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OECD Proceedings TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION OECD Proceedings TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION The Vancouver Conference Conference organised by the OECD hosted by the Government of Canada Vancouver, British Columbia 24-27 March 1996 CONFERENCE HIGHLIGHTS AND OVERVIEW OF ISSUES © OECD 1997 2 Foreword The past fifty years have seen an exponential growth in the mobility of both people and goods. this growth, while having contributed to great social and economic advances, is now increas- ingly eroding some of the very benefits it has brought about. In particular, it is now clear that current trends in transport activity volume and growth pose severe challenges for societies aiming to move towards sustainable development. In response to the problem of managing transport activity, on the one hand, and environmental, economic and social objectives, on the other, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT) and a number of other agencies and governments have organ- ised the following series of six meetings between 1990 and 1994: · “Low-consumption, Low-emission Automobile" Meeting of an Expert Panel, Rome, Italy, February 14-15, 1990. · “Toward Clean and Fuel-efficient Automobiles" International Conference, Berlin, Germany, March 25-27, 1991. · “Policy Instruments and Measures for the Promotion of the Fuel-efficient and Clean Vehicle” Meeting of an Expert Panel, Rome, Italy, April 13-15, 1992. · “The Urban Electric Vehicle: Policy Options, Technology Trends, and Market Prospects” International Conference, Stockholm, Sweden, May 25-27, 1992. · “Towards Clean Transport: Fuel-efficient and Clean Motor Vehicles” International Conference, Mexico City, Mexico, March 28-30, 1994. · “Reconciling Transportation, Environmental, and Energy Issues: the Role of Public Transport” International Conference, Budapest, Hungary, May 30-June 1, 1994. These meetings underlined that technical solutions, alone, are unlikely to be sufficient to reduce the transport sector's environmental impact, especially in the light of current growth trends in vehicle numbers and travel volume which serve to offset gains in vehicle fuel efficiency and pollution reduction. The meetings also served to shape a growing consensus that a broader systemic examination of what constitutes sustainable transport -- including what such a system might look like, how it could be attained and what kind of policies might ensure its attainment - - was needed. The March 1996 “Towards Sustainable Transportation” Conference responded to that need. The Conference, held in Vancouver, Canada, from 24-27 March 1996 brought together over 400 stakeholders in the transport sector (automobile and alternative vehicle manufacturers, fuel producers, government officials, regional and local planners, etc.) from 25 countries, in order to develop a vision of -- and chart a course towards -- sustainable transport. This document is the Conference Report. These Proceedings are published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General 3 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................7 2. SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION .............................................................................................10 3. HOW PRESENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ARE UNSUSTAINABLE .................................14 3.1. GROWTH IN TRANSPORT ACTIVITY.............................................................................................................14 3.2. DEPENDENCE ON FINITE FOSSIL FUEL SOURCES..........................................................................................17 3.3. AIR POLLUTION FROM TRANSPORT.............................................................................................................19 3.4. OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES CONCERNING TRANSPORTATION .................................................................25 3.5. OTHER COSTS OF MOTORISED TRANSPORTATION ........................................................................................28 4. CAUSES OF THE GROWTH IN TRANSPORT ACTIVITY............................................................31 4.1. PASSENGER TRAFFIC ..............................................................................................................................31 4.2. FREIGHT TRAFFIC....................................................................................................................................33 5. PRINCIPLES AND VISIONS OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION ........................................35 5.1. CANADA’S SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION PRINCIPLES .............................................................................35 5.2. VISIONS OF SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION...............................................................................................36 6. ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION .......................................................................39 6.1. ADDRESSING THE SPECIAL CHALLENGES OF URBAN REGIONS .......................................................................39 6.2. THE IMPORTANCE OF INCREASING URBAN AND SUBURBAN DENSITIES............................................................40 6.3. THE IMPORTANCE OF SETTING AND ENFORCING TARGETS.............................................................................41 6.4. CAN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES REDUCE THE NEED FOR MOBILITY?..........................................................42 6.5. ARE TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS COUNTER-PRODUCTIVE? ...................................................................43 6.6. SHOULD AUTOMOBILE OWNERSHIP OR USE BE RESTRAINED MORE? ..............................................................43 6.7. WOULD FULL-COST PRICING RESULT IN SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT? ..............................................................46 6.8. SHOULD PUBLIC TRANSPORT BE ENCOURAGED?.........................................................................................48 6.9. DO THE BENEFITS OF THE AUTOMOBILE OUTWEIGH ITS COSTS? ....................................................................49 6.10. BUILDING A CONSENSUS ABOUT SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION.................................................................50 7. BARRIERS TO ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION...............................................51 7.1. BARRIERS INVOLVING INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETAL ATTITUDES AND TRENDS .......................................................51 7.2. BARRIERS CONCERNING METHODS AND APPROACHES .................................................................................52 7.3. ECONOMIC BARRIERS ..............................................................................................................................53 7.4. BARRIERS CONCERNING GOVERNMENT......................................................................................................54 8. CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................56 APPENDIX A SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS ----------------- 60 APPENDIX B CONFERENCE PROGRAM --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------70 5 APPENDIX C CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS --------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 APPENDIX D LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 136 REFERENCES AND OTHER NOTES -------------------------------------------------------------------------------175 6 CONFERENCE REPORT 1. INTRODUCTION he conference entitled Towards Sustainable Transportation was held in Vancouver during the period March 24-27, 1996. It was Torganised in response to the concerns of governments that trans- The conference was portation† poses severe challenges for sustainable development. organised in response to the concerns of gov- The environmental and health effects of motorised transport are well ernments that trans- known. They include global warming and depletion of the ozone layer; portation poses severe spread of toxic organic and inorganic substances, notably tropospheric challenges for sustain- ozone; depletion of oil and other natural resources; and damage to land- able development. scape and soil. Improvements in pollution control and fuel efficiency during the past three decades have been directed towards reducing the impacts of trans- portation on environment and health. The improvements have mostly been more than offset by increases in the ownership, use, and power of motor vehicles. The number of motorised road vehicles, now over 800 million world-wide, is growing almost everywhere at higher rates than both human population and GDP; road traffic—freight and passengers— may be growing even more quickly.1‡ Air transport grows the most rap- idly of all. Movement of people by rail and bus, which is generally more environmentally benign, is declining in many countries. In short, trans- FOOTNOTES portation is unsustainable and is becoming more unsustainable. † The words “transport” and “transportation” are mostly interchangeable. “Transport” The conference in Vancouver built on six meetings organised between is more often used to refer to 1990 and 1994 by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and De- the means of movement and velopment (OECD) and the International Energy Agency (IEA), in col- is also preferred here for the laboration with other agencies
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