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Transport System and Transport Policy

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Transport System and Transport Policy The Transport System and Transport Policy MM30073007 – VVANAN WWEEEE 97808579368999780857936899 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd i 222/10/20122/10/2012 116:096:09 MM30073007 – VVANAN WWEEEE 97808579368999780857936899 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd iiii 222/10/20122/10/2012 116:096:09 The Transport System and Transport Policy AN INTRODUCTION Edited by Bert van Wee Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Jan Anne Annema Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands David Banister University of Oxford, UK Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA MM30073007 – VVANAN WWEEEE 97808579368999780857936899 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd iiiiii 222/10/20122/10/2012 116:096:09 © Bert van Wee, Jan Anne Annema and David Banister 2013 English language edition based on the concept and structure of, and translated in part from, Bert van Wee and Jan Anne Annema (eds) (2009), Verkeer en Vervoer in Hoofdlijnen, Bussum, Th e Netherlands: Coutinho. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitt ed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Th e Lypiatt s 15 Lansdown Road Cheltenham Glos GL50 2JA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. William Pratt House 9 Dewey Court Northampton Massachusett s 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2012943188 ISBN 978 0 85793 689 9 (cased) ISBN 978 1 78195 204 7 (paperback) Typeset by Servis Filmsett ing Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire Printed and bound by MPG Books Group, UK MM30073007 – VVANAN WWEEEE 97808579368999780857936899 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd iivv 222/10/20122/10/2012 116:096:09 Contents in brief List of contributors xvii List of abbreviations xix Preface xxiii 1 Introduction 1 Bert van Wee, Jan Anne Annema and David Banister 2 Th e traffi c and transport system and eff ects on accessibility, the environment and safety: an introduction 4 Bert van Wee Part I Th e transport system 3 Individual needs, opportunities and travel behaviour: a multidisciplinary perspective based on psychology, economics and geography 19 Martin Dijst, Piet Rietveld and Linda Steg 4 Freight transport demand: indicators, determinants and drivers of change 51 Lóránt Tavasszy and Kees Ruijgrok 5 Land use and transport 78 Bert van Wee 6 Transport resistance factors: time, money and eff ort 101 Jan Anne Annema 7 Traffi c fl ow theory and modelling 125 Serge Hoogendoorn and Victor Knoop Part II Impacts of the transport system 8 Transport technology to reduce transport’s negative impacts 163 Jan Anne Annema, Robert van den Brink and Leonie Walta 9 Accessibility: perspectives, measures and applications 207 Karst Geurs and Bert van Wee 10 Transport and the environment 227 Bert van Wee, David Banister, Jan Anne Annema and Karst Geurs MM30073007 – VVANAN WWEEEE 97808579368999780857936899 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd v 222/10/20122/10/2012 116:096:09 vi · The transport system and transport policy 11 Traffi c safety 254 Fred Wegman Part III Transport policy and research 12 Transport policy 283 Jan Anne Annema 13 Transport futures research 305 Vincent Marchau, Jan Anne Annema, Warren Walker and Jan van der Waard 14 Appraisal methods for transport policy 329 Piet Rietveld 15 Transportation models and their applications 353 Toon van der Hoorn and Bert van Wee Index 383 MM30073007 – VVANAN WWEEEE 97808579368999780857936899 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd vvii 222/10/20122/10/2012 116:096:09 Full contentsContents List of contributors xvii List of abbreviations xix Preface xxiii 1 Introduction 1 Bert van Wee, Jan Anne Annema and David Banister 2 Th e traffi c and transport system and eff ects on accessibility, the environment and safety: an introduction 4 Bert van Wee Th e needs, desires, wants, preferences and choice options of people 7 Where activities take place – location 8 Transport resistance 8 Interactions between categories of factors 10 Demography 10 Travel for the fun of it 11 Goods transport 11 Technology 11 Spatial and temporal distribution of traffi c and activities 12 Th e evaluation of policy options 13 Accessibility 13 Th e environment 14 Safety 14 To sum up 14 Note 15 References 15 Part I Th e transport system 3 Individual needs, opportunities and travel behaviour: a multidisciplinary perspective based on psychology, economics and geography 19 Martin Dijst, Piet Rietveld and Linda Steg 3.1 Introduction 19 MM30073007 – VVANAN WWEEEE 97808579368999780857936899 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd vviiii 222/10/20122/10/2012 116:096:09 viii · The transport system and transport policy 3.2 Travel behaviour and socio- demographics 20 3.3 Conceptual model travel behaviour 24 3.4 Behavioural choice from a psychological perspective 28 3.4.1 Motivational factors: three lines of research 28 Weighing costs and benefi ts 28 Moral and normative concerns 30 Aff ect 31 An integrative perspective on environmental motivation 32 3.4.2 Contextual factors 33 3.4.3 Habitual behaviour 33 3.5 Behavioural choice from an economic perspective 35 3.5.1 Value of travel time 37 3.5.2 Price elasticity 38 3.5.3 Travel time elasticity 39 3.5.4 Income elasticity 39 3.6 Behavioural choice from a geographical perspective 40 3.6.1 Fixation in time and space 43 3.6.2 Travel time ratio 44 3.6.3 Application of geographical perspective 44 3.7 Conclusions and synthesis 45 References 47 4 Freight transport demand: indicators, determinants and drivers of change 51 Lóránt Tavasszy and Kees Ruijgrok 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Indicators of freight transport demand 52 4.2.1 Weight lift ed 52 4.2.2 Transport performance 55 4.2.3 Traffi c performance 58 4.2.4 Evolution of the diff erent indicators 58 4.3 Logistics determinants of freight transport demand 59 4.3.1 Introduction 59 4.3.2 Production 60 4.3.3 Inventories 61 4.3.4 Transport logistics 63 4.4 Drivers of change in freight transport demand 66 4.4.1 Introduction 66 4.4.2 Economic growth 66 4.4.3 Globalization and cost changes 69 4.4.4 Mass individualization 71 MM30073007 – VVANAN WWEEEE 97808579368999780857936899 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd vviiiiii 222/10/20122/10/2012 116:096:09 Contents · ix 4.4.5 Future logistics structures: diff erentiation and dynamics 73 4.5 Conclusions 75 Notes 76 References 76 5 Land use and transport 78 Bert van Wee 5.1 Introduction 78 5.2 A conceptual model for trends in passenger transport – the link with Chapter 2 79 5.3 Why should and how can land use aff ect travel behaviour? 79 5.3.1 Th e potential impacts of land use on travel behaviour: the theory of utilitarian travel demand 80 5.3.2 Key land- use variables and their impact on travel behaviour 80 Density 80 Mixed land use 81 Neighbourhood design 82 Distance to public transport connections 82 Interactions between determinants 82 5.3.3 Relationships between land- use variables, other variables and travel behaviour 83 5.4 Th e impact of land use on transport – a short overview of the literature 84 5.4.1 Densities 85 5.4.2 Mixed use 86 5.4.3 Neighbourhood design 86 5.4.4 Distance to public transport connections 86 5.4.5 Att itudes, lifestyles and preferences for modes, residential self- selection, and SEM models 87 5.5 Why are the conclusions diff erent? 88 5.5.1 Th e research method 88 5.5.2 Th e level of diff erence in crucial factors 88 5.5.3 Th e geographical scale 88 5.5.4 Th e time horizon 89 5.5.5 Diff erences between countries 89 5.5.6 Indirect eff ects 90 5.5.7 Th e impact of policy 90 5.6 Evaluating the impact of land use on travel behaviour: indicators and evaluation methods 91 5.6.1 Indicators 91 MM30073007 – VVANAN WWEEEE 97808579368999780857936899 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd iixx 222/10/20122/10/2012 116:096:09 x · The transport system and transport policy Accessibility 91 Th e option value 92 Th e consumer surplus 92 Safety 92 Health impacts due to exercise 93 Environmental impacts 93 Valuation by the people 93 Financial aspects 93 Robustness 94 5.6.2 Evaluation methods 94 5.7 Evaluating the impact of land use on travel behaviour: the environment versus accessibility 95 5.8 Conclusions and discussion 97 Notes 97 References 98 6 Transport resistance factors: time, money and eff ort 101 Jan Anne Annema 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Th e role of travel time in passenger transport 102 Travel time components 102 Value of time 104 Constant time budgets 105 Travel time elasticities and induced traffi c 108 Cross- travel time elasticities 110 6.3 Th e role of travel monetary costs in passenger transport 111 Constant money cost budgets 111 Price and monetary cost elasticities 112 6.4 Eff ort resistance factors 114 Discomfort and physical eff ort 115 Reliability 115 Travel information 116 Travellers’ feelings of safety 116 Accident risk 117 Mental strain, stress 117 Specifi c constants 117 6.5 Goods transport and resistance factors 118 Transit time 118 Monetary costs 119 Transport service 120 6.6 Conclusions 121 References 121 MM30073007 – VVANAN WWEEEE 97808579368999780857936899 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd x 222/10/20122/10/2012 116:096:09 Contents · xi 7 Traffi c fl ow theory and modelling 125 Serge Hoogendoorn and Victor Knoop 7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 Vehicle trajectories and microscopic fl ow variables 127 Gross and net headways 128 Gross and net distance headways 129 7.3 Macroscopic fl ow variables 129 Traditional defi nitions of fl ow, density and speed 130 Continuity equation 131 Generalized traffi c fl ow variables 133 7.4 Microscopic an d macroscopic fl ow characteristics 134 Headway distributions 135 Desired speed distributions 137 Gap
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