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The Model Minority Stereotype for Asian Americans

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The Model Minority Stereotype for Asian Americans Commentary COMMENTARY: PERSISTENCE AND HEALTH-RELATED CONSEQUENCES OF THE MODEL MINORITY STEREOTYPE FOR ASIAN AMERICANS Stella S. Yi, PhD, MPH1; Simona C. Kwon, DrPH1; Rachel Sacks, MPH2; Chau Trinh-Shevrin, DrPH1 Fifty years ago, the term model minority INTRODUCTION was coined to describe the extraordinary tive social and health implications, ability of Asian Americans to overcome and the model minority stereotype hardship to succeed in American society. According to the most recent is no exception. The purpose of this Less well-known is how the model minority stereotype was cultivated within the context Census data, Asian Americans com- article is to define the model minor- of Black-White race relations during the prise 5.6% of the United States pop- ity stereotype and present its con- second half of the 20th century, and how ulation, and in metropolitan areas, troversies, and provide examples of this stereotype, in turn, has contributed to the understanding and prioritization of such as New York City (NYC) or the social and health-related conse- health disparities experienced by Asian Los Angeles, up to 13% of the city- quences of this label at the broader Americans. The objectives of this article are wide population.1 The Asian Ameri- to define the model minority stereotype, present its controversies, and provide can category includes East Asian (eg, examples of its social and health-related Chinese, Japanese, Korean), South The purpose of this article consequences (ie, implications for obesity Asian (eg, Bangladeshi, Indian, and tobacco) across multiple levels of society and institutions. A salient theme Pakistani), Southeast Asian (eg, Fili- is to define the model throughout the examples provided is the pino, Cambodian, Thai, Vietnam- limitation of data presented at the aggregate ese), and sometimes Pacific Islander minority stereotype and level across all Asian subgroups which masks meaningful disparities. The intent is to Americans (eg, Native Hawaiians, present its controversies, increase the visibility of Asian Americans as Chamorros, Marshallese), denoting a racial/ethnic minority group experiencing a vastly diverse array of sub-popu- chronic disease health disparities and and provide examples deserving of health-related resources and lations with unique ethnic, cultural, consideration. Ethn Dis. 2016;26(1):133- linguistic and historical profiles, of the social and health- 138; doi:10.18865/ed.26.1.133 stretching across the entire Asian related consequences of this continent and its millions of islands. Keywords: Asian Americans, Discrimination, Asian Americans were the fastest label at the broader level Health Care Disparities, Minority Health, growing race/ethnic group in the Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice, 1 Emigrants, Immigrants United States in the last ten years; of the public health and nationally, the Asian American pop- 1 Department of Population Health, New ulation is projected to double in size health care sectors. York University School of Medicine 2Independent Consultant to more than 43 million by 2050. A common stereotype that has been applied to Asian Americans is level of the public health and health Address correspondence to Stella S. Yi, PhD, MPH; Department of Population that they are the model minority. care sectors. The authors’ inten- Health, New York University School of Despite the fact that it is a positive tion is to increase visibility of Asian Medicine; 550 First Ave, VZN Suite 844; stereotype, stereotypes that are in- Americans as a racial/ethnic minor- 212.263.5163; [email protected]. discriminately applied have nega- ity group that experiences certain Ethnicity & Disease, Volume 26, Number 1, Winter 2016 133 The Model Minority Stereotype and Health - Yi et al important health disparities, and mentally racist society, structured to sue that is ongoing and documented to raise awareness of the potential keep minorities in a subordinate po- in current media. Even more funda- detrimental and far-reaching effects sition.”2,3 Thus the model minority mentally, critics have demonstrated of the model minority stereotype. stereotype was developed by conser- that the model minority stereotype vatives in the backlash of the Black does not apply equally to all Asian Power Movement to deny the exis- ethnic subgroups, which differ sub- THE MODEL MINORITY tence of institutional racism, and to stantially in their cultures, languag- STEREOTYPE: HisTORY AND illustrate that individual underper- es, historical patterns of immigration DEVELOPMENT formance explained racial inequality to the United States and level of ac- and disparities in American society.3 culturation within American society. The term, model minority, was Supporters of the model minor- The Immigration Act of 1965 first coined by two articles pub- ity stereotype have based their argu- may be the single most important lished in 1966: “Success Story, Jap- ment on three points: 1) despite cul- policy change influencing the incep- anese-American Style” in the New tural differences, Asian Americans tion of the model minority stereo- York Times by William Petersen, have overcome structural barriers in type in 1966, and its development and “Success Story of One Minor- American society; 2) labor market throughout the second half of the ity in the United States” in the US discrimination against Asian Ameri- 20th century. This 1965 Act ushered News and World Report. Often at- cans no longer exists, as evidenced in a new era of Asian immigration to tributed to East and South Asians, by the high concentrations of Asian the United States by implementing the model minority stereotype posits Americans in high-paying, profes- three key changes in immigration that Asian Americans are educated, sional occupations; and 3) Asian policy: 1) abolition of the national law-abiding, hardworking, and have American cultural factors, such as origins quota system from Asian high incomes, low crime rates, and an emphasis on education, a strong countries and the setting of an an- close family ties.2,3 From a broad work ethic and working to ‘save face’ nual ceiling of 170,000 visas for all perspective, this stereotype implies keep the unemployment rate low countries outside the Western hemi- that Asian Americans are not an un- in Asian Americans.2,4,5 However, sphere (exclusive of parents, spouses derprivileged racial/ethnic minor- critics of the model minority ste- and unmarried children); 2) em- ity due to their economic success reotype have countered these argu- phasis on family reunification; and compared with other racial/ethnic ments with immigration, economic 3) employment clearances of cer- groups;4 accordingly, Asian Ameri- and education data illustrating the tain immigrants, where immigrants cans merit neither resources nor at- fallibility of the stereotype. For ex- with professional degrees were selec- tention as an ethnic minority group ample, no empirical evidence exists tively preferred.7 As a result of the within the American population. to support extraordinary academic 1965 Act, hundreds of thousands of Conversely, the model minor- abilities in Asian Americans; further- Asians immigrated to America, with ity stereotype implies that minori- more, the occupational advantage the proportion of all immigrants in- ties other than Asian Americans are in professional and engineering and creasing from 8% Asian pre-1965 stereotypically lazy,2 driving a wedge science fields is misleading.2,4,5 While to 43% Asian in the 1980s.8 In ac- between Asian Americans and other Asian Americans may occupy profes- cordance with the new conditions ethnic minority groups. The model sional positions, they are often more set forth in the Immigration Act of minority stereotype was incubated, likely to choose support rather than 1965, many of the Asian American developed and disseminated by con- managerial roles or jobs that require immigrants arriving post-1965 were servatives as a way to directly oppose minimal verbal expression.2 Research highly skilled and educated profes- messaging of the Black Power Move- also demonstrates the existence of a sionals, with a high concentration of ment of the 1960s and 1970s, which glass, or ‘bamboo,’ ceiling for Asian those in the medical profession from claimed that “America was a funda- Americans in the workplace,6 an is- India and from the Philippines.8 134 Ethnicity & Disease, Volume 26, Number 1, Winter 2016 The Model Minority Stereotype and Health - Yi et al These changes in immigration pat- in a specific Asian subgroup (in this ity myth allows the government to terns contributed to the perception case, South Asian) a bimodal income overlook Asian American problems that Asian Americans were highly distribution exists.10 Demographic that many, including Asian Ameri- educated, fluent in English, success- data on Asian Americans in the ag- cans themselves, may not even real- ful and hardworking – ie, a model gregate bolster the model minor- ize exist. Arthur Fletcher, the chair minority, and obscured dispari- ity stereotype indicating Asians are for the 1990 Civil Rights Commis- ties among Asian ethnic subgroups. healthier than other racial/ethnic sion on Asian Pacific Islanders, wrote minority populations, thus giving li- in a letter to President Bush, “Asian cense to ignore true social disparities. Americans suffer widely the pain SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES These education and income data and humiliation of bigotry and acts OF THE MODEL MINORITY also play out in the college admis- of violence...They also confront in- STEREOTYPE
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