DOCSLIB.ORG

Towards an Ontology of Transport

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Towards an Ontology of Transport Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Towards an ontology of transport Transport naturalised A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Transport Theory at Lincoln University by James Maxwell Upton Lincoln University 2018 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Abstract Towards an ontology of transport Transport naturalised by James Maxwell Upton This thesis develops an ontology of transport that is appropriate for transportation as it occurs in all earth systems, whether physical, biological, social, or economic. I argue that the current very restrictive ontology makes it essentially impossible to understand the wider relationships between material movement and activity on one hand and economic, social, and environmental phenomena on the other. The thesis focusses on the conceptual issues. In the broadest usage, the term ‘goods transport’ refers to the movement of materials from one place to another. However, its central conception is usually considered within a narrow context as a demand that is derived from other activities. Understandably then most transport research is applied to improving how systems operate and focus on optimisation and efficiency. This occurs within the context of an ambivalent approach to the governance of freight transport where what is moved within New Zealand and across borders is determined largely by market forces. This particularly economic view of the role and governance of goods transport struck me as unsatisfactory. To address the unease that I had about this I focus on conceptual issues through interdisciplinary and explorative research that questions the normal view of transport as a techno-economic function that focus on factors that lead to greater efficiency and effectiveness in existing transport systems. The result is a conceptual framework for the unified treatment of transport in a variety of natural and human systems. The basis of the theoretical framework so devised develops ontology of transport from aspects of thermodynamics, self-organising systems, and broad evolutionary thinking. This is an approach largely ignored in previous theorising and I address these issues within an explanatory framework that situates transport within neo-materialist philosophical thinking. The framework is augmented by ideas developed from aspects of assemblage thinking and 1-ii consideration of speculative realism. In doing this I provide a new theoretical basis to address the role of modern transport that is creating problems such as climactic warming in a changing world. The ontological commitment provides a basis for theorising ways to address transport within the socio-economic problem of the more we expand transport by generating the energy it needs from fossil fuels, the more we change global economies, but the more massive the social and environmental consequences become. The theoretical framework develops ontology of transport from aspects of thermodynamics, self- organising systems, and broad evolutionary thinking. This is an approach largely ignored in previous theorising. The model of explanation is analogical and iterative and compares goods movement in a social context with other evolutionary entities with similar structures and speculation about ontological commitments of the perceived similitude. I then explore whether the analogy is appropriate in theorising the difference between cellular, ecological and goods transport, and how the social aspects of materials transport can be explained with a new understanding of transportation ontology. Transport has had a relationship with matter and energy since the very beginnings of living cellular systems and plays a meaningfully part of the persistence of all living things, It is central to evolutionary processes and the development of complexity. Transport at different scales has the same purpose with similar abstract architecture and informational processes, that are developed to levels of complexity that rival those of modern logistics operations. Topological governance of transport systems is found to be as important as the management of network logistics systems and work together for the viability of the whole entity over time. My findings suggest that social and political discourse around transportation could benefit from a broader consideration of how entities from the scale of households to nations could benefit societal health through managing energy flows within regions and across borders To make sense of this requires a transport ontology allowing a commitment that matter and energy interact within informational systems. I propose an ontology that is processual and allows for an order producing and active relationship between matter, transport, and energy flow to create complexity as part of the evolution of the earth. The ontology allows relationships at and between many scales entailed in ‘perception-action’ cycles and manifest as transport and communication. Transport theorised in this way is an analysable production function of whole entities that connects the capacity to affect with the capacity to affect with the capacity to be affected as found in all material flow processes. In summary, transport produces situations of adjacency where material get close enough for their properties and capacities to interact. 1-iii My overall contribution is the thesis that there are thermodynamic, material, and evolutionary reasons to naturalise transport and consider it meaningfully in the development of complex living systems at many scales. My project shows that when transport is theorised within neo-materialist thinking a different and richer perspective on transportation emerges that offers an alternative conceptual foundation applicable to a broad range of problems found in human systems and especially in integrated human-natural systems within developing neo-materialist thinking. My conclusions are that the earth can be seen as reliant on the transportation of matter at every level and scale and when seen in this way implies an ontological commitment that differs from the current paradigm of transport. It supports a naturalised transport epistemology and an ontological commitment that allows transport to be theorised as a universal function that is critical to every spatial transfer of matter at every level of existence. Keywords: Assemblage theory, assemblage thinking, entropy, emergence, open systems, ontology, goods transport, thermodynamics, entropy, dissipation, informational systems, naturalised transport, Neo-materialism, Speculative realism. 1-iv Acknowledgements Through all my study at Lincoln, Professor Chris Kissling has been a source of motivation and inspiration in helping my academic development. It began when we met as part of the regional education programme, where Lincoln University offered the Professional Masters Programme in Nelson. Chris’s support and encouragement during that time helped guide me towards further doctoral study. I am grateful to my wife Philippa for supporting and encouraging me in this endeavour that created financial and career uncertainty to our household, and the way her nerve and verve have keep us on course. Dr Hamish Rennie has humoured me in my less than orthodox approach to tackling and completing this thesis. His broad understanding of things philosophical, geographical and background in systems thinking has guided this research, and I acknowledge him for that. I also thank Grant Tavinor for his help in grounding and shaping the philosophical aspects of this research. I acknowledge the help I received from Dr Keith Morrison for introducing me to new areas of thinking about human ecology and for helping me develop different ways of seeing the world. I am grateful for the support of our sons, and our friends and my colleagues from previous employment, and to those I have met since being in Christchurch. I particularly acknowledge and thank Sven Hooper, Dr Lin Roberts and Dr Jean MacFarlane for their help and encouragement. 1-v Dedicated to the memory of Rev Roy Maxwell Upton (1928-1992), my father, whose many interests live on through our sons: his grandsons. Thomas through his wide interest in the humanities and medicine. With Alastair in his love of art and architecture, and Ralph in poetry and things dramatic. And Hamish, the grandson who inspired the poem below, through his love of music. You are acknowledged with love. “Grandad you have a rusty skin...” Alas I fear ‘tis true Wrinkled..crinkled..hair grown thin Which time cannot renew. My Grandson comments without guile A child’s transparent thought I have no answer, but a smile And rue what age has wrought. The outer shell is still intact The paintwork not so bright Though the fabric chipped and cracked It still is water tight! I can keep a child-like trust Within this battered hide Then “faith” will keep outside, the trust And “hope” and “love” reside. A mortal
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Carrying Trade and the First Railways in England, C1750-C1850
    The Carrying Trade and the First Railways in England, c1750-c1850 Carolyn Dougherty PhD University of York Railway Studies November 2018 Abstract Transport and economic historians generally consider the change from moving goods principally on roads, inland waterways and coastal ships to moving them principally on railways as inevitable, unproblematic, and the result of technological improvements. While the benefits of rail travel were so clear that most other modes of passenger transport disappeared once rail service was introduced, railway goods transport did not offer as obvious an improvement over the existing goods transport network, known as the carrying trade. Initially most railways were open to the carrying trade, but by the 1840s railway companies began to provide goods carriage and exclude carriers from their lines. The resulting conflict over how, and by whom, goods would be transported on railways, known as the carrying question, lasted more than a decade, and railway companies did not come to dominate domestic goods carriage until the 1850s. In this study I develop a fuller picture of the carrying trade than currently exists, highlighting its multimodal collaborative structure and setting it within the ‘sociable economy’ of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century England. I contrast this economy with the business model of joint-stock companies, including railway companies, and investigate responses to the business practices of these companies. I analyse the debate over railway company goods carriage, and identify changes in goods transport resulting from its introduction. Finally, I describe the development and outcome of the carrying question, showing that railway companies faced resistance to their attempts to control goods carriage on rail lines not only from the carrying trade but also from customers of goods transport, the government and the general public.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Object-Based Learning at the London Transport Museum
    EDUCATING ABOUT TRANSPORT HISTORY: DEVELOPING OBJECT-LEARNING PROGRAMS AT THE LONDON TRANSPORT MUSEUM An Interactive Qualifying Project Report submitted to the Faculty of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Science degree in cooperation with the London Transport Museum Submitted by: Andrew Barth Luke Perreault Ryan Santos Woodrow Shattuck Project Advisors: Professor Zhikun Hou Professor Wesley Mott Sponsor Liason: Elizabeth Poulter Submitted on: 19 June 2013 Abstract Incorporating engineering objects into educational outreach programs is a proven means to excite students about transport engineering. Grounded in theories of museum education and object-based learning, we offer means to help the London Transport Museum (LTM) achieve this mission: narratives on various disciplines of transport engineering, an engineering object catalog, and “toolkits” for using objects in engineering education programs. These resources and suggestions for acquiring new engineering objects are designed to enhance current and future program development. i Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ i Authorship...................................................................................................................................... iv Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements
    [Show full text]
  • History of Transport
    History of Transport Did you know that a very important invention happened a very long time ago? In 3500BC, a wheel was attached to a cart for the first time. This invention meant that people could use a cart to carry food that they had gathered instead of having to carry it by hand. People could use the cart to carry items for longer distances. In 1783, a man called Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier flew in a hot air balloon for the first time. This is a hot air balloon. Jean-François worked as a French chemistry and physics teacher. He knew that the people who flew in the hot air balloon for the first time would be remembered forever. King Louis XVI thought that two criminals should be put into the hot air balloon, but Jean-François disagreed. He managed to convince King Louis XVI to let him be the first person to fly. In 1785, Jean-François tried to cross the English Channel in a hot air balloon. The balloon deflated during the flight and crashed. Jean-François was killed in this accident. A man called George Stephenson invented the first steam-powered engine in 1814. He called the engine ‘Blucher’. Blucher’s first job was to carry eight coal wagons along an uphill track. Blucher was so successful that Stephenson ended up building another sixteen engines. German inventor Karl von Drais invented something that he called the ‘Laufmaschine’, which means ‘running machine’. It looked a lot like a bicycle, but something was missing! Can you see what is missing from this bicycle invention? This invention had two wheels and handles at the front of it for steering, but it had no pedals.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Transport Systems in the UK
    The history of transport systems in the UK Future of Mobility: Evidence Review Foresight, Government Office for Science The history of transport systems in the UK Professor Simon Gunn Centre for Urban History, University of Leicester December 2018 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr Aaron Andrews for his help with the research for this review, especially for creating the graphs, and Georgina Lockton for editing. The review has benefited from the input of an Advisory Group consisting of Professor Colin Divall (University of York); Professor Gordon Pirie (University of Cape Town); Professor Colin Pooley (Lancaster University); Professor Geoff Vigar (University of Newcastle). I thank them all for taking time to read the review at short notice and enabling me to draw on their specialist expertise. Any errors remaining are, of course, mine. This review has been commissioned as part of the UK government’s Foresight Future of Mobility project. The views expressed are those of the author and do not represent those of any government or organisation. This document is not a statement of government policy. This report has an information cut-off date of February 2018. The history of transport systems in the UK Executive summary The purpose of this review is to summarise the major changes affecting transport systems in the UK over the last 100 years. It is designed to enable the Foresight team to bring relevant historical knowledge to bear on the future of transport and mobility. The review analyses four aspects of transport and mobility across the twentieth century. The first section identifies significant points of change in the main transport modes.
    [Show full text]
  • Fourth Quarter 2014
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration NACA SPECIAL ISSUE Volume 31, Number 4 Fourth Quarter 2014 FROM CELEBRATING THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY THE CHIEF OF THE NATIONAL ADVISORY HISTORIAN COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS o you notice Dsomething differ- THE SPIRIT OF THE ent? That’s right, our NACA...BY AN OLD IN THIS ISSUE: incredible graphics NACA GUY folks from the Headquarters Communications 1 From the Chief Historian By Jack Boyd Support Services Center (CSSC) have updated 1 Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the design of News & Notes. It was about time he spirit at the Ames the National Advisory Committee for to bring this newsletter up to current stan- T Aeronautical Laboratory in Aeronautics dards for readability, and we also asked them the days of the National Advisory 1 The Spirit of the NACA…by an Old NACA Guy to reflect the National Advisory Committee Committee for Aeronautics 3 The Wind Tunnel District of the NACA Ames for Aeronautics (NACA) centennial theme (NACA) was one of freedom Aeronautical Laboratory in the design. (Hence the black and yellow and innovation. No reasonable 6 Lewis Research Center and the Post-War coloring used in the markings on so many idea was discouraged. There was NACA Inspections classic NACA/NASA research craft.) I think a freedom to learn. Continuous 13 NASA Langley—The Beginning of It All they’ve done a great job. How about you? One learning, even when done uncon- 19 In the Words of Those Who Were There: Oral Histories from the NACA Days aspect that I’m particularly pleased with is the ventionally, kept curiosity strong.
    [Show full text]
  • Time Travelers Camporee a Compilation of Resources
    1 Time Travelers Camporee A Compilation of Resources Scouts, Ventures, Leaders & Parents…. This is a rather large file (over 80 pages). We have included a “Table of Contents” page to let you know the page numbers of each topic for quick reference. The purpose of this resources to aid the patrols, crews (& adults) in their selection of “Patrol Time Period” Themes. There are numerous amounts of valuable information that can be used to pinpoint a period of time or a specific theme /subject matter (or individual).Of course, ideas are endless, but we just hope that your unit can benefit from the resources below…… This file also goes along with the “Time Traveler” theme as it gives you all a look into a wide variety of subjects, people throughout history. The Scouts & Ventures could possibly use some of this information while working on some of their Think Tank entries. There are more events/topics that are not covered than covered in this file. However, due to time constraints & well, we had to get busy on the actual Camporee planning itself, we weren’t able to cover every event during time. Who knows ? You might just learn a thing or two ! 2 TIME TRAVELERS CAMPOREE PATROL & VENTURE CREW TIME PERIOD SELECTION “RESOURCES” Page Contents 4 Chronological Timeline of A Short History of Earth 5-17 World Timeline (1492- Present) 18 Pre-Historic Times 18 Fall of the Roman Empire/ Fall of Rome 18 Middle Ages (5th-15th Century) 19 The Renaissance (14-17th Century) 19 Industrial Revolution (1760-1820/1840) 19 The American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) 19 Rocky Mountain Rendezvous (1825-1840) 20 American Civil War (1861-1865) 20 The Great Depression (1929-1939) 20 History of Scouting Timeline 20-23 World Scouting (Feb.
    [Show full text]
  • THE HISTORY of TOURIST TRANSPORT AFTER the MODERN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION the History of Tourist Transport
    275 Pol. J. Sport Tourism 2011, 18,Pol.Pol. 264-274 J. J. Sport Sport Tourism Tourism 2011, 2011, 18, 18, Cudny275-28 275-289 and Rouba: ROLA FESTIWALI ŁÓDZKICH... DOI: 10.2478/v10197-011-0022-6 1 THE HISTORY OF TOURIST TRANSPORT AFTER THE MODERN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The history of tourist transport BEATA GIERCZAK University of Economics in Poznań, Chair of Tourism Mailing address: Beata Gierczak, University of Economics, Chair of Tourism, 10 Niepodległości Ave., 61-875 Poznań, tel.: +48 61 8543766, fax: +48 61 8668924, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The article focuses on the changes in the development of tourism transportation, which occurred after the invention of the steam engine in 1769 by Watt. The stages in tourism transport after the industrial revolution have been introduced. The article also deals with changes occurred in all modes of transportation, taking into account the speed of the trip, the quality of transport services and the pace of the de- velopment of the touristic movement as well as the pro-ecological actions. Key words: tourism transport, the industrial revolution in transport, stages in the history of transport, modes of tourism transportation Introduction Changing trends in tourism, increased awareness and ma- turity of travellers as well as their growing requirements and The factors affecting the growth of tourist traffic include the expectations, have initiated a number of activities in tourist development of tourist transport. The changes that have taken transport. New transport modes that enable their implementa- place in tourist transport over the centuries show how intensely tion have emerged with the development of new disciplines, this industry is connected with all forms of human activity, in- specialisations and directions in tourism.
    [Show full text]
  • Dispossession, Displacement, and the Making of the Shared Minibus Taxi in Cape Town and Johannesburg, South Africa, 1930-Present
    Sithutha Isizwe (“We Carry the Nation”): Dispossession, Displacement, and the Making of the Shared Minibus Taxi in Cape Town and Johannesburg, South Africa, 1930-Present A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Elliot Landon James IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Allen F. Isaacman & Helena Pohlandt-McCormick November 2018 Elliot Landon James 2018 copyright Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................. ii List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................iii Prologue .......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................... 17 Introduction: Dispossession and Displacement: Questions Framing Thesis Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................... 94 Historical Antecedents of the Shared Minibus Taxi: The Cape Colony, 1830-1930 Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................................... 135 Apartheid, Forced Removals, and Public Transportation in Cape Town, 1945-1978 Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Beasts of Burden: Horse Transport on the Western Front
    BEASTS OF BURDEN: HORSE TRANSPORT ON THE WESTERN FRONT Major Dave Sweeney JCSP 39 DL PCEMI 39 AD Master of Defence Studies Maîtrise en études de la défense Disclaimer Avertissement Opinions expressed remain those of the author and do Les opinons exprimées n’engagent que leurs auteurs et not represent Department of National Defence or ne reflètent aucunement des politiques du Ministère de Canadian Forces policy. This paper may not be used la Défense nationale ou des Forces canadiennes. Ce without written permission. papier ne peut être reproduit sans autorisation écrite. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, représentée par le Minister of National Defence, 2014 ministre de la Défense nationale, 2014 CANADIAN FORCES COLLEGE – COLLÈGE DES FORCES CANADIENNES JCSP 39 DL – PCEMI 39 AD MASTER OF DEFENCE STUDIES – MAÎTRISE EN ÉTUDES DE LA DÉFENSE BEASTS OF BURDEN: HORSE TRANSPORT ON THE WESTERN FRONT By Major Dave Sweeney 01 August 2014 “This paper was written by a student “La présente étude a été rédigée par attending the Canadian Forces College un stagiaire du Collège des Forces in fulfilment of one of the requirements canadiennes pour satisfaire à l'une des of the Course of Studies. The paper is exigences du cours. L'étude est un a scholastic document, and thus document qui se rapporte au cours et contains facts and opinions, which the contient donc des faits et des opinions author alone considered appropriate que seul l'auteur considère appropriés and correct for the subject. It does not et convenables au sujet.
    [Show full text]
  • Smart Transport Illustrator: Asma Jehangir
    EASY KNOWLEDGE NO. 6 Smart Transport Illustrator: Asma Jehangir Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom would welcome reproduction and dissemination of the contents of the report with due acknowledgments. Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom Post Box 1733 Islamabad 44000 – Pakistan. [email protected] | www.fnfsouthasia.org @FNFPakistan Author: Farhan Anwar ISBN: 978-969-629-173-2 Circulation: 4,000 First Edition: 2019 Layout & Print: dzignet, Islamabad – www.dzignet.com Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the contents of this publication. The authors or the organization do not accept any responsibility of any omission as it is not deliberate. Nevertheless, we will appreciate provision of accurate information to improve our work. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily represent the views of the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom. Contents Introduction 2 History of Transportation 4 Climate Change and Transportation 14 Our Transport Woes! 30 Smart and Climate Friendly Transportation 34 Introduction When we talk about services and facilities that are important to making a city function properly, than ‘transport’ is a service that is of critical significance. Urban ground transport includes the key transport infrastructure like roads, sidewalks, bridges, railway tracks, fuelling stations, workshops, car parks etc. Then there are the modes of transport like cars, motorcycles, para transit like rickshaws, wagons, and trucks and buses, trains. Nowadays there is a strong focus on promoting walking and bicycling – modes of mobility that are termed as ‘Non-Motorized Transport (NMT). Modern forms of transport were a by-product of the age of industrialization when for transporting the mass produced goods and growing population, rail systems were introduced and the factory towns or the modern industrial cities were shaped by the automobile.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future for Interurban Passenger Transport
    The future for interurban passenger transport M a d r i d Bringing citizens closer together 1 8 t h International Symposium on Transport Economics and Policy The future for interurban passenger transport Bringing citizens closer together Economic growth, trade and the concentration of population in large cities will intensify demand for interurban transport services. Concurrently, the need to manage environmental impacts effectively will increase. How successful we are in coping with demand will depend on our ability to innovate, to manage congestion, and The future to improve the quality of transport services. Technological and regulatory innovation will shape the future of transport. The Symposium brought together leading transport researchers from for interurban around the world to explore the future for interurban passenger transport. A first set of papers investigates what drives demand for interurban passenger transport and infers how it may evolve in the passenger future. The remaining papers investigate transport policy issues that emerge as key challenges: when to invest in high-speed rail, how to regulate to ensure efficient operation, how to assign infrastructure to transport different types of users, and how to control transport’s environmental footprint by managing modal split and improving modal performance. Bringing citizens closer together www.internationaltransportforum.org www.oecd.org/publishing -:HSTCSC=VUW[Z\: (74 2010 02 1 P) ISBN 978-92-821-0265-7 2010 18th International Symposium on Transport Economics and Policy 16-18 November 2009 MADRID The future for interurban passenger transport Bringing citizens closer together ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation.
    [Show full text]
  • British Transport History: Shifting Perspectives and New Agendas
    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Commerce - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Business and Law January 2002 British transport history: shifting perspectives and new agendas Simon Ville University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/commpapers Part of the Business Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Ville, Simon: British transport history: shifting perspectives and new agendas 2002. https://ro.uow.edu.au/commpapers/101 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] British transport history: shifting perspectives and new agendas Abstract This chapter is a contribution to the festschrift of Derek Aldcroft, formerly Professor of Economic History at Leicester and Manchester. It offers a retrospective on his contribution to transport history and suggests new research agendas for the subject. Keywords transport history, Britain, Derek Aldcroft, communications Disciplines Business | Social and Behavioral Sciences Publication Details This chapter was originally published as: Ville, S, British transport history: shifting perspectives and new agendas, in M. Oliver and J. Wilson (eds) Economic Success and Failure Through Time and Space: Essays in Honour of Derek H. Aldcroft, 2002, 1-29. Copyright 2002 Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot. This book chapter is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/commpapers/101 British transport history: shifting perspectives and new agendas Introduction It is appropriate that Derek Aldcroft’s festschrift should begin with a chapter on British transport for it was this topic that first caught the attention of Aldcroft’s fertil e mind and established him as a leading scholar of economic history.
    [Show full text]