Anadolu University Publication No: 3711 Open Education Faculty Publication No: 2530
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3 neler öğrendik? bölüm özeti Diplomacy Editor Asst.Prof.Dr. Erhan AKDEMİR Authors Dr. Utku ÖZER CHAPTER 1 Asst.Prof.Dr. Fulya EREKER CHAPTER 2 Asst.Prof.Dr. Burak Toygar HALİSTOPRAK CHAPTER 3, 8 Asst.Prof.Dr. Murat KASAPSARAÇOĞLU CHAPTER 4, 5 Prof. Dr. Tarık OĞUZLU CHAPTER 6, 7 T.C. ANADOLU UNIVERSITY PUBLICATION NO: 3711 OPEN EDUCATION FACULTY PUBLICATION NO: 2530 Copyright © 2018 by Anadolu University All rights reserved. This publication is designed and produced based on “Distance Teaching” techniques. No part of this book may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means of mechanical, electronic, photocopy, magnetic tape, or otherwise, without the written permission of Anadolu University. Graphic and Cover Design Prof.Dr. Halit Turgay Ünalan Graphic Designer Ayşegül Dibek Typesetting and Composition Gül Kaya Selin Çakır Elif Erken Arzu Ercanlar Burcu Vurucu Yasin Narin Gülşah Sokum Burak Arslan Sinem Yüksel DIPLOMACY E-ISBN 978-975-06-3389-8 All rights of this book belong to Anadolu University. Eskişehir, Republic of Turkey, February 2019 3199-0-0-0-2102-V01 Contents Definition and The Historical Evolution of CHAPTER 1 Importance of CHAPTER 2 Diplomacy: First Diplomacy Practices Introduction ................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................... 37 What is Diplomacy? ...................................... 3 Ancİent Dİplomacy ........................................ 37 Defining Diplomacy: Actors, Tasks, The Beginning of Institutional Scope ..................................................... 3 Diplomatic Practice: Mesopotamian Theories of Diplomacy .......................... 7 Diplomacy .............................................. 37 Diplomatic Relations .................................... 13 Ancient China ........................................ 42 Diplomacy Between States .................. 13 Ancient India ......................................... 44 Great Power Diplomacy ....................... 15 Alliances as a Means of Diplomacy: Middle Power Diplomacy ..................... 15 Diplomacy in Ancient Greece .............. 45 Small State Diplomacy .......................... 16 The Roman World and the Use of Diplomacy of Non-State Actors........... 17 Diplomacy .............................................. 47 Types of Diplomacy ...................................... 17 Medieval Diplomacy ..................................... 49 Secret Diplomacy .................................. 17 Masters of Diplomacy: The Byzantine Conference and Summit Diplomacies . 18 Empire ................................................... 49 Coercive Diplomacy .............................. 19 Diplomacy in the Early Islamic World .. 1 5 Crisis Diplomacy .................................... 20 Track Two Diplomacy and Multi-Track Diplomacy .............................................. 20 Economic Diplomacy ............................ 22 Public Diplomacy .................................. 23 Digital Diplomacy ................................. 24 Historical Evolution Ottoman of Diplomacy: Diplomacy and CHAPTER 3 Transition to CHAPTER 4 Permanent Diplomatic Diplomacy Letters Introduction .................................................. 63 Introduction ................................................... 87 Diplomacy in the ‘Old World’: Ad Hoc Ottoman Diplomacy 1299-1793....... 88 From Ancient Times to Renaissance ........... 64 Permanent Ottoman Diplomacy 1793-1922 .. 94 Italian City States and Renaissance Ottoman Heritage in the Republican Diplomacy ..................................................... 66 Diplomacy ...................................................... 100 Old Diplomacy .............................................. 68 Transition to Permanent Diplomacy .......... 70 Professionalization and Recruitment .. 71 Administrative Structuration and Hierarchy ............................................... 72 Emergence of Ministries of Foreign Affairs .................................................... 73 New Diplomacy ............................................ 74 iii Instruments and Institutions Diplomacy of CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 the Republic of of Modern Turkey Diplomacy Introduction .................................................. 109 Introduction ................................................... 135 Origins and Evolution of Modern Diplomacy .. 109 Theorizing Turkish Diplomacy and Instruments of Modern Diplomacy ............. 111 Foreign Policy ................................................ 135 Institutions of Modern Diplomacy .............. 118 Structural Factors ................................ 135 Temporal and Conjectural Factors ...... 139 Actors, Processes and Tools of Turkish Diplomacy ........................................ 141 Turkey’s Relations With Nato as a Case Study ...................................................... 143 The Cold War Period ............................. 143 Post-Cold War Period: New Definitions of Interests and Identity ................................................. 144 Conclusion ...................................................... 147 Practice of Diplomacy Diplomacy: Negotiation, CHAPTER 7 Practices of CHAPTER 8 Mediation and Global Powers Diplomatic Agreement Introduction .................................................. 157 Introduction ................................................... 181 Theoretical Analysis of Global Powers’ Negotiation .................................................... 181 Diplomacy ...................................................... 157 Mediation ....................................................... 186 Diplomacy of the United States ................... 158 Diplomatic Agreement .................................. 189 Diplomacy of the European Union .............. 162 Diplomacy of China ....................................... 165 Diplomacy of Russia ...................................... 169 Conclusion ...................................................... 172 iv Preface Dear Students, This book aims to inform international students about the definition of the concept of diplomacy which is the one of the most important concepts of international relations discipline, and its importance of evolution in the historical process and the practices of today. In this context, knowing of the basic role and validity of the diplomacy will make an important contribution to the analysis of relations between the state-state and the state-state actors in international politics. Especially today, the existence and the role of the diplomacy is equally valued, as the concepts of global governance and interdependence are accepted among the actors in the international politics. From this point of view, diplomacy, which can be influenced from actors in global politics to regional powers, from non-state actors to public bodies, is a mechanism that enables states, societies and individuals to live in peace. If we take into account that diplomacy is the most fundamental means of foreign policy that shows that international relations can be the history of peace, not just war, we can say that the need for diplomacy is growing steadilyin today. Our book consists of eight chapters. Our authors in this book that of the International Relations (English) Undergraduate Program at Anadolu University have dealt with the concept of diplomacy in a wide range of historical developments, from the first diplomatic methods applied in history to today’s diplomatic practices. In this framework, the first chapter of the book emphasizes the definition and the significance of the concept of diplomacy. The first chapter also covered the theoretical framework of international diplomacy, the different types of diplomacy and the diplomatic relations and diplomatic practices between actors in today’s international relations. Within this historical development, different types of diplomacy have been included in this chapter. The second chapter also focuses on the historical development of the diplomacy. In this context, the practices of diplomacy in antiquity and medieval period are discussed in detail. Being aware of the emergence of first diplomatic practices and conveying the development of different diplomatic practices in different civilizations for centuries has been the main objective of this chapter. The first diplomatic practices from ancient Mesopotamian civilizations to ancient China, from ancient India to ancient Greece, were handled in detail in this chapter. The second chapter also examined medieval diplomacy. Within this context, diplomatic practices in the Islamic world and the Byzantine Empire have been examined. The third chapter of the book deals with the process of transition to permanent diplomatic practices. In this context, it follows the roots of modern diplomacy from the ancient times up to the Renaissance. The emergence of certain diplomatic practices, such as the embassies of the Italian city states, has been examined in the unit. The main aspects of diplomatic practices between the 1648 Westphalian Peace Treaty and the Vienna Congress were examined. The chapte also includes modern diplomatic practices, deals with the emergence of modern diplomatic missions and foreign ministries. This chapter also made the classification of different aspects of contemporary diplomacy in the late 20th and 21st centuries. The fourth chapter is about the Ottoman diplomatic and diplomatic correspondence. In this context, the chapter was first described in terms of both temporary and