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Abstract English Summary Methodology of the Study Of mETHOdOlOgY Of THE sTudY Of TRanspORT maCHinERY History 166 Bolotin, Mikhail M. – D. Sc. (Tech), professor at the department of Cars and cars economy, Moscow State University of Railway Transport (MIIT), Moscow, Russia. Andriyanov, Sergey S. – Ph.D. (Tech), associate professor at the department of Cars and cars economy, Moscow State University of Railway Transport (MIIT), Moscow, Russia. absTRaCT Intelligent automatic machine is a machine The article reveals methodological approaches that operates continuously and controlled by to the study of history of production and cars intelligent sensors on reprogrammable algorithm machinery. The basic concepts of production and using the energy of inanimate nature, without any transport machinery, machines and tools, as well as involvement of people (intelligent industrial robots, the principles and methods of the study of history robotic systems). are described. Particular attention is paid to the Objective. The objective of the authors is periodization of historical and technical processes to investigate methodological approaches to and experiences in applying chronological and studying history of production and transport chronological-problematic principles. In addition, the machinery development. authors consider logical method, historical method, methods. Methods of studying the history mathematization and modeling method. A generalized [4–7] are research methods of historical and principle of links-substitution for periodization of historical-technical processes through historical technology development processes is offered. A new facts in order to obtain new knowledge. They category is introduced – the level of intelligence of include: a logical method, providing for application automatic machines, the method of its quantitative of the method of induction – movement of thought assessment is mentioned. from the individual to the general, the method of deduction – the movement of thought from the general to the particular, the methods of formal EnglisH summaRY logic, including algebra of logic (propositional background. Study of the history of transport formulas or Boolean algebra); historical method – and production machinery promotes generalization the study of phenomena and processes in their of historical and technical material, determination of chronological development with all unique limits of knowledge about the subject, reduction of features, parts, especially on the principles and the area of ​​ignorance by introducing into scientific rules of work with primary sources [3]; method of use new concepts or methodological approaches, periodization; mathematization method; modeling reconstruction of a holistic understanding of the method. processes and phenomena that occur in transport Basic scientific principles of studying the field. history of manufacturing and transport equipment, To begin with reference to the history of the history of civil society are [3–6]: production machinery (including locomotives and – The principle of objectivity – the reliance cars) it is necessary to remember the original on facts in their true content with positive and concept. negative aspects; Machinery is set of means of human activity – The principle of social approach – created for the processes of production and service considering the history with account of social of non-production needs of society [1, p. 497]. interests of all segments of the population; Manufacturing machinery includes tools, – The principle of historicism – the study of mechanisms, machines, machine control devices, historical facts, phenomena and events in their etc.., And transport machinery includes vehicles development and relationships; (rolling stock: locomotives, diesel locomotives, – The principle of systemacity (systems electric locomotives, cars), technical means of approach) – a set of methodological principles, mechanization of cargo handling and storage considering an object as a system composed processes; mechanization and automation in of interconnected elements (car shed as an transport infrastructure [1, p. 497]. automatic control system of performance (Bolotin, Tool is an instrument for work (hand tools: M.M.), car-repair complex as a self-organizing hammer, crowbar, hacksaw, wrench, brace, drill, system (Sirina, N.F.); rail transport as a system of power tools: pneumatic hammer, pneumatic circuit automated traffic management (Misharin, A.S.); breaker, electric saw, electric wrench, electrical freight car as an essentially non-linear system with drill) [1, p. 184]. variable structure (Filippov, V.N.); Mechanism is a set of flexibly jointed bodies – The principle of chronology – description of (links, parts), which under the influence of applied events in their time sequence; forces make some desirable movements. The totality – The chronological-problem principle – of power, transmission, and actuating mechanisms description of events in periods (stages) with (links, parts: of machine- engine, gear or converter reflection of their internal problems; and power tool) forms a machine [1, p. 287]. – The problem-chronological principle – Machine is a mechanical device with consistently description of the phased development of a working parts, performing certain movements under problem in the history of the state [3]. the control of a man for conversion of energy, Results. material or information [1, p. 278]. The method of periodization Automatic machine is a machine that It divides the development processes into operates continuously and controlled by hard or main qualitatively different from each other reprogrammable algorithm using the energy of periods (stages) in accordance with established inanimate nature without direct participation of criteria (principle) [2, p. 985]. Periodization people. (systematization) of historical and historical- •МИР ТРанСПОРТа 04’14 technical processes is an essential element of the automatic machines with rigid automatic cycle of methodology of history [5, p. 80]. Periodization operation (Z = 4); automatic machines with flexible of the development of civil society is most (reprogrammable) cycle (Z = 4,5); automatic often carried out using formative, civilization, machines of flexible automated lines (Z = 4,75); chronological, chronological-problem and automatic machines of flexible automated sections problem-chronological criteria (principles). In [4, (Z = 5). p. 75] it is noted that «it is unacceptable to transfer Machines having links Z <3 are considered as mechanically the criteria of periodization of civil machines of a low technical level, and machines history to the history of technology». with links 3 <Z <= 5 – of a high technical level. Therefore periodization of the history of The principle of links allows not only to make production and transport machinery is carried a periodization of production machinery, but out using the principles of substitution, links, also transport machinery (cars) [10, 11, 13]. For chronology, chronological-problem, and for the example, in [12] principle of links is first used classification of machinery within periods energy as a criterion of periodization (classification) of principle, principle of functional purpose, principle junctions of freight cars, and in [13] – of passenger of structural materials, configuration principle, cars. principle of form and others are used. [3 5, 7]. Applying the principle of substitution to the The most popular in the historical and technical earlier given classification of machines based study is the principle of substitution of a man on the principle of links, it is possible to get with technical devices in the performance of their enlarged periodization, which includes five functions related to physical and mental labor. stages of development: machine-tools; machine- Based on this principle five periods in the history mechanisms; machines managed by a man; of production machinery are distinguished [4, p. automatic machines with rigid automatic cycle; 75]: instrumental (people start using hand tools); automatic machines with flexible automatic cycle. mechanical (replacement of motion functions of a This periodization is basically consistent with man with mechanisms); mechanized (replacement periodization in [4]. of a man with a machine); automatic (replacement Based on the above results, we propose to of a man with an automatic machine); cybernetic combine the principle of links and the substitution (replacement of human mental functions with principle in one generalized (universal) criterion – cybernetic devices). the principle of links-substitution. In this case, Roughly similar stages of manufacturing the category of «links’ characterizes constructive machinery are highlighted in [9, p. 13]: the first engineering excellence, and the category of stage – the use of simple tools; the second – the use «substitution» – a function performed by a of tools and the simplest mechanisms; the third – technical device to replace a person at different the use of machines; the fourth – automation of stages of development. production; the fifth – comprehensive automation Presumably the principle of links-substitution of production. The difference of this and the of machines can be applied to the periodization of previous periodization of technology development cybernetic machines replacing mental activity of is that in the former case, the process concerns the a person [4, p. 75]. Cybernetic machines should production machinery itself, and in the second – logically be attributed to the machines of a
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