Architecture in the Cultural Landscape of the Prądnik Valley

Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology of the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw Volume published in cooperation with the Institute of Art History of the University of Warsaw 10 ARCHAEOLOGICA HEREDITAS

Preventive conservation of the human environment 6. Architecture as an element of the landscape edited by Weronika Kobylińska-Bunsch, Zbigniew Kobyliński and Louis Daniel Nebelsick

Warsaw 2017 Archaeologica Hereditas Works of the Institute of Archaeology of the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński in Warsaw

Editorial Board: Editor-in-chief: Zbigniew Kobyliński Members of the Board: Tadeusz Gołgowski, Jacek Lech, Przemysław Urbańczyk Secretary of the Board: Magdalena Żurek

Editorial Board’s address: 1/2 Wóycickiego St., Building 23, PL 01-938 Warsaw, Poland tel. +48 22 569 68 17, e-mail: [email protected] www.archeologia.uksw.edu.pl

Technical editing and proofreading: Zbigniew Kobyliński Layout: Bartłomiej Gruszka Cover design: Katja Niklas and Ula Zalejska-Smoleń Linguistic consultation: Louis Daniel Nebelsick and Wojciech Brzeziński

Cover picture: part of the imperial garden Summer Palace in Beijing, China; photo by Weronika Kobylińska-Bunsch

Publication recommended for print by Professors Martin Gojda and Andrzej Pieńkos

ISBN 978-83-946496-4-7 ISBN 978-83-948352-2-4 ISSN 2451-0521

Publisher: Res Publica Multiethnica Foundation 44 Cypryjska St. PL 02-761 Warsaw, Poland http://res-publica-multiethnica.pl/ CONTENTS

5 Preface 37 The corporate and cultural: honoring Weronika Kobylińska-Bunsch, the monumental in Kansas City, Zbigniew Kobyliński Missouri and Louis Daniel Nebelsick Cynthia M. Ammerman * 47 Damaged landscape of ancient Palmyra and its recovery 7 Environmental preventive Marek Barański conservation Andrzej Tomaszewski 57 The art of (architectural) reconstruction at archaeological sites in situ within the context 11 The idea of preventive conservation of cultural landscapes of human environment Ewa M. Charowska Zbigniew Kobyliński and Weronika Kobylińska-Bunsch 73 Lessons from landscape, landscape archetypes * Urszula Forczek-Brataniec, Ana Luengo and Tony Williams 15 Preventive conservation of the human environment: 83 The city for people – the image architecture as an element of post-industrial sites in modern of the landscape city Lazare Eloundou Assomo Joanna Gruszczyńska 17 The role of the architecture 95 Sustainability by management: in the creation, enhancement a comparative policy study and preservation of cultural landscapes of the World Heritage cities Stefano De Caro of Amsterdam, Edinburgh and Querétaro 21 World Heritage SITES for DIALOGUE: Eva Gutscoven, Ana Pereira Roders and Koen heritage for intercultural dialogue, Van Balen through travel, “Life Beyond Tourism” Paolo Del Bianco 105 Polychromy in architecture as a manifestation of the link * between man and environment Tetiana Kazantseva 23 Role of cultural sustainability of a tribe in developing a timeless 119 Capturing architecture – the poetic cultural landscape: a case study vision of cultural heritage of the Apatani tribe in the inter-war Polish pictorial Barsha Amarendra, Bishnu Tamuli photography and Amarendra Kumar Das Weronika Kobylińska-Bunsch

Archaeologica Hereditas 10 127 Landscape with ruins: 283 The meanings of ruins for the preservation and presentation history of the cultural landscape of archaeological relics on the example of the remains of architecture of the castle complex at Wyszyna Zbigniew Kobyliński Kamil Rabiega 153 Educating architects: the problem 303 Dissolving materiality: ruins and with agricultural buildings plant relicts in the landscape parks Diederik de Koning by Denis McClair in Volhynia Petro Rychkov and Nataliya Lushnikova 163 Historic gardens and climate change. Conclusions and perspectives 323 Memory of the landscape: revela- Heiner Krellig tion through architecture and built environment at the Çamalti Saltern 177 The monastic landscape – carrier Işılay Tiarnagh Sheridan of memory and potential catalyst in conservation and adaptive reuse 333 Pre-Hispanic walkscapes processes of material and imma in Medellín, Colombia terial heritage Juan Alejandro Saldarriaga Sierra Karen Lens and Nikolaas Vande Keere 345 The invisible and endangered land- 187 The missing landscape scape: the case of the margins of Yuanmingyuan: preservation of the Cascavel Stream in Goiânia, and revitalisation of a Chinese Brazil imperial garden Carinna Soares de Sousa Mingqian Liu and Almir Francisco Reis 195 Seeking the traces of a former mon- 361 Diamond mines shaping -astic landscape in the vicinity the South African landscapes of Samos Abbey (Galicia, Spain) Aleksandra Stępniewska Estefanía López Salas 369 (Un)wanted heritage in the 213 Landscape and national identity in cityscape – arguments for destruc- Portugal tion or reuse. The case of the city Fernando Magalhães of Kaunas Ingrida Veliutė 225 The city that penetrates the sky Romano Martini and Cristiano Luchetti 379 The Nordic Pavilion projects at the 2016 Venice Biennale. 231 Siting penal heritage: a history of Scandinavian approach Wellington’s prison landscape to architectural landscape Christine McCarthy Anna Wiśnicka 243 Phantom heritage: Thingstätten 389 Architecture in the cultural land- and “sacred” landscapes of the -scape of the Prądnik Valley Third Reich Dominik Ziarkowski Louis Daniel Nebelsick * 265 21 st Century Garden with exhibition pavilion in Royal Łazienki Museum 403 Notes on authors in Warsaw Ewa Paszkiewicz Architecture in the cultural landscape of the Prądnik Valley

Dominik Ziarkowski

Introduction mations in the area. Among the latter, the most recog- nisable one is, of course, Maczuga Herkulesa (Hercules’ The central part of the Prądnik Valley near Cracow in Mace) in Pieskowa Skała, but other formations such as: southern Poland, which has been classified as a protected Iglica Deotymy (Deotyma’s Needle) or the Sfinks (Sphinx) area, ever since the year 1956 has now become a part Rock in Ojców should also be mention. Among equally of the then newly-created Ojców National Park. It consti- interesting karst forms to be found in this area, one also tutes an outstanding example of a cultural landscape, in finds numerous caves, including the longest Łokietek’s which a rich and diverse world of nature is entwined with Cave (320 m) and the Ciemna (Dark) Cave (230 m), both man-made artefacts. An important role in this landscape of which are open to the public.1 is played by monuments of architecture which represent A considerable topographic variety as well as dif- various epochs – from the Middle Ages right up to the 20th ferences in the microclimate have exerted a significant century. The buildings which are to be found in the afore- impact on the richness and variety of the flora in the mentioned region are interesting not only on account of Prądnik Valley. All in all, around 950 species of vascular their historical and artistic values, but also, due to their re- plants, including around 50 species of mountain plants lations with the natural environment, in which they often and over 200 stenothermic plants that grow chiefly in are dominant elements or offer certain landscape accents. southern Europe, can be found on the territory of the The main goal of the article is to present the specific- Ojców National Park. Forest communities which occupy ity of the cultural landscape of the Prądnik Valley with 71% of the surface area of the Ojców National Park, as special emphasis being laid on the role of architecture. well as agricultural land, meadows and pastures which Moreover, I shall also shed light on selected issues con- concentrate chiefly at the bottom of the valley (22% of cerning monument and landscape protection in the the surface area) – constitute the most easily perceivable above-mentioned area. element of land cover in the region. A high degree of diversity also characterises the fauna of the region under investigation. The research which has Landscape been conducted up until now, points to the existence of around six thousand species of animals on the territory The landscape of the Prądnik Valley is characterised by of the national park, whereas the total number of ani- considerable diversity and a high degree of visual at- mals is estimated at around 12 thousand. The most char- tractiveness. Without a doubt, the latter is the result of acteristic fauna group on this terrain is made up of bats; the both its natural and cultural (Fig. 1) components. the group includes as many as 17 different species, out of An especially important role is played by the topogra- the total of 25 species of bats to be found on the entire phy which is largely determined by the specific geologi- territory of Poland.2 cal formations to be found in the valley, namely Upper Apart from natural phenomena, one can also observe Jurassic limestones. As an effect of the karst processes, clear signs of man’s activity in the landscape of the Prądnik deep valleys and numerous gorges had been formed in Valley. Archaeological excavations, conducted, among oth- this terrain. The river Prądnik flows along the bottom of ers in the Ciemna, Koziarnia, Nietoperzowa and Mamu- the largest of these gorges, meandering picturesquely towa caves as well as in the Wylotne sanctuary, have re- among the rocks, whereas Sąspówka flows through one vealed Paleolithic finds showing that the region had been of its side gorges joining the Prądnik near the village of inhabited since the beginning of Human settlement in the Ojców. Among the most characteristic elements of the region. The Neolithic period is represented by mines as local landscape, one should also mention the steep faces of the local rock formations (such as,e.g. , the Panieńskie 1 Partyka and Sołtys-Lelek 2017. Rocks in Ojców) as well as the various fanciful cliff for- 2 Partyka and Klasa 2008: 22.

Archaeologica Hereditas 10 389–401 Dominik Ziarkowski

Fig. 1. Segment of the Prądnik Valley with Hercules’s Mace and the castle in Pieskowa Skała (photo by R. Cieślik)

well as flint workshops. Whereas the remains of the Skała natural environment, but it also possesses interesting castle in Sułoszowa as well as of the Wyszogród castle architectural landmarks, which constitute a crucial ele- on the Okopy Mountain in Ojców, date back to the early ment of the local landscape. Among the most notable Middle Ages.3 Following the construction of the castles in examples of this architecture, one ought to mention the Ojców and Pieskowa Skała, at the initiative of King Casimir castles in Ojców and Pieskowa Skała, both of which had the Great, the settlement in the Prądnik Valley became been erected in the 14th century as foundations of King more intense (this was particularly evident in the case of Casimir the Great.5 Both castles had been subsequently the settlement at the foot of the Ojców castle which later extended, which is particularly visible in the silhouette became the seat of the local starosta; the situation on the and layout of the Pieskowa Skała castle; the latter had Pieskowa Skała was quite different, as the latter had al- been rebuilt in the style of a Renaissance residence by ready passed into private hands in the 14th century). the Szafraniec family in the second half of the 16th cen- Ever since the Middle Ages, other settlement units, tury and was subsequently expanded by the addition of such as the township of Skała (founded in 1267 by the 17th century bulwarks which defended the entrance to Blessed Salome) or villages such as, e.g., Sułoszowa (to the castle from the east.6 the north of Pieskowa Skała), Sąspów, Smardzowice (the The castle in Ojców had retained its integrity right seat of the parish, first recorded in 1325) or Prądnik Kor- until the turn of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th zkiewski, existed and developed in the immediate vicinity century, yet soon afterwards it underwent a process of of the Prądnik Valley. What has left a clear imprint on the rapid degradation. At present, the elements which ap- landscape of Ojców itself, was the spa which operated pear to be best preserved are a 14th century, octagonal here from the second half of the 20th century up to the defence tower, situated at the highest point of the entire outbreak of the Second World War. The remnants of the complex, as well as the entrance gate whose present-day former spa include the health resort park, which is pre- form however is the product of a restoration conducted served fragmentarily, and a complex of villas and guest- in the second half of the 19th century. The remaining frag- houses for the patients and visitors.4 The contemporary ments of the castle have survived in the form of a ruin.7 changes in the landscape of the Prądnik Valley are chiefly Both in the past as well as in contemporary times, this associated with the abandonment of the traditional agri- Casimir stronghold played and continues to play an ex- cultural lifestyle and building pressure which constitutes tremely important role in the landscape of the Prądnik a fundamental problem in the context of the protection Valley. At one time, the castle and the starostwo (town of the traditional landscape values in the Ojców National hall) which operated here were among the major factors Park and its buffer zone. which organised the social and economic life in the settlement that had sprung to life at the foot of the castle hill; in the 19th century, the settlement in question was Architecture and its place transformed into a spa village resort.8 At present, the in the landscape

The central part of the Prądnik Valley is characterised 5 not only by a varied topography and greatly diversified Antoniewicz 1998: 27. 6 Ziarkowski 2014: 129–131. 7 Ziarkowski 2015: 221. 3 Kołodziejski 2006: 5–15. 8 To find out more about the history of the Ojców castle, see: 4 Ziarkowski 2011a: 103–105, 2012: 177–181. Falniowska-Gradowska 1995.

390 Archaeologica Hereditas • 10 Dominik Ziarkowski Architecture in the cultural landscape of the Prądnik Valley

Fig. 2. Ruins of the castle in Ojców (photo by R. Cieślik)

Fig. 3. Bird’s eye-view of the castle in Pieskowa Skała (photo by R. Cieślik)

ruins to be found on the castle hill, constitute a clear „canonical” view from the eastern side – with Hercules’ architectural dominant in this part of the valley (Fig. 2). Mace in the foreground. Whereas the castle in Pieskowa Skała constitutes the Another monument which has a decidedly supra-re- only example of a stronghold, situated on the territory gional status is the complex of the so-called Hermitage of the Cracow-Częstochowa Upland which has not been of Blessed Salome in Grodzisko near Skała (Fig. 4). It was destroyed but survived – although not in the best pos- erected towards the end of the 17th century, on the site of sible condition – until the end of the Second World War. a Medieval convent and chapel of the Poor Clare Sisters, After the war, a wide-scale restoration of the castle had who were invited to this site in the 13th century by Duke been conducted at the initiative of the Ministry of Cul- Boleslaus V the Chaste. Around the year 1320, the nuns ture and Art. This restoration was combined with the moved to Cracow, but following the beatification of the castle’s adaptation as a museum and for exhibition pur- Blessed Salome in 1672, the nuns decided to restore the poses. Alfred Majewski who was in charge of the renova- site where their former mother superior had once lived tion, restored to the building to its original Renaissance and died. The nuns’ initiative was subsequently taken character and also made the necessary arrangements to up by Rev. Sebastian Piskorski, professor of the Cracow organise a branch of the Wawel State Art Collections in Academy and patron of the arts who was also the author its interiors9. The residence in Pieskowa Skała constitutes of the complex artistic conception of the entire under- a dominant element of a beautiful landscape interior taking.10 Rev. Piskorski explained the symbolism of the (Fig. 3); what is particularly attractive is its, as it were, conception in his emblematic work published in 1691 and entitled Kwiecie żywota B. Salomei Panny (The fruit of life of the Blessed Virgin Salome). It is worth noting that 9 The process of the restoration of the castle in Pieskowa Skała is in the above-mentioned booklet, its author presented, described in great detail by A. Majewski who was in charge of the restoration work, see: Majewski 1948, 1953, 1964, 2000. 10 Kurzej 2014: 419–420.

Preventive conservation of the human environment 6 • Architecture as an element of the landscape 391 Dominik Ziarkowski

Fig. 4. Hermitage of the Blessed Salome in Grodzisko (photo by M. Kurzej)

among others, a description of the delightful view that ta Maria Sopra Minerva in Rome12. Without a doubt, the spreads from the top of the limestone cliff onto the val- complex in Grodzisko constitutes quite an exceptional ley: „There is no fairer view than the one you are likely to and singular architectural-sculptural and landscape com- see here; the sharp rocks, the forests peering from here position which turns it into a unique work of architecture and here, and in-between them a stream flowing along and art. It is also one of the most picturesque areas on a winding gorge and noisily pouring its waters”.11 the territory of the Ojców National Park, where works of The complex consists of a small, single-nave church art and the world of nature become entwined with each with a presbytery closed with a simple wall facing the other, thereby creating quite an extraordinary cultural west, a wall with the figures of persons associated with landscape.13 the Blessed Salome, the so-called Chaplain’s Home and The Ojców landscape was considerably transformed a complex of three chapels, whose interiors are made in the second half of the 19th century, when the con- to look like stylised caves; the complex also includes the temporary proprietors began to develop spa activities alleged hermitage of the Blessed Salome situated on the in this area. It was then that spa architecture had been slope of the mountain. In reality it is, however, a later ad- introduced there for the first time. The character and dition created for the use of pilgrims. What also deserves layout of these buildings was somewhat reminiscent of one’s attention is the statue of an elephant lifting an ob- the typical health resorts which were then being set up elisk which is placed between the church and the afore- along river valleys in the Carpathian Mountains, such as mentioned chapels; the statute is meant to be a clear Krynica, Szczawnica, Iwonicz or Rymanów. A key role in reference to Gian Lorenzo Bernini sculpture, the Pulcino della Minerva which stands in front of the church of San- 12 To find out more about the architectural conception of the hermitage of the Blessed Salome in Grodzisko, see: Przała 1959; Dreścik 1987; Holcerowa 2007. 11 Piskorski 1691. 13 Ziarkowski 2016: 248–253.

392 Archaeologica Hereditas • 10 Dominik Ziarkowski Architecture in the cultural landscape of the Prądnik Valley

Fig. 5. Plan of compositional layout of the spa park in Ojców of 1917 (Archives of the Ojców National Park)

Fig. 6. Castle in Ojców and the southern part of the spa park, postcard from the be- th ginning of the 20 century (Archives of the Ojców National Park)

this new conception was played by the former spa park, 1894; the latter was demolished towards the end of the whose ultimate form had been shaped in a series of com- 1930s when Ojców began to gradually move away from positional phases. They finally resulted in the creation its spa function. of quite an elaborate architectural complex, consisting The „Goplana” bath house is known from numerous of three major elements: a castle hill with the ruins of images, chiefly from postcards and photographs (Fig. 7). a stronghold which constituted an obvious architectural Its shape and general appearance were characteristic of dominant, and the areas situated to the south and north contemporary European spa architecture.15 The three- of the castle.14 The individual elements of the park complex are clearly visible on the map of 1917 which also 15 This trend in wooden spa architecture, which was developed contains the designations of the individual buildings that chiefly in the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, had could be found in the park at that time (Fig. 5). As can be its origin in buildings that were erected in Switzerland as well th as in other alpine countries. This is why it was often referred to seen from the map, in the second half of the 19 century, as „Swiss chalet style” (German: Schweizerstil). As regards this two hotels for spa guests had been built in the southern topic see, e.g., Wietersheim Eskioglou 2004; Bauer 2010. In the section of the park (Fig. 6), namely: the „Pod Łokietkiem” territory of Poland, similar buildings were erected, above all, in and „Pod Kazimierzem” (both have survived up to our the spa towns situated in the Carpathian Mountains (Krynica, day), whereas in the northern part of the park a large Szczawnica, Iwonicz, Rymanów). They were also referred to as „Swiss style” and frequently defined as „residential buildings, bath house by the name of „Goplana”, was erected in mostly made of wood, erected on brick or stone foundations; in the majority of cases, their roofs had large eaves, while the ends 14 Mitkowska 1995: 121–128. of the rafters and other protruding roof elements were often

Preventive conservation of the human environment 6 • Architecture as an element of the landscape 393 Dominik Ziarkowski

Fig. 7. The „Goplana” bathhouse and a fragment of the northern part of the Spa Park in Ojców, postcard from the beginning th of the 20 century (Archives of the Ojców National Park)

Fig. 8. Villa „Pod Koroną” (Under the Crown) in Ojców, ca 1880 (photo by D. Ziarkowski)

story building, with two avant-corps of unequal size at as well as by outsiders who decided to build their villas the sides, was covered with a sloping roof. A typical func- here. Among the most typical examples of such spa-type tional solution applied here was a type of ground level villas, one should mention: the „Urocza” (Charming) veranda or porch which was supported by slender pil- villa, the „Pod Koroną” (Under the Crown) villa (Fig. 8), lars and arcades underpinning the balconies of the first the „Pod Berłem” (Under the Scepter) villa, or the brick floor. The decorative elements in the shape of wooden „Jadwiga” (Hedwig) villa from around 1900 (at present it slats arranged in the form of latticework, also was used houses the head office of the Ojców National Park). The on roof gables, crowned with the characteristic wooden famous „Na Wodzie” (On the Water) chapel, converted pinnacles, known as pazdurs. Apart from the „Goplana” in 1901 from the earlier spa bath house, also belongs bath house, a dozen or so other spa-type buildings, for to this category of buildings. It is worth noting that the the most part built of wood, were erected in Ojców. local population also built guesthouses for tourists and Among the most interesting ones, one ought to men- spa guests, often adapting certain features of the „Swiss tion those built by the Krasiński and Czartoryski families, style” in their realisations. This style was often combined with local traditions, particularly those concerning the carved; porches covered with eaves went all round the upper the arrangement and layout of the interiors (guesthouses: floors, or at least along the front wall; the latter were supported „Zacisze”, „Maciejówka”, „Zawiszówki”). The subsequent by beams protruding from the walls and no pillars were used for development of the spa resulted in the construction of their support. The roofs were usually covered with ceramic tiles a number of buildings which adopted certain features of or else wooden slats; on the outside, the doors and windows were surrounded with carved facings; external stairways with the Zakopane style; among the latter group of buildings, balustrades made from carved wooden boards were used in order one should mention, e.g., the building of the so called to reach the upper floors”; see: Żebrawski 1883: 294–295. „Warsaw Bazaar” (Fig. 9), the local bus station „Na Pos-

394 Archaeologica Hereditas • 10 Dominik Ziarkowski Architecture in the cultural landscape of the Prądnik Valley

Fig. 9. Bazar Warszawski” (The Warsaw th th Bazaar) in Ojców, turn of the 19 and 20 century, rebuilt around 1920, reconstructed after the fire in the years 1983–1987 (photo by D. Ziarkowski)

toju” and the „Lenartówka” villa which was executed which is truly magnificent and sublime: a stream that in accordance with Józef Gałęzowski’s design-project. flows along the valley, some peasant cottages and rug- Moreover, another interesting work of architecture is ged, naked rocks or else rocks covered with trees that the modernistic villa „Kamieniec” in Młynnik, which was nearly touch upon them”.17 The Ojców landscape also constructed for Professor Władysław Konopczyński in exerted a great impression on Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, the years 1927–1930. It is worth drawing attention to who described it in the following words: „Here a traveler its situation high above the bottom of the Prądnik Valley appears to be suddenly transferred to the midst of the and the easily detectable links – both as regards to its Alps or to some Swiss land”.18 materials and shapes – to the Medieval Jurassic castles.16 The monuments from the area of the Prądnik Valley The architectural component of the cultural landscape had been immortalised in works of art, together with of the Prądnik Valley is completed by some isolated ex- their natural surroundings ever since the times of Zyg- amples of traditional peasant cottages, millers’ com- munt Vogel. Among the artists who visited the area, one plexes and moreover small architecture forms (includ- can find names of such famous artists as: Wojciech Ger- ing especially wayside shrines) as well as contemporary son, Franciszek Kostrzewski, Napoleon Orda or Michał architecture. Elwiro Andriolli. Moreover, attempts were made to con- serve the castle in Ojców and Pieskowa Skała with due care. Some conservation works had been conducted at The problems associated the Ojców castle towards the end of the 19th century in with the protection of historical accordance with the instructions of Ludwik Krasiński. At monuments and cultural landscape the beginning of the 20th century, a joint stock company Pieskowa Skała had been set up at the initiative of Adolf The extraordinary character of the landscape of the Dygasiński. The company secured the building provision- Prądnik Valley has been noticed for a long time. The last ally at this critical moment in history and adapted it to Polish king, Stanisław August Poniatowski, who visited the needs of holidaymakers.19 Ojców and Pieskowa Skała in 1787, was immensely im- Yet the conception of creating a system of complex pressed and delighted by it. Subsequently, numerous po- care for the landscape of the Prądnik Valley emerged ets, writers, scholars and artists who visited the Prądnik only during the interwar period. It was then that the pro- Valley, also expressed their deep fascination with the ject of creating a nature reserve, authored by Stanisław natural beauty of the place. Thus, for example, in his Richter and Władysław Szafer, first originated (Fig. 10). book Podróż do Krakowa i jego okolic (Trip to Cracow and And although their conception was never fully imple- its environs), published in 1788, Franciszek Karpiński, in- mented, the project was partially realised when after cluded a description of the valley from the vantage point the end of the Second World War, Prof. Szafer managed of the castle in Pieskowa Skała: „He who looks down on to persuade the authorities in the year 1956 to set up the ground below from castle’s windows will see a view 17 Karpiński 1788. 16 A more detailed description of Ojców’s spa architecture can be 18 Niemcewicz 1858: 34. found in Partyka and Ziarkowski 2016: 320–333. 19 Ziarkowski 2011b: 61.

Preventive conservation of the human environment 6 • Architecture as an element of the landscape 395 Dominik Ziarkowski

Fig. 10. Project of a nature reserve in the Prądnik Valley, authored by Stanisław Richter and Władysław Szafer (after Richter and Szafer 1924: 93)

the Ojców National Park.20 The main goal of the activity conducted in the years 1995–1997 (Fig. 11). At present, of any national park is of course, nature protection, but the building houses the educational and didactic center in the case of the Ojców National Park, considerable at- of the Ojców National Park. In the years 2008–2010, tention is also devoted to the protection of monuments, a renovation of the second hotel – „Pod Łokietkiem” was as one of the major components of landscape. At the also conducted and a modern educational and museum beginning of the 80s of the 20th century a project aimed center with a permanent nature exhibition was arranged at cataloguing the historical monuments on the territory in its interiors. However due to a lack of sufficient fund- of the Park and its environs, was undertaken in coopera- ing, the restoration of the remaining buildings belonging tion with the Provincial Monument Conservation Officer to the park, had to be to completed in stages (such was in Cracow . As a result, over twenty new filing cards (so the case, e.g., of the „Pod Koroną” villa), while some vil- called „white cards”) had been issued. Moreover, some las had been abandoned altogether by their residents venues situated on the territory of the former Ojców and are currently undergoing a process of gradual deg- spa, had also been added to the list of historical monu- radation. Among the latter group, one finds, for instance, ments21. On several occasions, the board of directors the „Pod Berłem” (Under the Scepter) villa, which is very of the Ojców National Park undertook initiatives aimed interesting from the architectural point of view (Fig. 12). at carrying out the conservation of the castle ruins in Unfortunately, its physical condition constitutes one of Ojców. As a result of these efforts, the ruins had been the most urgent conservation needs. The process of deg- secured and made accessible to sightseers. As was al- radation also concerns some buildings which remain in ready mentioned above, the castle in Pieskowa Skała also private hands; such as, for example, the case of two villas underwent a process of thorough conservation. which belong to the „Zawiszówek” complex.22 The former spa villas have also undergone a process An issue which concerns the protection of cultural of restoration. In this case, one should mention both landscape is much broader than the problem of monu- the considerable successes of these measures as well as ment protection; it constitutes one of the main goals of cases which require further improvement. As regards the the functioning of national parks the world over23. In the former, one ought to mention above all a thorough reno- case of the Ojców National Park, attempts to include the vation of the former hotel „Pod Kazimierzem” which was cultural landscape of the Prądnik Valley on the UNESCO’s

20 Leńkowa 1987: 20. 22 Partyka and Ziarkowski 2016: 334. 21 Ziarkowski 2011b: 92. 23 Antrop 2005: 29.

396 Archaeologica Hereditas • 10 Dominik Ziarkowski Architecture in the cultural landscape of the Prądnik Valley

Fig. 11. Former hotel „Pod Kazimierzem” in Ojców, ca 1885, renovated in the years 1995-1997 (photo by D. Ziarkowski)

Fig. 12. Villa „Pod Berłem” (Under the Scepter) in Ojców, ca 1885 (photo by D. Ziarkowski)

World Heritage list, were undertaken twice. The first at- had prepared the motion, there was Professor Andrzej tempt was undertaken already in 1978, but the motion Tomaszewski who himself was a great fan of Ojców and which was prepared then got stuck in the ministry and its environs. Yet, ultimately, despite the efforts of its pro- was never submitted for further evaluation. In the suc- ponents, the motion was rejected, chiefly due to that cessive motion, drafted in the year 2001, its proponents fact that it had been criticised by naturalists representing suggested that the area stretching from Pieskowa Skała the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. to Ojców should be entered on the UNESCO list; the total A very interesting issue which ought to be mentioned length of the proposed area amounted to 10 km, while in the context of landscape protection of the Prądnik Val- its mean width to around 1.5 km (Fig. 13). In the final ley, is that of so called active protection. The latter had remarks justifying their motion, its authors drew atten- been undertaken on the territory of the Ojców National tion to the specific natural and cultural dualism of the Park since the beginning of the 1980s and it consisted area: „The complementarity of the natural and cultural in clearing the local rocks and cliffs from stenothermic elements, as well as their coexistence determining the plants, among others by cutting out trees and bushes unique character of the cultural landscape – constitute that grew on them.25 What is especially interesting from the greatest values of this extraordinary area”.24 At this our point of view is the fact that the above-mentioned point, it is worth adding that among the consultants who 25 To find out more on this topic, see: Partyka 2001; Medwecka- 24 Bogdanowski et al. 2001: 9. Kornaś 2008; Partyka and Sołtys-Lelek 2017.

Preventive conservation of the human environment 6 • Architecture as an element of the landscape 397 Dominik Ziarkowski

Fig. 13. Map with the highlighted segment of the Prądnik Valley and its protective zone submitted for entry on the UNESCO list (after Bogdanowski et al. 2001: 7)

Fig. 14. Foreground of the castle in Pieskowa Skała cleared of trees and shrubs (photo by R. Cieślik)

398 Archaeologica Hereditas • 10 Dominik Ziarkowski Architecture in the cultural landscape of the Prądnik Valley

Fig. 15. Segment of the Prądnik Valley in Ojców, photograph taken on a holiday (photo by J. Partyka)

activities were undertaken with the additional aim of- ex caravans; sporadically, the owners of plots even decide posing to full view the most important monuments of to build new homes, in spite of the current ban on build- architecture on the territory of the national park, that is ing on the territory of the entire park.27 One should also the castles in Ojców and Pieskowa Skała. In the first case, mention the dangerous phenomenon of building up the it was the slope of the castle hill that was cleared of for- park’s buffer zone, which comes right up to its boundary; est, and in the second case, it was the foreground of the these phenomena only intensify the „insular” effect of castle on the eastern side that was cleared of trees and this smallest Polish national park. shrubs (Fig. 14). In this way, the importance of historical buildings in the landscape of the Prądnik Valley was emphasised. Exposing these buildings also harks back to Summary numerous images which portray the two castles as unob- scured by a thicket of dense vegetation.26 Undoubtedly, the relatively small area of the Prądnik Val- A separate problem associated with the issue of pro- ley represents a unique cultural landscape on a national tection of the cultural landscape in the Prądnik Valley, is scale. It is also worth emphasising that among the most that of excessive tourist traffic. The Ojców National Park important components of this landscape which build up is visited by around 400 thousand people annually and its identity and a specific genius loci, are monuments of a consequence of their presence here is, among others, architecture that are located in beautiful natural sur- littering the terrain, destroying mountain trails and ex- roundings. The fact that this valley has been taken under cessive concentration of people and cars at the bottom protection in the form of a national park is advantageous of the valley (Fig. 15). Moreover, this results in introduc- from the point of view of protection of nature and his- ing objects and equipment that accommodate tourists torical monuments, that jointly co-create the cultural within the landscape, such as gastronomical venues, ki- landscape. One can only hope that in spite of the numer- osks, colour umbrellas, advertisements, etc. More per- ous problems, one will be able to preserve the landscape manent objects, also appear such as holiday cottages or values of this area for future generations.

26 Ziarkowski 2011b: 91–92. 27 Partyka and Żółciak 2005: 34.

Preventive conservation of the human environment 6 • Architecture as an element of the landscape 399 Dominik Ziarkowski

References:

Antoniewicz, M. 2000. Zamek w Pieskowej Skale. Dzieje i konserwacja, com- 1998. Zamki na Wyżynie Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej. Gene- posed by A. Janas and A. Wójcik. Tarnobrzeg: Muzeum za – funkcje – konteksty. Kielce: Szumacher. Historyczne Miasta Tarnobrzega. Antrop, M. Medwecka-Kornaś, A. 2005. Why landscapes of the past are important for the futu- 2008. Ochrona szaty roślinnej i krajobrazu Ojcowskiego Parku re. Landscape and Urban Planning 70: 21–34. Narodowego, [in:] J. Partyka and A. Klasa (eds), Mo- Bauer, H.-U. nografia Ojcowskiego Parku Narodowego. Przyroda, 2010. Holzhäuser aus Wolgast: Ikonen der Bäderarchitektur. 349–384. Ojców: Ojcowski Park Narodowy. Pt. 1. Heringsdorf: Igel. Mitkowska, A. Bogdanowski, J., R. Marcinek, O. Dyba, S. Kołodziejski, Z. Mycz- 1995. Uzdrowisko w Ojcowie i jego park zdrojowy. Prądnik. kowski, J. Partyka, A. Siwek and T. Śledzikowski Prace i Materiały Muzeum im. Prof. Władysława Sza- 2001. Dolina Prądnika. Zabytek kultury Rzeczypospolitej Pol- fera 10: 105–134. skiej kierowany do wpisu na Listę Światowego Dzie- Niemcewicz, J.U. dzictwa. Warszawa: computer printout, Archive of the 1858. Podróże historyczne po ziemiach polskich od 1811 do Ojców National Park. 1828 roku. Paryż: w księgarni A. Francka. Dreścik, J. Partyka, J. 1987. Kwiatki Świętey Pustynie B. Salomei Panny, na Skale 2001. Pierwsze doświadczenia w ochronie czynnej na terenie S. Maryey. Treści ideowe barokowej Pustelni bł. Salo- Ojcowskiego Parku Narodowego, [in:] J. Partyka (ed.), mei w Grodzisku koło Skały. Folia Historiae Artium 23: Badania naukowe w południowej części Wyżyny Kra- 37–81. kowsko-Częstochowskiej, 481–485. Ojców: Ojcowski Falniowska-Gradowska, A. Park Narodowy. 1995. Dzieje zamku ojcowskiego. Ojców: Ojcowski Park Naro- Partyka, J. and A. Klasa dowy, Muzeum im. Prof. Władysława Szafera. 2008. Ojcowski Park Narodowy – wiadomości ogólne, [in:] Holcerowa, T. J. Partyka and A. Klasa (eds), Monografia Ojcowskiego 2007. Barokowy zespół architektoniczno-przestrzenny tzw. Parku Narodowego. Przyroda, 19–28. Ojców: Ojcowski Pustelni bł. Salomei w Grodzisku. Prądnik. Prace i Ma- Park Narodowy. teriały Muzeum im. Prof. Władysława Szafera 17: Partyka, J. and A. Sołtys-Lelek 167–194. 2017. Ojcowski Park Narodowy: wybrane problemy ochrony Karpiński, F. przyrody i krajobrazu kulturowego. Silex et Ferrum 2. 1788. Podróż do Krakowa i jego okolic. Warszawa: w drukarni In print. J. K. Mci i Rzeczypospolitey u XX. Scholarum Piarum. Partyka, J. and D. Ziarkowski Kołodziejski, S. 2016. Dziedzictwo uzdrowiska w Ojcowie, [in:] J. Partyka 2006. Średniowieczne budowle obronne na terenie Jury Oj- (ed.), Monografia Ojcowskiego Parku Narodowego. cowskiej w świetle wyników nowszych badań. Ojców: Dziedzictwo kulturowe, 305–338. Ojców: Ojcowski Park Ojcowski Park Narodowy. Narodowy. Kurzej, M. Partyka, J. and J. Żółciak 2014. Ksiądz Sebastian Piskorski a sztuka i historia, [in:] 2005. Konflikt człowiek – przyroda na przykładzie Ojcowskie- K. Kuczman and A. Witko (eds), Sztuka po Trydencie, go Parku Narodowego, [in:] A. Hibszer and J. Partyka 415–428. Studia de Arte Moderna 1. Kraków: Wydaw- (eds), Między ochroną przyrody a gospodarką – bliżej nictwo AA. ochrony. Konflikty człowiek – przyroda na obszarach Leńkowa, A. prawnie chronionych w Polsce, 32–42. Sosnowiec – Oj- 1987. Dwie rocznice, [in:] J. Partyka (ed.), Parki Narodowe ców: Polskie Towarzystwo Geograficzne Oddział Kato- i Rezerwaty Przyrody. Ojcowski Park Narodowy – wy- wicki, Ojcowski Park Narodowy. brane problemy i zadania, 9–21. Białowieża – Ojców: Piskorski, S. Białowieski Park Narodowy. 1691. Flores Vitae B. Salomeae Virginis, Principis Poloniae, Majewski, A. Reginae Haliciae, Ordinis S. Clarae, Primae in Polonia 1948. Architektura i rzeźba renesansowa zamku w Pieskowej Fundatricis / Kwiecie Żywota B. Salomei Panny, Księżny Skale. Ochrona Zabytków 1 (3/4): 130–134. Polskiey, Krolowey Halickiey, Zakonu S. Klary, Pierw- 1953. Zamek w Pieskowej Skale. Teka Konserwatorska 2. szey w Polszcze Fundatorski. Cracoviae. Warszawa. Przała, J. 1964. Pieskowa Skała. Warszawa: Arkady. 1959. Architektura i rzeźba Grodziska koło Skały. Biuletyn Hi- storii Sztuki 21 (1): 123–124.

400 Archaeologica Hereditas • 10 Dominik Ziarkowski Architecture in the cultural landscape of the Prądnik Valley

Richter, S. and W. Szafer 2012. Ogród Boży i ogród ludzki. Ojców w XIX i na początku 1924. Projekt rezerwatu w dolinie Prądnika. Ochrona Przy- XX wieku, [in:] J. Klimek and J. Partyka (eds), Człowiek rody 4: 92–97. w Ogrodzie Pana, 173–184. Ojców: Uniwersytet Papie- Wietersheim Eskioglou, K. v. ski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie, Uniwersytet Preszowski 2004. Der Schweizer Stil und die Entwicklung des modernen w Preszowie, Ojcowski Park Narodowy. Schweizer Holzhausbaus. Zürich: Eidgenössischen Tech- 2014. Zamki na Wyżynie Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej. Proble- nischen Hochschule. my konserwacji i udostępniania dla turystyki. Kraków: Ziarkowski, D. Proksenia. 2011a. Ojców as a retreat for Warsaw’s dwellers in the pe- 2015. Próby restauracji wieży zamku w Ojcowie w końcu riod of the Kingdom of Poland (1815–1914), [in:] XIX wieku oraz w latach 1912–1914. Prądnik. Prace M. Omilanowska and B. Störtkuhl (eds), Stadtfluch- i Materiały Muzeum im. Prof. Władysława Szafera 25: ten – Ucieczki z miasta, 101–115. Das Gemeinsame 221–240. Kulturerbe – Wspólne dziedzictwo 7. Warszawa: In- 2016. Sztuka sakralna, [in:] J. Partyka (ed.), Monografia Oj- stytut Sztuki Polskiej Akademii Nauk. cowskiego Parku Narodowego. Dziedzictwo kulturowe, 2011b. Zabytki a turystyka. Studium poświęcone historii na- 241–292. Ojców: Ojcowski Park Narodowy. ukowego i krajoznawczego poznawania Doliny Prąd- Żebrawski, T. nika. Kraków: Proksenia. 1883. Słownik wyrazów technicznych tyczących się budownic- twa. Kraków: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.

Preventive conservation of the human environment 6 • Architecture as an element of the landscape 401

Notes on authors

Barsha Amarendra – BA, architect; Visvesvaraya National Weronika Kobylińska-Bunsch – MA, art historian; doc Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India. toral student at the Institute of Art History, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. Cynthia Ammerman – historian and preservation strate- gist; director of the Polis: Cultural Planning, LLC in Kansas Zbigniew Kobyliński – Professor Dr habil., archaeologist City, Missouri, and of the Cass County Historical Society and manager of cultural heritage; director of the Institu- in Harrisonville, Missouri, USA. te of Archaeology of the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński Uni- versity in Warsaw, Poland. Lazare Eloundou Assomo – Deputy Director of UNESCO’s World Heritage Center, Paris, France. Diederik de Koning – MA, architect and environmental and infractructural planner; PhD candidate at the Delft Marek Barański – Dr eng., architect, conservator of histo- University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture and the ric monuments; Kielce University of Technology, Faculty Built Environment, Borders and Territories Research Gro- of Building Engineering and Architecture, Kielce, Poland. up, Delft, the Netherlands.

Ewa M. Charowska – Dr eng., architect, historian and Heiner Krellig – Dr, art historian, independent scholar, historic preservationist; independent scholar working in working in Berlin, Germany and Venice, Italy. Toronto, Canada. Amarendra Kumar Das – Professor; Department of De- Paolo Del Bianco – President of the Romualdo Del Bian- sign, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India. co Foundation, Florence, Italy. Karen Lens – MA, architect; doctoral student at Hasselt Stefano De Caro – Dr, archaeologist; Director-General University, Belgium. of ICCROM, former Director-General of Antiquities with the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities, Mingqian Liu – MA, historian of art and architecture; Rome, Italy. PhD student at the Department of Architecture, Texas A&M University, USA. Urszula Forczek-Brataniec – Dr; lecturer at Cracow Uni- versity of Technology, Cracow, Poland. Secretary General Estefanía López Salas – Dr, architect and restorator; of the European Region of the International Federation Professor at the School of Architecture, University of of Landscape Architects. A Coruña, Spain.

Joanna Gruszczyńska – MSc. Eng. Arch., architect; doc Cristiano Luchetti – Assistant Professor; American Uni- toral student at the Warsaw University of Technology, versity of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw, Poland. Ana Luengo – MA, MSc, PhD, landscape architect; former Eva Gutscoven – MSc; architect and conservator working President of the European Region of the International in Belgium. Federation of Landscape Architects –IFLA EUROPE.

Tetiana Kazantseva – Dr, Associate Professor; Depart- Nataliya Lushnikova – Dr Eng., Associate Professor; Na- ment of Design and Architecture Basics, Institute of tional University of Water and Environmental Engineering, Architecture, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Department Ukraine. of Architecture and Environmental Design, Rivne, Ukraine.

Archaeologica Hereditas 10 403–404 Notes on authors

Fernando Magalhães – PhD, anthropologist; Interdisci- Carinna Soares de Sousa – BA, architect and urban de- plinary Venter of Social Sciences (CICS.NOVA), Polytech- signer; MA student in urban planning at the Federal Uni- nic Institute of Leiria’s School of Education and Social versity of Santa Catarina in Florianópolis, Brazil. Sciences, Leiria, Portugal. Aleksandra Stępniewska – MA student of architecture Romano Martini – PhD, theoretician of law and politics; at the University of Social Sciences in Warsaw, Poland. Adjunct Professor at Niccolo Cusano University, Rome, Italy. Bishnu Tamuli – Doctoral student at the Department of Design, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India. Christine McCarthy – PhD, architect and art historian; senior lecturer at the Victoria University, Wellington, Işılay Tiarnagh Sheridan – BA, MSc, architect; research New Zealand. assistant at the İzmir Institute of Technology in Faculty of Architecture, Izmir, Turkey. Louis Daniel Nebelsick – Dr habil., archaeologist; Profes- sor at the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in War- Andrzej Tomaszewski (1934-2010) – Professor dr habil., saw, Poland. historian of art and culture, architect, urban planner, in- vestigator of Medieval architecture and art; director of Ewa Paszkiewicz – MA; main scenographer at The Royal ICCROM (1988-1992), General Conservator of Poland Łazienki Museum in Warsaw. (1995-1999).

Ana Pereira Roders – Dr, architect and urban planner; Koen Van Balen – Professor at the Catholic University of Associate Professor in Heritage and Sustainability at the Leuven and director of the Raymond Lemaire Internatio- Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands. nal Centre for Conservation, Belgium.

Kamil Rabiega – MA, archaeologist; PhD student in the Nikolaas Vande Keere – MA, civil engineer architect; Institute of Archaeology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński Uni- Professor in charge of the design studio of the Interna- versity in Warsaw, Poland. tional Master of Interior Architecture on Adaptive Reuse at the Hasselt University, Belgium. Almir Francisco Reis – Dr, urban planner; Professor at the Federal University of Santa Catarina in Florianópolis, Ingrida Veliutė – Dr; lecturer at the Vytautas Magnus Brazil. University Faculty of Arts and member of ICOMOS Lithu- ania. Petro Rychkov – Dr, architect; Professor at the Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering Tony Williams – former President of the Irish Landscape and Architecture, Department of Conservation of Built Institute and President of The European Region of the Heritage, Lublin, Poland. International Federation of Landscape Architects.

Juan Alejandro Saldarriaga Sierra – Dr, cultural geogra- Anna Wiśnicka – Dr, design historian; teacher at the In- pher; teacher at the Faculty of Architecture of the Natio- stitute of Art History of the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński nal University of Colombia in Medellin, Colombia. University in Warsaw, Poland.

Dominik Ziarkowski – Dr, art historian; Cracow Universi- ty of Economics. Chair of Tourism, Cracow, Poland.

404 Archaeologica Hereditas • 10