English Monthly from Hyderabad, India Health•Nutrition•Management•Processing•Marketing
Estd. 1993 Annual Subscription: Rs 800 Foreign $ 100 RNI Regn. No. 52899/93 August 2020
Editorial: Work with long term perspective for the industry and for yourself ! Build Amaravati as the pride Capital of A.P in India th 35 Edition from NRS Group
Centre targets scaling up the fisheries sector to help India achieve $ 5 trillion economy 1 8 - 19-20 November 2020
HITEX Exhibition Centre Hitech City, Izzatnagar, Kondapur, Hyderabad, India. Exhibition and Conference on Aquaculture to Update Knowledge and for Better Business Opportunities
Shrimp giants urged to take action over increased disease risks Aquaculture farmers of Andhra Pradesh stare at heavy losses despite rise in production Japan lifts inspection order for Black Tiger shrimps from India
Recognition to the Organizations and CMFRI adjudged as best Individuals for the Excellence and Contribution to Aquaculture Sector research institute under ICAR Contact For Participation Haryana to give 10% subsidy for fisheries
Aquaculture in perspective of Corona virus with emphasis on production optimization and supply Online Edition: www.aquainternational.in
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 5 10-08-2020 18:43:27 SELSAF PROTECTION
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 10 10-08-2020 18:43:32 CONTENTS ADVERTISERS’ INDEX
English Monthly from Hyderabad, India Health•Nutrition•Management•Processing•Marketing Editorial: Amazing Biotech Pvt Ltd 23 Estd. 1993 Annual Subscription: Rs 800 Foreign $ 100 RNI Regn. No. 52899/93 August 2020 13. Work with long term perspective for the industry Anmol Feeds 45 Editorial: Work with long term perspective for the industry ! and yourself !
th 35 Edition from NRS Group B K M N Aqua 39 Biomed Techno Ventures 55 Centre targets scaling up the fisheries sector to help India News: achieve $ 5 trillion economy 1 8 - 19-20 November 2020
HITEX Exhibition Centre Century Aquaculture 66 Hitech City, Izzatnagar, Kondapur, 14. Centre targets scaling up the fisheries Hyderabad, India. Exhibition and Conference on Aquaculture to Update Knowledge and for Better sector to help India achieve $ 5 trillion Business Opportunities Deepak Nexgen Foods & Feeds Pvt Ltd BC Shrimp giants urged to take action over increased disease risks economy. Aquaculture farmers of Andhra Pradesh stare at heavy losses despite Doctor’s Vet-Pharma 32 & 33 rise in production 16. PMMSY Scheme will give a upthrust to Japan lifts inspection order for Black Tiger the Fisheries and Aquaculture Industry in shrimps from India Famsun Co Ltd 15 CMFRI adjudged as best Recognition to the Organizations and India: MoS Union Minister for Fisheries. research institute Individuals for the Excellence and Contribution to Aquaculture Sector under ICAR FECPI India Pvt Ltd 53 Haryana to give 10% Contact For Participation subsidy for fisheries 18. CMFRI adjudged as best research
Aquaculture in perspective of Corona institute. Gentle Bio-Sciences 12 virus with emphasis on production optimization and supply Online Edition: www.aquainternational.in 20. Aquaculture farmers of Andhra Pradesh Gimatex Industries Pvt Ltd 21 AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 1 08-08-2020 11:49:03 stare at heavy losses despite rise in production. Gishnu Gears 43 Godrej Agrovet 67 Golden Marine Harvest 41 English Monthly Magazine (Established in May 1993) Growel Feeds Pvt Ltd 63 Guangzhou Nutriera Biotechnology Co. 64 & 65 Volume 28 Number 04 August 2020 Hitech Pharma 29 Editor & Publisher M. A. Nazeer Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd 49 Editorial & Business Office: Inve Aquaculture 25 AQUA INTERNATIONAL 22. Shrimp giants urged to take action over NRS Publications, increased disease risks. Jay Jay Group 59 BG-4, Venkataramana Apartments, 24. Webinar Talk on Status, Diversity and Kemin Industries 57 11-4-634, A.C.Guards, Trade Prospects of Marine Ornamentals. Hyderabad - 500 004, India. K.G.N. Hatchery 35 Tel: 040 - 2330 3989, 96666 89554 26. Dr Sam Dupont speaks on. E-mail: [email protected] Ocean Acidification. Megaplast India Pvt Ltd 27 Website: www.aquainternational.com 28. Japan lifts inspection order for Black Tiger Megasupply Co. 61 shrimps from India. Annual Subscription Nandini Gears 8 & 9 India : Rs. 800 28. Haryana to give 10% subsidy for fisheries. Foreign Countries : US $ 100 Nihal Traders 22 or its equivalent. Special Feature: Phileo 6 Aqua International will be sent to Poseidon Aqua ifeeder 7 the subscribers in India by Book 36. Aquaculture in perspective of Corona Post and to the foreign subscribers virus with emphasis on production Poseidon Enterprise 47 by AirMail. optimization and supply. Poseidon Microbasia 62 Edited, printed, published and owned by M. A. Nazeer Articles: Sagar Aquaculture Pvt Ltd 51 and published from BG-4, SDC Agrovet (India) Pvt Ltd 3 Venkataramana Apts., 11-4-634, 40. Introduction to Hormone-Induced Reproduction of Fish. A.C.Guards, Hyderabad - 500 004, Shandong Longchang Animal Health 10 India. Printed at Srinivasa 46. Importance of Larval Nutrition in Lithographics. Freshwater Fish Hatchery Industry at Soon Strong Machinery Work Co Ltd 37 Registered with Registrar of West Bengal. Sribs Biotechniqs Pvt Ltd 2 Newspapers for India with Regn. 54. Intelligent Packaging system for No. 52899/93. Postal Regn. No. L II/ Synergy Biotechnologies 30 & 31 RNP/HD/1068/2018-2020. Sea food products. Team Agrotech Pvt Ltd 34 Views and opinions expressed in 58. Stress in aquaculture: a rough guide. the technical and non-technical Transcend Cleantec Pvt Ltd 17 articles/ news are of the authors and not of Aqua International. Uni-President Vietnam Co. Ltd 19 Hence, we cannot accept any liability for any loss or damage Zhanjiang Hengrun Machinery 4 & 5 arising from the use of the information / matter contained in this magazine. - Editor NRS PUBLICATIONS www.aquainternational.in
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 11 10-08-2020 18:43:33 Shrimp
SeedCare
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 12 10-08-2020 18:43:33 From the Editor... EDITORIAL Work with long term perspective for the industry and for yourself ! Build Amaravati as the pride Capital of A.P in India Dear Readers, The proposed Amaravati city is located on the The August 2020 issue banks of river Krishna in Guntur district and of Aqua International the primary city of the state's capital region and is in your hands. the land for Amaravati is selected close to the geographical center of the state. I have been observing Aquaculture industry Amaravati was founded by former Andhra and its Stakeholders Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu for the past 27 years, in 2014 as the Greenfield administrative capital but I am sorry to say city of Andhra Pradesh state, and its foundation that many of the stone was laid at Uddandarayunipalem by the stakeholders and promoters of companies do Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi on 22 not seem to be giving needed emphasis on October 2015. Narendra Modi promised to help long term perspective. If you have long term in developing Amaravati as the Capital of A.P, Our Mission perspective, you will invest money and time but he never showed any interest on it after Aqua International for proper infrastructure facilities with the that. May be Narendra Modi does not want maintenance of quality standards, and to brand the development of Amaravati as it will make will strive to be both Shrimp and Fish products besides Crabs. Chandrababu Naidu to emerge as a strong leader the reliable source If you are really serious about the future of this and administrator in the country, and Modi has of information to industry, you also would have done sufficient to face competition from Chandrababu Naidu at aquaculture industry work and make investment for the promotion of national level. Ego and Jealousness are harming in India. Shrimp and Fish products consumption in the the development of a good capital for the people country. of Andhra Pradesh. AI will give its opinion and suggest As I said in my Editorial in July 2020 issue of AI, Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy who is facing many even if Covid-19 pandemic continues, I do not criminal cases in the court should realize that the industry what see any problem to aquaculture sector as this people of the state voted him to come into is needed in the sector produces and provides nutritious food power as he pleaded the people “to give him a interest of the such as fish, shrimp, crabs etc for the people and chance”, but not that he will pull down whatever stakeholders of the people need these food items all the time to live Chandrababu Naidu took up for the state like industry. and to live healthy. developing Amaravati as the state capital. AI will strive to There is a similar kind of industry – Poultry, With the way the Governor of A.P gave his be The Forum to which is advanced in putting efforts in branding assent on 31 July 2020 paving the way for the Stakeholders and promotion of Egg and Chicken products the formation of three capitals for Andhra of the industry for consumption in the country. The stakeholders Pradesh is a sorrowful thing for the region, and in aquaculture should put concerted efforts for it shows the double standards of the Central development and the promotion of aquaculture and its products Government. Whether Visakhapatnam is made self-regulation. consumption. the Capital of the state or not, it will naturally AI will recognize I appeal to the Farmers, Hatcheries, Feed become a nice city and commercial capital of the efforts and companies, Processors, Health & Nutrition Andhra Pradesh looking at the facilities Vizag contribution has already got. products manufacturers and suppliers, Dealers, of individuals, Intellectuals and all others in aquaculture sector Late Dr Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy during his tenure institutions and to respond and come forward to work together as the Chief Minister of united Andhra Pradesh organizations for for the promotion of consumption of shrimp made a mark with good work which was left the development of and fish products domestically, and also to behind by his predecessor Chandrababu and aquaculture industry attend to resolve other issues of this sector and Jaganmohan Reddy should follow his father’s in the country its stakeholders. foot steps by continuing to develop Amaravati through annual If you all wish, I can take initiative to have a better than what his predecessor Chandrababu meeting of the above mentioned segments to Naidu planned and get people’s appreciation Awards presentation. discuss and to do the needful soon. instead of destroying it. AI will strive to ******************** Let us hope that the High Court will do justice maintain quality and After the bifurcation of united Andhra for the Amaravati to come into true as the standards at all times. Pradesh into two states – Andhra Pradesh and capital city of Andhra Pradesh, which is No.1 in Telangana, the way Mr N. Chandrababu Naidu Aquaculture development in the country. started working to develop a world class state Readers are invited to send their views and headquarter, AMARAVATI for Andhra Pradesh comments on the news, special feature and state, people with in Andhra Pradesh and articles published in the magazine which would all over the country commended him for his be published under “Readers Column”. Time TALK TO US initiative. to time, we shall try to update you on various SEND AN EMAIL: aspects of Aquaculture sector. Keep reading the People had faith that a wonderful city will be [email protected] magazine regularly and update yourself. Wish developed on the name of Amaravati as the head Please do not send attachment. quarter of A.P, as the project was planned and you all fruitful results in your efforts. taken up by Mr Chandrababu Naidu who had FOLLOW US: facebook.com/ the good record of developing Hyderabad as the M.A.Nazeer delightful city with wide and clean roads, Hitech Editor & Publisher aquainternational.nrs City, Outer Ring Road, International Airport etc. Aqua International twitter.com/nrspublications August 2020 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • 13
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statistics show that 28 million fishers and fish Centre targets scaling up the fisheries sector farmers in the country are directly dependent on to help India achieve $ 5 trillion economy fisheries at the primary Fisheries Secretary, Mr Rajeev Ranjan unveils comprehensive level”, he said. plan to usher in Blue Revolution through start-ups, infrastructure Doubling Exports modernization, quality assurance, species diversification, etc. He further said that the union government is looking for doubling the exports of aquaculture production from India, which is the fourth largest seafood exporter and the second largest producer in aquaculture. “Presently, the country’s export from aquaculture production in terms of value is almost $ 7 billion of which the majority share comes from the shrimp export”, he added. Species diversifcation Stressing the need for improving the quality other Chennai: The Centre Chennai-based ICAR-Central focus on developing than focusing on increasing has come up with a Institute of Brackishwater entrepreneurial initiatives quantity, Rajan opined that comprehensive plan to Aquaculture (CIBA). “The and promotion of start-up the government is in favour revamp and accelerate the government is eying a total ecosystems in aquaculture, of producing diversified growth of the fisheries fish production of 220 lakh which has immense aquaculture species, potential in India’s highly sector in India through tonnes in the next five especially indigenous shrimp prospective brackish water various schemes, including years. The latest estimates varieties. He signalled resources, Ranjan added. the recently launched of the fish production shifting of the trend from For making this happen in a ‘Pradhan Mantri Matsya during the period of 2019-20 single focus on vannamei viable means, he suggested Sampada Yojana (PMMSY). in India is close to 15 million to diversified shrimp popularising adequate Explaining the proposed tonnes”, he said. species, including native technologies in the farming. plans of the Union In a bid to boost the pace species such as indicus, government, the Fisheries of initiatives to usher “Promoting start-ups in aquaculture by adopting the Indian white shrimp, Secretary Mr Rajeev Ranjan in the Blue Revolution, the latest technologies in adding that the CIBA could said the government targets the government has the field will help boost the take leadership in taking scaling up the fisheries to unveiled a comprehensive production”, he said. up a flagship programme help India achieve $ 5 trillion plan which aim to enabling the commercial Aquaculture is one of the economy. address infrastructure production of such shrimp technology-driven sectors Citing the latest data, he modernisation, critical gap varieties. in value chain, post-harvest where technologies are claimed that India’s fisheries The conference was management, traceability adopted at a faster rate on a is on a trajectory of progress organised by the Institute and quality control under global scale. Ranjan sought with an average annual Technology Management the PMMSY scheme, he said the support of the CIBA growth rate of close to and Agricultural Business adding that the scheme was in providing the required 11% in the last fiver years. Incubator Unit of ICAR- cleared by the union cabinet technological backstopping “The growth rate of fish CIBA. Dr K.K. Vijayan, recently. “Under various and handholding the start- production of the country Director, ICAR-CIBA, who schemes, the government ups to play an important in the last five years is 7.53% made introductory remarks, is looking forward a total role in taking forward while it is nearly 10% in stressed the need of investment of 9 billion the highly prospective exports”, he added. sector of brackishwater partnership between the dollars in the next five He was speaking after aquaculture in the country, governments, research years from the government inaugurating a digital which is the fourth largest institutions, private sector,” he said. conference on ‘emerging seafood exporter and the sector and the farming technologies in brackiswater Start-ups in aquaculture second largest producer communities, on a P-P-P aquaculture’ hosted by the The government would in aquaculture. The latest mode. 14 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 14 10-08-2020 18:43:34 FAMSUN Co., Ltd. India Office Add: No.1 Huasheng Road, Yangzhou, Add: No 401 , Dega Towers , Raj Bhavan Road , Jiangsu, China 225127 Somajiguda , Hyderebad , Telangana - 500082 T:+86-514-87848880 T: +62-21-30027458; 30027459 E-mail:[email protected] Contact: Arun Kumar K Contact: Shelby www.famsungroup.com E-mail : [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Mob: +91 9901916554 Mob: +91 9100436652
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Representing Assam, Minister for Fisheries, PMMSY Scheme will give a upthrust to the Govt of Assam, Mr Parimal Fisheries and Aquaculture Industry in India: Suklabaidya said that state has taken aggressive MoS Union Minister for Fisheries implementation of various schemes to support the assistance received from sector to provide the Research and Development livelihood. He said there Fund of National Bank is no shortage of water for Agriculture and Rural bodies and spaces in Development (NABARD). Assam however until few years back, 1/3 of Minister of Fisheries, fish were brought from Govt of Mizoram, Mr K. outside before our govt. Lalrinliana said that state He further stated that of Mizoram welcomes “under leadership of the the scheme by Union CM started a scheme : government and is keen ‘Ghare Ghare Pukhuri to start implementation. Ghare Ghare Maach’, which Further, adding to this, he translates every house to said “Mizoram is lacking have a pond, state took on certain inputs to increase this mission. The loan was per area production such arranged from NABARD New Delhi: MoS, Fisheries, by the ASSOCHAM on as fingerlings and fish feed, and as of today state has Animal Husbandry and “Fisheries and Aquaculture which are mostly imported developed 12000 ponds and Dairying, Govt. of India, Mr Industry in COVID Times: from other states. Mizoram production has begun. The Pratap Chandra Sarangi Challenges and a Roadmap is producing around 50% of scheme supported meeting addressed the fisheries Ahead on July 16, 2020. its fish requirement and the the demand for the local and aquaculture industry Along with the presence of state has been importing consumption of the state on the current scenario MoS, Fisheries, Mr Pratap from neighbouring states as during Covid times as well of the fisheries industry. Chandra Sarangi as the Chief well as from neighbouring as neighouring states of He further highlighted the Guest. The digital session countries – Myanmar and Meghalaya and Mizoram best practices involved has gained more value and Bangladesh. The state is also were supplied the stocks.” and executed by the Union insights with the presence slowly moving in exploring He concluded his message Government in the revival of of Minister, Environment innovative practices such as with conveying thanks to the economy in this sector. and Forests, Excise and Crab Farming, Ornamental Union Government for Mr Sarangi said, “The Fisheries, Govt of Assam, fish farming, breeding of launching PMMSY scheme. package of 20,000 crores, Mr Parimal Suklabaidya and indigenous aquatic species covered under the scheme Minister of Fisheries, Govt etc”. Commenting on Giving more technical PMMSY of Union Govt of Mizoram Mr K. Lalrinliana PMMSY he said, “The supply insight about the PMMSY will help the Industry of as a Guest of Honour. of inputs in the PMMSY scheme, the Secretary, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Scheme leans towards first Department of Fisheries, On behalf of ASSOCHAM, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal inside-out. A lot of sub year inputs for the new Mr Deepak Sood, Secretary- Husbandry & Dairying, schemes are covered under ponds and new rearing area General, ASSOCHAM, Govt of India, Dr Rajeev the umbrella of PMMSY construction. He would welcomed the panelists Ranjan, IAS said, “The Scheme. This scheme will like to propose supply of which were present from scheme was started in make the fisheries industry inputs for already existing across the nation and fish pond. Majority of the May 2020 with an array of self reliant, matching the outside. In the presence of farmers are poor and are 100 diverse activities. With idea of Prime Minister, the Union MoS Fisheries Below Poverty Line (BPL) the budget of Rs. 20,050 Mr Narendra modi.” He Minister, Fisheries, Govt families who cannot afford crore, it is by far the largest further added that not only of Assam, Mr Parimal to purchase the necessary investment in the fisheries the sector will experience Suklabaidya and Minister inputs from their own sector. The strategy an upthrust but also willl of Fisheries, Govt of pockets. Therefore, special along with the concerted generate employment to Mizoram, Mr K. Lalrinliana, consideration for supply of and collaborative efforts more than 50 lac people Mr Deepak launched a inputs to the existing water between the stakeholders across the nation. knowledge report prepared area, will greatly increase and government is This discussion was held in by ASSOCHAM with the fish production of the required in order to achieve a webinar was organised the help of the financial state.” ambitious targets under the 16 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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scheme. These targets are Program Coordinator, The University and Dr PE Vijay bodies of Fisheries and Rs. 1,00,000 crore fisheries Southeast Asian Fisheries Anand, Senior Consultant, Aquaculture Industry/ export, additional 70 lakh Development Center Global Emerging, Markets leading industrialists, tonnes fish production, (SEAFDEC), Bangkok, Development US Soybean exporters, educationists, and generation of 55 lakh Thailand, thanked the Export Council. bureaucrats, FPOs, and employment in the next five ASSOCHAM for inviting him The session was be other industry professionals years among the others.” in this webinar, he shared attended by major industry across the nation. The state partners of the role of SEAFDEC which this digital session are is an internal governmental Government of Karnataka organization established and Government of Andhra since 1967. According to Pradesh. Further, the Dr Wanchana, “There is CMFRI adjudged as best session is supported by moderate impact in the research institute NABARD and Gujarat State fresh food products, the Biotechnology Mission and domestic consumption is under ICAR MPEDA. reduced, demand from the factories were decreased “The Marine Products CMFRI wins ICAR’s highest award and regarding the ready to Exports Development eat products the impact is Kochi : The Central Marine Authority, is also helping to low as it also impacted the Fisheries Research Institute revive the sector by taking chilled and frozen products (CMFRI) has been adjudged various timely measures. In like salmon and Mrmps. The as the best research such a difficult time, it is the orders from the importing institute of the Indian prime concern of MPEDA countries cancelled or Council of Agricultural to provide unique solutions postponed. Also commercial Research (ICAR). The to the problems faced by fisheries being unable to CMFRI won the Sardar the Marine Industry bodies, conduct fishing activities Patel Outstanding ICAR ensuring smooth and proper due to social distancing institutions award, the operation of the sector measures and prohibition of highest award of the ICAR along with maintaining foreign crew to enter other with a cash prize of Rs one quality and implemented countries due to lockdown lakh, in the category of the various programs to meet measures.” large institutions. This is the required concerns in recognition of CMFRI’s regarding food safety.” said The other speakers in excellent performance in Chairman, MPEDA, Mr K S the session were from a diverse background across marine fisheries research Srinivas, IAS the nation, they discussed during the period from 2014 a major role in winning the Mr Subrata Mandal, Chief and bring out all the to 2019. award. In addition, CMFRI’s General Manager, NABARD, possible ways to cope up This is the second time efforts on preparing a range West Bengal, said “The with the current situation CMFRI bagging this of policy briefs, including Fisheries and Aquaculture faced by the fisheries prestigious award. Research the works on minimum sector is moderately and aquaculture industry works for the development legal size (MLS), ecosystem- impacted in COVID time, inside the nation. The of mariculture activities based management and majorly due to the migration other eminent speakers of such as open sea cage fish light fishing, towards the of the labour and the other the session, representing farming, seaweed farming, sustainable utilization of problems faced by the the interest of industry integrated multi-trophic marine fisheries resources fishers at individual level. bodies were Mr Jagdish aquaculture (IMTA) which were appreciated. I am sure that the sector Fofandi, National President, were aimed to enhance Earlier, the CMFRI received will rise again and more Seafood Exporters the income of fishermen this award in 2007. The growth will be seen this Association of India & helped CMFRI achieving Central Institute for time from past. The Govt of MD Deepmala Marine the highest ranking among Research on Cotton India is constantly putting Exports, Mr Rajamanohar more than 150 agricultural Technology, Mumbai won a lot of efforts in coping up Somasundaram, Co-founder and allied research institutes the award in the category with such difficult situation. & CEO, Aqua Connect, Dr in the country. Its research of small institutes, while Further, at NABARD, we Manoj M Sharma, Director, initiatives in developing Govind Ballabh Pant are also dedicated to help Mayank Aquaculture, nutraceutical prdocuts from University of Agriculture each and every fisher by Pvt. Ltd., Prof Baskaran marine organisms to treat and Technology, Pantnagar, supporting them financially. Manimaran, Founder type 2 diabetes, arthritis, Uttarakhand was selected On the panelist Dr Worawit Vice-Chancellor (Retd.), obesity, thyroid and as the best agricultural Wanchana, Policy and Tamil Nadu Fisheries hypertension also played university under ICAR. 18 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Aquaculture farmers of Andhra Odisha, West Bengal and other places. They went to Pradesh stare at heavy losses despite their native places in April- end and haven’t returned rise in production yet. Somehow we are pulling through. Usually, we sell our produce to the local processing unit agents and they, in turn, export it to China, UK, America and the like. But due to ongoing stand-off between India and China, exports to that country were hit and taking it as pretext, export agents are not offering a good price for our produce,” K Suresh Kumar, an aqua farmer from Ongole said. Speaking to TNIE, Suryamitra Group of Companies managing director Surya Rao Irrinki Vijayawada: The months Nellore and to an extent in shrimp, which is marketed said, shortage of workers is from April to June is the Guntur districts. Situation to other countries. the major problem. “ Due harvesting season for fish is not so good in any of the However, during the first to shortage of workers, and prawn in the State districts and all the aqua half of the lockdown -- from 300 tonnes of produce in as the temperatures are farmers are doing now is the last week of March to the company unprocessed. conducive for processing, to pray for the return of June first week — aqua It is perishable and if it is packing and export. normalcy. exporters are facing twin- not processed in time, we will suffer heavy losses,” he But unfortunately, with Of the fish produced in pronged problems, shipping said. Only 150 out of 1,000 the COVID-19 crisis, the Andhra Pradesh, 75 to 80 to other countries has workers are coming to the aquaculture sector was per cent of Indian major been restricted and lack company, though it is taking badly hit and the damage of manpower for packing. carps (Catla, Rohu and all protective measures. is yet to be assessed, but Exports of aqua products Mrigal) are consumed in Owing to huge demand experts say that significant to other countries have Eastern India and in North from Tamil Nadu, Karnataka losses could not be ruled dropped in April and May by India, while 90 per cent and other places, fish out. 30 per cent this year when of Pangasius is consumed farmers in Nellore harvested compared to last year. Aqua farmers say though in North India. A majority the crop, but owing to they are producing of the shrimp produced In Prakasam, shrimp/ restrictions, the prices have enough, there is a lack of is exported to the US, pisciculture is taken up dropped. market for their produce European Union, China and in 29,000 acres and the Krishna district fisheries due to COVID-19 crisis Japan. Local consumption harvest was good this department joint director and subsequent worker of the fish and shrimp is year. Though the farmers Sk Lal Mohamed said due shortage. Further, market less. In other other words, supplied shrimp to to dip in the demand, transactions across the the domestic market is not processing plants, shortage there has been a fall in fish country have slowed down, the main income generation of workers has proved to be exports. About 350 to 400 which has resulted in price avenue for the aqua a stumbling block. truck loads of fish used to drop. farmers. “Since lockdown restrictions be exported to other States Shrimp and fish farming is In Nellore district, are in force, we are facing earlier; it has reduced to extensively taken up in twin- aquaculture is taken up shortage of skilled labourers 150 and 200 trucks now, Godavari districts (East and in 11,400 hectares in all 12 as most of the aquafarm according to Express News West), Krishna, Prakasam, coastal mandals. Mostly it is caretakers are from Service. 20 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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chronic economic impacts International supplies of associated with established good quality broodstock Shrimp giants urged diseases and ultimately to hatcheries have been lead to a more resilient and limited by transportation to take action over robust shrimp industry,” disruptions. As the wrote the companies. “The international market for increased disease risks economic costs of investing shrimp picks up, increased The governments of the five largest shrimp in good health control demand for juvenile shrimp systems, best management may overshadow proper producing nations have been urged to take practices in farms and inspection and controls. increased and immediate action to address hatcheries, epidemiological There is no direct danger the continued outbreak and emergence of analysis, and emergency to consumers from these response planning is diseases, but the loss of new diseases in shrimp farms. minimal when compared to income impacts millions of the tens of billions of dollars farmers’ livelihoods. More than 25 major retailers Foods, Lyons Seafoods, that diseases cost the More than five million and seafood companies and Marks and Spencer, industry every year.” tonnes of shrimp are farmed the Sustainable Fisheries Sainsbury’s, Seafresh Retailers are concerned around the world. It is Partnership (SFP) have Group, Sunnyvale Seafood, that disease outbreaks in America’s favourite seafood signed the letter, which was Sustainable Fisheries the shrimp sector, such and is consistently among sent to the governments Partnership, Tesco, The as took place in 2012-2013 the top five seafood imports of China, India, Indonesia, Co-op, The Fishin’ Company, across much of Asia, could in Europe. The FAO and Thailand and Vietnam. Waitrose & Partners, and easily return WorldFish estimate that five “Governments need to the UK Seafood Industry The risks to shrimp farms million people are employed take action now to stop Alliance. are also magnified by directly on shrimp farms and disease outbreaks in shrimp Given the major supply chain the COVID-19 pandemic, an additional five million in farms,” said Anton Immink, disruptions and massive according to SFP. related supply chains. aquaculture director at economic losses caused by SFP. “Disease disrupts diseases that spread rapidly the reliability of supply across Asia in 2012 and 2013, chains, threatens seafood the companies strongly sustainability and jobs, appealed to governments and continually costs the to get ahead of the situation industry billions of dollars this time. All major shrimp each year.” producing countries have
Retailers are concerned that disease outbreaks in the shrimp sector, such as took place in 2012-2013 across much of Asia, could easily return
The companies and trade already committed to follow associations signing the international guidelines letter include: AquaStar, for necessary controls Beaver Street Fisheries, issued by the UN Food and Chicken of the Sea, Fortune Agriculture Organization International, HighLiner (FAO) and the World Animal Foods, Hilton Seafood UK, Health Organization (OIE). IDH the Sustainable Trade “Acting now will help to Initiative, Labeyrie Fine prevent a repeat of the 22 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 22 10-08-2020 18:43:42 Microbiology
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between Mandapam and Tuticorin; establishing size- Webinar Talk on Status, Diversity based limitations: brooders and Trade Prospects of Marine and newly-recruited juveniles can be avoided; Ornamentals labeling of Orn species as captive-bred or eco-friendly The National Webinar worldwide; ‘Nemo’ effect of from India during 2014-2015 collected particularly on Legal Framework clownfishes and breeding was US$ 10,605; Bangalore during transportation and for Coastal and Marine protocol of 30 species of (52.9%) and Mumbai (47.1%) sale; creating SHGs in this Biodiversity Conservation clownfishes developed are points of export. Govt sector for income/livelihood was organized by Centre in India and abroad; of India in 2000 included 24 development for women for Climate Change Studies, Amphiprion ocellaris and A. sp of marine molluscs along entrepreneurs. In the end, Sathyabama Institute of percula as top 2 species in with all reef-building corals he emphasized about Science and Technology, clownfishes; films Finding under Sch-I and Sch-IV of participatory approach Chennai during July 27-29, Nemo and Finding Dory Wildlife Protection Act, for sustainable utilization 2020. As a part of it, Dr S. released in 2003 (that 1972. CITES, Global Marine of resources and proper Prakash, Scientist-C and influenced and increased Aquarium Database and Law management in India; top Fullbright-Nehru Fellow of sales of marine ornamentals Enforcement Management authorities like MPEDA, this Centre spoke on coastal by 3 times) and 2016 (Dory Inf Sys (LEMIS) are taking MoEFCC, NBA can help and marine biodiversity with parrot surgeon bred in care and regulating marine stakeholders (fishermen, emphasis on ornamental captivity for 1st time in Orn trade. collectors, wholesalers, (Orn) trade, with the Florida in 2016) respectively. Dr Prakash discussed retailers, exporters, title ‘Reef to aquarium: Total trade value in 2014 about recommendations hobbyists, researchers, status, diversity and trade was US$ 10 billion with 10% like prioritizing existing conservationists, NGOs) in prospects of marine annual increase. policies WPA, CRZ, regularizing the Orn trade ornamentals’. Extensive study was done Biological Diversity and and utilizing it sustainably. Animals like sea anemones, by this institute during 2014- Fishery Regulation Acts; Livelihood development and both Orn fishes and 2015 on marine aquarium strengthening research on conservation must always shrimps collected from trade in Indian perspective. species-based taxonomy, move in parallel. coral reef environment Mostly restricted to GoM natural stock/population In this Webinar, Ms P. M. cover hundreds of miles to area, almost 87 sp of fishes assessment data and Vatsala, Advocate, Madras reach aquarium at homes, and 21 sp of invertebrates species biology; destructive High Court spoke on ‘Legal airports and other buildings. involved in trade. fishing practices to be framework policy for the Mostly collected from Clownfishes and damsels banned; understanding conservation of marine Indo-Pacific, Red Sea and are captive-bred, NBFGR knowledge of elderly biodiversity in India’ and and other institutes started Caribbean Sea, nearly 35 Indian fishermen can be Dr Amit Kumar, Scientist-C producing marine Orn lakh people worldwide are considered and should be of this Centre spoke on involved in this trade. Dr shrimps in captive condition. educated and let know ‘Indian patent scenarios Prakash further discussed A. sebae ranks 1st among the exact fishes supplied for the microorganisms about how Orn fishes, both top 10 fishes in Indian trade, in trade; enforcing of and their products’. News cultured and wild-ones 16sp under family Labridae licensing methods for Orn communicator Subrato reach to hobbyists from which is maxm, 12 sp under fish collection, 150-200nos Ghosh participated in it producers/collectors; eco- Pomacentridae and 11 sp Orn fish collectors exist in entirely. friendly collection of marine under Chaetodontidae. ornamentals practiced in Dr Prakash stated that Gulf of Mannar (GoM) and proper infrastructure is Palk Bay by native Tamil not there after collecting Nadu fishermen; explained fishes from wild waters. biological features of Mandapam, Keezhakarai trade-important Orn fishes and Tuticorin are major hubs English Monthly Magazine viz., clownfishes, damsels, of marine Orn fishes in GoM sergeants, angelfish, (mostly fish wholesalers butterflyfish, cardinalfish, present in Tuticorin). Annual Subscription Cost: Rs. 800 surgeonfish, triggerfish; Invertebrates mostly family Pomacentridae caught are Stichodactyla constituting most of haddoni, Periclimenes BG-4, Venkataramana Apts,11-4-634, A. C. Guards, marine aquarium trade brevicarpalis, Ophidiaster Hyderabad 500 004, Telangana, India. of Orn fishes; marine Orn confertus, Rhynchocinetes Tel: 040 - 2330 3989 | M: 96666 89554 biodiversity and trade flow durbanensis. Export value E: [email protected] 24 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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laboratory nor equipments) to increase capability of Dr Sam Dupont speaks on getting the needed data to adapt to and/or mitigate OA. Ocean Acidification We need to measure pH and other parameters at site and aquaculture importance Marine Ecology Laboratory (8.1 to 7.9) and died in seven have right data and measure in west coast of USA in at Department of Life days. response of OA on marine 2007, scientists observed Sciences, Presidency OA created a positive ecosystem, understand that oyster farmers could University, Kolkata, WB impact to sea star local problems/challenges. not produce spats in in collaboration with Crossaster papposus with He adopted simplified hatcheries, leading to Aquaphile organized a increase in growth rate of methodology in teaching, neither production nor two-day International its juveniles. The pH 5.4 is focuses on developing lab income. They collect Webinar on ‘Aquatic not stressful for deep-sea and doing science with little Ecosystem: Prospect and mussels but mussels near oysters from open sea infrastructure. In Level-III, Future Challenges’ during coast get super-stressed and produce baby ones in biological OA experiments controlled conditions; the July 18-19, 2020. As a part at pH 5.0. With formation designed and OA juveniles/spats produced of it, Dr Sam Dupont, of Centre for Collective measurements in western are stocked in nearshore Associate Professor, Action Research, Dr Dupont Indian Ocean done in 2018 cages and reared till Department of Biological emphasized on the kind of and as Level-IV of capacity marketable size. Due to and Environmental Sciences, scientific information that building training, global OA, pH of ocean water University of Gothenburg, will drive changes in citizens collaborative research was too low for oysters Sweden spoke on the and policies. As Mitigation undertaken (2018-2022) to to produce normal larvae topic ‘Get ready for ocean and Adaptation strategies evaluate the impacts of OA that can turn to juveniles. acidification (OA)’. Dr to reduce CO2 emissions, on seafoods. It was observed that these Dupont discussed about he spoke about changing According to Dr Dupont, oysters cope up with OA the kind of science we our ways to do science to local solutions can be well except 24 hours in need to address the issue have impact on society and developed but often data of increasing CO2 emission citizens and targeting them; their development, when stage trochophore larvae are lacking and capacity in atmosphere. OA is importance of effective building is the key. We not climate change issue scientific communication; advance to D-shaped larvae. Former start precipitating need both Mitigation (unlike global warming, information obtained from and Adaptation; focus, ice melting, sea level rise, CaCO3 skeleton but at low research done in chemistry identify and understand hypoxia, salinity change) pH (experimentally exposed and biology of OA is shared science priorities for but is a consequence of CO2 to it), they cannot do it and with stakeholders. His doing something useful; emission. OA is happening die. As means of changing experiments on impact of understand the science as evident from classic culture method, farmers OA on taste of northern that is needed for driving CO2 record monitoring shrimp, a seafood of high thought that this 24-hour global and local changes station at Mauna Loa in demand in Swedish meal, period must be optimized, and actions; motivate policy Hawaii. He discussed about had good scientific and to ensure optimal condition makers about leading to a formation of carbonic popular impact as shrimps for precipitation of their change in CO2 emission and acid in ocean; decrease in of future (experimentally skeleton/shell and then ocean pH by 0.4-0.5 by year exposed to low pH) have they can resume as usual. about best science we can 2100 if we keep emitting been found not to taste as This is ‘Changing the way do locally to implement a CO2 as today (doubling good as of today’s shrimps. to do aquaculture’, an change in ways of people. of acidity); its adverse He experienced that people ‘Adaptation’ strategy to OA. UN Decade for Ocean impact upon oceanic life are willing to change with Companies attributing Science will start and there forms particularly those science bringing emotional to CO2 production and will be more opportunity with exposed CaCo3 response and his goal is OA in that coast were for OA research. Dr Dupont structure; increase in to drive societal change identified; policy makers ended by saying that there bicarbonate ion and CO2 and science targeting talked with oyster farmers is enough evidence to be and decrease in carbonate local values, people will about the issue but it will virtually certain that OA will ion and pH in course of time; care about it. ‘Mitigation’ take years to check CO2 have drastic consequences seawater will turn more requires coordinated emission. So alternative for marine species, corrosive; negative impact action from all around the action is Adaptation. Dr ecosystem and associated observed upon marine world at same time. As Dupont emphasized on services. We will choose calcifiers (sea urchins, a local challenge, oyster having adaptive laboratory, to protect and rescue oysters, phytoplankton farmers in Hong Kong must knowledge, required the ocean in this decade, coccolithophores); coral produce this resource, capability, capacity building. which are facing wide reefs will not be maintained thus management and Since 2014, he is giving basic range of global stressors as polyps have been found adaptation as local options trainings on OA research in today. News communicator unable to maintain healthy should be developed from countries in Latin America, Subrato Ghosh was a careful skeleton. Brittle stars larvae local data. parts of Africa and Asia listener in Dr Dupont’s talk in Atlantic Ocean could not In a case study on impact (which are poor in data, and participated in this survive in 0.2 pH decrease of OA on oysters of its collection, with no Webinar. 26 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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system, called Shaphari, certification would enable which guarantees quality aqua farmers to freely Japan lifts inspection shrimp post larvae (PL) validate online that the and authenticates their post larvae shrimp offered order for Black Tiger quality in the competitive by hatcheries across the international market. It is country are antibiotic-free. shrimps from India an end-to-end solution that The entire process has been enables MPEDA to audit the designed to guarantee post larvae shrimps offered the cent per cent healthy Kochi: Japan has lifted A 2 –member expert team by hatcheries across the products so as to boost inspection order for had surveyed the Black country.” marine products exports as Indian Black Tiger shrimps Tiger shrimp hatcheries, He said the rigorous well. (Penaeus monodon) after and farms, and processing the export consignments units that export the variety of this shrimp were found during March 2020 ahead free from any residue of of this order. Haryana to give 10% synthetic anti-bacterial drug Welcoming the lifting furazolidone. of inspection order by subsidy for fisheries This has been conveyed Japan, Mr K S Srinivas IAS, by Food Inspection and Chairman, MPEDA said it is Safety Division of Japan’s a validation of the relentless Ministry of Health, Labour efforts undertaken by and Welfare (MHLW) to MPEDA in raising the the Embassy of India in request at various platforms Japan, Export Inspection and through its Trade Council of India and the promotion Office in Tokyo. Marine Products Export He added that MPEDA Development Authority through its field offices and (MPEDA). society named National The MHLW has also Centre for Sustainable reduced import inspection Aquaculture, had been sampling frequency for constantly educating Black Tiger shrimp to 30 per cent from the current the farmers on Better 100 percent. Order related Management Practices with furazolidone was (BMPs) and the ill-effects on CHANDIGARH: In a bid to Sharing details about implemented in accordance usage of unknown inputs promote fisheries, Haryana recirculating aquaculture with Section 3, Article 26 of which may contain residues government has decided system, he said earlier, fish the Food Sanitation Act of of antimicrobial substances to provide a subsidy up to farming was done in ponds, Japan. Black Tiger shrimp, like furazolidone. 40% to people belonging which used to yield about commonly known as the Mr Srinivas said the MPEDA to general category and 5 to 7 tonnes of fish only. giant tiger prawn or Asian has also been making up to 60% to women But now, by setting up a Tiger shrimp, is a popular sustained efforts to revive and scheduled castes fixed overhead tank, the seafood delicacy the world the production of Black to start their business, cultivation will increase to over and also forms an Tiger shrimps by supplying a spokesperson of the 30 to 35 tonnes through the important segment of high health seeds of department said. recirculating aquaculture India’s marine products the variety from its new Unemployed youth can systems. With this, the export basket. Japan Multispecies Aquaculture also earn a better livelihood profits of fishermen will consumes nearly 40% of Complex (MAC) at by adopting fisheries as also increase manifold. He India’s Black Tiger shrimp Vallarpadam in Kochi. The a business option, the said this cultivation can be exports, while it enjoys seeds supplied by MAC have spokesperson said, adding done in both sweet and salt niche markets in EU and shown a rapidly growing that no qualification is water. USA also. interest among the farmers required to start this Mainly, fish species The MHLW, in a to raise the disease-free business. Any person including rohu, catla, mrigal, communication to its chiefs variety, he pointed out. starting this business needs common carp, grass carp of Quarantine Station, has The present decision by only one acre of land. Any and Indian major carp are also conveyed that due Japan will give an impetus interested person can start cultivated in fresh water. to lift of Inspection Order to the farming and export fish farming on his own land Similarly, white shrimp can related with furazolidone on of Black Tiger variety which or by taking land on lease. be cultivated in saltwater. Indian cultured Black Tiger has been shadowed by the He said that on one acre of Shrimp is sold in the market shrimp, the frequency of mass production of exotic land, a special pond needs at around Rs 300 to 350 per monitoring inspection will vannamei variety during the to be constructed for fish kg. be revised to 30% based on last 10 years. farming. After this, the cost Approximately 30 tonnes of Imported Foods Monitoring Mr Srinivas has also of construction is subsidized fisheries per hectare can be and Guidance Plan FY2019 mentioned about the directly through DBT to cultivated, which can be a and it is added to Schedule-2 recently launched the bank account of the good profitable business, he of monitoring notification. antibiotic-free certification beneficiary. informed. 28 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 33 10-08-2020 18:44:18 CPM Dryer
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 35 10-08-2020 18:44:20 SPECIAL FEATURE Aquaculture in perspective of Corona virus with emphasis on production optimization and supply
Highlight Points
Aquaculture production has been reduced somehow for some restrictions due to present pandemic. It is explained details for fish & shrimp farming in India. Logistics and seed availability are the major troubles for both. Proper strategy and correct measures will reduce the impacts & maintain productivity. Shift from traditional unfed polyculture to productive fed system will gain the production. Shrimp ponds with cost control, nursery, barramundi culture & biosecurity will be beneficial.
Dr B.M. Hasan General Manager, Anmol Feeds Pvt Ltd, New Town, Kolkata, W.B
Indian aquaculture and worldwide in general is facing FISH FARMING: tremendous pressure on the business stability and its • Fry production & supply was hampered in hatcheries since sustainability. India is 2nd top producer of aquaculture Feb-March products with huge potential of high production, and export. Although Covid-19 does not affect fish or shrimp but the • For Log down transportation was not smooth even though sector is still subject to indirect impacts of the pandemic there was exemption through market access, production and customer demands • Stocking is delaying by 3-4 months thus affecting related to boarder and transportation which disrupts the production, supply and sale production and prospects. It directly affects the farmers’ • Unable to harvest in time for low demand & logistics issue, plan of harvest or stocking in right time with poor income FCR & production cost increased generation. For poor availability, public in general deprive of • Pangus harvest is still seriously affected as maximum is animal protein related to nutrition or high price of the food supplied in restaurants and it’s closed till date items as supply chain has come to almost standstill. • FCR is getting high for inability to harvest; cost of Confusing and misleading information on seafood caused production increases declining consumption and price fall, less stocking with fears amongst farmers as less movement of seeds from one place • Overall production & cycle goes beyond target (70% to another, and uncertainty about the future selling price culture is ongoing) during harvest primarily for shrimp. Airlifting of SPF vannamei SHRIMP FARMING: broodstock from other countries struck up resulting • The COVID-19 lockdown at the end of March significantly unavailability of good quality seeds. The decline in feed impacted the supply of seeds and the subsequent stocking production was caused by the COVID-19 regulations, which of ponds and stocking was only 25-30% average including resulted by manpower shortage, issues with raw materials’ AP. Now it improves only 40-50% till June. logistics and fluctuating demand in the market. Export has been hampered for low capacity of buying globally, limited • Due to uncertainty in international markets, farmers shipping facility or lacking of products. Below schematic carried out emergency harvests of ponds even in smaller graphs are presented predicting the market scenario in the sizes, and farm gate price started to fall during the second supply chain in the current year primarily for low production: week of March and continued declining regardless of IMPACTS OF THE LOCKDOWN: shrimp size – might be for dynamic export markets and caution on the part of buyers In India impacts on aquaculture and supply is tremendous since February. One in 10 persons in India directly or indirectly • Availability of labor and logistics for proper functioning involved in aquaculture business. Restrictions of Covid of the industry (farm, hatchery, feedmill, processing, caused significant manpower scarce in the industry making and shipping) remains a key challenge across different the factory or farms functioning with less capacity. Recent segments of integrated aquaculture outbreak in June and surge of Covid-19 further cause great • 50-60% of productive ponds are not stocked for the concern for logistics and production for both fish and shrimp. dilemma & uncertainty; moreover good SPF fry has the Export was halted and started with small sizes for China & acute shortage, and white spot disease has started in rainy bigger sizes for USA. season 36 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 37 10-08-2020 18:44:21 SPECIAL FEATURE
• Export is affected a lot for logistics issue & market dilemma. Demand has been generated but materials (shrimp) are not available in the ponds or processing plants. STRATEGY & INTEGRATED APPROACH: Subscribe to Managing aquaculture operations in challenging times is of Aqua International Prime importance. Industry needs to keep updated for the Aqua International and Update yourself farmers for its sustainable fish production. Little has been National English Monthly on Aquaculture on Aquaculture regularized since February and still needs to do more. Even in Covid outbreak, following measures could be taken to 1 Year (12 issues): Rs 800 2 Year (24 issues): Rs 1500 maintain its production volume and supply to markets. A 3 Year (36 issues): Rs 2100 5 Year (60 issues): Rs 3500 promising action plan to consider in this crisis ridden period: • High value fish culture to practice (pabda, koi, singhi, bhetki) besides IMC, Pangus, Tilapia • SPF shrimp broodstock started to imported to catch up stocking plan; farm gate prices at par at present • Low stocking density with simple culture within carrying capacity of the ponds emphasizing clear focus on medium count (50-60) or size (18-20 g) for the international and domestic markets • Increasing awareness of shrimp in the domestic market would help support the industry where Govt has a role to promote it with subsidy towards more sustainable production and benefits • Innovative approaches (low density low DOC, only SPF fry stocking and usage of nursery , Maintaining low production cost by optimizing growth, survival, pond management, stress reduction, health management & biosecurity, marketing) • Use of Auto feeder (reducing dependency on work force & accuracy) • Better pond and feed management practices to improve for responsible yields, and for successful and profitable production- farmers has to be updated on market dynamics and technology • India’s shrimp exports may increase due to possible global shortages by major producing countries • Keeping records by monitoring water quality, FCR & costs Farmer Hatchery Feed Manufacturer • With expertise only-Biofloc, RAS, Aquaponics can be tried to produce in intensive way Healthcare & Nutrition Co. Technical Expert • Shrimp ponds can be stocked alternately with Barramundi Aerators & Equipment Suppliers Consultant (bhetki), tilapia to compensate the production rather than Processing / Exporter Insurance Company keeping empty ponds Dealer / Distributor for: Seed / Feed / Healthcare & • Sanitary measures (facial mask, social distance, gloves) Nutrition Products / Equipment Others need to use for all activities from pond feeding to processing LOOKING FORWARD:
• Interventions from Govt are required more to make good AQUA INTERNATIONAL, policies to support the farmers. Insurance for the crop loss or zero production for some crisis is of prime importance.
• Subsidy to the farmers for feed and seed will be helpful to www.aquainternational.in optimize production efficiency. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] • Resurgence of black tiger shrimp (P. monodon) or alternate Website: www.aquainternational.in species as blue shrimp (P. stylirostris) can be introduced as back up shrimp species. Sea bass, sea bream culture has to initiate as this is expensive marine fishes, and we don’t have enough hatcheries to supply the seeds. • Conversion from traditional unfed Contd on Page 44 38 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 38 10-08-2020 18:44:21 BKMN AQUA SPF L. VANNAMEI SEED PRODUCTION CENTER VIJAYAWADA | ONGOLE | BAPATLA | PONDICHERRY “YOUR SUCCESS IS OUR GOAL”
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/BKMNAquaHatcheries /BKMNAqua Toll Free : 1800 572 6232
August 2020 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • 39
AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 39 10-08-2020 18:44:22 ARTICLE Introduction to Hormone-Induced… Introduction to Hormone-Induced Reproduction of Fish Highlight Points
Fish in captivity exhibit different forms of reproductive dysfunction. Reproductive dysfunction occur at different levels of reproductive brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis. Natural and synthetic hormone analogue can be used to stimulate the gonadal growth, maturation and spawning in captivity.
M. Saravanan Thirumullaivasal - 609113, Sirkazhi, Tamil Nadu.
Introduction Fish have evolved to reproduce under environmental Among the most significant advancements in the field of conditions that are favorable to the survival of the young. aquaculture during recent decades is the development of techniques to induce reproduction in fish. These techniques have allowed farmers to profitably breed and raise species that do not naturally reproduce in captivity, and to manipulate the timing of reproduction to suit production cycles. Some species will not readily breed in captivity due to environmental or culture conditions that are different from those found in nature, such as water temperature or substrate type. These conditions may cause stress or may not provide the cues needed to complete the reproductive process. Long before spawning, seasonal cues begin the process of Fish in captivity may not always reproduce at the most maturation. In many fish, this can take up to a year. When advantageous time, and alteration of the spawning cycle may the gametes have matured, an environmental stimulus may be desirable. This allows a farmer to: signal the arrival of optimal conditions for the fry, triggering 1. Obtain fish outside of the normal spawning season either ovulation and spawning. Examples of environmental stimuli to lengthen time for grow-out or to produce hybrids with are changes in photoperiod, temperature, rainfall, and food other species; availability. A variety of sensory receptors detect these cues, 2. Improve efficiency by getting fish to spawn ona including the eye, pineal gland (an organ in the dorsal part of predetermined date; and the forebrain that is sensitive to light), olfactory organs, taste 3. Maximize survival by fertilizing and incubating eggs under buds, and thermo receptors. hatchery conditions. Where successful, techniques for altering the spawning cycle of fish have become a valuable The hypothalamus, located at the base of the brain, is sensitive tool. to signals from sensory receptors and releases hormones Background: Reproduction in Nature in response to environmental cues. Principal among these In fish, the reproductive process involves three basic steps: hormones are gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH), which travel from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland. 1. Maturation - the development of the gametes (eggs and The pituitary is responsible for a wide variety of functions, sperm) to a point where fertilization can occur; including growth and reproduction. Certain cells of the 2. Ovulation - the release of eggs from the ovary; and pituitary receive GnRH and release gonadotropic hormones 3. Spawning - the deposition of eggs and sperm so that they into the bloodstream. The gonadotropic hormones travel to can unite. the gonads, which synthesize steroids responsible for final In fish, as with all higher animals, hormones play a critical maturation of the gametes. role in the reproductive process. Hormones are chemical messengers released into the blood by specific tissues, such Maturation of the egg is a long process that involves complex as the pituitary gland. The hormones travel through the physiological and biochemical changes. One important bloodstream to other tissues, which respond in a variety of step, vitellogenesis, is a process in which yolk proteins are ways. One response is to release another hormone, which produced in the liver, transported to the ovary, and stored elicits a response in yet another tissue. The primary tissues in the egg, resulting in tremendous egg enlargement. The involved in this hormonal cascade are the hypothalamus, yolk is important as a source of nutrition for the developing pituitary gland, and gonads (Fig. 1). embryo. 40 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 41 10-08-2020 18:44:23 ARTICLE Introduction to Hormone-Induced…
Also critical are germinal vesicle migration and germinal Under natural conditions, there is a feedback mechanism in the vesicle breakdown (GVBD). Before it migrates, the germinal fish that limits the release of gonadotropin. This mechanism vesicle, or nucleus, is located at the center of the egg in an uses a chemical called dopamine, which inhibits the action of arrested stage of development. At this stage, the egg is LHRH. When dopamine is present in the fish, even LHRHa will physiologically and genetically incapable of being fertilized, have only limited success. A dopamine antagonist is often even though it has the outward appearance of a fully mature used to limit the effects of dopamine. When LHRHa and a egg. When conditions are appropriate for final maturation, dopamine antagonist are used in conjunction, reproductive nuclear development resumes, and the germinal vesicle success dramatically increases. migrates to one side. Finally, the walls of the germinal vesicle break down, releasing the chromosomes into the cell. Gonadotropin The maturity of eggs can be determined using biopsy Two types of Gonadotropin extracts have been used to induce techniques. Eggs are removed from the ovaries, cleared ovulation in fish: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) and with a prepared solution, and viewed under a microscope. In fish pituitary extract. Pituitary extracts are made by removing mature eggs, the migration of the germinal vesicle to the side the pituitary from a fish and extracting the hormones, which of the cell will be complete. may then be injected into another fish. Carp, catfish, salmon, After the egg has matured, classes of compounds called and other fish have been used for this. HCG offers three prostaglandins are synthesized. These stimulate ovulation, major advantages over the pituitary extract: 1) it is much less which is the rupture of the follicle cells that hold the egg. expensive, 2) it is more stable and thus has a longer shelf life, The egg is then released into the body cavity or ovarian and 3) it comes in a purified form. lumen, where it may subsequently be released to the outside Methods environment. Following ovulation, the viability of the eggs The details of inducing spawning differ from species to can decrease rapidly. species. They will also differ according to the goals and means Fish with gametes that have not yet been released by of the farmer. It must be emphasized that the following the gonads are called “green.” The term “ripe” is used to techniques do not apply to all situations. Farmers should describe fish with gametes that have been released from the always thoroughly research the techniques that have been ovary into the ovarian lumen. Ripe fish can be stripped, green developed for their species of fish and select those that best fish cannot. fit the circumstances. Inducing Reproduction Broodstock There are two main strategies used to induce reproduction. The first is to provide an environment similar to that in which Brooders should be fast growing, disease free, and sexually spawning occurs naturally. Catfish, for example, like to ripe. There are several indicators of ripeness: spawn in enclosed spaces such as hollow logs. A farmer can Females: simulate this by putting milk cans in a pond. The presence of • The abdomen is rounded and soft. vegetation and an increase in temperature will usually work • The genital opening is swollen, protruding, and reddish. for goldfish. Changing the photoperiod in a hatchery can • The anus is often also swollen and reddish. accelerate or delay maturation and ovulation in many salmon • Secondary sexual characteristics are evident. and trout species. Males: The second strategy is to inject the fish with one or more • Milt is released when the abdomen is pressed gently. naturally occurring reproductive hormones or their synthetic • Secondary sexual characteristics are evident. analogs. This is only effective in fish that are already in breeding condition and have mature eggs in which the Brooders must be handled with extreme gentleness. They germinal vesicle has migrated. Often the two strategies are are physically very vulnerable during spawning and may die used sequentially: the first to manipulate maturation, then if dropped or roughly handled. Often, a good deal of the the second to induce ovulation. farmer’s resources has gone into developing the Broodstock Numerous hormones have been used to induce reproduction. line and keeping the fish healthy. The potential return from Two methods have emerged over the past few years that this investment can easily be eliminated through sloppy seem to offer the best chance for success at the least handling. expense. They are injection of a GnRH analog with dopamine When the brooders are kept in ponds or pens, all water antagonist, and injection of gonadotropin. quality parameters, such as temperature and oxygen, should GnRH Analog with Dopamine Antagonist be kept at optimal levels. A satisfactory amount of high Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LHRH) is the quality, well balanced feed should be provided. If the fish name of a mammalian hormone that has been employed are moved from one set of conditions to another, time must successfully to induce the reproductive hormonal cascade. be allowed for acclimation. When handling the fish, gentle In recent years, synthetic analogues of LHRH, referred to firmness should be the rule. Covering the fish with wet burlap as LHRHa, have been developed that are far more effective. or cloth, or covering their container to cut off light, will help Because they are purer and are not rapidly metabolized by to keep them calm. Tranquilizers may be used when fish are fish, they remain active for longer periods. to be injected or stripped. 42 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 43 10-08-2020 18:44:23 ARTICLE Introduction to Hormone-Induced…
Preparation of hormones manipulation of the culture environment to mimic some The hormones must be mixed and stored properly to important quality in the fish’s natural environment. The prevent contamination and preserve potency. The proper second is injection of hormones to stimulate spawning. The dosage must be calculated for the brood fish, and the hormones may be natural hormones taken from fish or other optimum injection schedule must be used for best results. animals, genetically engineered from bacteria, or synthetic To calculate the proper dosage, (1) the recommended dose, analogs of naturally-occurring hormones. (2) approximate weight of the brood fish, and (3) the desired Methods vary from species to species and situation to volume of the injection must be determined. The quantity situation. However, at least two generalizations can be of hormone to be injected can then be calculated from the drawn. First, brooders are very vulnerable to rough handling. weight of each individual brood fish and the appropriate Care should always be used to avoid damaging these valuable injection schedule. animals. Second, a fish that does not have mature gametes Injecting the Fish will not produce viable eggs or sperm no matter how many times it is injected with hormones. Ripeness is the result of There are two common places to inject hormones into a fish. environmental factors working over a period of time, leading An intraperitoneal (within the body cavity) injection is given to maturation of the gonads and production of viable eggs. through the ventral (bottom) part of the fish behind either the pelvic or pectoral fin (Fig. 2). Intramuscular (within the Many procedures have been developed for inducing fish muscle) injections are commonly done on the dorsal (upper) to undergo the last steps of spawning. Farmers should part of the fish above the lateral line and below the anterior thoroughly research the procedures that have been part of the dorsal fin (Fig. 3). In either case, it is important to developed for their species of fish through experimentation, place the needle so that it slides under the scale rather than and select those that best suit the circumstances. In addition, through it. once the fish have spawned, there are many techniques involved in incubating and caring for the eggs, and caring for the hatched fry. These too must be thoroughly researched. References and Recommended Readings: • Fish Culture Manual. 1983. Staff, F. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Fisheries Rehabilitation, Enhancement and Development. • Third Report to the Fish Farmers. 1984. Dupree, H. K. and J. V. Huner, eds. United States Department of the Interior, Two dosage levels are commonly used: a preparatory dose Fish and Wildlife Service. and a decisive, or final, dose with a time gap generally of 12 to • Fish Hatchery Management. 1989. Piper, R. G. et al. United 24 hours between the two injections. The preparatory dose States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. brings the fish to the brink of spawning, and the decisive dose induces ovulation. In general, the preparatory dose is *More References can be provided on request about 10 percent of the total dose. For some fish, several preparatory doses may be necessary. [email protected] Stripping Stripping should be carried out as soon after ovulation as Aquaculture in perspective of Corona virus with emphasis on possible. Fish should be anesthetized and examined 6 to 12 production optimization and supply hours after the final injection. Before stripping, both the male Contn from Page 38 and female should be cleaned and dried around the vent polyculture to move Productive fed systems will definitely with a soft towel because residual anesthetic will kill sperm. help for blue revolution. Water, fish “slime”, feces, and blood should not be allowed • Feed companies have a responsible role to develop and to mix with the gametes as they are stripped. explore the market. To strip the fish, the female should be held around the caudal • Greater awareness of biosecurity, high health high growth fin with one hand, while applying slight pressure tothe variety seeds for both fish and shrimp will be top priority abdomen with the other hand. If ovulation has occurred, a for augmenting harvest yield, national food security and stream of eggs will emerge. If only a few appear, the female profits. is still “green” and should be returned to the holding tank. If • Good coordination and exchange of information amongst there is a stream of eggs, the abdomen should be messaged stakeholders (Govt agency, aqua society, institutions, and from front to back to strip out all the eggs. farmer groups) can sustain the fish & shrimp production Conclusions even in corona period, and manage the income generation as prime economy & building the nation. Many species of fish will not readily reproduce under certain • Empowering aqua farmers to make data driven decisions culture conditions. Others will, but not necessarily when that increase production, new tech culture, reduce costs & the farmer desires. In these cases, induction of spawning sustainable yield. can be of great value. Two techniques are commonly used, sometimes in conjunction with one another. The first is [email protected] 44 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 45 10-08-2020 18:44:26 ARTICLE Importance of Larval… Importance of Larval Nutrition in Freshwater Fish Hatchery Industry at West Bengal Highlight Points
West Bengal, leading freshwater fish hatchery industry possessed 495 hatcheries and 70 seed supply farms. The hatchery market has varieties of seedlings which meets the domestic requirement, but attempts need to be made to reach its international market. The main problem for not reaching its international status due to traditional method which is still not updated.No proper or nutritionally balance diets during larval rearing. International and domestic concerns like De Heus Animal Nutrition, Netherlands and Aquatic International, Chennai, India made effort to provide such balanced larval diet.
Kasi Viswanahan¹, Nithya S², Prasanna Devi D², Pongomathi K², & Jesu Arockiaraj2,3 1 Biogreen Technologies, Sai Madhu Arcade, Telecom Nagar, Vatluru, Eluru 534 007, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh 2 Centre for Aquaculture Innovations and Technology Transfer (CAITT), Sanigudem Cross Road, Galayagudem 534 450, Denduluru Mandalam, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh 3 SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankukathur 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
SUMMARY kinds of readymade feed in which De Heus fish hatchery feed Larval feeding and nutrition are one of the important criteria and Joven from Aquatic International are considered as best for a successful aquaculture practice. West Bengal is one the products among the available hatchery diets due to their leading market for freshwater fish hatchery industry. In the cost effective, growth and survival performance and high state, nearly 495 freshwater fish hatchery and 70 seed supply profitability. farms, however it’s not reached its international market. Introduction Initially, the breeding and hatching techniques was started Fish hatchery is one of important the accessory in the with Indian major carps and tilpia followed by catfishes like promising aquaculture industry. The whole culture is singi and pangasius and now recently rupchanda in West depending on the seeds produced from the hatchery. The Bengal. Though, it is a potential market, but the market is seeds should be healthy and disease free or in other words still not reaching outside of the country. The main reason should be disease resistance individuals. Mostly, seeds is that still the many farmers are following the traditional depend on the brooders, in terms of possessing good method and not updated their breeding and hatching inheritance characters including growth and survival rate, techniques. Another main issue in the larval rearing sector quality flesh, muscle protein, etc. Simply, seed is the major is not providing nutritionally balance diets. Hence, the feed criteria for the culture practice; based on the quality seed industries like De Heus Animal Nutrition, the Netherlands only the farmers receive their potential and progressive yield and Aquatic International, Chennai, India understand the fish in the form of growth and survival. Hence, the place where hatchery requirement and developed special and nutritionally the hatchery is present also a notable parameter especially on balanced fish hatchery feeds. De Heus is importing its hygienic aspect, that lead to pathogen free seed production. hatchery feed to India through its Vietnam outlet; similarly, So far, the value of freshwater aquaculture hatchery and Aquatic International is preparing its juvenile fish feed under nursery production has not been estimated worldwide like a brand name of ‘Joven’ in India with the collaboration of the culture production statistics [1-4]. This data is required Scientists from Israel and there are few more like these. and it is also essential for the measurement of the ratio These kind of hatchery diets contained necessary protein between the hatchery production and culture production, levels which meet the metabolic and physiological function of so a prediction on growth and survival rate is possible from the larvae and also the feed comes in different pellet size that larval to grow-out. suits from hatchlings to fingerlings. This nutritional balanced Considering a fish hatchery, there are several factors hatchery diet produced better yield in terms of profitability included, but mainly breeding and nursery rearing are the and counts per Kg fish. After the arrival of these kinds of critical factors. The hatchery farmers from West Bengal hatchery diets in the market, the farmers also realised the produced various freshwater fish seeds from their hatcheries. nutritional importance during larval rearing period. Overall, Initially, the farmers focused on breeding Indian major carps most of the farmers now understand the need of good larval such as Catla, Rohu and Mrigal, followed by common carp diets for their young ones, hence they started using these and tilapia. Later, once they establish the artificial breeding 46 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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(Fig. 1A) techniques in the Indian major carps, they included received a great welcome among the farmers (Fig. 2A). De Calbasu, Bata, Silver Carp, Grass Carp, Japan Puti, Black Carp, Heus is a Netherland based company which established during Common Carp and Koi Carp (Fig. 1B). The farmers obtained 1911 and extended their business nearly 75 countries that more experience eon these caprs species, then they tried in have its own reputation. For its importing business to India, it singi, pangasius, magur, murrels and ompak (Fig. 1C) breeding is using its Vietnam outlet. Likely, Aquatic International is one and succeeded in their attempts. Recently, the farmers of the leading fish and shrimp feed producing company in succeeded in breeding attempts on Pacu or Roopchand the domestic, which establishes in Chennai during 2000 and (Fig. 1D), Sea Bass, Anabass (Fig. 1E) and Notopterus (Fig. specialised in varieties of animal feed business and Joven, the 1F). Later, the farmers struggled in proper larval rearing juvenile fish feed (Fig. 2B) is one among them. This company techniques especially on the non-availability of nutritionally have research collaboration with various countries especially balanced hatchery diets. importing animal nutrition technologies from Israel. These animal nutrition concerns studied the farmers requirement and produced high quality diets to increase the profit of the farmers. This article is dealing with the various aspects of West Bengal breeding techniques, hatchery development and larval nutrition. Different Fish Hatchery Units Different kinds of hatchery techniques are being used in West Bengal. In which, the notable techniques are being used to hatch the fish eggs in West Bengal are jar hatchery (Fig. 3A), Chinese hatchery (Fig. 3B) and hapa breeding (Fig. 3C). Considering the hatching rate among, these three
techniques there won’t be much difference except their handling efficiency [5, 6]. However, the jar hatchery and Chinese hatchery are required adequate water flow. The jar Fig. 1A: Fertilized fish eggs; 1B: Koi carp; 1C: Ompak sp; 1D: Rupchand; hatchery can be run on limited quantity of water and space. 1E: Anbas & 1F: Notopterus The water temperature shoots up over 32 ˚C during summer; Larval rearing in the early stages of a fish is a crucial process hence the hatching is adversely affected in hapas. But, in jar because of the larval sensitive nature or response to varieties hatcheries, the temperature is reported within the range of biotic (microbial pathogens) and abiotic conditions even in summer. Also, the developing embryos can be easily (water quality paraments). A successful hatchery process observed in jar hatcheries with naked eyes, so if rectification is overcoming or managing all these kinds of issues and is required, that can be attempted depending on exigencies producing high quality seeds. Apart from these discussed [7, 8]. The Chinese hatchery system is functioning based on parameters, feed is one of the essential criteria for a successful the water flow by gravity, thus eggs hatch. Its construction larval rearing. Based the quality of the diet only, the larvae and operation cost is also less compared to some other exhibit their growth and survival rates and later, the farmers system with the same production capacity. In Indian sub- understand the nutritionally balanced diet concept for their continent, especially in places West Bengal, this Chinese high profitability. hatchery system has been considered as a highly suitable for the production of quality fish seed [9-11].
Fig. 3A: Jar hatchery; 3B: Chinese hatchery & 3C: Earthen hapa (Courtesy: Biswas Hatchery, W. Bengal) Breeding Techniques The hatcheries are producing the seeds through artificial breeding techniques. In brief, the conditioned male and female fishes received breeding hormones through either Fig. 2A: De Heus (The Netherlands) freshwater fish intra-peritoneal or intra-muscular injection. The dosage of hatchery diet & 2B: Joven, a fish juvenile diet from Aquatic the breeding hormones depending on the weight of the International, India with Israel collaboration technology brooders; however, at the concentration of 5-7ml/ kg fish. The animal nutrition companies like De Heus Animal Nutrition, The breeding set was basically designed at the ratio of either the Netherlands and Aquatic International, Chennai, India 1 (Female): 3 (Male) or 1 (Female): 2 (Male). The number of realised the requirements of the farmers, thus formulated male fish has been decided based on the weight of the female varieties of fish hatchery feed at different protein level as well or its predicted fecundity rate, so that enough quantity as different size (mm). All over the world, De Heus is the first of milt can be attained from the males to fertilize the eggs in its kind that produced a diet for 7-day old fish larvae, which completely [12-14]. Both the eggs and milt were squeezed out 48 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 49 10-08-2020 18:44:29 ARTICLE Importance of Larval…
for the artificial fertilization and then, they were shifted to Larval Feed the respective hatchery units. The incubation period depends In the hatcheries, still there are people following the the species, usually it takes between 8 and 14 h. traditional feed preparation and providing to the larvae. Hatching different Freshwater Fish Species The tradition feed preparation (Fig. 6) includes boiled rice, West Bengal is the top freshwater fish seed producing state broken soybean, pea, corn, wheat, etc. Altogether, they (Fig. 4). From the state, the seeds have been transported were boiled in an iron pot and supplying to the larvae. to all over India by train, road and flight [15-17]. In the West This is a cost-effective method of feed supply, but itis Bengal hatcheries, there are varieties of fish species has been questionable whether the individuals are receiving enough handled for breeding purpose namely, Catla, Rohu, Mrigal, nutrition for their growth and survival and other metabolic Calbasu, Bata, Silver Carp, Common Carp, Grass Carp, Japan and physiological function [18]. Hence, the commercial Puti, Black Carp, Pangasius, Koi Carp, Singi, Clarias sp., and feed industries including De Heus Animal Nutrition, The Pacu or Roopchand. There are nearly 465 freshwater fish seed Netherlands and Aquatics International, India understand hatchery units are available throughout the state, in which the fish hatchery requirement, thus developed a special 13 hatchery units are belong to the Directorate of Fisheries, and balanced fish hatchery feeds as supplying them to the West Bengal. Also, there are 70 seed farms are present all- hatchery industry as reported above. There are many other over West Bengal. companies supplying fish hatchery diet, however based on the farmers satisfaction in terms of profitability and growth and survival performances, these two feeds were considered the best in the hatchery industry.
Fig. 4: Some clicks from India's biggest live fish seed market, Naihati, Fig. 6: Preparation of traditional larval diet in hatchery (Courtesy: West Bengal Biswas Hatchery, W. Bengal) Nursery Rearing and Larval Diseases The feed or nutrition is not only increasing the production The larvae were also reared in both cement tanks (Fig. 5A) rate, but also helps to produce healthy and quality or disease- and earthen ponds (Fig. 5B); in which, the larvae received free aqua species. Such a complete nutritionally balanced effective water flow through in the cement tanks. During the diets from these said brands promotes the growth as well rearing period also, the larvae affected by different disease as health of aquaculture organisms, thus feed is playing like the grow-out individuals. The infection and disease are a major role in the production sector of the aquaculture due to various microbial pathogen including bacteria, virus, system. These efficient aqua feed producers mainly focused fungus and parasites. They are infectious haematopoitic on preparation of nutritionally balanced and high-quality diet necrosis, spring viraemia of carp (SVC), viral haemorrhagic within an affordable cost. septicaemia (VHS), epizootc haematopoitic necrosis, red Table 1: List of fish hatchery feed (floating feed) from seabream iridoviral disease (RSID), koi herpesvirus disease companies including De Heus, The Netherlands and Joven (KHV), grouper iridoviral disease, viral encephalopathy (Aquatics International, Chennai, India) and retinopathy, enteric septicaemia of catfish, Aeromonas hydrophila infection, Edwardsiella tarda infection, Vibrio Feed Preferred Species Feed Nutritional Size Composition (%) anguillarum infection, Falvobacterium columnare infection, (mm) Streptococcus iniae infection, infectious pancreatic necrosis, Protein Fat Fibre Myxobolous spp infection, Ichthyophthirius multifilis Catla, Rohu, Mrigal, 0.3 35 & 40 6 - 8 6 infection, Saprolegnia parasitica infection, Argulus infection, Calbasu, Bata, infestation with Dactylogyrus spp., infestation with Lernoea Silver Carp, Grass Carp, 0.8 35 & 40 6 - 8 6 spp, infestation with Coligus spp, etc [18]. Japan Puti, Black Carp, Common Carp,
Koi Capr, Pangasuis sp., 1.2 35 & 40 6 - 8 6 Pacu or Roopchand, Ompak, Murrels, Singi, Magur, Tilapia, Red Tilpia, 1.4 35 & 40 6 - 8 6 Sea Bass, Anabass, Fig. 5A: Larval rearing in cement tank & 5B: Larval rearing in earthen Notopterus pond (Courtesy: Biswas Hatchery, W. Bengal) 50 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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Also, these complete commercial feeds from the said banners It is interesting to note that these commercial feeds possessed a balanced nutritional composition such as producing better performance in all the aspects compared protein, lipid, carbohydrate, fibre, ash, vitamins and minerals. to the traditional feed (Table 2). The best performances of These are the important nutritional elements of the feed the commercial feed in the larvae due to various beneficial which provide adequate growth and health benefits to the reason such as i. the ingredients or raw materials in the fish larvae. The larval feed contained the following nutritional feed are properly cooked, so no pathogenic effect, ii. The factors: protein 35 and 40%, lipid 6-8%, fibre 6% and moisture nutrition in the feed are evenly and properly distributed in less than 10% and of course a trace amount of vitamins and the pellets, so that each and every one of the larvae receive minerals. Also, these fish larval feed comes in different pellet same amount nutrition, thus lead to uniform growth, iii. sizes such as 0.3, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.4 mm (Table 1). the amount of necessary essential amino acids, fatty acids, Table 2: Performance of fish larvae in West Bengal hatchery vitamins and minerals present in the feed provide them on traditional feed and commercial feed strong immunity that leads 100% survival, iv. Easy assimilation and good digestibility, v. the pellets did not pollute the water Commercial Feed (De Heus, and vi. The feeds are cost effective and high profitability in Traditional Feed Netherlands & Joven, good number counts per kg fish. Over all, the fish hatchery Aquatic International, India) farmers from West Bengal understand the beneficial effect Non or Semi cooked feed Completely cooked feed these commercial feeds such as De Heus and Joven, thus knowing the importance of larval nutrition and changing Less than 60% survival 99 % survival their larval feeding protocol from traditional to commercial More mortality in No mortality in hatchery feeds, which is a good and progressing sign of Transportation Transportation culture practices. More fat / big belly fishes No fat and good body shape Problems and Recommendations In India, West Bengal is the potential market for freshwater Unequal size of growth Equal size of growth fish hatcheries. Though, there are 465 hatcheries and 70 seed More disease problem No disease farms in the state, the market yet to reach its international level. Hence, frequent meetings or gathering may be No resistant to climate More resistant due to right recommended among the hatchery farmers for sharing change baby nutritional feed knowledge and ideas. It helps the farmers to updating Attain per kg 10000 to 5000 10000 to 5000 line in 4 days themselves about the industry. Also, the famers need to be line in 7 days only educated or updated more about the breeding techniques, brood stock maintenance, larval rearing protocols, larval Attain per kg 5000 to 3000 5000 to 3000 line in 5 days nutrition etc., by subject experts as well as technical experts. line in 9 days only These experts may educate them by showing videos, photos, Attain per kg 3000 to 1000 3000 to 1000 line in 8 days elaborating success story of other farmers, etc. Government line in 14 days bodies may take initiative for the farmers international business collaboration in terms of export and import. It is Attain per kg 1000 to 500 1000 to 500 line in 12 days also developed direct or indirect jobs in the field, develop self- line in 20 days employment, socio-economic impact and more earning of Ammonia accumulation in Limited amount in water foreign exchange. Another important requirement is proper pond water drainage system for the hatcheries, thus avoid infection and produce healthy seeds for the successful culture. More Digestion problem Easy assimilation and Acknowledgement digestion We thank Mr Sujoy Biswas, Biswas Hatchery, Rajendrapur Less growth due to Higher growth due to (Khasbati), Madarpur 743 166, Naihati (PO), North 24 imbalanced nutrition balanced diet Parganas District, West Bengal; Mr. Samrat Mitra, Benoy Fisheries, Vill-Sripur (PO), Sripur Bazar 712 514, Hooghly No pellet stability and more Floating feed supplied until (District), West Bengal and Aquatic International, Chennai, water pollution satiation, so no pollution India for providing information to complete this study. Feed conversation very high Low feed conversation References: (1:2) (1:0.7) [1] K Marimuthu, MA Haniffa, J Arockiaraj, M Muruganandam No Feeding protocol at Right Feeding protocol and (2001) Spawning and parental behaviour in the induced bred larvae stage feed frequency murrels. Indian Journal of Fisheries 48 (4), 409-411 Antibiotics usage for No disease, No antibiotics [2] J Arockiaraj, M Muruganandam, K Marimuthu, MA Haniffa control diseases (1999) Utilization of carbohydrates as a dietary energy source by striped murrel Channa striatus (Bloch) fingerlings. Acta Only 50% profitability 92 to 98% profitability Zoologica Taiwanica 10 (2), 103-111 Too much counts in per kg Less counts per kg (7-10 *More References can be provided on request fish (20-25 Nos) Nos) [email protected] 52 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 53 10-08-2020 18:44:30 ARTICLE Intelligent Packaging… Intelligent Packaging system for Sea food products
Highlight Points
Intelligent packaging provides reliable and correct information about condition and quality. Intelligent packaging enables the detection of mismanagement through the supply chain from production to ultimate consumer. Reduce food loss and waste. Enhance food quality and assurance. Enhance food safety and biosecurity.
Vikas pathak¹, Shashi Bhushan¹, Layana P.¹, Neeraj Kumar² 1ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Education, off – Yari road, Versova, Mumbai. 2ICAR – National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Baramati, Pune.
Introduction to extend shelf life, improve quality, enhance safety, provide Highly perishable foods are type of food with high active information, and warn about possible problems”. Intelligent biological systems and higher rates of spoilage (Van Boekel, packaging indicates about the quality status of foods and 2009). As the fish belongs to the highly perishable food offers the possibility to take decision based on dynamically commodity, its quality changes as soon as the harvesting estimated shelf life, thereby reducing waste of foods (Heising starts. In 2016, 88 percent of the total fish production (151 et al., 2014). million out of 171 million tons) was utilized for direct human An intelligent packaging consists of a continuous interaction consumption (67 percent in the 1960s). Live, fresh or chilled system between the product, the package and the fishes account for 45 percent direct human consumption, environment, which contains a quality indicator or sensors followed by frozen (31 percent), preserved (12 percent) and which indicates the quality and shelf life of the product. cured (dried, salted, in brine, fermented smoked-12 percent) Types of Intelligent packaging: In general there are three FAO, 2018. Highly perishable food commodities lead to the types of sensors or indicators are used for intelligent waste of resources and economic loss if storage, processing packaging (Ghaani et al., 2016): and packaging are not done properly. Processing, storage and 1. Environmental conditions: It assesses the environmental packaging are the most important criteria which extends the shelf life of the highly perishable food commodities. Due to conditions of the food or the kinetics of the quality the limited shelf life food processor face difficulties to ensure changes, e.g. time-temperature indicators, gas leakage the quality of perishable foods. If the quality of foods can be indicators, and relative humidity sensors. These types of monitored during the entire supply chain, quality assurance indicators are placed either inside or outside the package, can be provided to the food that has reached the printed depending upon the requirement (Taoukis, 2006). shelf life date but still has an acceptable quality (Heising et al., 2014). Packaging prevents the foods from the external environment and has four basic functions: protection, communication, convenience, and containment (Robertson, 1993). Packaging not only contain information like, source, processing, shelf life and most importantly the nutritive value of the food, but also It communicates with the consumer like handling and use of the contained products. Packaging also improves the marketing of the product by maintain the shelf life safe delivery of the product. (Muller and Schmids, 2019). A slight change in the appearance, color and smell of the product can leads to the discard as these changes are very difficult to be assesses by the consumers and the fear of spoilage 2. Quality indicator compounds: This type of sensors or leads to the discard of the product even if the product is indicator compounds directly assess the quality changes safe for consumption. In view of these intelligent packaging of the food product, e.g. biosensors and freshness sensors comes into act to provide the information like shelf life and indicators, measure quality-related compounds of the product. Otles & Yalcin (2008) defined intelligent formed in the product and are good direct indicators of packaging as “a packaging system that is capable of carrying food quality attributes. These devices are actually placed out intelligent functions (such as sensing, detecting, tracing, inside the package. recording and communicating) to facilitate decision making 54 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 55 10-08-2020 18:44:31 ARTICLE Intelligent Packaging…
spoilage rancidity, and flavor changes. Generally it is placed inside the packaging in the form of Film, label or sachet form. 5. CO2-emitter: This method is somewhat similar to modified atmosphere packaging, in which a mixture of gases is filled inside the package to inhibit the growth of microbes. The high CO2-levels (10% to 80%) are most desirable food products like fish, shellfish and meat products which inhibit the microbial growth. The overall effect of CO2 is 3. Data carriers: This type of devices is usually an information to increase both the lag phase and the generation time of device which is used as a medium for communication microbes. This type of packaging uses sodium bicarbonate, between the product and the consumer, e.g. include ferrous carbonate, ascorbate and citric acid as medium for barcode labels and radio frequency identification CO2 emitter etc. (Mohan & Ravishankar, 2019). (RFID) tags and other product traceability, anti-theft, 6. Antioxidants: These are mostly used to prevent oxidation anticounterfeiting and tamperproof devices (Muller & of foods which contain high unsaturated fatty acid. Antioxidants are primarily used to extend the shelf life of schmid, 2019). the food. It is mainly used as additives in the food but also can be incorporated as films in packaging materials. Due to the health concerns of the synthetic antioxidants. Now days the natural additives like vitamin E and C and few natural extract from plants are also used. 7. Leakage indicator: Due to the long term storage of the packaged product the atmospheric gases (mainly O2 or CO2) changes due to activities of the food, like chemical or enzymatic reaction which leads to the puffiness and leakage in the packaged products. The main concept behind leakage indicator is the change in the colour of the Intelligent packaging used in fshery sector: The various dye placed inside the packaging, as these dyes are sensitive types of intelligent packaging are Temperature indicator, to the change in the chemical or any enzymatic reaction. freshness indicator and sensor, leakage indicator, gas Any changes in the atmosphere inside the package (gases indicator, moisture regulators, antioxidant release, O2 like O2 or CO2) are detected by the dyes. scavenging, CO2 emitters and antimicrobial packaging etc. 8. Moisture regulator: Fish belongs to the wet food some important packaging techniques are discussed below: commodity where the moisture content is very high. If 1. Temperature indicator: A temperature indicator used to proper care is not token during packaging it leads to the predict the remaining shelf life, of the fish product, if the spoilage of the product. To control the moisture in the initial quality of individual packages is known at the time of packaging of fish products, high barrier film material with packaging. A time temperature indicator tag which uses a good water vapour permeability. This types of system micro-chip to sense and integrate temperature over time uses material which is efficient moisture scavenger, such (Yam et al., 2005). as silica gel, molecular sieves, natural clays, calcium oxide, 2. Freshness indicators and sensors: These Sensors or calcium chloride and modified starch etc. (Mohan & Ravishankar, 2019). indicators used for estimating the freshness of fish. The 9. Antimicrobial packaging: To inhibit the growth of basis of these indicators is the chemical kinetics of the microorganisms antimicrobial such as alcohol, chelators, food; in case of fish products these are based on mainly polysaccharides, acid anhydride, enzymes, organic acids TVA or TVB-N, which cause in the change in the pH. Use etc. are applied in the form of film to the packaging material. of electronic nose as a rapid method to detect volatile The principle behind antimicrobial agent is release of compounds like H2S, NO, SO2 and NH3 and CO has been antimicrobials into the food which extends the lag phase studied by Olafsdottir (2005). and reduces the growth phase of microorganisms, which 3. Gas Indicator: The changes in the inside atmosphere of extends the shelf life of food. Antimicrobial agents may be package are mainly based on the enzymatic or chemical coated or incorporated into the packing materials. reactions of the food and environmental conditions. References: The changes in the atmosphere due to gas generation by microorganisms or other metabolites detected by Heising, J.K., Dekker, M., Bartels, P.V., and Van Boekel, the sensor. A sensor detects and reacts to changes M.A.J.S., 2014. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, in the atmosphere inside the packaging, and most of 54(5): 645-654. the indicators monitor the oxygen and carbon dioxide Mohan, C.O.A & Ravishankar, C.N., 2019. Active and Intelligent concentrations. Packaging Systems-Application in Seafood. World J Aquac 4. O2-scavenger: O2 scavengers eliminate the oxygen Res Development. 1(1): 1003. inside the packaging which is left into the headspace. O2 *More References can be provided on request scavengers prevent the spoilage and rancidity problems of the sea food. It detects the discoloration of fish products, [email protected] 56 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 57 10-08-2020 18:44:32 ARTICLE Stress in aquaculture… Stress in aquaculture: a rough guide
Professor Johan Aerts
Professor Johan Aerts, Head of the Stress Physiology The actual development and the risk of a disease outbreak Research Group (StressChron), explains why reducing stress is the result of a complex interaction between the host, the in farmed fish is an essential way to optimise aquaculture environment and the pathogens (Figure 1). sustainability. Figure 1. The interaction between the host, (potential) For four decades, aquaculture has been the fastest growing pathogens and the environment (adjusted from Snieszko, animal production sector worldwide and its importance to 1974) shows that stress-induced higher glucocorticoid levels secure future global food security is well recognised. Fish increase the risk of diseases, hereby affecting various actors promote human health and their production has the potential represented by the area of the overlapping circles. Some to become highly sustainable. Consumers, in particular in major factors relevant in (chronic) stress reduction are listed northern Europe, have become more and more critical about for each of these areas fish quality, fish welfare, and the negative effects ofthe As a consequence, effectively reducing the risk of disease aquaculture production sector on the environment. In the outbreak requires stress reduction in an integrated, last decade, welfare aspects such as the impacts of chronic multidisciplinary approach at all levels of the production stress have gained interest. cycle as, during production, fish are subjected to a range A primary concern for a healthy product and a sustainable of different husbandry practices that may cause chronic production process are infectious diseases, which - both stress to the animals – resulting in increased glucocorticoid directly and indirectly - account for losses of up to 30 percent levels, which render the fish more susceptible to disease. of the total aquaculture production worldwide. Compared Stressors include, but are not limited to, stocking density, to the husbandry of poultry, pigs and cattle, there are only water quality, system design and handling processes such as a limited number of practical, cost-effective and approved grading, sampling and transportation. therapeutic methods for effective disease treatment in In such stressful situations, fish launch an endocrine stress aquaculture. As a result the potential spread of diseases from response. Catecholamines are released within seconds and aquaculture sites and the negative effects of commonly used glucocorticoids (in particular cortisol or corticosterone chemical products which could end up in the environment depending on the species) within minutes into the plasma. are a real concern with respect to wild fish populations. Glucocorticoids are widely used and accepted as biomarker Subsequently, disease prevention is one of the most critical for stress quantification across vertebrates, as they mediate elements for successful aquaculture production. a redistribution of energy in order to restore pre-stress Effective preventive measures applied at the farm level conditions. However, failure to regain homeostasis inevitably include the use of probiotics (using beneficial living bacteria leads to chronic stress, making the individual prone to the as feed ingredients or in the culture water), biosecurity detrimental effects of glucocorticoid mediated actions measures and, for a limited number of diseases, vaccination. (ie decreased growth, decreased reproduction, immune On a national level, monitoring for potential pathogens in a suppression, increased mortality). These detrimental effects disease surveillance and control system are ongoing. from long-term cortisol release are acknowledged across vertebrates. In teleost fish it is also shown that exogenous glucocorticoids in the water trigger similar effects when taken up through the gills or the intestine. As such, fish performance and welfare are affected throughout the life cycle. So, stress – in particular chronic stress – cannot be ignored when striving for sustainable production. As a result, monitoring and subsequent mitigation of chronic stress levels in order to prevent fish
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 59 10-08-2020 18:44:33 ARTICLE Stress in aquaculture…
becoming more susceptible to disease will become pivotal of the production cycle – using a single egg, a single larva for the sector in the years to come. or fish scales in juvenile and adult fish – is of importance to Measuring stress various sectors in the aquaculture industry. These include, The success of sustainable aquaculture development is but are not limited to, the production of feed (testing and also highly dependent on closing the reproductive cycle of optimisation of levels and time point of administration of fish. Critical stages vary per species but generally include feed constituents), testing and optimisation of probiotics broodstock maturation, first feeding of larvae, controlled and vaccines, optimisation of aquaculture practices, juvenile rearing and a predictable grow-out production prevention of disease, reproduction and larval rearing. (Figure 2). Understanding and optimising the stress response Furthermore, healthy products produced in a chronic stress- by quantification of the stress level at all stages inthe production cycle will support disease prevention and improve free environment score high for fish welfare in certification production performance and efficiency. standards.
Figure 2. Diagram of the fish production cycle, indicating About StressChron major management practices (in green), the tissues used to StressChron focuses on the neuro-endocrinological and, quantify glucocorticoids by the Stress Physiology Research in particular, physiological research into stress across Group (StressChron) (in red) and some of the positive vertebrates – ranging from fish to humans. One of its key effects encountered after stress mitigation through effective areas of investigation is into the role of glucocorticoids management strategies throughout the complete production as biomarkers for acute and chronic stress. In this cycle (in blue) framework, StressChron works according to the criteria of the international standard 5S (Methodology for lab Consequently it is important to recognise that periods of management), ISO 17025 (General requirements for the increased stress levels (and sub-clinical disease challenge) competence of testing and calibration laboratories), ISO in the early life stages of fish affect life-long productivity, as 14001 (environmental management), and ISO 45001 (safety the best conditions for broodstock maturation will result in management) in order to guarantee the quality of all results. high quality eggs and stronger larvae, subsequently reducing We provide a full package on stress (acute and chronic) related larval mortalities, resulting in stronger juveniles and healthier parameters across vertebrates in our laboratories for mass fish for the consumer. spectrometry, biochemical, morphometric and molecular Conclusion analysis, respectively. Glucocorticoid profiling in whole body of a single fish larva, in tank water or in scales as biomarker A variety of potential stressfull stimuli will always be present for chronic stress in fish are just some of the validated (and in aquaculture production. However, preventing chronic patented) methods available for the aquaculture industry stress in commonly encountered aquaculture practices and in the state-of-the-art research facilities in the Science Park optimising the stress resilience of the fish to these practices of Ghent University. As well as stress quantification, the are of utmost importance to make aquaculture more department helps in translating the results towards a more sustainable. sustainable and animal-friendly production. Monitoring chronic stress throughout the different stages Courtesy: The Fish Site 60 • AQUA INTERNATIONAL • August 2020
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AI AUGUST 2020 ISSUE.indd 67 10-08-2020 18:44:38 Published on 7 August 2020 Date of Posting: 8 & 9 of Every Month Postal Regn. No. HD/1068/2018-20
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