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Latin American Refugees in Aotearoa New Zealand: A LATIN AMERICAN REFUGEES IN AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND: A CHRONOLOGY OF FORCED MIGRATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESETTLEMENT EXPERIENCES VANESSA CAROLINA SANCHEZ SANCHEZ SUPERVISOR DR. KATE NICHOLLS A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION AUCKLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2016 LATIN AMERICAN REFUGEES IN NZ ii Abstract This research seeks to contribute to the study of forced migration and resettlement programmes through the analysis of experiences of Latin American people who were granted refugee status in New Zealand from 1973 until the present. This study aims to analyse the reasons that forced people from Latin America to flee their countries and become refugees in New Zealand and how such “push” factors have varied over time. In particular, I will consider differences in their country of origin, socio-economic backgrounds, and access to education by exploring the political context of specific Latin American countries during their most significant periods of migration and displacement. Most of the Latin American refugees who arrived in New Zealand during the 1970s and 1980s had fled military dictatorships. More recent arrivals have been displaced from their country of origin as the result of conflicts surrounding narco- production and trafficking, civil wars, repression against indigenous and peasant populations, and the uprising of armed movements. This has also seen a shift from receiving refugees from Southern Cone countries such as Chile, to countries further north, especially Colombia. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with two groups of participants between February and June 2016 in five cities of New Zealand with high concentration of former refugees from Chile and Colombia. Group one is comprised of nine former refugees from Latin American countries who were accepted in New Zealand from 1973 until 2015 under the quota refugee category or as asylum seekers. Group two comprises four case and cross-cultural workers providing services for resettlement agencies with experience supporting former refugees from LATIN AMERICAN REFUGEES IN NZ iii Latin America, whose opinions were used to support the discussion and findings of this research. It is expected that this research will help to develop more accurate policies to support former refugees from Latin American countries, understanding their previous experiences, refugee journey, cultural aspects, and the differences among countries within the Latin American region. It is also expected that this study will assist the wider community to confront the stereotypes associated with refugees in general, but particularly with Latin Americans. This research has the potential to raise awareness of Latin American people living in New Zealand who have fled wars and conflicts and help to spread information about the reasons that forced them to become refugees. Therefore, this will increase the support and understanding towards them. The significance of this research is its potential to influence policy makers and workers in the fields of refugee resettlement and counselling to improve services while considering specific cultural aspects of their Latin American clients. Therefore, this study offers recommendations for improving refugee policies and services, that have been backed up by professionals with vast experience on refugee issues. LATIN AMERICAN REFUGEES IN NZ iv Declaration of Originality I certify that this thesis does not incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any university; and that to the best of my knowledge and belief it does not contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text. Signed: ____________________ On: _____/____/_____ LATIN AMERICAN REFUGEES IN NZ v Acknowledgements This research has been made possible thanks to the support of amazing people who have walked this journey with me. I would like to express my deep appreciation and sincere gratitude to you for all the effort you have made, helping me achieve my academic success. First, I would like to express my gratitude to the participants in this research, who opened their lives and decided to share their personal stories with me. Thank you so much for your time, assistance, flexibility and most importantly for trusting me to write a part of your past and present history. Thank you for sharing your tears, smiles and worries with me during the interviews. My much-loved Latin American people were the motivation to undertake this research and I am happy to give them a louder voice through this study, with which they can share their challenges, struggles and experiences living in New Zealand. To my primary supervisor Dr Kate Nicholls, who gave me wonderful ideas for doing this research and helped me shape the final product: thank you so much for having faith in me, encouraging me and giving me the motivation to continue. I am proud to have had such an outstanding supervisor by my side, with your vast knowledge and the experience needed to conduct this study. Thank you for all your meticulous and constructive comments that have helped me to develop this study. To my beloved family, thank you for your continuous love, support and understanding. This has not been an easy journey for me, but having you there has made it possible. Thanks to my parents Omar and Evelyn, my sisters Alexandra and Verónica, my nephews Alejandro Daniel and Alejandro, my nieces Antonella and Samantha, who are the inspiration and the reason for all I do in life. Being separated LATIN AMERICAN REFUGEES IN NZ vi from you during this Master’s journey has been the most difficult part, but all of you have been there for me and I have no words to express you how much I love you all. To my partner Jamie Price for making this possible and supporting me to start the biggest challenge of my life in New Zealand. I cannot express you how grateful I am for all the encouragement you have given me, for reading my never- ending essays, providing me with your feedback, and helping me to improve every day. LATIN AMERICAN REFUGEES IN NZ vii Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................... ii Declaration of Originality......................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... v Contents ................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ............................................................................................................. ix List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................. x Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Latin American Refugees ................................................................................... 2 1.2 New Zealand’s Experience with Refugees ........................................................ 6 1.3 Research Aims ................................................................................................. 11 1.4 Researcher’s Experience .................................................................................. 12 1.5 Rationale and Significance of the Study .......................................................... 14 1.6 Research Questions .......................................................................................... 16 1.7 Thesis Structure ................................................................................................ 17 Chapter 2: Research Methodology ......................................................................... 19 2.1 Research Participants ....................................................................................... 20 2.2 Recruitment Process ......................................................................................... 22 2.2.1 Group 1 ..................................................................................................... 22 2.2.2 Group 2 ..................................................................................................... 23 2.3 Methods of Data Collection ............................................................................. 23 2.4 Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 26 2.5 Ethics ................................................................................................................ 28 Chapter 3: Refugee Resettlement: A Literature Review ...................................... 29 3.1 Refugees and Migrants: Definitions from a Global Perspective ...................... 29 3.1.1 Regional definitions of refugees ............................................................... 35 3.1.2 Refugee status and categories ................................................................... 36 3.2 Best Practices of Resettlement ......................................................................... 39 3.3 Resettlement Policies in New Zealand ............................................................. 41 3.3.1 Quota refugees—Refugee Quota Programme ........................................... 42 3.3.2 Convention refugees ................................................................................
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