Inclusion Matters for Resilience in South Asia
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Inclusion MattersforResilienceinSouthAsia Resilience Inclusive Inclusion Matters for Resilience in South Asia II © 2021 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Website: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors or the governments they represent. The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the authors. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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Executive Summary cover Peeyush Lamgade Inclusion Matters for Resilience in South Asia III Inclusive Resilience Inclusion Matters for Resilience in South Asia Inclusion Matters for Resilience in South Asia IV Table of Contents FOREWORD ...................................................................................................................................V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................VII ABBREVIATIONS ...........................................................................................................................IX EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................X 1. INCLUSIVE RESILIENCE: FRAMING THE ISSUE ..............................................................................1 1.1 Why Inclusion Matters for Resilience in South Asia ....................................................................2 1.2 Inclusive Resilience Efforts in South Asia ..................................................................................4 1.3 Framing the Report’s Approach ..............................................................................................6 1.4 The Factors of Exclusion during and after Disasters ...................................................................8 1.5 Social Exclusion across the Disaster Risk Management Cycle ................................................... 18 1.6 What to Expect from the Report ........................................................................................... 23 2. ADDRESSING SOCIAL INCLUSION IN DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES ......................... 27 2.1 Methodology: Putting Principles into Practice ......................................................................... 28 2.2 THE CASE OF FLOOD PROTECTION AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS IN SRI LANKA ................ 33 2.3 THE CASE OF AGROMETEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION FOR FARMERS IN BANGLADESH ........ 47 2.4 THE CASE OF MULTIPURPOSE CYCLONE SHELTERS IN INDIA ................................................ 63 2.5 THE CASE OF HOUSING RECONSTRUCTION IN NEPAL .......................................................... 77 2.6 THE CASE OF COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN ................... 91 3. RECOMMENDATIONS AND THE WAY FORWARD ....................................................................... 106 3.1 What Can Be Done? Advancing the Inclusive Resilience Agenda in South Asia ........................... 107 3.2 Entry Points for Inclusive Resilience .....................................................................................113 3.3 The Way Forward .............................................................................................................. 120 APPENDIX: PROJECT-SPECIFIC INCLUSIVE RESILIENCE ACTION PLANS ........................................ 123 Inclusion Matters for Resilience in South Asia V Foreword Climate change and natural disasters are some of the biggest threats confronting South Asia. Global evidence, including studies carried out by the World Bank and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), indicate that these climatic and disaster events create disproportionate impacts on the poor and the marginalized. This publication contributes to this body of knowledge by analyzing the specific challenges marginalized groups and communities in South Asia experience in disaster contexts due to their social backgrounds and identities. The publication also builds on the World Bank’s analytical work and expertise in social inclusion and sustainability, applying the methodology adopted in the flagship report, “Inclusion Matters: The Foundation for Shared Prosperity,” in the context of disaster risk management (DRM). The analytical work reveals the absence of statistics and documented evidence about social exclusion in the DRM context even though there are patches of personal experience and stories shared in various forms. There may be many more untold stories. The availability of information is just a starting point: This can help understand and identify and implement effective practical methods and actions to ensure inclusivity. These can also help build the resilience of the communities we serve—aptly encapsulated by the term ‘inclusive resilience.’’ By critically examining the vectors of exclusion in DRM projects in South Asia, this report presents practical actions that can be taken to enhance resilience and inclusive outcomes through our interventions. The year 2020 was a year the entire world was reminded of the importance of social inclusion and continued challenges posed by climate change and natural disasters. While the global pandemic impacted the whole world indiscriminately, we recognized the disproportionate impact and challenges experienced by the poor and the vulnerable. While the pandemic continues to hit hard on Inclusion Matters for Resilience in South Asia VI people’s lives, we were also reminded that climate change does not stop, and natural disasters continue to affect our lives. We also recognized the persistent systemic racism affecting our society around the world. We have also learned that disaster preparedness outcomes can be useful for a pandemic emergency (e.g., repurposing evacuation shelters as isolation facilities and customization of standard operating procedures for natural disasters for health emergencies). This publication is a contribution to the World Bank’s efforts to make resilience truly for all. At the World Bank, Disaster Risk Management and Social Sustainability and Inclusion units have worked together to advance the agenda of Inclusive Resilience in South Asia. This publication shares practical recommendations for practitioners and policy-makers who design disaster risk management activities based on our expanding experience and analysis. We hope this publication encourages many practitioners to take proactive actions to ensure resilience is indeed for all, including people who often tend to be excluded. Cecile Fruman John Roome Louise Cord Sameh Wahba Director, Regional Regional Director, Global Director for Global Director for Integration and South Asia Sustainable Social Sustainability the Urban, Disaster Risk Engagement in the Development and Inclusion Management, Resilience South Asia Region and Land Global Practice Inclusion Matters for Resilience in South Asia VII Acknowledgments This publication was developed as part of the regional Advisory Services and Analytics “Mainstreaming Inclusive Resilience in South Asia” jointly led by Keiko Sakoda (Disaster Risk Management Specialist) and Bandita Sijapati (Senior Social Development Specialist). The main contents were developed based on field surveys and analytical work carried out by Oxford Policy Management with substantial contributions from Melody Joy Benavidez and Soumya Kapoor. The team from Oxford Policy Management was led by Phil Marker, Arif Pervaiz and Simon Brook. The report was edited by Mary A. Anderson and designed by Estudio Relativo. The team would like to thank our senior management who continually encouraged the team to advance social inclusion in climate and disaster risk management: Abhas K. Jha (Practice Manager, Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management), Christoph Pusch (Practice Manager, Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management), Maitreyi B Das (Practice Manager and former Global Lead for Social Inclusion), David Seth Warren (Practice Manager, Social Development) and Robin Mearns (Practice Manager, Social Sustainability and Inclusion). The report benefitted from valuable inputs provided by: Ahsan Tehsin (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist); Anup Karanth (Senior Disaster Risk