Fall-Leaf" by Harrington); Annie been those of Frank T. Siebert,Jr., as notes indicate that Voegelin was (Mrs. Lb.) and Jesse Longbone (Jesse, Jes) and his brothers Roy and in possession of some of Siebert's vocabulary lists, which had been William (William Lb.); Jake Parks; and Mr. and Mrs. Joe Washington collected in June 1938 from Nicodemus Peters at Smoothtown. Infor­ and their son Fred (Mrs. Wash., Fred Wash.). Ontario informants in­ mants were the Beavers and the Longbone family. Secondary sources cludedJosiah Montour, his seventy-five-year-old sisterJane Pattice, and include Daniel G. Brinton, The Lenape and Their Legends; with the Com­ Jesse Moses. plete Text and Symbols ofthe Walam Olum (1885), Brinton and Anthony As with other languages of the eastern United States, Har­ (1888), and Heckewelder (1876). rington consulted nineteenth- and early twentieth-century compila­ The balance of the material is arranged by the name of the tions. Frequently mentioned are David Zeisberger's, A Grammar ofthe informants, specifically the Beavers, Fallleafs, Longbones, Washing­ Language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians (1830), John G. E. tons, and Jake Parks. Heckewelder's An Account of the History, Manners and Customs of the The most substantial placename information concerns the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring name Wyoming. A copy ofa letter from Harrington to Willard Beatty States (1876), and Daniel G. Brinton and Albert S. Anthony's A Lenapi­ (April 22, 1940) indicates Harrington's ongoing interest in publishing English Dictionary (1888); These works were referred to by the abbrevi­ articles on the meaning of state names. ations "Z." or "Zeis.," "Hecke," and "B. & A." or "Delaware Dict.," A selection ofextracts from Brinton and Anthony (1888) and respectively. Other publications consulted included James Trumbull's a few from TrUlnan Michelson's "Preliminary Report on the Linguistic Natick Dictionary (cited as "Nat. Dict.") (1903); Frank G. Speck's The Classification ofAlgonquian Tribes" (1912) contain comments by Voe­ Nanticoke and Conoy Indians (1927); and the "Handbook of American gelin. Scattered Abnaki comparisons were probably inserted at least a Indians North of Mexico" (abbreviated "Hdbk.") (1907), edited by decade later. Filed with this 1940 collection are three pages of notes Frederick W. Hodge. Some terms identified as those of Zeisberger or heard from "the old woman west of Anadarko" in June 1939. Heckewelder were actually extracted from the last three publications. A small section ofreading notes and seventeenth-century vo­ cabulary is not identified as either the Oklahoma or Ontario language. DELAWARE (OKLAHOMA) TEXTS AND SONGS It is excerpted from Amandus Johnson, trans., Geographia Americae, There are four untitled texts (former B.A.E. ms. 6023pt.) collected by with an Account ofthe Delaware Indians . .. by Peter Lindestriim (1925). Voegelin in April 1940 with partial interlinear translations by Jesse Longbone. Harrington made handwritten copies of fifteen short songs also collected by Voegelin. Although there are wide variations between DELAWARE (OKLAHOMA) LINGUISTIC NOTES Voegelin's orthography and Harrington's, these songs were apparently This is basically a randomly accumulated vocabulary (former B.A.E. incorporated into Voegelin's "Word Distortions in Delaware Big ms. 6023pt.) with some phonetic and grammatical structures inter­ House and Walam Olum Songs" (1942). There are scattered notes in spersed. Included also are historical and cultural comments. The larg­ English but no translations. est single group was apparently collected by C. F. Voegelin and is la­ beled "Voeg." Other smaller groups represent collections by Voegelin from individually named informants, followed by Harrington's notes DELAWARE (OKLAHOMA) MISCELLANEOUS NOTES from the same informants. Harrington's material consists of both new These notes consist of a few grammatical notes, correspondence, and and reheard terms, with a general emphasis on developing the etymol­ names of persons. There are also several pages relating to the Swedish ogy of state names and placenames. Voegelin inserted some Munsee, author Amandus Johnson.

_.__...... __.....;~. ~""'".....,,,.,,,_..." ...,'_-:,~ J - VI/40 john Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/41

DELAWARE (ONTARIO) LINGUISTIC NOTES Mabel Bobb Beaver (Mabel) Harrington collected a variety of linguistic notes (former B.A.E. ms. John Fallleaf (spelled "Fall-Leaf" by Harrington) 6023pt.) from Delaware speakers of Ontario. Raw field notes obtained Sally Fallleaf (Sally; spelled "Fan-Leaf" by Harrington) fromJosiah Montour andJesse Moses in the area ofSmoothtown, On­ Annie Longbone (Mrs. Lb.) tario, include general vocabulary, tribenames, names ofpersons, and a Jesse Longbone (Jesse, Jes.) few grammatical constructions. Montour also contributed Delaware Roy Longbone (Ontario) origins associated with the name Wyoming. William Longbone (William Lb.) In May 1940, Voegelin gave Harrington a list ofWalam Olum Mrs. Willie Longbone (Mrs. W. L.) terms to rehear with Josiah Montour, which Harrington presumably "Old Woman West of Anadarko" did in the first days ofthat month. In Washington the following August, Jake Parks Harrington typed the Voegelin questionnaire one term to a page and Fred Washington (Fred Wash., Fred Wn.) coordinated it with Montour's related information. 1 Joe Washington Another small section of field notes contains material from Mrs. Washington (Mrs. Wash.) Jane Pattice, Josiah Montour's sister. DELAWARE (ONTARIO) Trumbull's Natick Dictionary (1903) was frequently cited for Mrs. Merkl (Mrs. Lickwis) Mahican, Shawnee, Narraganset, and Cree equivalences. Harrington Josiah Montour used the term Scatagook (alternate spelling "Skatigo") to refer to Ma­ Jesse M. Moses hican. When citing Trumbull, Harrington included abbreviations used Jane Pattice in the dictionary, such as "R. W." (Roger Williams), "Howse" (Joseph Nonlinguistic Informants Howse), "Zeis." or "Z." (Zeisberger), and "H." (Heckewelder). Brin­ Andrew Davis ton and Anthony (1888) was also consulted. Two sources for Walam Mr. Peacock Olum ("W.O.") references were The American Nations (1836) by C. S. Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Rafinesque and The Lenape and Their Legends (1885) by Brinton. In William N. Fenton several instances Harrington's citations are either inaccurate or they Carl F. Voegelin involve a third undocumented source. Erminie Voegelin

DELAWARE (ONTARIO) MISCELLANEOUS NOTES These few undated pages deal mainly with the location ofthe Munsee SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Reserve in Canada and how to get there. Barton, Benjamin S. 1797 New Views of the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America. PERSONS CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Philadelphia: Printed, for the Author, by John Bioren. Bozman,john L. Linguistic Informants 1837 The History ofMaryland, from Its First Settlement, in 1633, to the DELAWARE (OKLAHOMA) Restoration, in 1660. Baltimore: J. Lucas and E. R. Deaver. Henry Duncan Beaver (Duncan) Brinton, Daniel G.

1. In 1954 Voegelin published a translation and linguistic study of Walam 1885 The Lenape and Their Legends; with the Complete Text and Sym­ Olum, a controversial text claimed by its publisher, the naturalist Constantine S. Rafi­ bols ofthe Walam Olum, a New Translation, and an Inquiry into nesque, to be the migration legend of the Delaware Indians. Its Authenticity. Philadelphia: D. G. Brinton. VI/42 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/43

Brinton, Daniel G., and Albert S. Anthony Trumbull, James Hammond 1888 A Lenape-English Dictionary. From an Anonymous Manuscript in 1903 "Natick Dictionary." Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin the Archives ofthe Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa. Philadel­ 25:entire issue. phia: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. [Microfilm in Voegelin, Carl F. N.A.A.] 1942 "Word Distortions in Delaware Big House and Walam Olum Heckewelder,John G. E. Songs." Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 51 :48­ 1876 "History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations Who 54. Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighboring States Zeisberger, David New and Rev. Ed. With an Introduction and Notes by the 1830 "A Grammar of the Language of the Lenni Lenape or Dela­ Rev. William C. Reichel. . . ." Memoirs ofthe Historical Society ware Indians. Translated . . . by Peter Stephen Dupon­ ofPennsylvania 12:47 - 465. ceau . . . 1816." Transactions of the American Philosophical Hodge, Frederick W., ed. Society 3:3:65 - 251. 1907 "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau 1887 Zeisberger's Indian Dictionary. English, German, Iroquois-the ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30:entire issue. Onondaga; and Algonquin-the Delaware. Printed from the Johnson, Amandus, trans. Original Manuscript in Harvard College Library. Cambridge: 1925 Geographia Americae with an Account of the Delaware Indians John Wilson and Son. Based on Surveys and Notes Made in 1654-1656, by Peter Lin­ destriim. Philadelphia: The Swedish Colonial Society. DELAWARE (OKLAHOMA AND ONTARIO) Masta, Henry Lorne 1932 Abenaki Indian Lengends, Grammar and Place Names. Victoria­ Reel 015 ville, Quebec: La Voix des Bois-Francs. REEL FRAMES Michelson, Truman 015 0001-0473 Delaware (Oklahoma) Linguistic Notes [former 1912 "Preliminary Report on the Linguistic Classification of Al­ B.A.E. ms. 6023pt.] gonquian Tribes." Twenty-eighth Annual Reportofthe Bureau of 0474-0493 Delaware (Oklahoma) Texts and Songs [former American Ethnologyfor 1906-1907: 221- 308. B.A.E. ms. 6023pt.] Rafinesque, Constantine S. 0494-0518 Delaware (Oklahoma) Miscellaneous Notes 1836 The American Nations; or, Outlines ofa National History; of the 0519-0728 Delaware (Ontario) Linguistic Notes [former B.A.E. Ancient and Modern Nations ofNorth and South America No.2. ms. 6023pt.] Philadelphia: Published by C. S. Rafinesque. 0729-0733 Delaware (Ontario) Miscellaneous Notes Sapir, Edward 1911ms Delaware Vocabulary Collected from Nelson Moses. Bureau of American Ethnology ms. 2806 [Filed under Truman Michel­ Powhatan son]. National Anthropological Archives. Speck, Frank G. The manuscript for Harrington's monograph "The Original 1927 "The Nanticoke and Conoy Indians with a Review ofLinguis­ Strachey Vocabulary of the Virginia Indian Language" was submitted tic Material from Manuscript and Living Sources." Papers of to the Smithsonian Institution inJuly 1953 and published in 1955. It is the Historical Society ofDelaware n.s. 1. based on the vocabulary contained in William Strachey's Historie of VI/45 VI/44 John Peabody Harrington lVortheast I Southeast

Travaile into Virginia Britannia, a manuscript in the possession of the SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Bodleian Library. A British Museum manuscript ofa slightly different Bergmann, Gustav von, ed. version of the Strachey vocabulary was printed and published in 1849 1789 Das Gebeth des Herren ... in Hundert Zwey und Fiinfzig Spra­ by the Hakluyt Society. Harrington utilized microfilm and photocopies chen. Ruein (Livland). of the two manuscripts and the Hakluyt publication in his work. Brinton, Daniel G., and Albert S. Anthony 1888 A Lenapi-English Dictionary. From an Anonymous Manuscript in the Archives ofthe Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa.. Philadel­ WRITINGS phia: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. [Microfilm in A typed draft of the article on Strachey is followed by related notes N.A.A.] (former B.A.E. ms. 6024), not all ofwhich found their way into the final C. C. publication. Most noteworthy is a comparison ofJohn Smith's vocabu­ 1858 "Dalrymple's Short Vocabulary of the Language of the Pa­ lary from A Map of Virginia (1612) with the Hakluyt version of Stra­ munkey." Historical Magazine, 1st sere 2:6: 182. chey's vocabulary. A short vocabulary of Pamunkey collected by the Dalrymple, Reverend Reverend Mr. Dalrymple (Dalrimple) in 1844 and published by "C. C" See C. C. in 1858 is compared with A Lenape-English Dictionary (1888) by Fiske, John Brinton and Anthony. 1900 Old Virginia and Her lVeighbors. Cambridge: Printed at the Harrington arranged Strachey's vocabulary one term to a Riverside Press. page in the same alphabetic order as in the original manuscript. He Hodge, Frederick W., ed. copied Brinton and Anthony's translations for the same words, if such 1907 "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau existed, and made note of divergences between the Bodleian Library ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30:entire issue. and British Museum manuscripts. References to the British Museum Pilling, James Constantine are often preceded by the designation "Brit."; "1849" identifies terms 1891 "Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages." Bureau of from the Hakluyt publication. American Ethnology Bulletin 13:entire issue. Included are the notes for Harrington's semantic arrange­ Siebert, Frank T., Jr. ment ofStrachey's terms found on pages 197 to 202 in "The Original 1941 "Certain Proto-Algonquian Consonant Clusters." Language Strachey Vocabulary." The label "Strachey" followed by a number 17:3:298-303. indicates the number of the facsimile sheet on which the entry appears. Smith, Captain John The facsimile sheets are placed between pages 196 and 197. 1612 A Map of Virginia. With a Description of the Country, the Com­ Strachey also copied the song of the Indians and Harrington modities, People, Government and Religion. Oxford: Joseph compared some ofthe terms with those ofBrinton and Anthony. "The Barnes. [Photostat of seven pages in N .A.A.] Strachey Song," as Harrington labeled it, does not appear in his 1955 Strachey, William publication, but there is a photocopy in N .A.A. 1622 A Short Dictionary ofthe Indian Language Used Within the Ches­ A very brief morphological arrangement was begun by Har­ siopiock Bay. ... [Half title from Strachey's The Historie of rington but apparently abandoned. Likewise, there is the mere begin­ Travaile into Virginia Britannia.] [Two photocopies (one ning ofa section comparing terms from Strachey vocabulary with those mounted with instructions to printer) and microfilm oforigi­ of the Abnaki, Delaware, and Natick languages. nal manuscript at the Bodleian Library, photocopy and mi­ Miscellaneous notes include preliminary partial drafts and re­ crofilm ofBritish Museum copy ("Ayscough 1622"), and pho­ lated notes, some general bibliographical information, and material tocopy of printed version by Hakluyt Society (1849) in marked "Rejects" by Harrington. N.A.A.] VI/46 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/47

Trumbull, James Hammond Information from a 1945 interview with Levi B. Gritts is scat­ 1903 "Natick Dictionary." Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin tered throughout the material. Gritts was a Cherokee school teacher 25:entire issue. and fluent speaker of his native language. He provided both linguistic and nonlinguistic information. The minimal linguistic content has as its main source James PUBLICATIONS BY HARRINGTON Mooney's Myths ofthe Cherokee (1900). Etymologies of several persons' Harrington,John P. names and placenames were initiated but not seriously developed. 1955 "The Original Strachey Vocabulary of the Virginia Indian There is a photostat of Sequoyah's syllabary obtained from a manu­ Language." Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 157. An­ script in the National Archives. thropological Papers, No. 46. Other informants briefly mentioned are Edna Hogman (or Hogner, spelling uncertain), a Cherokee employee of the Office of Indian Affairs, and "Ben" and his friend Allen W. Long. It is unclear POWHATAN which of the latter two men was actually the informant. A Norman Reel 016 Adams of Washington, D.C., may have been involved in the Sequoyah REEL FRAMES grave effort, but in what capacity is not documented. 016 0001-1031 Writings [former B.A.E. ms. 6024]

VOCABULARY The vocabulary is arranged according to Harrington's standard seman­ tic categories, one term to a page. Harrington probably extracted it Cherokee from Mooney (1900), absolute identification being in doubt due to the fact that he did not include Mooney's orthographic symbols for pronun­ ciation in Cherokee. The material was neither annotated nor reheard. Harrington's interest in Cherokee centers mainly around the A brief, numbered vocabulary from either Ben or Long con­ life ofSequoyah, a search for his grave and his Cherokee syllabary. The tains some equivalences from Mooney (1900). earliest dated references stem from a briefcollaboration with Gouver­ neur Morrison, author and reporter, who apparently worked as Har­ rington's research assistant in May andJune of 1938, and with whom he maintained contact at least into early 1939. InJanuary 1939, Harring­ WRITINGS ton began funding a search for Sequoyah's grave in Mexico, possibly A partial preliminary draft with notes for "Sequoyah's Cherokee Al­ with his own money. Harrington researched the project in Washington phabet" may represent an initial collaboration with Gouverneur Morri­ and his collaborator, Harry Bachrach, worked in the field. The two men son in 1938 and 1939. Small amounts of data on Cherokee phonetics had a contract with The Tulsa Daily World for exclusive rights to the and a limited linguistic treatment ofthe names ofSequoyah's family are story. The grave was never discovered but the Tulsa World found included. The little information he was able to acquire from Edna enough copy for a four-installment article printed betweenJanuary 27 Hogman was later interfiled. Background information is provided on and 30, 1939. The material on hand is principally ethnographic and other Indian and non-Indian syllabaries. historical and, except for Bachrach's trip into Mexico, is based on nu­ Harrington cut and mounted the photocopy of Sequoyah's merous secondary sources, most of which were only briefly consulted. syllabary. Each page contains one syllable, its numerical position in the Generally, these sources are clearly identified in the notes. syllabary, and its corresponding English sound.

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A one-page article titled "The Cherokee Placenames Echota, PERSONS CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Santee and Conasauga" was submitted for publication in 1938, but no Linguistic Informants printed record of it has been found. A 1945 interview with Gritts provided an etymology of the placename Tennessee. CHEROKEE Ben (?) Levi B. Gritts Della Brunstetter ("House Interview") Edna Hogman (Hogner?) ETHNOGRAPHIC AND HISTORICAL NOTES Allen W. Long (?) Notes, correspondence, and newspaper clippings refer to the Harring­ KIOWA Perry A. Keahtigh ton/Bachrach grave exploration in January 1939. Bachrach was ac­ companied by Baron Craeger who wrote the Tulsa World articles; E. V. Nonlinguistic Informants Schrimscher (Shimsa), a part-Cherokee who claimed to be a cousin of Levi B. Gritts Will Rogers; and George McCoy, a Cherokee fluent in the language. A Emmet Star digest of their trip into Mexico is in Harrington's handwriting. Assistants, Collaborators, Correspondents, Interviewees There are general notes on the life ofSequoyah. Information Norman Adams taken from Gritts was later inserted. Included are a copy of a photo­ Harry Bachrach graph of Narcissa Owen (1896) and of her painting of Sequoyah. Carl W. Bishop A third section contains reading notes from such sources as C. M. Blair old newspapers and periodicals, B.A.E. scrapbooks, and the manu­ Bessie F. Cary scripts of John Alexander (1839 -1840) and John Howard Payne Herschel Chappell (1835) (photocopy and typescript are filed in the N.A.A.). A number of Baron Craeger excerpts are from the Cherokee Advocate and Cherokee Phoenix. Extensive Evelyn Danner notes were made by Mrs. Evelyn Danner in the Library of Congress in Grant Foreman April 1939. P. M. Hamer Brief data on tobacco among the Cherokee and its Carib ori­ MartaJ. Herrera gins and usage stress Carib rather than Cherokee information. Annie C. Hill S. R. Lewis George McCoy Mr. Morgan Gouverneur Morrison MISCELLANEOUS NOTES John Clagett Proctor There are scattered and unrelated linguistic, nonlinguistic, and ethno­ E. V. Schrimscher (Shimsa) graphic notesand correspondence for 1938 and 1939. A photocopy ofa Coral H. Tullis 1936 newspaper clipping concerns Houston B. Teehee (Di-hi-hi or George B. Utley "Killer"), a Cherokee who was Register of the Treasury in Wilson's Althea Warren administration. Fred B. Woodard Another group is labeled "Cherokee Plcns. Della Brunstetter Arthur Woodward house interview" and contains North Carolina Cherokee terms. Robert W. Young

..... VI/50 John Peabody Harrington Northeast/ Southeast VI/51

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON CHEROKEE Reel 017 Brown, John P. REEL FRAMES 1938 Old Frontiers, the Story ofCherokee Indiansfrom Earliest Times to 017 0001-0092 Vocabulary the Date ofTheir Removal to the West, 1838. Kingsport, Tennes­ 0093-0199 Writings see: Southern Publishers, Inc. 0200-0311 Ethnographic and Historical Notes Farabee, William Curtis 0312-0340 Miscellaneous Notes 1918 "The Central Arawaks." University ofPennsylvania, The Uni­ versity Museum, Anthropological Publications, v. 9. Foreman, Grant 1938 Sequoyah. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Mooney, James 1900 "Myths of the Cherokee." Nineteenth Annual Report ofthe Bu­Creek/ Seminole/Alabama/Koasati/ reau ofAmerican Ethnologyfor 1897-1898, pt. 1:3-548. Choctaw Mooney,James, and Frans M. Olbrechts 1932 "The Swimmer Manuscript: Cherokee Sacred Formulas and While on a Delaware language field trip centered around Medicinal Prescriptions." Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology Bulle­Bartlesville, Oklahoma, in April 1940, Harrington evidently found tin 99:entire issue. time to be present when the linguist Mary R. Haas interviewed Creek Morrison, Gouverneur informantJohn Thompson. She also commented on notes Harrington 1938 Sequoyah, the Great Cherokee Cadmus: a Prospectus and a Por­took directly from Thompson, and she shared with him information trait. New York: J. J. Little and Ives, Co. from her unpublished manuscript of Creek vocabulary. Informant Ogg, Frederic Austin James Feagin Sylvestine was a patient at the Shawnee Sanitorium in 1919 The Reign ofAndrewJackson; a Chronicle ofthe Frontier in Poli­Oklahoma and an excellent Alabama speaker. tics. New Haven: Yale University Press. (Half-title: The Chron­ The most frequently cited sources were Cyrus A. Byington, A icles ofAmerica Series, v. 20.) Dictionary of the Choctaw Language (1915) and Frederick W. Hodge's Pickens, A. L. "Handbook of the American Indians North of Mexico" (1907). 1937 "Dictionary of Indian-Place Names in Upper South Caro­ There are occasional references indicating the presence of lina." Reprinted from South Carolina Natural history, nos. 51 ­ C. F. Voegelin and excerpts from conversations Harrington had had 53. with the late Edward Sapir. Roth, Walter E. 1924 "An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians." Thirty-eighth Annual Report ofthe Bureau CREEK/SEMINOLE VOCABULARY ofAmerican Ethnologyfor 1916-1917: entire issue. These are the original field notes Harrington took from John Thomp­ Young, Egerton R. son on April 22, 1940, most of which were corrected by Haas on the 1899 The Apostle ofthe North, Rev. James Evans. New York: Fleming same date. H. Revell Company. Another larger group of terms were extracted from Haas' Williams, Samuel Cole typewritten unpublished manuscript (ca. 1938 -1940) and filed one 1937 Dawn of Tennessee Valley and Tennessee History. Johnson City, term to a page in random order. There are no linguistic comments by Tennessee: The Watauga Press. Harrington. A still larger section labeled "Haas Orthography" contains

.... VI/52 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/53 occasional comments by Harrington. Presumably this section also stems SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON from a then unpublished manuscript by Haas. Byington, Cyrus A. 1915 "A Dictionary of the Choctaw Language." John R. Swanton and Henry S. Hulbert, eds. Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology Bul­ letin 46:entire issue. COMPARATIVE LINGUISTIC NOTES Haas, Mary R. The majority of these notes involve Haas and Thompson, with Har­ n.d.ms Creek Vocabulary. Manuscript, ca. 1938 -1940, unpublished. rington sitting in as a third party. Choctaw equivalences are based on Hodge, Frederick W. Byington (1915). A few Koasati and Alabama terms are included. 1907- "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico." Bureau Some notes apparently reflect conversations between Har­ 1910 ofAmerican Ethnology Bulletin 30:entire issue. rington and Haas, with some emphasis on phonetics and ethnohistory. Uldall, Hans Jorgen The interview with Sylvestine presumably was brief-it yielded only a 1935 "A Sketch of Achumawi Phonetics." InternationalJournal of few general comments on Alabama placenames. American Linguistics 8: 1:73 -77. There is a section on the etymology of the name Alabama. Wright, Allen Harrington copied various versions from Hodge's "Handbook" (1907) 1880 Chahta Leksikon, a Choctaw in English Definition. St. Louis: and added some original annotations as well as comments from Haas, Printed by the Presbyterian Pub. Co. Thompson, and Sylvestine. CREEK/SEMINOLE/ALABAMA/KOASATI/CHOCTAW Reel 018 SEMINOLE AND CHOCTAW VOCABULARY REEL FRAMES On hand are two pages ofrandom terms, undated, and no source given. 018 0001-0150 Creek/ Seminole Vocabulary Three Choctaw words were apparently taken from Allen Wright's 0151-0188 Comparative Linguistic Notes Chahta Leksikon, a Choctaw in English Definition (1880). 0189-0199 Seminole and Choctaw Vocabulary

PERSONS CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Linguistic Informants General and Miscellaneous Materials

CREEK This series consists of materials pertaining to the area North­ John Thompson east/Southeast as a whole and those which are too limited in scope to ALABAMA James Feagin Sylvestine constitute a full series in themselves.

Assistants, Collaborators, and Correspondents Dr. Alley MISCELLANEOUS NOTES Mary R. Haas Reading notes on Henry Clyde Shetrone's The Mound-Builders (1930) Edward Sapir are signed with the initial B. Notes in an accompanying folder suggest C. F. Voegelin that they may have come to Harrington from Franz Boas. .. VI/54 John Peabody Harrington

There is a single remark from John R. Swanton on Ofo and one on Tunica, and the brief mention ofa "slender string."

SOURCES CONSULTED BY HARRINGTON Shetrone, Henry Clyde 1930 The Mound-Builders. New York: D. Appleton & Co.

GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS Reel 018 REEL FRAMES 018 0192-0210 Miscellaneous Notes

Appendix

ABBREVIATIONS AND SPECIAL USES OF TERMS Ab(n). Abnaki ace. according (as in "ace. to ...") or accusative accts. accounts Sp. adivina guesses (as opposed to "kw." -knows) adj. / adjvl. adjective / adjectival adv. adverb Am. "American" (English as opposed to an Indian lan­ guage) or modern, nonnative (as in "Am. dress") an. animate (as in "an. or inan.") an(s). animal(s) ans. answer (frequently used with kinship terms) app(l). apparently art. article asp. / aspd. aspiration / aspirated aug. augmentative

B. Bay (when given by name)

VI/55 .. VI/56 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/57

B.&A. Daniel G. Brinton and Albert S. Anthony diam. diameter B.A.E. Bureau of American Ethnology dict. dictionary bee. because dif. different betw. between dim. diminutive or diminutivism bot. botanical or bought dipth(s) diphthong(s) bpI. biplural dirctv. directive Brit. William Strachey manuscript in the British Museum D.-L. Robert A. Douglas-Lithgow Bull. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin do. ditto dpl. dual plural (as in "dpl. you") or reduplication ca. about dq(s). direct question(s) (as in "At least dqs. can elicit noth­ ca. / ca. ca. cited above / cited above more than once ing further.") cald. called dr. downriver c.e. carefully caught dsl. downslope cd. could dstr. downstream cf. compare (L. confer) dupe duplicate ch. clearly heard (as in "ch. forever" and "chpu."­ clearly heard, perfectly understood) e. east Chip. Chippewa Eck(st). Fannie Hardy Eckstorm Choct. Choctaw Eng. English ck. creek entv. entitative clickt clicked equiv(ce). equivalence Co. County equv. equative colI. pI. collective plural esp. especially conceSSIve conc. eth. d. ethnobotanical dictionary conJ. conjunction etym. etymology cons. consonant eVe evidently cpo / cps. / cpd. compare / compares / compared exe. excerpted from cttail cattail extnl. extensional cwd. coastward cyl. wax cylinder sound recording fame family d. dual (as in "d. you") fingersn. fingersnapping D(aw). Dawson (book on birds) fingerthr. fingerthrowing decl. declension fingerwr. fingerwrestling def. definite fn. footnote Del. Delaware Fr. French Delaware Dict. Brinton and Anthony's A Lenapi-English Dictionary freq. frequentative demo demonstrative Frw. Lag. Freshwater Lagoon dervl. derivational fut. future

J.. VI/58 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/59 g. galley proof or going (as in "g. to") imp(era). imperative (as in "imp. of verb") gen. gender or general impersl. impersonal geo. geographical impt. important Ger. German Inan. inanimate (as in "in. or inan.") gest. gesture (as in "gest. of wiping") inch. inchoative gew. Ger. gewissen, known indo indicative See Also: ungew. Ind(s). Indian(s) gl. / gld. glottal stop / glottalized indirv. indirective graysq. graysquirrel infn. information (sometimes mistakenly used for' 'inft.'') grayh. grayhound [sic] inft(s). informant(s) grf. grandfather (as in "mat. grf." or "pat. grf."­ instrl. instrumental maternal, paternal grandfather) int(erj). interjection grm. grandmother (as in "mat. grm." or "pat. grm."­ int(erp). interpreter maternal, paternal grandmother) interrvl. interrogatival grpl. groupal inter. interview intr. intransitive Ital. Italian H. John G. E. Heckewelder See Also: Heeke. Jph. John Peabody Harrington (referring to himself) Hag(ersv). Hagersville, Ontario jrabbit jackrabbit hbk. or Hbk. handbook (particularly refers to F. W. Hodge's "Handbook of American Indians North of Ke. knows equivalence Mexico" Ki. Kickapoo hd. heard kt. unidentified abbreviation in Eastern Abnaki gram­ hdkf. handkerchief matical notes Heeke. John G. E. Heckewelder k(w). knows (as in "Ja. kw. Fiddler John" and "kw. See Also: H. equiv." -knows equivalence); may also mean hmgbird hummingbird knows word hort. hortatory hspg. hotspring lag. lagoon Hur. Huron ldns. "landnames" (geographical terms) husb. husband lit. literally hwriting handwriting 19. language (as in "Old Hyampom 19.") hw(y). highway loc. locally called (as in "hopper mortar loc. pounding basket") or locative locnl. locational id(s). island(s) lw(s). loanword(s) ie. / ied. copy / copied (as in "ie. of Gatschet Chumeto VOc.") m. mile(s) or month or mouth of river See Also: n ied. m.a. mentioned after (as in "[placename] m.a. [name] Imm. immediately or immediative and before [name]") VI/60 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/61

Mah. Mahican o's "okays" (as in "Inft. knows this word and o's it.") Mal. Malecite o. older (as in "0. bro." - older brother) mat. maternal (as in "mat. grf." - maternal grandfather) O. Ojibway (Ojibwa) mat. cult. material culture See Also: Ojib. med. medicine obs. observation(s) made (as in "Obs. on bus River's End Men. Menomini to Marshfield") mg. /mgless meaning / meaningless obsc. obscene Mi. Miami Ojib. Ojibway (Ojibwa) Mic. Micmac See Also: o. mistrs. / mistrd. mistranslates / mistranslated Ont. Ontario modI. modal opp. opposite Moh. Mohawk orig. originally momy. momentarily (as in "momy. forgets") ord. ordinal motI. motional oxy. oxytone ms. /msws. man speaking / man speaking, woman speaking (usually follows kinship terms) p. paces (as in "23 p." on map) or page See Also: ws. P. Peoria multv. multiplicative pan. panorama Mun. Munsee (Muncey) para. paragraph or paraphernalia Parm. Parmenter (book on birds) n.orN. does not know (L. nescit) (as in "Inft. n."­ parts. particles informant does not know) Pass. Passamoquoddy See Also: nesc. and nt. or Nt. passv. passIve n. north or noun pat. paternal (as in "pat. grm." -paternal grand­ Nat. Dict. Trumbull's Natick Dictionary mother) Nat. Museum United States National Museum pc. personic See Also: U .S.N.M. pd. proofread neg. negative pdI. paradigmatical nesc. doesnotknow(L.n~ci~ Pen. Penobscot (Eastern Abnaki) See Also: n. or N. Pen. Man Frank G. Speck's Penobscot Man n ied. not copied penln. peninsula See Also: ie. / ied. phen. phenomena (natural events) N.J. Delaware Indians of New Jersey phoned recorded on phonographic cylinders non-possI. non-possessional pI. plural nt. or Nt. do not know (L. nesciunt) (as in "Infts. nt."­ plcn(s) placename(s) informants do not know) pIns. plantnames See Also: n. or N. postnI. positional num. numeral pOSSe possessive (as in "poss. pronoun") numd. numeroid post. / postpsn. postposition / postpositional VI/52 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/53

Pot. Potawatomie s. singular (as in "s. you") or south ppp. perfect passive participle Sap. Edward Sapir pres. present Sch. surely clearly heard pnv. privative Sem. Seminole prtv. prioritive Sen. Seneca probe probably sep. separate proncn./ pronunciation / pronounces / pronounced She Shawnee proncs. / S.1. Smithsonian Institution proncd. skm. unidentified abbreviation in Eastern Abnaki gram­ prone / proni. pronoun / pronominal matical notes pt(s). part(s) slipt "slipped," made file slips of data pte. participle sp. / spp. species / species (plural) pu. or Pu. perfectly understood (as in "chpu." -clearly spg. spring (source of water or season) heard, perfectly understood) spn(s) specimen(s) pub. pts. "pubic parts" (genitals) St. F. St. Francis (Western Abnaki) stipe stipulative quest. questionnaire stns. statenames subord. subordination subv. subjective R. River swh. sweathouse rae rancheria syi. / syld. syllable / syllabified (as in "naha', syld. nah-ha' ") Rale Sebastien Rale (Sebastian Rasles) syn. synonomous Ram. Giovanni Battista Ramusio recd. received temp. temporal recIpe reciprocal tho. though refl. reflexive tob. tobacco r(eg). region Top sheet topographical maps of the U.S. Geological Survey reh. rehearing touched up proofread, diacritical marks added See Also: rd. / r(h)g. tpi. triplural (more than two) reI. / relvi. relative / relatival tr. translation (especially marks words which are not rem. remotive cognates or true native terms but are approxima­ rem. / rems. / remember / remembers / remembered tions) remd. trbn(s). tribename(s) res. or Res. reservation tribe tributary rhd. / r(h)g. reheard / rehearing trn. / trng. / translation / translating / translates See Also: reh. trs. rhet. rhetorical (as in "rhet. length") Tus. Tuscarora rsn. rattlesnake R.W. Roger Williams upe. upcreek VI/54 John Peabody Harrington Northeast / Southeast VI/55

ups. upstream SPECIAL ult. ultimate (as in "ult. syl." - ultimate syllable) __d gone over with informant(s) named (as in "Ascd. and ungew. not known (from Ger. ungewissen) Izd." - reheard with Ascenci6n Sol6rsano and See Also: gew. Isabelle Meadows) ungld. unglottalized 66 cross-reference symbol unlv. university + secondary cross-reference symbol or contrasting U.S.N.M. United States National Museum form See Also: Nat. Mus. D ungrammatical, form not accurate or authentic (as in "But D p'un K'ehtIahat, one died. Have to say v. I vI. verb I verbal p'un K'ehta.") v. Ivs. I vd. volunteer I volunteers I volunteered o similar form val. valley * guess, form not verified (as in "Iz. Oct. 1934 adivina Van. (c.) Arent Van Curler * ri' sim.") viI. village (See adivina above.) voc. vocabulary # orb sharp or flat intonation contours Voeg. C. F. Voegelin I, II references to the two volumes of Mathew Schropp vow. vowel Henry's vocabulary vv. vIce versa 1849 references to the Hakluyt version of William Stra­ chey's vocabulary w. west wd. would whm. whiteman or English (as opposed to any Indian lan­ guage) Wn. Washington, D.C. W.O. WalumOlum wpkr. woodpecker ws. woman speaking (usually follows kinship terms) See Also ms. I msws.

y. yellow (as in "y. pine") y. younger (as in "y. bro." -younger brother) yer second person plural yest. yesterday YJ· yellowjacket ym. young man Y. S. Young Sebattis

Z(eis). David Zeisberger Tlu Papers ofJohn Peabody Ham"ngton in tlu Smithsonian Institution, 1907-1957

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