Absolutebeginners1#1 Say"Hello"

LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #1 Say "Hello" in Turkish Anytime, Anywhere!

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight

# 1

1. MERVE: Merhaba

2. HAKAN: Merhaba.

3. MERVE: Naslsn?

4. HAKAN: yiyim, teekkürler. Ya sen?

5. MERVE: Ben de iyiyim. Sa ol.

ENGLISH

1. MERVE: Hello.

2. HAKAN: Hello.

3. MERVE: How are you?

4. HAKAN: Fine thanks. And you?

5. MERVE: I am doing fine as well. Thank you.

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English

merhaba hello

literal meaning: “May you be safe and

sa olmak sound” This expression is also used to say “thank you” in Turkish

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #1 - S AY "HELLO" IN TURKIS H ANYTIME, ANYWHERE! 2 te⇥ekkür a word showing appreciation, thanking.

nasıl how, in what way

⌅yi good

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Merhaba, nasılsın? Uzun zamandır ⇤nsanlar "Merhaba" der

görü⇥emedik. The people say, "Hello." "Hello, how are you? We haven’t seen each other in a long time."

Sa⌅ ol, çok yardımcı oldun! (informal) Hediye için çok te⇥ekkürler!

"Thank you. You were a great help.' "Thanks a lot for the present!"

Nasılsınız? Otele nasıl geri dönerim?

"How are you?" (Formal) "How do I get back to the hotel?"

Bu güzel!

"This is good!"

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

Merhaba meaning "hello" is the most common expression used in both formal and informal greetings. You can use it when you are introduced to someone for the very first time or when you bump into a friend or colleague somewhere. Another way of saying "hi" is selam but this should only be used on informal occasions. You can combine Merhaba by using other words that indicate different times of the day when you want to put more emphasis on the time. For example: Merhaba! Günaydın meaning "Hello! Good Morning" or Merhaba! Tünaydın meaning "Hello! Good Afternoon." or Merhaba! ⇥yi Ak⇤amlar! meaning "Hello! Good Evening!"

Teekkür is a loanword from Arabic and is one of the most frequently used ones in the

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #1 - S AY "HELLO" IN TURKIS H ANYTIME, ANYWHERE! 3 Turkish language. The word itself can be adapted to both formal and informal occasions. On informal occasions, you can simply add words to emphasize the meaning like: Çok te⇤ekkür ederim meaning "Thank you very much." In a formal context, Te⇤ekkürler! would be used.

Sa⇥ ol has various meanings but the initial one is to thank someone. The literal translation for this expression is "May you be safe and sound." In Turkish, usually suffixes define the formality of the dialogue due to the fact that they are related to the object of the sentence. For example: Sa⌅ ol is neutral without any suffix therefore it is connected to sen meaning "you"; second person singular. However when you say Sa⌅ olun or Sa⌅ olunuz you add the suffix - niz, nuz to indicate the second person plural. This adds courtesy and politeness to your sentence.

You might also hear this expression at funerals. Let's illustrate this with an example: Çok üzgünüm. Ba⇤ınız sa⌅ olsun. meaning "I am so sorry. May you be safe and sound." The other person will reply: Te⇤ekkür ederim. Siz sa⌅ olun meaning "Thank you. May you be safe." Alternatively, in order to emphasize the fact that he/she is returning back the courtesy Dostlar sa⌅ olsun may be said, meaning "May friends be safe and sound."

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is on Understanding the Function of Personal Suffixes When Greeting People in Turkish Nasılsın? "How are you?"

The original form of this sentence is Sen nasılsın? meaning "How are you?" in an informal context and Siz nasılsınız? in a formal context. However, Turkish tends to shorten the sentences for a more natural expression and this is only possible because of the extensive use of the suffixes in Turkish grammar. Let's explain this more by breaking the sentence down: Sen is "you" for second person singular, nasıl is an interrogative word meaning "how." Nasıl-s-ın. S here is a buffer letter and -ın is the suffix for second person singular. So if you delete sen meaning "you" in the informal sentence and siz meaning "you" second person plural in the formal sentence, it will still carry on the same meaning while keeping a logical grammatical order.

Personal Ending Suffixes and Buffer Letters

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #1 - S AY "HELLO" IN TURKIS H ANYTIME, ANYWHERE! 4

To reply to the mentioned question Nasılsın?, say ⇥yiyim, te⇤ekkürler meaning "I am fine, thanks." Here, iyi means "good" as in "a good mood. -im is a suffix that indicates a personal ending. y is a buffer letter.

"The buffer letters" have the function of connecting letters, as they usually connect two vowels. In Turkish, two vowels cannot be next to each other for it is a language that is read as it's written. When a word that ends with a vowel takes a suffix that starts with a vowel, we put the buffer letter in between them. In Turkish we call buffer letters kayna⇤tırma harfi, the meaning of which is "combining letter."

There are four buffer letters in Turkish: -y,-⇤,-s, -n.

These letters are taught to young adults with a phrase Ya⇤asın! which means "Hurray! or Yay!" in English. If you remove all the vowels from this word you are left with all the existing buffer letters in Turkish. More information will be provided in more advanced lessons.

For example:

1. Ne yapıyorsun? "What are (you) doing?"

2. Hastayım "(I) am sick."

Examples from this lesson:

1. Nasılsın? "How are you?"

2. ⇥yiyim. "(I) am fine."

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Nasılsın? "How are (you)?"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #1 - S AY "HELLO" IN TURKIS H ANYTIME, ANYWHERE! 5 2. ⇥yiyim. "(I) am fine."

Sample Sentences

1. Sa⌅ ol, çok yardımcı oldun. "Thank (you). (You) helped a lot."

2. Bugün nasılsın? "How are you today?"

Language Tip

Our key point for this lesson is on grammar explaining the Personal Suffixes, Singular.

First person singular-(y)im: "I am"

If the root word ends in a vowel, the variants are: -(y)ım, - (y)im, -(y)um, -(y)üm.

Second person singular (informal)-sin: "you are." Its variants are -sin, -sın, -sun, -sün

No suffix for "he/she/it is"

Third person "he/she/it"

Personal suffix for the third person is -dır. However, in daily speech, this ending is not used.

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Meeting Etiquette in Turkey

Turkish people are very vocal with their gestures, a trait that derives from their Mediterranean heritage. In Turkish culture, smiling and shaking hands are vital ways of creating a good, strong bond. To make a good first impression, try holding your hand out to give a firm handshake, smile and say Merhaba! at the same time. Don't be shy with your smiles during

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #1 - S AY "HELLO" IN TURKIS H ANYTIME, ANYWHERE! 6 the greeting and conversation. If you are talking to elders or other people that you respect, bow your head a little when leaving. This should be just a slight tilt, but nothing extravagant. Turkey is very diverse and eclectic in terms of people's cultural backgrounds. You may greet some Turkish men who give a slight tap on their chest with the palm of their hands when they greet. Sociologically, this can be interpreted as traditionalism and conservatism. You will also discover that Turkish people are very political, so much so that you will see them voicing their political beliefs on a daily basis. You might see that some men tap each others' heads. This shows that they are firm believers of the Turkish-Islamic right wing.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #1 - S AY "HELLO" IN TURKIS H ANYTIME, ANYWHERE! 7 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #2 Introducing Yourself in Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 8 Cultural Insight

# 2

1. HAKAN: Merhaba. Benim adm Hakan .

2. MERVE: Merhaba. Ben de Merve.

3. HAKAN: Tantma çok memnun oldum.

4. MERVE: Ben de memnun oldum.

5. HAKAN: Bora sizden çok bahsetti.

6. MERVE: Evet, sizden de. Sonunda tanabildik.

ENGLISH

1. HAKAN: Hello. My name is Hakan.

2. MERVE: Hi. I'm Merve.

3. HAKAN: It's a pleasure to meet (you).

4. MERVE: It's a pleasure to meet (you) too.

5. HAKAN: Bora has told (me) a lot about you.

6. MERVE: Yes, I've heard a lot about you as well. We're finally meeting!

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #2 - INTRODUCING YOURS ELF IN TURKIS H 2 tanı⇥mak to meet

memnun olmak to be pleased (to)

you (second person plural/second person siz singular polite)

son end, final, last

bahsetmek to mention, to tell about something

ben I, me

ad name

SAMPLE SENTENCES

(Sizinle) tanı⇥mamız çok iyi oldu. ⇤⇥imden memnunum.

"Meeting you was very nice." "I am pleased with my job."

Bu sizin telefonunuz mu? Ofisten çıkmadan önce, son bir telefon

görü⇥mesi yapaca⌅ım. "Is this your phone? (polite)" "I will make one final phone call before leaving the office. "

Hastalı⌅ından bana hiç bahsetmedi. Ben ö⌅renciyim.

"She/he hasn’t mentioned about her "I am a student." illness."

Rezervasyon kimin adına?

"Whose name is the reservation under?"

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

Ben is the first person singular pronoun that corresponds to "I" or "me" in English. In Turkish,

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #2 - INTRODUCING YOURS ELF IN TURKIS H 3 we usually skip personal pronouns in everyday language because their meanings are already embedded in the sentence by the suffixes added at the end of the verbs. For example: Ben örenciyim meaning "I am a student" can be easily said as Örenciyim without losing its meaning and keeping its grammatical correctness. Even in the above example: benim ad-ım where the personal pronoun is conjugated with a possessive suffix, you can remove benim because the meaning has already been stabilized with the suffix ad-ım.

Ad translates to "name." Another acronym for this noun is isim. ⇤sim is of Arabic origin and ad is of Turkish origin. So in official documents ad is usually used. You will come across ad- soyad meaning "name-surname" in applications, registrations, doctor's appointments, postal deliveries, and governmental procedures that require filling forms. Soy means "lineage" or "ancestry" and ad means "name" so altogether they make soyad which translates to "surname."

Ad, like every word in Turkish, can be used in many occasions for example: O dosyanın adı ne? that translates to "What is the name(title) of that folder?"

Memnun olmak is a verbal expression to show that you're pleased to do something. Memnun is of Arabic origin. It means "glad," "content," "pleased." Olmak is a very common verb meaning "to become," "to be." This verb is usually combined with other words and results in diverse meanings. You can also use memnun olmak in various other situations. Let's illustrate this with the following examples: Evimden memnunum meaning "I am happy with my home." or maa⌅ımdan çok memnunum meaning "I am very happy with my wage."

Why does Turkish have lots of loanwords?

During the reign of the Ottoman Empire, which lasted over 600 years, the official literary and administrative language also called "palace language" was Turkish with lots of Persian and Arabic loanwords. This language is now called Ottoman Turkish. At those times there was a huge gap between the language of the palace and the common people. The public's illiteracy rates were high as well. The lands of the Ottoman Empire were vast, which made it a melting pot of diverse cultures. The language was one of the assets that has been largely influenced by this for loanwords were exported and imported to Balkan languages, Greek, Arabic, Persian and even France. After the fall of the empire in World War I, the Republic of Turkey was founded and underwent a major language reform, under Atatürk's reforms, in which the Latin Alphabet was adapted. Around these times, the Turkish Language Association was founded and started its project of replacing loanwords with new ones derived from the ancient

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #2 - INTRODUCING YOURS ELF IN TURKIS H 4 Turkic roots. However there are still a lot of loanwords that still remain in Turkish today.

Please see the link below for the Turkish Language Association: http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_contentandview=frontpageandItemid=1

This site is in Turkish, however under the sözlükler section which stands for "dictionaries," you can find a variety of different dictionaries specializing in sub-genres like: daily Turkish, Turkish with audio, name and surnames, terminology, Turkish dialects, western loanwords in Turkish, science and art terminology, synonyms, antonyms and dictionaries. Please refer to this site for the most current and factual transformations—it also includes updates on the Turkish language.

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is Self-introduction in a Formal or an Informal Setting Tanı⇥tı⇤ıma çok memnun oldum. "It's a pleasure to meet (you)."

Merhaba is used when you introduce yourself. It is followed by saying your name Benim adım... You would like to highlight the fact that you're happy to get to know the other person and this is achieved by saying: Tanı⌅tııma memnun oldum. It is more natural to reply "It's a pleasure to meet you" with the short phrase "Me too." Ben de is used when people meet for the first time and is a short way of expressing the blissfulness of getting to know someone new.

Personal Pronoun Suffixes attached to the Indirect Object

In a sentence where the personal pronouns are missing, the necessary suffix added at the end of the indirect object shows the subject of the sentence.

For example:

1. Benim ad-ım Hakan. (formal and informal) "My name is Hakan." or

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #2 - INTRODUCING YOURS ELF IN TURKIS H 5 2. Adım Hakan (informal) "Name (is) Hakan" or

3. Ben Hakan (informal) "I/me Hakan"

Due to the fact that the complementary noun ad-ım' has a possessive suffix indicating that the whole sentence is in the first person singular, personal pronouns can be dismissed in daily language.

1. (Ben), (bizim )tanı⌅tıımıza çok memnun oldum. "(I) am very pleased that (we) have met."

Although grammatically correct in theory, the usage of this is considered incorrect in practice. So, the pronouns are removed and the sentence is simplified to: Tanı⌅tıımıza çok memnun oldum. Here, the suffix -imiz, -ımız indicates "us," the second person plural.

For example:

1. Benim adım Hakan "My name is Hakan"

2. Tanı⌅tııma çok memnun oldum. "It's a pleasure to meet (you)."

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Benim adım Hakan "My name is Hakan"

2. Adım Hakan "Name is Hakan"

3. Ben Hakan "I/me Hakan"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #2 - INTRODUCING YOURS ELF IN TURKIS H 6 4. (Ben), (bizim )tanı⌅tıımıza çok memnun oldum. "(I) am very pleased that (we) have met."

Sample Sentences

1. (Sizinle) tanı⌅mamız çok iyi oldu. "Meeting (you) was very nice."

Language Tip

First person plural -(y)iz: "we are"

Explanation: If the root word ends in a vowel it has four variants: y-ız, y-iz, y-uz, y-üz.

For example:

⇤yiyiz: "We are well"

Kötüyüz: "We are unwell/bad."

Hastayız: "We are ill"

If the root word ends in a consonant it has four variants:

-ız, -iz, -uz, -üz.

For example:

Güçlüyüz: "We are strong."

Türküz: "We are Turkish."

Second person plural -siniz: "you are" (plural and formal)

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #2 - INTRODUCING YOURS ELF IN TURKIS H 7 It has four variants: siniz, -sınız, -sünüz, -sunuz

For example:

Evlisiniz: "You are married."

Üzgünsünüz: "You are sad."

Third person plural -LER: "they are"

It has two variants:

-ler, -lar

For example:

A⌅ıklar: "They are in love."

Zenginler: "They are rich."

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Turkish Personality Traits

Turkish people are said to be warm-blooded. They are also known for being friendly and approachable too. Don't hesitate to make the first move when getting to know someone, especially at friends' parties, after work events with colleagues and when introduced to a friend circle for the very first time.

Turkish people like to hang out in large friend groups—usually the bonds and connections are very up close and personal but don't be overwhelmed and discouraged by this, for they are quite flexible when it comes to friendship and getting to know non-Turkish people. Of course like everywhere around the world, mannerisms and body language are quite important. Turkish women are not very shy but since coyness is a valued trait, they might look like they're impossible to approach. Confidence, intelligence, a neat, fashionable outfit and a big, warm smile are the key factors to making a good first impression.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #2 - INTRODUCING YOURS ELF IN TURKIS H 8 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #3 Show Your Appreciation in Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight

# 3

1. HAKAN: Merhaba, lütfen içeri buyurun!

2. MERVE: Teekkürler! Bu, benden ufak bir hediye, lütfen kabul edin.

3. HAKAN: Ah, çok teekkür ederim!

4. MERVE: Rica ederim.

ENGLISH

1. HAKAN: Welcome. Please come in!

2. MERVE: Thanks. This is a small gift from me, please have it!

3. HAKAN: Oh, thank you very much!

4. MERVE: You're welcome.

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English

lütfen please

order, command, ordain, help oneself to buyurmak (contextual meaning)

to admit, to accept, to approve, to

kabul etmek acknowledge, to affiliate, to receive (contextual meaning)

hediye present, gift

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #3 - S HOW YOUR APPRECIATION IN TURKIS H 2 to request, to beg, to appeal, to ask for, rica etmek please (contextual meaning) as in ‘I beg your pardon’

teekkür etmek to thank

Teekkürler. Thanks.

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Bir çay daha lütfen! Bu raftaki, lütfen.

"One more tea please!" "This one on the shelf, please."

Sofraya buyurun! Bu iyiliinizi kabul edemem.

"(Please) come to the (dining room) table! "I can not accept your favor." (to eat)"

Çocuklar hediye açmaya bayılır. Rica etsem kapıyı açar mısınız?

"Kids love to open presents." "Please, could you open the door?"

Yardımınız için te⇤ekkür ederim Kahve için te⇤ekkürler.

"Thank you for your help." "Thank you for the coffee."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

Lütfen means "please," "if you please" or "kindly." You will be exposed to lütfen a lot in Turkey. For example: Biletler lütfen meaning "Tickets please" or when you're about to leave the restaurant where you have just eaten a savory Turkish dish: Hesap lütfen meaning "Check please" or the bus driver in an overly packed bus can direct you by saying lerleyin lütfen meaning "Move on please." As almost every constituent in a Turkish sentence, you can change the place of lütfen according to your emphasis point. Let's see this in an example: Imagine that you're in a Turkish jitney (dolmu⇥) You were seated at one of the back seats and need to pass your money on desperately! You tap on the shoulder of whoever is sitting in

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #3 - S HOW YOUR APPRECIATION IN TURKIS H 3 front of you and ask politely: Uzatır mısınız lütfen? - "Could you reach out for me please?" Here, lütfen comes at the end of the sentence. You can formulate the same sentence as: Lütfen uzatır mısınız? which is "Please could you reach out for me?"

You can also take a more direct approach with an even rarer expression that carries an inward meaning. It is possible to hear this accompanied with an unsatisfied smirk on the speakers face. For example, your Turkish friend has been complaining about how little his wage is for over a year and finally he receives a very tiny, almost ridiculous amount of surcharge on his wage. So he complains about his boss, looking unsatisfied, and says Lütfen yaptı meaning "He did it unwillingly" or "He did it just for the show, just barely"—without real intention.

Buyurun is another expression that you'll be hearing a lot in Turkey. This word can be adapted to many contexts: Like "here you are," "here you go," "here," "help yourself" etc. And these three different sentences are expressed with only one word in Turkish, which is buyurun. You will hear this especially when you visit someone's house for the first time. Since Turkish people take great pleasure in serving their guests you'll be hearing Buyurun lokum a lot, meaning "Here, Turkish delight"; Buyurun ikinci tabak meaning "Here, the second plate (of food)"; Buyurun çay meaning "Here, tea"; or Buyurun terlik upon entering a Turkish house meaning "Here, slippers." The intrinsic meaning of this expression carries "Here you are, as you would wish/command." As a gesture, people bend twenty to thirty degrees down upon serving something using buyrun.

Let's just point out one common spelling mistake. You will see this word as buyrun in many written texts. Beware for it is a spelling mistake! Some people confuse it by thinking that this is an example of extensive usage of vowel haplology in Turkish. Haplology occurs when a syllable is dismissed when two consecutive identical or similar syllables occur. See the grammar points for types and general mistakes derived from the misuse of haplology in Turkish. Be wary of this too when reading Turkish texts via Google searches, as they are sprinkled with mistakes!

Rica ederim, which has the infinitive rica etmek, is another common expression in Turkish. It means "to ask for," "to appeal," "to please." In many cases, this is the most polite way of saying "You're welcome." Sometimes it is combined with Rica ederim, hiç önemi yok meaning "You're welcome, it is not important at all." The meaning of "not at all" is also embedded in rica ederim, so in that sense it is a very compact expression. So any extra addition might sound extravagant. Modesty and humbleness are mannerisms that are extremely valued in Turkish society. Depending on the context, it is important to keep it simple.

GRAMMAR

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #3 - S HOW YOUR APPRECIATION IN TURKIS H 4 The Focus of this Lesson is Saying "thank you" and "you're welcome" When Offering Something Çok teekkür ederim. "Thank you very much" Teekkürler! "Thanks!"

After hearing Lütfen kabul edin (formal) meaning "Please accept," an appropriate reply is usually Te⇥ekkür ederim, which means "Thank you." Or if you want to sound slightly less informal and more lively, you can say te⇥ekkürler! You will also hear the following examples in banks, from your colleagues or boss: Zaman ayırdı⌅ınız için te⇥ekkürler meaning "thanks for sparing me your time.: Or if you are calling for attention you can usually write lginiz için te⇥ekkür ederim at the end of an e-mail meaning "thank you for your concern."

When thanking someone, Turks sometimes use sa⌅ ol instead of te⇥ekkürler to say "thank you." This is an idiomatic expression with a wishful connotation literally meaning "be alive." This expression is often used among close conversation partners such as family and friends.

Haplology in Turkish and Common Spelling Mistakes

Haplology happens as a syllable is dismissed when two consecutive syllables occur that are either similar or identical. In Turkish, haplology generally occurs when words composed of two syllables have a suffix starting with a vowel.

In Turkish, haplology is generally understood to be one of the following:

1. In the last syllable when a suffix starting with a vowel is attached

2. In combined words

For example:

1. A⌅ız + ı - A⌅zı (A⌅ızı is wrong) - A⌅zıma çarptı. "It hit my mouth"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #3 - S HOW YOUR APPRECIATION IN TURKIS H 5 2. Alın + ı - Alnı ( Alını is wrong) - O kızın alnı çok geni⇥. "Her forehead is very large"

3. Pazar ertesi - Pazar+ertesi - Pazartesi - Pazartesi günleri hiç enerjim yok. "Sunday-after equals to "Monday" - "On Mondays, I have no energy."

4. Ne asıl - Ne+asıl - Nasıl - Nasıl bu hatayı yaptın? "What"-"origin, actual"-"How" - "How did you make this mistake?"

Further examples:

1. Sofraya buyurun! "(Please) come to the (dining room) table! (to eat)"

Please note: Buyur-un- meaning "Here you are" or "Here you go" is an exception where haplology doesn't occur. The correct way of spelling it is buyurun.

1. Buyurun lokum "Here, Turkish delight"

2. Buyurun ikinci tabak "Here, the second plate (of food)"

3. Buyurun çay "Here, tea"

4. Buyurun terlik "Here slippers"

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Merhaba, lütfen içeri buyurun! "Hello, please come in."

Sample Sentences

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #3 - S HOW YOUR APPRECIATION IN TURKIS H 6 1. Top a⌅zıma çarptı. "My mouth was hit by a ball."

2. O kızın alnı çok geni⇥. "Her forehead is very large."

3. Pazartesi günleri hiç enerjim yok. "On Mondays, I have no energy."

4. Bu hatayı nasıl yaptın? "How did you make this mistake?"

Language Tip

One note to keep in mind about haplology is that it only affects pronunciation in Turkish. Although the correct version of the word buyurun is this spelling, it should be pronounced as buy-run. In a way, this is an exception where haplology doesn't exist in the written form but continues to exist orally.

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Etiquette For Visiting a Turkish Home

When visiting someone—especially for the very first time—it is considered courtesy to bring a small gift such as sweets, dessert or flowers. You can also a bring a souvenir from your country. Other occasions when you might bring gifts include when somebody you know moves in to a new house as a housewarming gift, when you are a house guest during New Year's or during religious holidays (bayram) and so on. If you happen to visit your Turkish friend's house during religious feasts, you can hand out pocket money to the children. This is an important custom for Turkish people but it is not expected from a non-Turkish guest. So feel free to experience it the way you want! Mother's, Father's and Valentine's Day are the other popular global events that Turkish people like to celebrate by exchanging gifts, paying visits and organizing events. Turkish mothers are known for their compassion and generosity, so when the mother of a friend treats you exceptionally, it is courtesy to get her some flowers

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #3 - S HOW YOUR APPRECIATION IN TURKIS H 7 on Mother's Day.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #3 - S HOW YOUR APPRECIATION IN TURKIS H 8 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #4 The Art of Apologizing in Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight

# 4

1. A: Ah! ... Affedersiniz...

2. HAKAN: Evet?

3. A: Ayam...

4. HAKAN: Ah, çok özür dilerim! Farketmedim. yi misiniz?

5. A: Tamam, önemli deil. imdi daha iyiyim.

ENGLISH

1. A: Ouch! Umm...excuse me.

2. HAKAN: Yes?

3. A: My foot...

4. HAKAN: Oh, I'm very sorry! I didn't notice. Are you okay?

5. A: Yeah, no problem. I am better now.

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English

h! Ouch!

⇥imdi now, at the moment, right away

affetmek to forgive, to ask for forgiveness

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #4 - THE ART OF APOLOGIZING IN TURKIS H 2 evet yes

ayak foot

çok a lot

özür dilemek to apologize

önemli important, significant, major

de⇤il not, no

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Affetmek büyüklüktür. (Turkish Proverb) Evet, Türk tatlılarına bayılırım.

"Forgiveness is supremacy." "Yes, I love Turkish desserts."

Evet, çok de⇥i⇤ik. Evet, çok iyi konu⇤uyorum.

"Yes, it's very unique." "Yes, I speak it very well."

Bunu çok severim. Özür bile dilemedi!

"I like this very much." "He didn’t even apologize!"

Bu ka⇥ıtlar çok önemli. ⌅yi de⇥ilim.

"These papers are very important." I'm not well.

Evet, baharatlı de⇥il.

"Yes, it's not spicy."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

Affetmek

Affetmek is a compound word, composed of two parts: af which is an Arabic origin noun

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #4 - THE ART OF APOLOGIZING IN TURKIS H 3 meaning "dismissal," "mercy" and etmek a very frequent auxiliary verb of Turkish origin meaning "do" or "cost." Altogether they make: affetmek meaning "to show mercy and dismissal when faced with an offense." So when somebody says Affedersiniz he/she assumes that it's his/her fault bothering, offending or accidentally hurting someone. The verb etme is in the future tense: eder. So, the expression shows the guilty party's wish for forgiveness in the future. This is the sole reason why this expression is used to grab attention as well as saying "I am sorry." In this dialogue, this word is used to grab the attention of Hakan by a stranger whom Hakan accidentally stepped on. The speaker says affedersiniz to grab his attention and also to show that he/she doesn't mean to apologize unless otherwise. To say affedersiniz even when you are hurt to grab attention is considered humble behavior and good manners.

Let's see it in another example: Affedersiniz, sizi duyamıyorum meaning " I am sorry I cannot hear you." or "My apologies, I can not hear you."

Çok Basically çok means "many, much." Çok signifies that the thing you are talking about is very abundant. Saying Çok ya⇥a meaning "Live long" is an idiomatic expression to say when somebody sneezes. The reply for it is Sen de gör literally meaning "I wish the same for you as well." These customary expressions are used by everyone and not following them is considered bad manners by the majority.

Çok is a very common word that functions either as an adjective or adverb depending on the type of word that comes right after it. This will be explained later in the grammar point.

Özür dilemek özür dilemek is a verb phrase and has two constituents: özür which is a noun meaning "apology" and dilemek which is a verb meaning "to wish for." Altogether it means to wish for an apology. This is the official way of showing that you are sorry so it can also be translated as "I am sorry" or "I apologize." Be careful though, you can not use this word on other occasions like in a funeral, for example. In English, you approach the party in grief and say "I am sorry" to express your sorrow and support during a funeral. However, in Turkish if you say Özür dilerim then that means that you have something to do with that person's loss. In Turkish, a different expression is used in funerals. For now let's just give the phrase and its translation: Ba⇥ınız sa⇤olsun meaning "May you be safe and sound." This is used to show that you wish for the health and safety of the grieving family or relatives. A common mistake an English speaker might make is to use it as "I am sorry" in other contexts like if the other person lost something else like money, job or failed and exam. Saying özür dilerim here would also mean that you are at fault so avoid using it in these situations.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #4 - THE ART OF APOLOGIZING IN TURKIS H 4 Feel free to use özür dilerim in any situation that you think you are at fault like being late, accidentally hurting someone or making a mistake. This expression is formal but it is used a lot in the daily life. Let's give an example: Özür dilerim, sizi üzmek istemezdim meaning "I apologize, I didn't mean to make you sad"

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is the Most Common Apologetic Expressions in Turkish. Ah! ... Affedersiniz... "Ouch! Umm...excuse me."

Affedersiniz is the formal way of saying "Excuse me" or " I am sorry." This verb is in the second person plural for formality. This is achieved by the suffix -siniz as explained in the previous lessons. Affedersin is the informal way of expressing your sorrow or desire to catch attention. The latter one is in the second person singular to express this informality. This is achieved by using the suffix -sin indicating second person singular (informal). You will often encounter this word as Afedersin on the Internet, in friendship circles, in between family members or in any other kind of close relations. So if a complete stranger approaches you and says affedersin this usually means that he/she doesn't have good manners. In any case, Turkish youths use affedersin quite a lot with strangers as well. And for them it just becomes natural.

Adjective versus Adverb: The Many Functions of çok

Çok as well as many other words can function as adjectives or adverbs in a sentence. Their function is strictly determined by this word's location in the sentence. If çok is followed by the noun it becomes a numerical adjective that describes the noun, however if it is followed by a verb then, it becomes an adverb that delineates the following verb.

For example:

1. Yeni evi çok be⇤endim. "I like the new house a lot."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #4 - THE ART OF APOLOGIZING IN TURKIS H 5 Here are some more examples:

1. Merve çok güzel bir kadın means "Merve is a very beautiful woman." Here, çok is followed by two more adjectives: güzel meaning "beautiful" and bir meaning "a." And finally it ends up in kadın which is a noun meaning "woman." Therefore it acts as an adjective describing the measure of the beauty of that woman.

2. Yeni evi çok be⇤endim means "I like the new house a lot." Here, çok is followed by the verb: be⇤enmek so it describes the level of liking the house. Therefore it functions as an adverb.

For example:

1. Affetmek büyüklüktür. "Forgiveness is supremacy."

2. Affedersiniz, sizi duyamıyorum. "I am sorry I cannot hear you." or "My apologies, I can not hear you."

Examples from this dialogue:

1. 1. Ah, çok özür dilerim! "Oh, I'm very sorry!" (formal)

Sample Sentences

1. Ah! ... Affedersiniz. "Ouch! Umm...excuse me." (formal)

2. Afedersin. "Excuse me," "I am sorry" (informal)

3. Merve çok güzel bir kadın. "Merve is a very beautiful woman."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #4 - THE ART OF APOLOGIZING IN TURKIS H 6 4. Yeni evi çok be⇤endim. "I like the new house a lot"

Language Tip

Affedersiniz can be a tough one to pronounce so let's illustrate this by breaking it into its syllables which is the best way to read Turkish. A-fe-der-si-niz.

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Turkish Work Culture

Turkish people are not shy to apologize in any given situation—that includes their personal and business lives. In the Turkish business world especially, apologies can be manipulated by purposefully using them in every situation. Bosses often hear "I am having some personal problems" or "I broke up with my boyfriend/girlfriend" as an excuse for being late or being unable to complete a project on time. In almost all Turkish corporates, being professional is a valued trait and people act accordingly. However, small-scale companies might cause some conflicts and misunderstandings, because more or less everyone uses the power of first hand connections, sharing private life concerns and asking for understanding and forgiveness are common. Being aware of this is especially important for non-Turkish white collar professionals who are planning to work in managerial roles in Turkey. If you face this kind of situation, simply explaining the work ethics true of your own culture can help people understand your background, and you may even find a middle ground on which both parties agree. In summary, face to face, close relationships are deeply embedded in Turkish culture.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #4 - THE ART OF APOLOGIZING IN TURKIS H 7 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #5 Can you Take My Turkish Order?

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 8 Cultural Insight

# 5

1. GARSON: yi akamlar.

2. HAKAN: yi akamlar, menü alabilir miyim?

3. GARSON: Elbette.

4. HAKAN: Ayrca, su alabilir miyim lütfen?

5. GARSON: Hemen efendim.

6. HAKAN: Sipari de vermek istiyorum.

7. GARSON: Evet, buyurun...

ENGLISH

1. WAITRESS: Good evening.

2. HAKAN: Good evening, can I get a menu?

3. WAITRESS: Sure.

4. HAKAN: Also, can I get water please?

5. WAITRESS: Right away.

6. HAKAN: Could you take my order as well?

7. WAITRESS: Yes, please...

VOCABULARY

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #5 - CAN YOU TAKE MY TURKIS H ORDER? 2 Tur kish English

akam evening

sipari vermek to order, to place an order

menü menu

to be able to receive, to be able to get, buy, alabilmek take, put on (weight)

elbette of course, certainly, sure, by all means

su water

hemen instantly, immediately, prompt, right away.

efendi sir, ma’m/ master

sipari order

istemek to want

SAMPLE SENTENCES

yi ak⇥amlar! nternetten bir kitap sipari⇥ ettim.

"Have a nice evening!" "I ordered a book online."

Menü nerede? Marka çantalar alabilmek istiyorum.

"Where is the menu?" "I want to be able to buy brand bags."

Elbette do⇤um gününe gelece⇤im. Kadın su içer

"Of course, I will come to your birthday." The woman drinks water.

Hemen bir cevap ver. Efendim, bana mı dediniz?

"Give (me) a response promptly.(right "Sir/ma’m (excuse me) did you say (it) to away)" me? "

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #5 - CAN YOU TAKE MY TURKIS H ORDER? 3 Sipari⇥ gecikti. (past tense) O da partiye gelmek istiyor.

"The order is late." "She wants to come to the party, too."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

Alabilmek alabilmek is used to indicate the polite way to get something. By using -abilmek,-ebilmek you are emphasizing "to be able to do something." In this context, it is "to be able to get something." This is also used to make your sentence more polite. For example: Silginizi ödünç alabilir miyim? meaning "May I borrow your eraser?" In other contexts, you just indicate that you are able to do something for example: Evet, param var. Alabiliyorum. meaning "Yes, I have money. I am able to buy it."

Elbette elbette means "of course," "certainly," "by all means," "you bet" depending on the context. This expression is an adverb of certainty that is frequently used in daily conversations, especially in dialogues between your close friends and family members. Let's see some examples as used in colloquial Turkish: Elbette seninle geleceim meaning: "Most certainly, I will come with you" or the answer to the following question: Benim için ilaç alır mısın? meaning "Could you buy medicine for me?" Your answer: Elbette! meaning "of course!"

Hemen hemen means "immediately, without delay." You might also hear this as hemen hemen. In that case, the adverb is reduplicated and the meaning becomes: "more or less." Let's illustrate this with examples: In the first context the adverb shows duration; immediate action: Hemen geri ver meaning "Give it back right away!" In the second context, Ödevim hemen hemen bitti. means "My homework is more or less finished." In this context, hemen hemen is an adverb of approximation.

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is How to Use -ebilmek and -abilmek Meaning "to be able to" in

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #5 - CAN YOU TAKE MY TURKIS H ORDER? 4 Turkish yi ak⇥amlar, menü alabilir miyim? "Good evening, can I get a menu?"

[item] + labilir miyim (polite way to ask for something)

[sipari⇤] meaning "order" + alabilir misiniz (polite way to ask someone to take your order)

Ebilmek/abilmek are the suffixes that make one of the most common Turkish modal verbs. The usage is similar to the English modal verb "can." For example: yap-abiliyor-um shows the general ability or possibility to do something. It means "I can do something." Here, -abilmek corresponds to "can" while "to do" is yap-mak, the root of the verb. Since -abilmek/-ebilmek are suffixes, you can simply add them to any verb you would like. For example. yüz-ebiliyor- um meaning "I can swim" or anla-y-abiliyor-um meaning "I can understand," or koru-y- abiliyorum meaning "I can protect."

Here, we're once more faced with Turkish vowel harmony rules.

If the verb has the following vowels in its last syllable: a, ı, o, or u, then the suffix is :-abilmek. For example: yap-abiliyor-um

If the verb has the following vowels in its last syllable: e, i, ö, or ü then the suffix is:-ebilmek. For example: gör-ebiliyor-um meaning "I can see"

If the verb ends in a vowel then the buffer letter "y" is added. For example: koru-y-abiliyor-um

When Used as an Interrogative Sentence, -ebilmek/-abilmek Signifies "Politeness"

This meaning is implied especially when combined with the suffix of second person singular ("polite") and adverbs like lütfen meaning "please." For example: Sipari⇤imi alabilir misiniz lütfen? meaning "Could you take my order please." As you can see here, -ebilmek/-abilmek corresponds to one of the many functions of "could" in English, which is to make a polite request.

-ebilmek/-abilmek can also be used to indicate a theoretical possibility or presumption like: Çok souk. Daha sonra kar yaabilir meaning "It's very cold. It could snow later..."

For example:

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #5 - CAN YOU TAKE MY TURKIS H ORDER? 5 1. Sipari⇤imi alabilir misiniz lütfen? "Could you take my order please?"

2. Çok souk. Daha sonra kar yaabilir... "It's very cold. It could snow later..."

3. Marka çantalar alabilmek istiyorum. "I want to be able to buy brand bags."

4. Silginizi ödünç alabilir miyim? "May I borrow your eraser?"

5. Evet, param var. Alabiliyorum. "Yes, I have money. I am able to buy it."

Examples from this dialogue:

1. ⌅yi ak⇤amlar, menü alabilir miyim? "Good evening, can I get a menu?"

2. Ayrıca su alabilir miyim lütfen? "Also, can I get water please?"

3. Sipari⇤imi de alabilir misiniz lütfen? "Could you take my order as well?"

Sample Sentences

1. Yapabiliyorum "I can do (something)" or "I am able to do..."

2. Yüzebiliyorum "I can swim"

3. Koruyabiliyorum "I can protect"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #5 - CAN YOU TAKE MY TURKIS H ORDER? 6 4. Anlayabiliyorum "I can understand"

5. Görebiliyorum "I can see"

Language Tip

The table below shows the positive, negative and interrogative conjugations of the verb yapabiliyorum meaning "I am able to do" or "I can do."

Personal Interrogative Pronouns Positive English (positive) English

"I am able to yapabiliyor "Am I able to yap-a-biliyorum do" muyum? do?"

"You are able t yapabiliyor "Are you able t "you" yapabiliyorsun o do" musun? o do?"

"He/She/It is yapabiliyor "Is he/she/it "He/She/It" yapabiliyor able to do" mu? able to do?"

"We are able yapabiliyor "Are we able to "We" yapabiliyoruz to do" muyuz? do?"

"You" (second person yapabiliyorsun "You are able yapabiliyor "Are you able singular / uz to do" musunuz? to do ?" plural -polite)

"They are able yapabiliyorlar "Are they able "They" yapabiliyorlar to do" mı? to do?"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #5 - CAN YOU TAKE MY TURKIS H ORDER? 7 Personal Interrogative Pronouns Negative English (negative) English

yap-a-mı-yor- "I am not able yapamıyor "Am I not able "I" um to do" muyum? to do?"

"You are not yapamıyor "Are you not "you" yapamıyorsun able to do" musun? able to do?"

"He/She/It is "Is he/she/it not "He/She/It" yapamıyor not able to do" yapamıyor mu? able to do?"

"We are not yapamıyor "Are we not "We" yapamıyoruz able to do" muyuz? able to do?"

"You" (second person yapamıyorsunu "You are not yapamıyor "Are you not singular / z able to do" musunuz? able to do?" plural -polite)

"They are not yapamıyorlar "Are they not "They" yapamıyorlar able to do" mı? able t o do?"

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Dining in a Turkish Restaurant

In Turkey, big cities and tourist places have many restaurants with English translations on their menu. Some menus are illustrated with photos of the food they are serving that day. In other restaurants serving fish and meat dishes, you can choose the appetizers yourself while the waiter brings them to your table on a tray for you to choose. In some family restaurants, you can pick the food you would like to eat from an open counter and simply pay at the cashier right away. In Turkish restaurants direct interactions are common between waiters/ waitresses and the customer. This usually happens two ways: 1) The waiter waits for your call giving you time to think and choose from the menu 2) He/she approaches your table without

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #5 - CAN YOU TAKE MY TURKIS H ORDER? 8 waiting for your call. But in each case, the staff usually give the customers a couple of minutes to decide.

But prepare yourself for comical, direct translations. We have picked the funniest one that went viral over the Internet for your entertainment. Tavuk çevirme is translated as "chicken translation." Tavuk çevirme is a common dish that is made by cooking chicken in a machine made for grill chicken. In Turkish, çevirme is a word with a lot of synonyms. It can mean: "translate," "turn," "spin" or "avert." This means that the person who is translating this just picked the first word in the dictionary without knowing its exact meaning. The reason why Turkish people make these mistakes more, compared to other non-native speakers is that Turkish words contain a lot of homonyms and synonyms.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #5 - CAN YOU TAKE MY TURKIS H ORDER? 9 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #6 Catching Up With an Old Turkish Friend

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight

# 6

1. AYLA: Aa, Bora?

2. BORA: Ayla! Görümeyeli ne kadar oldu!

3. AYLA: Hakikaten, uzun süredir görüemiyoruz!

4. BORA: Eee, ne var ne yok?

5. AYLA: Ne olsun ite... Bild iin gibi... yilik salk...

ENGLISH

1. AYLA: Oh, Bora?

2. BORA: Ayla! It's been a while!

3. AYLA: Really, long time no see!

4. BORA: So, what's new?

5. A: Well... As you know... All is well

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English

görümek to meet, to keep in touch, to do an interview

bilmek to know

ne kadar how much

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #6 - CATCHING UP WITH AN OLD TURKIS H FRIEND 2 Olmak to be, to happen, to occur

hakikat fact, truth

uzun long

süre time, period, span

iyilik goodness

sa⇥lık health

SAMPLE SENTENCES

En yakın zamanda görü⇥elim! Onun ismini bilmiyorum.

"Let’s see (each other) as soon as "I don't know her name." possible."

Bu bluz ne kadar? Çok hasta oldum.

"How much is that blouse?" "I became very sick."

Hakikaten mi? Ayla uzun boylu bir kız.

"Really?" "Ayla is a tall girl."

Ö⇤retmenim, biraz daha süre verin. ⌅yilik önemli bir erdemdir.

"Ma'am (my teacher), give some more "Goodness is an important virtue." time."

Bu aralar sa⇤lı⇤ı pek iyi de⇤il.

"Nowadays, his/her health is not very good."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

Görümek

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #6 - CATCHING UP WITH AN OLD TURKIS H FRIEND 3 görümek is one of the most essential verbs for it has different meanings depending on the context. It can be used when talking about something to someone: whether in a business meeting or about any subject. This verb indicates that ideas are going to be presented and discussed in a mutual discussion. For this reason it can also mean "to interview." For example, if you use this verb in its noun version: Sizinle bir görüme yapmak istiyorum. meaning "I would like to do an interview with you." This first use has a formal connotation.

It can also be used to indicate that you want to improve your friendship after you get acquainted with someone. Mutlaka görüelim! means "Let's meet (devote time to each other) by all means!" Keep in mind that Mutlaka görüelim! has an informal connotation.

Ne kadar ne kadar is an adjective meaning "how much" or "how many." This word will come in handy when you're shopping for daily food provisions in Turkey. We've already talked about how Turkish people like to do their weekly shopping in the neighborhood manav meaning "greengrocers'" or bakkal meaning "local, neighborhood grocers" in our previous lessons. You will use ne kadar everywhere including bakkal, manav, supermarkets, bazaars, boutiques or even street vendors. It is appropriate to ask this in both formal and informal situations.

This adjective is composed of two adjectives: ne meaning "what" and kadar meaning "much, many"

Let's see some examples both in formal and informal contexts:

Imagine you are in a fancy, designers boutique in Istanbul, Niantaı (a historical, upscale shopping district in Istanbul) you see a beautiful dress and you ask the shop clerk, Bu elbise ne kadar acaba? or Ne kadar acaba? by adding acaba meaning "I wonder..." you are changing the connotation to a formal one.

Now imagine that you are at a local bazaar shopping for some semi-precious turquoise stone. You ask, Tanesi ne kadar? meaning "How much is one piece?" or Ne kadar bunlar? meaning "How much are these?"

The next setting can be your neighborhood greengrocers. You show some pomegranates and ask, Kilosu ne kadar? meaning "How much is one kilo?"

Hakikat hakikat is a noun which means "fact" or "truth." Turkish society places great value on their

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #6 - CATCHING UP WITH AN OLD TURKIS H FRIEND 4 interactions with their neighborhood, family relatives or even apartment neighbors. They value and worry a lot about what other people think about their lifestyle so phrases for confirmation to show that you are listening are very important in Turkish. Hhakikaten meaning "really," "honestly" or "in fact" is one of those phrases that functions as a confirmative way to enhance that you are confirming, believing and thinking that the other person is saying the truth. Sometimes it is even confirmed with two words that have meanings like, Hakikaten, do⇥ru söylüyorsun meaning "In fact, you are telling the truth." Here the noun hakikat is converted to an adverb.

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is on the Reciprocal Construction of a Verb System Called ite fiil in Turkish. Hakikaten, uzun süredir görüemiyoruz! "Really, long time no see!"

If the action signified by the verb is done by more than one person at the same time, mutually or together, then these are called ite fiil in Turkish.

These verbs are easy to formulate: the -i suffix is added to the end of the stem of the verb. The -i suffix can become -ü, -la or -le depending on the vowel harmony rules which will be explained in our more advanced lessons.

Let's have a look at some further examples: döv-mek ("to beat") -döv-ü-mek ("to fight with someone") kaç-mak ("to escape") -kaç-ı-mak ("to run away in various directions")

öp-mek ("to kiss") -öp-ü-mek ("to kiss each other") a⇥-la-mak ("to cry") -a⇥-la-mak ("to weep together")

3 Types of Ite Fiil

⌅te fiil can be grouped into three categories depending on their connotation:

1. The actions are done mutually/reciprocal

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #6 - CATCHING UP WITH AN OLD TURKIS H FRIEND 5 2. When actions are done together

3. The action that signifies equality in terms of quality (usually indicates a transition from one situation or context to another in the verb)

In this lesson we'll concentrate on the first group of ite fiil that shows an action done by mutual interaction:

Ayla ile ben, dün okulda görütük. (ite) meaning: "Ayla and I met each other yesterday at school."

Özne (subject) Yüklem(verb)

The action of this sentence is görümek. The act of "seeing each other" is performed by more than one subject (Ayla and I) at the same time and mutually. (I saw/met Ayla, Ayla saw/met me). This is why görümek is an ite verb.

For example:

1. dövümek "to fight against each other"

2. kaçımak "to run away in any directions (action done by more than one subject)"

3. öpümek "to kiss each other"

4. a⇥lamak "to weep together"

5. Ayla ile ben dün okulda görütük. "Ayla and I met each other yesterday at school."

6. Sizinle bir görüme yapmak istiyorum. "I would like to do an interview with you."

Examples from this dialogue:

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #6 - CATCHING UP WITH AN OLD TURKIS H FRIEND 6 Sample Sentences

1. Ayla ile ben dün okulda görütük. "Ayla and I met each other yesterday at school."

2. Mutlaka görüelim!' "Let's meet (devote time for each other) by all means!"

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Talking Small Talk

Informal small talk is one of the most varied and interesting features in Turkish, linguistically and culturally. In Turkish society, formal gives way to informal dialogue pretty fast as face to face, primary relations are always very important for networking. From the importance of neighborliness to communication with your office colleagues you need to learn Turkish small talk to build solid, credible and mutually beneficial bonds. Turkish small talk phrases can be applied to every context to highlight a wide range of emotions from humbleness to avoidance. This vocabulary will save you if you don't remember the name of the person you're talking to or are filling the awkward gaps in the conversation. You will also notice that Turkish people use a lot of idiomatic expressions for small talk. These expressions have some negative, fatalistic connotations. The cultural dynamics that result in this will be explained in our advanced lessons later.

Some other useful expressions related to this include:

Bir yaramazlık yok meaning "No mischief"

Eh ite, yuvarlanıp gidiyoruz meaning "Well, nothing much. On our way, rolling and tumbling."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #6 - CATCHING UP WITH AN OLD TURKIS H FRIEND 7 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #7 Introducing Someone In Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight

# 7

1. BORA: Hakan, tantraym eim Merve.

2. HAKAN: Merve merhaba. Ben Hakan.

3. MERVE: Merhaba Hakan. Bora sizden çok bahsetti. Bora'nn hem i hem d e yakn arkadasnz deil mi? Tantma memnun oldum.

4. HAKAN: Sonunda tantmza bende memnun oldum

ENGLISH

1. BORA: Hakan, let me introduce you. This is my wife Merve.

2. HAKAN: Merve, hello. I'm Hakan.

3. MERVE: Hello, Hakan. Bora has talked a lot about you. You are Bora's colleague and friend, right? Nice to meet you.

4. HAKAN: Nice to finally meet you, too.

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English

tanı⇥mak to meet, to know

i⇥ arkada⇥ı colleague

yakın arkada⇥ close friend

son end, final, last

çok a lot, many, much, very

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #7 - INTRODUCING S OMEONE IN TURKIS H 2 bahsetmek to mention, to tell about something

SAMPLE SENTENCES

(Sizinle) tanı⇥mamız çok iyi oldu. ⇤irket yöneticisi bir i⇥ arkada⇥ı ile

ayrılır. "Meeting you was very nice." "The company executive leaves with a colleague."

Sadece yakın arkada⇥larıma güvenirim. Ofisten çıkmadan önce, son bir telefon

görü⇥mesi yapaca⌅ım. "I only confide in my close friends." "I will make one final phone call before leaving the office. "

Ayla çok güzel bir kız. Hastalı⌅ından bana hiç bahsetmedi.

"Ayla is a very beautiful girl." "She/he hasn’t mentioned about her illness."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE tanı⇥mak is an ite ("reciprocal") verb referring to the mutual interaction that happens when you "get acquainted with someone." From its connotation, this verb is often used in formal situations, like business meetings and academic introductions. But this is also applicable for any situation that requires a first-time meeting.

çok is an adjective meaning "many, much, very." Don't be surprised when you hear this quantifying adjective in almost every sentence. For example, Turkish women like to use this word when they want to say they like something very much. Imagine you are shopping for fashions with your Turkish friend and she sees something she likes: Çok güzel, meaning "Very beautiful." Or, you are walking down the street when you see a very cute stray cat: Çok tatlı or Çok eker, both meaning "Very sweet," or Çok irin, meaning "Very cute."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #7 - INTRODUCING S OMEONE IN TURKIS H 3

bahsetmek, meaning "to mention," is a conjugated verb that is made out of a noun, bahis- meaning "bet," "inquiry," or "subject (to talk about)"—and a verb, etmek—generally meaning "to do" or "cost." Altogether, it literally means "to talk about a subject." However, it means "to mention" in every context. When Turkish people don't want to show other people that they knew about the subject that they are going to talk about, they say, "Yes, Ayla mentioned a bit about that..." which can be translated to Evet, Ayla biraz bahsetmiti...

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson Is the Possessive Suffic of the First Person Singular E⇥im Merve... "My wife Merve..."

In Turkish, a possessive suffix is added to the end of nouns indicating possession: something or someone belonging to or affiliated with something or someone. It exists in Uralic, Semitic, and Indo-European languages. In Turkish, -m or -ım, -im, -um, or üm are possessive suffixes that show variation according to the Turkish vowel harmony rules.

Simply keep in mind that if the word ends in a consonant, add -im, -ım, -um or -üm.

If the word ends in a vowel, add -m.

Let's see some examples in relation to our dialog:

E-im, meaning: "My wife"

⇤ arkada-ım, meaning: "My colleague"

Yakın arkada-ım, meaning: "My close friend"

Patron-um, meaning: "My boss"

Vowel Harmony Rules and Possessive Suffixes

All possessive suffixes are subject to vowel harmony rules. If the last syllable of the noun has

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #7 - INTRODUCING S OMEONE IN TURKIS H 4 ü, like in üzüm, meaning "grape," add -üm to form the possessive. In total: üzümüm, meaning "my grape."

If the last syllable of the noun has a or ı, then add -ım.

If the last syllable of the noun has e or i, then add im.

If the last syllable of the noun has u, then add um.

Here are some examples:

1. Eim "my wife"

2. ⇤ arkadaım "my colleague"

3. Patronum "my boss"

4. Yakın arkadaım "my close friend"

5. Üzümüm "my grape"

Examples from this lesson:

1. ⇤ arkadalarımdan çok memnunum. "I am very pleased with my colleagues."

2. Sadece yakın arkadalarıma güvenirim. "I only confide in my close friends."

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Eim Merve... "My wife Merve..."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #7 - INTRODUCING S OMEONE IN TURKIS H 5 Sample Sentences

1. Eim "my wife"

2. ⇤ arkadaım "my colleague"

3. Patronum "my boss"

4. Yakın arkadaım "my close friend"

5. Üzümüm "my grape"

Possessive suffixes in plural verbs and other personal pronouns will be explained later, in more advanced classes.

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Meeting People in Turkey

In Turkish culture, it is considered rude to point at someone in public with your index finger, so please refrain from this gesture when introducing someone. When you want to introduce someone, simply hold your hand palm side up towards the person you want to introduce and keep it at a below-torso level. This gesture emphasizes politeness and humbleness. Eye contact is also very important. Be sure to focus your attention, not on the friend who is introducing you, but on the person you're introduced to. Maintain eye contact, smile wholeheartedly, and give the person a firm handshake. Particularly in business, a firm handshake and eye contact determine the first impressions.

As we've already mentioned, Turkish society is varied, so you will encounter different people coming from different socioeconomic backgrounds, religious faiths, and ways of life. Keep in mind that some men will hesitate and might be offended to shake hands with women. This is

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #7 - INTRODUCING S OMEONE IN TURKIS H 6 due to strict religious faith and conservatism. You can simply understand this if the person you're introduced to shows signs of hesitation or bewilderment. Simply refrain from a handshake and say memnun oldum, meaning "pleased to meet you."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #7 - INTRODUCING S OMEONE IN TURKIS H 7 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #8 Here's A Traditional Turkish Gift for You!

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight

# 8

1. MERVE: Hakan, sana T ürkiye'den hediye getirdim.

2. HAKAN: Ah ne zahmet ettin. Çok teekkür ederim.

3. MERVE: Rica ederim. Sana layk deil ama...

ENGLISH

1. MERVE: Hakan, this is a souvenir from Turkey for you.

2. HAKAN: Thank you very much.

3. MERVE: Don't mention it.

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English Class

Türkiye'denim from Turkey verb

hediye present, gift noun

to request, to beg, to appeal, to ask for, please (contextual rica etmek meaning) as in ‘I beg your verb phrase pardon’

teekkür etmek to thank verb phrase

layık worthy adjective

de⇤il not, no noun

ama but, if adverb

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #8 - HERE'S A TRADITIONAL TURKIS H GIFT FOR YOU! 2 to do, to cost, to take, to pay, etmek to get (auxiliary) verb

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Ben Türkiye'denim. Çocuklar hediye açmaya bayılır.

"I'm from Turkey." "Kids love to open presents."

Rica etsem kapıyı açar mısınız? Yardımınız için te⇥ekkür ederim

"Please, could you open the door?" "Thank you for your help."

Sana layık olmaya çalı⇥ıyorum. ⇤yi de⌅ilim.

"I try to be worthy of you." "I'm not well."

Evet, baharatlı de⌅il. Ayla güzel ama kibirli bir kız.

"Yes, it's not spicy." "Ayla is a beautiful but conceited girl."

Acele etmek istemiyorum. Otuz çarpı be⇥ kaç eder?

"I don’t want to rush." "What is thirty times five?"

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

Türkiye is the name of the Turkish Republic. You will notice that some Turkish people avoid using "Turkey" when writing in English because this word implies the animal. What most people don't realize is that Türkiye itself is a word of Arabic origin. Türk-i means "of or in relation to Turk," and -ye is a derivational Arabic suffix that indicates "country" or "place." Altogether, it makes Türkiye, meaning "The country of Turks." deil is the negative form of "to be." It means "not." In a sentence structure, it comes at the end of the sentence as a verb. For example, if you step on somebody's foot accidentally and apologize, you will hear Önemli deil from the other party, meaning "It is not important." You

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #8 - HERE'S A TRADITIONAL TURKIS H GIFT FOR YOU! 3 can also combine it with quantifying adverbs. like pek or çok. An example is Pek güzel deil, meaning "Not very beautiful," or Çok acı deil, meaning "Not very bitter." hediye is a noun, and it means "present." In Turkish, there are only two different words to express three different nouns: "present," "gift," and "souvenir." A present is hediye, and a gift is armaan, but generally, they are all called "hediye." A birthday present would be Doum günü hediyesi, meaning "birthday present;" a gift from your friend is arkada⇤ımdan hediye, meaning "a gift from my friend;" and a souvenir from Japan would be Japonya'dan hediye, meaning "a souvenir from Japan."

GRAMMAR bo

The Focus of this Lesson Is the Negative Form of "To Be" in a Negative Sentence with the deil Postposition Sana layık deil ama... "It is not worthy of you, though..."

In our previous lessons, we learned about the personal ending suffixes of the pronouns. In this lesson, we'll focus on how to negate these forms. The deil postposition, meaning "not," put at the end of the sentence gives the negative connotation.

When we want to use the negative forms of pronouns, we put the pronoun at the beginning of the sentence. Then, we put noun or adjective in front of the pronoun. The most important rule to keep in mind is that we conjugate the deil postposition and we don't conjugate any nouns or adjectives. Our formula is: [Pronoun] + [adjective (unconjugated)] + [conjugated form of deil]

Let's illustrate this with an example:

Ben zayıfım means "I am thin."

Negative form: Ben zayıf deilim, meaning "I am not thin." zayıf is an adjective meaning "thin." As you can see, the adjective remains unconjugated; however, the postposition functions like a verb here, and it is conjugated with the suffix for the first person pronoun, which is -im.

Conjugation Table for deil with Different Personal Pronouns

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #8 - HERE'S A TRADITIONAL TURKIS H GIFT FOR YOU! 4 Pronoun Conjugated postposition deil

Ben deilim

Sen deilsin

O deil

Biz deiliz

Siz deilsiniz

Onlar deiller

For example:

1. Ben zayıf deilim "I am not thin"

2. deilim "not am (I)"

3. deilsin "not are (you)"

4. deil "not is he/she/it"

5. deiliz "not are we"

6. deilsiniz "not are you"

7. deiller "not are they"

Examples from this lesson:

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #8 - HERE'S A TRADITIONAL TURKIS H GIFT FOR YOU! 5 1. Önemli deil "It is not important."

2. Pek güzel deil "Not very beautiful."

3. Çok acı deil. "Not very bitter."

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Sana layık deil ama... "It is not worthy of you, though..."

Sample Sentences

1. Bilmemek deil örenmemek ayıp. "It's not a shame not to know; what is bad is not learning."

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Gift-Giving in Turkey

Gift-giving is an important custom showing good manners in Turkey. Occasions when you are expected to give gifts include: to your family, friends, and colleagues when you return from a foreign country (souvenirs); when you pay a first visit to someone else's house; and when your friend moves to another apartment as a housewarming party gift. Turkish people celebrate the New Year like Christmas. They exchange gifts on the first of December after midnight. Other occasions include: Valentine's Day (to your boyfriend/girlfriend or husband/ wife), birthdays, bayrams (religious holidays: usually chocolate, sweets, or flowers), and Mother's and Father's Day.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #8 - HERE'S A TRADITIONAL TURKIS H GIFT FOR YOU! 6 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #9 What Is This Turkish Item?

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight

# 9

1. HAKAN: Bu reçel mi?

2. BORA: Evet, doru. (Bu) T ürkiye'nin ünlü bir reçelidir.

3. MERVE: Evet, bu bir kavanoz gül reçeli!

4. HAKAN: Gül reçeli?! Nerede yaplyor?

5. MERVE: Isparta. Yerken mis gibi kokar!

ENGLISH

1. HAKAN: Is this jam?

2. BORA: Yes, right. This is a famous Turkish jam.

3. MERVE: Yes, this is a jar of rose jam.

4. HAKAN: Rose jam?! Where is it produced?

5. MERVE: Isparta. It's fragrant when you're eating it.

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English Class

bu this pronoun

yemek to eat verb

reçel jam noun

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #9 - WHAT IS THIS TURKIS H ITEM? 2 kavanoz jar noun

gül rose noun

nerede where, from where adverb

yapılmak to be produced, to be done verb

clean and sweet smelling, mis fragrant noun

kokmak smell verb

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Bu kimin? Bu nedir?

"Whose is this?" "What's this?"

Bu çok güzel. Aile kahvaltı yapar.

"This is very good." "The family eats breakfast."

Domates yemeyi sevmem. Türkler kahvaltıda reçel ve peynir

yemeyi sever. "I don't like to eat tomatoes." "Turkish people like to eat jam and cheese in breakfast."

⇥u kavanozu uzatabilir misin? Türkiye’de gül gıda ve güzellik

ürünlerinde kullanılır. "Could you pass (me) that jar?" "In Turkey, roses are used in food and cosmetic products."

⇤stasyonu nereden bulabilirim? Nerede ya⌅ıyorsunuz?

"Where can I find the station?" Where do you live?

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #9 - WHAT IS THIS TURKIS H ITEM? 3 Ege’de üzüm hasatı sonbaharda yapılır. Ispanaklı börek yaptım, mis gibi oldu.

"In the Aegean (region) the grape harvest "I made spinach pastry, (it) is savory." is done in autumn."

Yazın bahçeler yasemin kokar.

"In summer, gardens smell of jasmine."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE bu means "this" and can either be an adjective or an adverb, depending on what follows it. If bu is followed by a noun, like, for example, bu çiçek, meaning "this flower," then it is a demonstrative adjective. If it is followed by a word other than a noun, then it becomes a demonstrative pronoun. For example, imagine you are pointing at a plate of savory Turkish kebab—you ask, Bu baharatlı mı? meaning "Is this spicy?" Please look at the grammar notes for details and exceptions.

Keep in mind that, as a globally recognized cultural insight, pointing at people and calling them bu is considered impolite in Turkey. Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns are generally used to point at inanimate objects, so be sure to refrain from using them for people in daily life.

yemek can mean two different things: the action of eating and the food itself. So, in Turkish, yemek yemek, meaning "to eat food," is grammatically correct—it is a frequently used expression. For example: Yemek yeme⇥e gidelim mi? meaning "Shall we go out to eat?" or ⇤imdi gelemem, yemek yiyorum, meaning "I cannot come now—I am eating (food)." In Turkish, yemek refers to only the main dish or appetizers. Desserts, beverages, and junk food don't count as yemek. Let's see this in an example: Imagine a high school student returning from school. His mother asks, yemek yedin mi? meaning "have you eaten (food)?" He answers, Hayır, sadece baklava yedim, meaning "No, I just ate some baklavas" As you can recall from our previous lessons, baklava is a syrup-based Turkish dessert made with various nuts and thin layers of pastry. nerede is an adverb meaning "where?" Learning this word will make your life in Turkey easier, whether you're a tourist or a resident. For example: Park yeri nerede? meaning

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #9 - WHAT IS THIS TURKIS H ITEM? 4 "Where is the parking lot?" or ⌅⇧ yerin nerede? meaning "Where is your workplace?"

GRAMMAR

This Lesson Will Concentrate on Asking if A Is B: [A] [B] mi? ("Is [A] [B]?") Bu, reçel mi? "Is this jam?"

-mi/-mı is the suffix for an interrogative sentence.

The interrogative form in Turkish is achieved by using -mi/-mı suffixes at the end of the sentence, following the vowel harmony rule. These suffixes will always be written separately. Failing to do so will result in a spelling mistake.

For example:

1. Bu, kalem mi? "Is this a pen?"

2. Bu, lezzetli mi? "Is this delicious?"

3. Bu yemek acı mı? "Is this food hot?"

Focus on the comma after the demonstrative pronoun bu in the above examples. This comma separates the nouns reçel, meaning "jam," and kalem, meaning "pen," from bu; so, although it is followed by a noun, it becomes a demonstrative pronoun and not an adjective. In the latter case, however, there is nothing between bu and yemek, so it should be considered bu yeme, in which bu is an adjective.

The Grammatical Importance of the Adverb Nerede? and Determining the Indirect Object in a Sentence

Studying nerede doesn't come handy only in your daily life. When you ask the following

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #9 - WHAT IS THIS TURKIS H ITEM? 5 questions to the verb and subject nereye, nerede, nereden, meaning "to where, where, from where," or kime, kimde, kimden, meaning "to whom, whose, from whom," determine the indirect subject in the sentence.

Let's illustrate this with an example:

Evde yemek yedim, meaning "I ate at home." You ask nerede, meaning "where," of the verb. "Where did you eat?" is evde as an answer, which is the indirect object of the sentence. For example:

1. Bu, kalem mi? "Is this a pen?"

2. Bu, lezzetli mi? "Is this delicious?"

3. Bu yemek acı mı? "Is this food hot?"

4. Evde yemek yedim. "I ate at home"

Examples from this lesson:

1. Bu çiçek "This flower"

2. Bu baharatlı mı? "Is this spicy?"

3. Park yeri nerede? "Where is the parking lot?"

4. ⌅⇧ yerin nerede? "Where is your workplace?"

Examples from this dialogue:

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #9 - WHAT IS THIS TURKIS H ITEM? 6 1. Bu reçel mi? "Is this jam?"

2. Nerede yapılıyor? "Where is it produced?"

Sample Sentences

1. Bu, kalem mi? "Is this a pen?"

2. Bu, lezzetli mi? "Is this delicious?"

3. Bu yemek acı mı? "Is this food hot?"

4. Evde yemek yedim. "I ate at home."

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Turkish Breakfast

Breakfast is a crucial part of Turkish cuisine and lifestyle. A typical Turkish breakfast is composed of various types of bread, cucumbers and tomatoes in olive oil, black tea, various types of jams or honey, "white" (feta) cheese, eggs, kashkaval cheese, and green or black olives. Cereals, muffins, and pancakes are foreign to the traditional Turkish breakfast. During weekdays, some people prefer to go for a breakfast like a simit (a Turkish sesame bagel), jam, and cream cheese bought from a street vendor. Every neighborhood has one or two bakeries in which you can buy freshly baked bread, pastries like po⇥aça (a pastry with cheese or olive filling), and börek (a layered pastry with spinach, cheese, or minced meat), which are Turkish favorites.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #9 - WHAT IS THIS TURKIS H ITEM? 7 People like to prepare savory, rich breakfasts during weekends. Sunday breakfast, especially, is a time for family gatherings. Sunday breakfasts usually start late and last a long time. They are prepared diligently and are very varied. Usually, sucuklu yumurta (scrambled eggs with sujuk), menemen (scrambled eggs with green pepper, tomatoes, and olive oil), clotted cream (served on roast bread with honey or rose jam), and various types of pastries and jams are added to Sunday breakfasts, to which relatives and close friends are cordially invited. In Turkey, balconies or verandas function as active living areas, where breakfasts are held in the summertime. Drinking Turkish coffee after a breakfast, chit-chatting, and watching the street while getting fresh air is one of the most common urban pictures you will encounter when passing by a neighborhood street in Turkey.

An additional note is on Isparta, the Turkish city mentioned in the dialog of this lesson. Various rose products, such as rosewater and rose cologne, as well as rose jam and rose- flavored Turkish delight, are famous in Isparta: a city in the inner Mediterranean Region in Turkey. Turkey exports high-quality rose essence to Europe; it is an essence frequently used in French brands, popular in Europe and throughout the world.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #9 - WHAT IS THIS TURKIS H ITEM? 8 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #10 Welcome to my Cosy Turkish Apartment!

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight

# 10

1. MERVE: Hakan, bu sizin eviniz mi?

2. HAKAN: Evet, buyurun içeri girin.

3. KÖPEK: Hav, hav!

4. MERVE: a, bu senin köpein mi, Hakan?

5. HAKAN: Evet, bu Çomar. Merak etmeyin. Bir ey yapmaz.

6. KÖPEK: Hav, hav, hav!

ENGLISH

1. MERVE: Is this your house, Hakan?

2. HAKAN: Yes, come on in.

3. BORA: Thanks!

4. DOG: Woof! Woof!

5. MERVE: Oh, is this your dog, Hakan?

6. HAKAN: Yes, this is Çomar. Don't worry. He won't do anything (bad).

7. DOG: Woof! Woof! Woof!

VOCABULARY

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #10 - WELCOME TO MY COSY TURKIS H APARTMENT! 2 Tur kish English Class

yapmak to do, to make, to perform verb

ey thing, stuff, matter noun

ev house noun

içeri inside preposition

girmek to enter verb

hav woof, bark noun (onomatopoeic)

köpek dog noun

to be curious of, concern, to merak worry verbal phrase

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Ayla çok iyi resim yapar. Hayatta en sevmediim ⇥ey yalandır.

"Ayla paints (to do/make a picture) very "The thing I dislike most in life is lies." good."

Kapıda bekleme, içeri gel. Öretmen sınıfa girdi.

"Don’t wait outside, come inside." "The teacher entered the classroom."

⌅stanbul’da sabahları sokak köpekleri Tüylü köpek topun arkasından ko⇥uyor.

çok havlar. "The shaggy dog is running after a ball." "In Istanbul, stray animals bark a lot in the mornings."

Bu ak⇥am geç kalacaım, merak etme.

"I will be late tonight, (but) don’t worry."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #10 - WELCOME TO MY COSY TURKIS H APARTMENT! 3 ev

In Turkish, the meanings for "home" and "house" are the same; therefore, only one word exists to signify these meanings: ev. If you want to indicate the possession of a house/home, you simply add the possessive suffix for the first person singular, as we discussed in the previous lesson of this series: -im, -ım. It becomes ev-im, meaning "my house/home." Let's illustrate our explanation in the following examples:

Home: "My home is cosy" translates to Evim konforlu.

House: "That house is pretty" translates to O ev güzel. hav hav is an onomatopoeic word imitating the sound of a dog, which is "woof"in English. It also functions as the root of the verb havlamak, which translates to "bark." Turkish is very rich in terms of onomatopoeic sounds. Some examples include: miyavlamak, meaning "to meow;" ⇥akımak and ötmek, which are attributed to bird sounds meaning "twitter" and "hoot;" anırmak, meaning "to brey" for donkeys; and ki⇥nemek, which translates as "to whinney" for horses. There are also natural sounds, like ⇥ırıldamak, which means "to splash gently;" ⇥akırdamak, meaning "to rattle;" and gürüldemek, meaning "to burble." And, some are used in reduplication, like lıkır lıkır, indicating the sound of glugging; kütür kütür, indicating the sound of something firm and crunchy when eaten, like apples; and last but not least, hapır hupur, which is an onomatopoeic reduplication imitating the sound of eating with a great appetite. yapmak is one of the most-used verbs in Turkish, generally meaning "to do," "to make," or "to perform." Its meaning changes contextually and is redefined by the nouns that come before. Some examples include:

Resim yapmak, meaning "to draw a picture"

Bina yapmak, meaning "to build a building"

⇤aka yapmak, meaning "to make a joke"

Ödev yapmak, meaning "to do homework"

Yoga yapmak, meaning "to practice yoga"

As you can see, yapmak has many connotations, depending on the noun with which it is combined.

GRAMMAR

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #10 - WELCOME TO MY COSY TURKIS H APARTMENT! 4 The Focus of this Lesson Is to Show the Changes in the Possessive Suffixes, Depending on the Personal Pronoun Hakan, bu sizin eviniz mi? "Is this your house, Hakan?" a, bu senin köpein mi, Hakan? "Oh, is this your dog, Hakan?"

Possessive Example: ev Personal pronouns pronouns Possessive suffix ("house/home")

Ben Benim/"my" -im Benim evim

Sen Senin/"your" -in Senin evin

O Onun/"his,her,its" -si Onun evi

Biz Bizim/"our" -miz Bizim evimiz

Siz Sizin/"Your" -iniz Sizin eviniz

-leri/ları (depending on the vowel Onlar Onların/"Their" Onların evleri harmony rules)

The possession holder is clear from the suffixes attached; therefore, in daily life, possessive pronouns are dismissed, unless you want to put more emphasis on the possession holder. benim evim will simply be used as evim in written and oral language. Both mean "my house" in English.

Consonant Harmony

In our previous lesson, we explained Turkish vowel harmony rules, but there are other essential rules that affect the way suffixes are used in Turkish. As an initial rule, please keep in mind that a vowel following another vowel is never allowed in Turkish. Therefore, there are rules to avoid this. One of them, besides the vowel harmony rules, is a consonant harmony rule. When words end in the following consonants-p, ç, t, and k-they become softer and turn

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #10 - WELCOME TO MY COSY TURKIS H APARTMENT! 5 into b, c, d, and ⌅ through consonant harmony, respectively. (p, ç, t, k) - (b, c, d, ⇥)

Köpek- köpe⌅-i (onun köpe⌅i)

An example would be: Hakan'ın köpe⌅i çok tatlı, meaning "Hakan's dog is very sweet."

Consonant harmony in Turkish is there to make speech more fluent. Types of consonant harmony rules will be further explained in more advanced lessons.

For example:

1. benim evim "my house"

2. evim "my house"

3. Hakan'ın köpe⌅i çok tatlı. "Hakan's dog is very sweet."

Examples from this lesson:

1. Evim konforlu. "My home is cosy."

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Hakan, bu sizin eviniz mi? "Is this your house, Hakan?"

2. a, bu senin köpe⌅in mi, Hakan? "Oh, is this your dog, Hakan?"

Sample Sentences

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #10 - WELCOME TO MY COSY TURKIS H APARTMENT! 6 1. 1. Güzel, aydınlık bir evi var. "She/he has a beautiful, bright house."

2. Bu ak⇥am geç kalaca⌅ım, merak etme. "I will be late tonight, (but) don't worry."

3. Hayatta en sevmedi⌅im ⇥ey yalandır. "The thing I dislike most in life is lies."

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Turkish Visiting Rooms

There are two types of living rooms in a typical Turkish house. The main living room is called misafir odası, literally meaning "guest room." This is a space that is lavishly decorated with gold laminated mirrors, silverware, porcelain sets and paintings. Oturma odası literally translates to a "sitting room," indicating a cosy living space reserved only for family. As its name suggests, misafir odası functions as a space for guests and official gatherings, such as engagement parties, birthdays, and meetings with far relatives. This room is not used in daily life by family members. It almost acts like a reception chamber, where the hosts want to show to impress with a materialized version of the family's welfare, socio-economic status, and the facade of the lifestyle they want to reflect to outsiders. If you are a first-time visitor, don't be surprised to find out that you are not able to access the sitting room and bedrooms. The two faces of the Turkish house exist to keep the host's actual life private while showing the guests respect and hospitality.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #10 - WELCOME TO MY COSY TURKIS H APARTMENT! 7 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #11 What's This Delicious Turkish Dish?

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 8 Cultural Insight

# 11

1. HAKAN: Yemek hazr! Sofraya buyurun !

2. MERVE: Oo harika görünüyor!

3. HAKAN: Haydi soutmadan yiyin! Ayrandan da için!

4. BORA: (eating) Mmm. Çok lezzetli. Eline salk Hakan. Bu nedir?

5. HAKAN: Karnyark. Afiyet olsun.

ENGLISH

1. HAKAN: Dinner is ready! Here, come to the dinner table!

2. MERVE: Oh, (it) looks great!

3. HAKAN: Come on, eat it before it's cold. Drink ayran as well!

4. BORA: (eating) Mmm. Very delicious. Health to your hands, Hakan. What is this?

5. HAKAN: Stuffed eggplants. Enjoy your meal!

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English Class

soutmak to cool verb

dinner table (a table which sofra has a meal laid out on it) noun

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #11 - WHAT'S THIS DELICIOUS TURKIS H DIS H? 2 lezzetli delicious adjective

God bless your hands (for

eline salık your cooking) (lit:Health to phrase your hands!)

Enjoy your meal! (lit: May it afiyet olmak be a feast for you!) phrase

Haydi! Come on!, Go ahead!, Go on! interjection

içmek to drink verb

ne what pronoun

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Rakıyı so⇥utmadan içme! Anne kızını sofraya ça⇥ırdı.

"Don’t drink arrack before cooling." "The mother called her daughter to the dinner table."

Evet, çok lezzetli. Kadın lezzetli pizzanın tadını çıkarıyor.

"Yes, it's very delicious." "The woman is enjoying delicious pizza."

Elinize sa⇥lık, yemek çok lezzetli olmu⇤. Afiyet olsun, daha tatlı ister misin?

"God bless your hands, the food was "Enjoy your meal, would you like some delicious." more dessert?"

Haydi bir kere daha tekrarla! Bir ⇤ey içmek ister misin?

"Come on, repeat one more time!" "Do you want something to drink?"

Do⇥umgününüz ne zaman? Ne yapıyorsunuz?

"When is your birthday?" "What do you do?"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #11 - WHAT'S THIS DELICIOUS TURKIS H DIS H? 3 Bu yerin ismi nedir?

"What is this place's name?"

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE eline salık

This is an idiomatic phrase literally meaning "health to your hands." This phrase is used to thank wholeheartedly the person who cooked or prepared the food for you, whether it is breakfast, lunch, dinner, or a simple snack. If the person you want to thank for the food is a close friend, colleague, or family member—in short, someone you know well-then use it in the informal: eline salık. However, if you are a first-time guest, or if the head of the restaurant you went to paid you special attention—in short, in any situation that requires more emphasized courtesy—just use the formal version: Elinize salık! Using this phrase in a fast food chain or to a regular waiter or waitress is not necessary, and sometimes, it might even sound odd. However, in a a situation where primary relations are more important, like buying food from street vendor (whether balık ekmek, meaning "fish and bread," or kuru fasülye pilav, meaning "dry beans with pilaf"), it'll create a warm atmosphere, and you may even get an additional portion for your courtesy! afiyet olmak

Afiyet olsun is the reply for Elinize salık, literally meaning "May the food I prepared be a feast for you." You use this phrase when you are the person who cooked or prepared the meal. Usually, people don't wait to be praised by receiving Elinize salık. They just go ahead and say, "Enjoy your meal!" (Afiyet olsun!) And, most probably, the answer they'll get is Çok lezzetli olmu⇤. Elinize salık! meaning "It's very delicious. May your hands be blessed!"

As explained earlier, in a fast food chain or an ice cream place, it is kind of odd to say elinize salık because the food has already been mass-produced or processed by someone with whom you cannot communicate directly. In any case, the person who gives the food to you will say, afiyet olsun! In these cases, you can simply reply to them with the phrase we learned in Lesson 1 of this series: sa olun. içmek içmek, meaning "to drink," is a verb that applies for all soft drinks, including water, medicine,

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #11 - WHAT'S THIS DELICIOUS TURKIS H DIS H? 4 and alcoholic drinks with a name. Let's illustrate this with an example:

1. Her sabah süt içerim, meaning "I drink milk every morning."

2. Nar suyu içmek istiyorum, meaning "I want to drink pomegranate juice."

3. Kola içmeye ne dersin? meaning "How about drinking cola?"

⌅lacını içtin mi? meaning "Did you take your medicine?" (literally, "did you drink your medicine?")-this is used with both pill and liquid forms of medicine

Viski içmek ister misin? meaning "Would you like some whiskey?"(literally, "Would you like to drink Whisky?")

However, keep in mind that the alcoholic beverage you are talking about should have a label like "whiskey," "wine," "beer," etc. If you want to say, "I don't like to drink alcohol," then we don't use içmek. Instead, we use Alkol almayı sevmiyorum. As you can remember from Lesson 5 of this series, almak is a verb with a variety of meanings, "to take" being one of them. So, this sentence translates to: "I don't like to take/have alcohol," literally.

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson Is the Imperative Form in Turkish Ayrandan da için! "Drink ayran as well!"

The imperative tone is used when you demand, strongly suggest, ban, or warn someone to do something. Let's start by explaining the second singular person (sen) imperative tone. This is very similar to English because the plain verb is used—without any suffix. Let's give some examples to clarify:

Ko⇤! meaning "Run!

Dur! meaning "Stop!"

Ye! meaning "Eat!"

However, as Turkish is a language of suffixes, the difference from English presents itself in the imperative form for different personal pronouns. Let's see how these are constructed:

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #11 - WHAT'S THIS DELICIOUS TURKIS H DIS H? 5 Personal Pronoun in Personal Pronoun in Turkish English Suffix

Ben "I" no first person singular form

Sen "you" no suffix attached

O "he/she/it" verb + (-sın), (-sin)

Biz "we" no first person plural form

verb + ((y)ın), (y)in formal) (iniz), (ınız) extremely Siz "You" formal, not used often anymore

Onlar "They" verb + (sınlar), (sinler)

Now, let's see some examples constructed according to the suffixes of the table above:

Personal Pronoun yemek - "to eat" demek - "to say" içmek - "to drink"

sen ye! de! iç!

o yesin! desin! içsin!

siz yiyin! deyin! için!

onlar yesinler! desinler! içsinler!

Now, let's focus on the specific meanings these suffixes bring to the sentence by looking in- depth at one of the examples from the table above.

Case Meaning

"drink" from the first person singular to a sen iç! single person.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #11 - WHAT'S THIS DELICIOUS TURKIS H DIS H? 6 "let him drink," not like "allow him to drink"- o iç-sin! (içsin!) this has a meaning that you want the other person to drink in an imperative way

"drink!" second person plural to multiple siz iç-in (için!) people

"let them drink!" (Again, the meaning does not focus on "allow them to drink"-içsinler onlar iç-sinler (içsinler!) means that you want them to drink and you express it in an imperative way)

Wish Clause

As you can see from the above explanations, there is no first person singular or first person plural form of the imperatives. So there is another another form called the "wish clause" that gives a similar meaning for these personal pronouns. This will be explained further in our future lessons.

For example:

1. Sen iç! "You (should) drink!"

2. O içsin! "He/she/it (should) drink!"

3. Siz için! "You (should) drink!"

4. Onlar içsinler! "They (should) drink!"

Examples from this lesson:

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #11 - WHAT'S THIS DELICIOUS TURKIS H DIS H? 7 1. Rakıyı soutmadan içme! "Don't drink the arrack before cooling"

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Sofraya buyurun! "Come to the dinner table!"

2. Soutmadan yiyin! "Eat it before it's cold!"

3. Ayrandan da için! "Drink from the ayran as well!"

Sample Sentences

1. Ko⇤! "Run!"

2. Dur! "Stop!"

3. Ye! "Eat!"

4. De! "Say!"

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Dinner Guests in Turkey

Turkish people are especially courteous and self assertive when it comes to having guests over dinner. Exhibiting diligence and mastery are the key elements. That's why you'll be delightfully greeted with a variety of dishes: appetizers, various cold dishes dressed in olive oil, a main dish, and more than two types of desserts and fruit. Your Turkish hosts will probably act like having these varied dishes is just a part of their ordinary daily routine. However, in most cases, this is not true. This is only a humble performance for you to not to

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #11 - WHAT'S THIS DELICIOUS TURKIS H DIS H? 8 feel bad about yourself, having seen all the time-consuming preparations made just for you.

Your Turkish hosts can become very persistent, forcing you to eat more food. If you empty a plate, know that seconds and thirds will come in a jiffy. They won't listen to you, even if you say that you are full. They'll respond by saying yersin yersin...meaning "you'll eat it anyway." In Turkey, generosity—especially when it comes to food-is a highly valued trait, so by asking you to eat more, they are showing the fact that they value and respect their guests.

Right after meals, Turkish people like to eat something sweet that goes well with Turkish black tea. Usually within an hour after the meal, they also drink Turkish coffee. This is believed to ease digestion and help you get rid of the after-meal drowsiness.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #11 - WHAT'S THIS DELICIOUS TURKIS H DIS H? 9 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #12 Can You Eat This Turkish Meatball?

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight

# 12

1. BORA: Bu nedir?

2. HAKAN: Bu, balk köftesi.

3. MERVE: Balk köftesi?

4. HAKAN: Evet, Karadeniz yöresinin yemeidir. Balktan yaplr. Et yersin deil mi?

5. MERVE: Evet ama sadece balk eti!

6. HAKAN: yi, iyi... Ucuz kurtulduk...

ENGLISH

1. BORA: What's this?

2. HAKAN: This is a fish meatball.

3. MERVE: Fish meatball?

4. HAKAN: Yes, it is a dish from the Black Sea Region. It's made of fish. You eat meat, right?

5. MERVE: Yes, but only fish!

6. HAKAN: (laughs) Well, well...That was close....

VOCABULARY

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #12 - CAN YOU EAT THIS TURKIS H MEATBALL? 2 Tur kish English Class

kurtulmak to get rid off, to discard verb

balık fish noun

köfte meatball noun

Karadeniz Black Sea noun

yöre vicinity noun

et meat noun

⇥yi good adjective

ucuz cheap adjective

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Ünlü aktris spor yaparak kilolarından Kartal uçuyor ve balıklar için saldırıyor.

kurtuldu. "The eagle is flying and swooping for fish." "The famous actress got rid of her weight by doing sports."

Kuzu etinden köfte çok lezzetlidir. Karadeniz’in hamsisi me⇥hurdur.

"Köfte made from lamb is very delicious." "Black Sea is famous with its anchovy."

Türkiye yöresel mutfak açısından çok Ben kırmızı et yemem.

çe⇥itlidir. "I don't eat red meat." "Turkey is very rich in terms of vicinity cuisines."

Bu güzel! Bu daha mı ucuz?

"This is good!" "Is this one cheaper?"

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #12 - CAN YOU EAT THIS TURKIS H MEATBALL? 3 Karadeniz

Karadeniz bölgesi is one of the seven geographical regions in Turkey. Located in the northern part of Turkey, this region borders the Black Sea, from where it gets its name. The coast is very steep and rocky, and rivers form many abundant, alluvial lowlands. Plateaus, viaducts, and rich forests are also key geographical features. Because of its wild nature, it is one of the major danger zones for avalanches. The Black Sea region harbors tobacco, Turkish black tea, and hazelnut production. The attractive and rich fauna, crater lakes, rivers, and stream available for rafting; the foggy plateaus; and the local cuisine make this region a charming place for adventurous local tourists. The region itself has three sub-regions: Batı Karadeniz, meaning "Western Black Sea Region;" Orta Karadeniz, meaning "Middle Black Sea Region;" and Do⇥u Karadeniz, translating to "Eastern Black Sea Region." et

There is a controversial debate in the world in labeling the flesh of fish as a type of meat. In the Turkish language and culture, there is no such difference. Et, meaning "meat" or "flesh," can be from any living creature, from insan eti, meaning "human flesh," to kümes hayvanlarının eti, meaning "the meat of poultry animals."

Some examples can be:

Keçi eti: "goat meat"

Kuzu eti: "lamb"

Koyun eti: "mutton"

Dana eti: "beef"

Balık eti: "fish"

Sülün eti: "pheasant meat"

Tavuk eti: "chicken"

Tav⇤an eti: "rabbit meat"

Keep in mind that domuz eti, meaning "pork," is forbidden by Islam, the religion of the majority of people in Turkey. Even the non-religious people in Turkey tend to avoid eating pork because it is not acquired as a taste starting from early childhood.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #12 - CAN YOU EAT THIS TURKIS H MEATBALL? 4 Other seafood, like karides, meaning "shrimp;" ahtapot, meaning "octopus;" and midye, meaning "mussels," are referred by their names in daily language. But you'll also hear sentences like: Ahtapot etinin yumu⇤ak olması için iyi marine etmek gerekir, which translates to "In order to make the meat of the octopus softer, marinate it well."

Keep in mind that, because of the previously stated reasons, no Turkish restaurant will serve you fish, shrimp, octopus, or mussels when you say that you are a vegetarian, even if you are a pesce—vegetarian.

If you want to ask what meat is used in a Turkish dish, simply ask:

Bu et ne eti acaba? meaning, "What type of meat is this, I wonder?" iyi iyi, meaning "good," is a multi-faceted conditional adjective that can fit in a variety of situations. You can simply express that you are feeling good. You just need to say ⌅yi hissediyorum, meaning "I feel good," or simply "I am good," which translates to ⌅yiyim! You can also use this adjective in order to show that you approve of something. Imagine that you cut your very long hair and that, now, you have an extremely short pixie haircut. You ask your mom, "How do I look?" and she replies, ⌅yi olmu⇤, çok uzamı⇤lardı, meaning "I think it's good. It was really long."

You can also express a condition that went well using this adjective. Imagine that the Turkish language exam you've long prepared for went extremely well. Your friend asks, "How was your exam?" and you reply, ⌅yi geçti, meaning "It went well."

In some other contexts, we use iyi to express our concern. Imagine your grandmother looking a bit pale on a particular morning. You ask worriedly, Anneanne iyi misin? meaning "Grandma, are you okay?"

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson Is bildirme kipi, Meaning "Indicative" in Turkish Bu balık köftesidir. "This is fish meatball."

In Turkish grammar, a clause that is in the indicative form has a subject followed by a verb group. Clauses of this kind are typically used to make clear statements-for example, in the

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #12 - CAN YOU EAT THIS TURKIS H MEATBALL? 5 sentence Bu kedidir, meaning "This is a cat." Here, with the -dir suffix attached to the word, you are indicating and emphasizing the fact that the object that stands close to you is a cat. This form is also called the "indicative mood" and is constructed by -dir and -dır suffixes attached to the end of the verb, depending on the vowel harmony rules.

Let's see the examples below in order to construct the question form of the indicative mood:

1. Bu bir defter midir? ("Is this a notebook?") - Evet, bu bir defterdir. ("Yes, this is a notebook") - Hayır, bu bir defter de⇥ildir. ("No, it is not a notebook")

Remember that the vowel harmony rules affect the first consonant and the second vowel of the indicative suffix.

When the last word ends in one of the following consonants-f, s, t, k,ç, ⇤, h, or p-the d from the suffix dır or dir changes into tır or tir. To give some examples:

Bu bir kitaptır, meaning "This is a book."

O bir mühendistir, meaning "He/she is an engineer."

For example:

1. Balık ekmek popüler bir Türk sokak yeme⇥idir. "Fish and bread is a popular Turkish street food."

2. Kuzu etinden köfte çok lezzetlidir. "Meatball made from lamb is very delicious."

3. Karadeniz'in hamsisi me⇤hurdur. "Karadeniz is famous for its anchovy."

4. Türkiye yöresel mutfak açısından çok çe⇤itlidir. "Turkey is very rich in terms of vicinity cuisines."

5. Türk mutfa⇥ında et kadar zeytinya⇥lılar da önemlidir. "In Turkish cuisine, olive-oiled dishes are as essential as meat ones."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #12 - CAN YOU EAT THIS TURKIS H MEATBALL? 6 6. Avrupa'ya göre, Türkiye'de sebze ve meyve çok ucuzdur. "As compared to Europe, fruits and vegetables are very cheap in Turkey."

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Bu nedir? "What's this?"

2. Bu balık köftesidir. "This is fish meatball."

3. Karadeniz yöresinin yeme⇥idir. "It's a dish from the Black Sea Region."

4. Balıktan yapılır. "It's made out of fish."

Sample Sentences

1. Bu bir kitaptır. "This is a book."

2. O bir mühendistir. "He/she is an engineer."

Language Expansion

It's not hard to imagine that the imperative form, constructed with -dir and -dır suffixes, is also called the "book form" because of its absolute, informative mood.

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Turkish

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #12 - CAN YOU EAT THIS TURKIS H MEATBALL? 7 Cuisine

Turkey has seven regions, in which you'll notice big differences in terms of lifestyle, culture, geography, and cuisine. The variety of cuisine is not about the different spices and seasonings used for the same recipes; rather, it is about the uniqueness of each dish. What we mean by this "uniqueness" is that you'll confront totally different eating habits and recipes in every region. For example, the Aegean region, where olive trees are abundant, is famous for its cold-served olive-oil dishes. Braised artichokes in olive oil, stuffed squash blossoms, stuffed vine leaves, and zucchini are just some of the highlights. Having inherited the fundamental elements of the Ottoman court cuisine, the Marmara Region unites dough-based culinary tastes of inner Anatolia with a variety of vegetables, as well as well-seasoned lamb. Dozens of different cheese types, soups, and dough-based foods are all unique in terms of their taste, texture, and aroma.

One of the essential elements of Turkish food is yogurt. It's not hard to imagine this because "yogurt" is loaned from Turkish to other languages. Originally, it was called yo⇥urt in Turkish. You'll be surprised to find yogurt granulated and added into soup, eaten with rice, or even consumed as a salad drink called cacık.

Turkish people, whether they are in cities or villages, still rely on home-cooked meals in their everyday lives. Going to restaurants remains a weekend event. You'll find that most older people go to restaurants once or twice a month, just to eat something specific.

Turkish cuisine is also very seasonal, just like its climate. Lightly fried vegetables served with yogurt, eggs with tomatoes with basil and mint, and white cheese eaten with slices of watermelon and cucumbers are the core elements of a light summer meal while battling with heat waves.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #12 - CAN YOU EAT THIS TURKIS H MEATBALL? 8 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #13 Looking For A Bathroom in Turkey

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight

# 13

1. MERVE: (stomach rumbling) Ee.. Affedersin, banyo nerede acaba?

2. HAKAN: Orada. Koridorun sonunda soldaki kap.

3. MERVE: Teekkürler.

4. HAKAN: Dolapta temiz havlu var!

ENGLISH

1. MERVE: (stomach rumbling) Umm, excuse me. Where's the bathroom, I wonder?

2. HAKAN: Over there. Left door at the end of the corridor.

3. MERVE: Thanks.

4. HAKAN: There's a clean towel in the cupboard.

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English Class

available, the condition of var existence, there is/there are verb

banyo bathroom noun

nerede where, from where adverb

acaba I wonder expression

orada over there, at that place adverb

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #13 - LOOKING FOR A BATHROOM IN TURKEY 2 koridor hallway, corridor noun

sol left noun

kapı door noun

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Onun çok güzel gözleri var. stasyonu nereden bulabilirim?

"She/he has beautiful eyes." "Where can I find the station?"

Nerede ya⇥ıyorsunuz? Bu bayanlar tuvaleti mi acaba?

Where do you live? "Is this the ladies' room?"

Orada çok iyi anılarım oldu. Burdan asla sola dönme.

"I have lots of good memories at that "Never turn left here." place."

O⌅lan kapıyı açar

"The boy opens the door."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE acaba is an adverb meaning "I wonder..." or "Is that so?" depending on the context in which it is used. With the former meaning, it makes the question sentence more polite, as if you are emphasizing that you are asking the question only with the permission of the other party. It also shows some level of uncertainty, highlighting the fact that you are in need of guidance or help. The last attribute is a functional one. Adding acaba? to the end of your interrogative sentence makes it more melodical. Can you notice the unique melody it adds to the conversation in our related podcast?

Let's illustrate it with several examples:

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #13 - LOOKING FOR A BATHROOM IN TURKEY 3 Imagine that you meet someone you like and are wondering whether he/she is going to call you back. You speak to yourself dreamily, Beni arar mı acaba? meaning "I wonder if he/she is going to call me..." Or, imagine the phone call you are expecting is from your boss on your vacation. It's clear that you don't want to receive the call. You speak to yourself nervously in wonder, Of, beni arar mı acaba?! meaning, "Humph, I wonder whether he/she is going to call me..."

The latter meaning has a more sinister or passive aggressive tone. Imagine your mom having low expectations of your mathematics exam. She says, "I think you are going to fail this one," gloomily. You are upset and a bit offended, so you snap back, Acaba! meaning "Is that so?!"

sol is a directional adverb meaning "left," while its antonym is sa⇥, meaning right. Some Turkish people can be superstitious when it comes to using their right or left foot, for example, to step out from their houses or to step into a mosque. The right hand and foot are considered more holy and valuable than the left ones. That's why, when they are entering a place they respect, like a mosque, or trying to attract good luck when they start something new, like a new job or a vacation they are about to set off to, they use their right foot to step in. What's more is that, when they leave, the right foot should be the one that leaves the place last. The roots of this lie in Islamic tradition. banyo is a loan word from Italian, meaning "bathroom" in Turkish. Just because the contemporary name of it is loaned from another language doesn't mean that the "bathroom culture" was foreign to Turkish people in the past. In Turkish, "bathroom" was known under the name hamam, which is now only used for "Turkish bath house."

During Ottoman times, going to a Turkish public bath was one of the few occasions when women could experience a social life outside their home zone. The hammam was not only a place in which to take care of your daily hygiene, but also where a woman could meet with friends and acquaintances, engage in gossip, and check out prospective brides for her sons. The baths were also considered festive spaces, where the important days and many of the significant turning points of woman's life were celebrated. One of the most festive and entertaining of these gatherings was known as gelin hamamı, or "bridal bath."

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson Is the Conditions of Existence (var) and Non-Existence (yok) Dolapta temiz havlu var! "There's a clean towel in the cupboard!"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #13 - LOOKING FOR A BATHROOM IN TURKEY 4

var is a simple and frequently used verb claiming that something exists. Therefore, it signifies the meaning "there is" and/or "there are." Notice that both -var and its antonym yok are used for both singular and plural ("there is, there isn't") and ("there are, there aren't").

For example:

1. Selin'in güzel saçları var. "Selin has beautiful hair."

2. ⇤leride iyi bir restoran var. "There is a good restaurant ahead."

Now, let's focus on the interrogative form. Do you remember the interrogative suffixes -mı and - mi that we studied in Lesson 9? Simply add these suffixes right after your verb.

For example:

1. Paran var mı? "Do you have money?"

2. Araban var mı? "Do you have a car?"

As you can see, var can only have the interrogative suffix mı, according to the vowel harmony rules.

The Antonym of var is yok

Yok- shows the condition of being non-existent. It signifies the connotations for "there isn't, there aren't" in English.

For example:

1. Evde yemek yok. "There is no food in my house."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #13 - LOOKING FOR A BATHROOM IN TURKEY 5 2. ⇤leride iyi bir restoran var. "There is a good restaurant ahead."

3. Paran var mı? "Do you have money?"

4. Araban var mı? "Do you have a car?"

Examples from this lesson:

1. Onun çok güzel gözleri var. "She/he has beautiful eyes."

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Dolapta temiz havlu var! "There's clean towel in the cupboard!"

Sample Sentences

1. Evde yemek yok. "There is no food in my house."

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Going to the Bathroom in Turkey

In a typical Turkish house, there's usually one large bathroom with a toilet, cupboards, and a shower and/or a bathtub and another mini room that consists of a toilet pan and a sink. The former large bathroom is called banyo, and the smaller one is called tuvalet in Turkish. As a guest, you'll be guided to the main bathroom, where you can find clean towels just for you. Don't be surprised if you are offered lemon- or lavender-scented eau de Cologne when you

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #13 - LOOKING FOR A BATHROOM IN TURKEY 6 return to the living room. Offering eau de Cologne is an everyday custom performed by the majority of Turkish people for refreshment.

One last essential cultural point that non-Turkish people might be surprised about is the bidet. Every Turkish toilet comes with a bidet, usually installed in the middle of the toilet bowl. Turkish people use this water pipe for sanitary reasons after using the toilet.

You might also confront two different styles of toilets: The first one is called an alaturka toilet. This is a loan word, meaning "Turkish-style toilet," which is more known as a "squat toilet" nowadays. The second one is an alafranga, meaning "Western-style toilet." You will especially see Turkish-style toilets in the gas stations during your road trips outside big cities.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #13 - LOOKING FOR A BATHROOM IN TURKEY 7 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #14 Being Really Clumsy in Turkey

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight

# 14

1. HAKAN: (washing dishes) Merve, çok teekkür ederim!

2. MERVE: Bir ey deil. h! (sound of glass breaking) Özür dilerim!

3. HAKAN: yi misin?

4. MERVE: Ben iyiyim ama bardan krdm...

5. HAKAN: Cann saolsun. Önemli deil.

6. MERVE: Gerçekten çok özür dilerim.

ENGLISH

1. HAKAN: (washing dishes) Merve, thank you very much!

2. B: Not at all. Oh! (sound of glass breaking) I'm sorry!

3. A: Are you okay?

4. B: I'm fine, but I broke your glass...

5. A: May you be safe. No big deal.

6. B: I'm really very sorry.

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English Class

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #14 - BEING REALLY CLUMSY IN TURKEY 2 dilemek to wish for verb

bardak glass noun

kırmak to break verb

May you be safe and sound. [can: life, soul, spirit canı sa⇥olmak sa⇥olmak: to thank (lit: may it phrase, idiom be safe and sound)]

önemli important, essential adjective

de⇥il not, isn’t noun

özür dilemek to apologize verb phrase

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Mutlu yeni yıllar dilerim. Çay çok süslü bir bardakta geldi.

"I wish you a happy new year." "Tea is served in a very decorative glass."

Sert sözleriyle kalbimi kırdı Paranı kaybetti⇥in için bu kadar üzülme,

canın sa⇥ olsun. "He/she broke my heart with his/her piercing words." "Don’t be so sad over losing money, your safety is the most important thing."

Önemli bir toplantıya geç kaldım! Çok yakı⇤ıklı de⇥il ama karizmatik bir

erkek. "I am late for an important meeting!" "He is not very handsome but he is a charismatic man."

Özür bile dilemedi!

"He didn’t even apologize!"

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #14 - BEING REALLY CLUMSY IN TURKEY 3 kırmak kırmak is a verb that can be used in many contexts. The root of this verb is kır, which means "to break," "to hurt," or "to offend."

The most basic meaning is "to break something." For example: Çocuk vazoyu kırdı, meaning "The kid broke the vase."

Other than that, just like the English "to break someone's heart," Turkish has an idiomatic expression called kalp kırmak. For example: Sert ele⇥tirisiyle kalbimi kırd,ı meaning "He/she broke my heart with his/her brutal critique."

However, keep in mind that "breakup" doesn't work with kırmak in Turkish. In Turkish, ayrılmak, meaning "to separate," is used for romantic breakups. An example is Erkek arkada⇥ımdan ayrıldım, meaning "I broke up with my boyfriend." bardak

In Turkey, tea is served in a special glass called ince belli çay barda⇤ı, meaning "Turkish thin- waisted tea glass." Generally speaking, a light, hourglass figure is considered to be of great quality. Traditionally, Turkish people don't enjoy drinking black tea from a mug or a cup. Some extreme Turkish tea gourmets will even consider it distasteful or inappropriate. Turkish coffee, however, is served in a petite porcelain coffee cup and accompanied by a glass of cold water. canı sa⇥olmak

Canın sa⇤olsun is an idiomatic phrase in the second person singular. This phrase is used by the people who want to comfort you when you are sad and sorry about a thing you did regretfully with or without being conscious about it. This is used especially when you lose or drop something of a great value, like a large amount of money in cash, a credit card, a computer, etc. It is also used when you unintentionally break or harm something that doesn't belong to you. Usually, this phrase literally means, "may your soul/life be safe and sound" and highlights the fact that the thing you are sad about is of very minor importance.

Imagine Person A losing her wallet. She comments in a panic, Eyvah! Bana hediye etti⇤in cüzdanı kaybettim! meaning, "Oh no, I lost the wallet you've given me as a present." Person B replies in a comforting tone, using the phrase we've just studied: Canın sa⇤olsun, yenisini alırız, meaning "May you be safe and sound. We'll buy a new one."

GRAMMAR

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #14 - BEING REALLY CLUMSY IN TURKEY 4 The Focus of this Lesson Is the Possessive Construction in Turkish Barda⇥ını kırdım. "I broke your glass."

We studied the possessive suffix of the first person singular in Lesson 7 of this series. Now, we'll concentrate more on how the possessive form is constructed according to different personal pronouns in Turkish. As you know, Turkish is a language of suffixes and their order; that's why we'll illustrate possessive constructions schematically in the table below.

Possessive pronouns English translations Possessive suffixes

benim "my," "mine" -(i)m

senin "your," "yours" -(i)n

onun "his," "her," "its" -(s)ı

bizim "our," "ours" -(i)mız

sizin "your," "yours" -(i)nız

onların "their," "theirs" -(ı)ları

If the word the possessive suffix is attached to ends in a vowel, the vowel in parentheses at the beginning of the suffix (see table above) is not needed.

Sen-in kalem-(i)n, meaning "your pencil/pen."

Here, kalem, meaning "pen/pencil," ends with the consonant -m; therefore, the vowel shown in parenthesis (-i) is needed.

Sen-in silgi-n, meaning "your eraser."

Here, silgi, meaning "eraser," ends in the vowel -i; therefore the vowel shown in parentheses is not needed.

This illustrates one very fundamental grammar rule in Turkish: that consonant and vowel letters follow one another (apart from some exceptions, especially with Arabic or Persian loan words)

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #14 - BEING REALLY CLUMSY IN TURKEY 5 To emphasize more, we use both the possessive pronoun and the word with the possessive suffix together, such as in benim odam, meaning "my room;" but, in general, using just the possessive ending on the noun is enough. Colloquially, it is also possible to disregard the possessive suffix attached at the end of the word and to simply say benim oda. As you can see here, the word is left without a suffix, such as a possessive suffix. Keep in mind that the latter case is only applicable to conversational (oral) Turkish.

Personal pronouns in possessive form ad ("name") para ("money")

benim ad-ım para-m

senin ad-ın para-n

onun ad-ı para-(s)ı

bizim ad-ımız para-mız

sizin ad-ınız para-nız

onların ad-ları para-ları

Keep in mind that the -s in the third person singular suffix example works as a buffer letter.

For example:

1. Senin kalemin "your pencil/pen"

2. Senin silgin "your eraser"

Examples from this lesson:

1. kalbimi "(my) heart"

2. yenisini "(it's) new one"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #14 - BEING REALLY CLUMSY IN TURKEY 6 3. Erkek arkada⇥ım "(my) boyfriend"

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Barda⇤ın "Your glass"

Sample Sentences

1. Sert sözleri "(his/her) brutal/harsh words"

2. Paranı "(your) money"

3. Canın "(your) life, soul"

CULTURAL INSIGHT

The Influence of the French Language in Turkey

In Turkish, there is a considerable number of loan words coming from French. The sole reason for this influence is the French Revolution and, consequently, its reformative ideas in 1789. The Young Turks, a secularist and nationalist reform party composed of successful scholarship holders who were sent to France in pursuit of further studies by the Ottoman Empire, started rebelling against the rigid monarchy of the empire during the late nineteenth century. Being a politically aggressive but highly intellectual group, they started translating many books and introducing new vocabulary to Ottoman Turkish. At those times, Ottoman

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #14 - BEING REALLY CLUMSY IN TURKEY 7 Turkish was still written using the Arabic script. Only the very privileged palace officials had access to higher elite education, apart from the Young Turks. The rest of the public had extremely high illiteracy rates. With ease, the Young Turks gained the power to influence everyday life with French concepts and words. Turkish people still use some of these words in their daily life. Below is a brief list of frequently used French loan words in Turkish in alphabetical order:

Abajur "lamp shade"

Aksesuar "accessory"

Ambalaj "wrapping/package"

Ampul "light bulb"

Asansör "elevator"

Avukat "lawyer"

Bagaj "luggage/baggage"

Biftek "steak"

Baraj "dam"

Badana "whitewash"

Bluz "blouse"

Direksiyon "steering wheel"

E⇥ofman "tracksuit"

Fermuar "zipper"

Gardırop "wardrobe"

Garson "waiter/waitress"

Kolye "necklace"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #14 - BEING REALLY CLUMSY IN TURKEY 8 Kuzen "cousin"

Küvet "bathtub"

Mersi "thanks"

Okul "school"

Pardon "sorry, excuse me"

Rötü⇥ "retouching"

Tabure "stool"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #14 - BEING REALLY CLUMSY IN TURKEY 9 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #15 A Long, Hot Turkish Summer

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight

# 15

1. MERVE: Günaydn! Of, çok scak. liforniya'da yazlar çok scak deil mi?

2. HAKAN: Evet, T ürkiye'de de yazlar scak m?

3. MERVE: Evet.T ürkiye'nin genelinde yazlar scak ve kurudur.

4. HAKAN: T ipik Akdeniz iklimi...

ENGLISH

1. MERVE: Good morning! Humph...it's so hot! Summers in California are really hot, aren't they?

2. HAKAN: Yes. Are summers in Turkey hot, too?

3. MERVE: Yes. Summers are hot and dry in the majority of Turkey.

4. HAKAN: Typical Mediterranean climate...

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English Class

yaz summer noun

genel general adjective

kuru dry adjective

tipik typical adjective

Akdeniz Mediterranean noun

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #15 - A LONG, HOT TURKIS H S UMMER 2 iklim climate noun

Günaydın. Good morning. expression

of humph interjection

sıcak hot adjective

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Türkiye’de yazın okullar üç ay tatil olur. Filmi genel olarak sevmedim.

"In Turkey, schools are on a break for "I didn’t like the movie in general." three months in summer."

Sabah astı⇥ım çama⇤ırlar ö⇥lene Tipik Türk kahvaltısı çay, beyaz peynir, kurudu. zeytin ve ekmekten olu⇤ur.

"The laundry I hanged in the morning "Typical Turkish breakfast is composed of dried in noon." tea, feta cheese, olives and bread."

Akdeniz Bölgesi’’nin bitki örtüsü Ege Bölgesi’nin iklimi çok güzeldir.

makidir. "The climate of the Aegean region is very "Maquis are the flora of the Mediterranean nice." Region."

Günaydın, nasılsınız? Of, kapat ⇤u filmi, çok sıkıldım!

"Good morning, how are you?" "Humph, turn this movie off, I am very bored!"

Güne⇤ sıcak çölü yakıp kavuruyor.

"The sun is heating the hot desert."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #15 - A LONG, HOT TURKIS H S UMMER 3 of is an exclamation, generally meaning "humph," that shows boredom, agitation, weariness, pain, or fatigue.

For example, Of ne sıkıcı, meaning "Humph-so boring!" and Oof of! Senden adam olmaz, meaning "Honestly, you won't make a man out of yourself." Here, Oof of is an emphasized version of of, which is a sound mimicking the loss of air. It usually signifies that the person using it is in awe or bewilderment, for example, of somebody else's sluggish behavior.

Sometimes, this exclamation also marks astonishment, emphasizing the meaning of the accompanying adjective Of çok güzel! meaning "Phew, how beautiful!"

Akdeniz translates to "Mediterranean" in Turkish. It is a compound word composed of ak, meaning "white, clear," and deniz meaning "sea." The Mediterranean Region in Turkey is located on the very southern part of the country, and it borders the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Anatolia Region to the north. One of the best known tourist spots of the Mediterranean Region is a city called Antalya. Antalya is famous for its ancient Greek ruins, waterfalls, and sandy beaches. Learning how to swim in Akdeniz is fairly easy because the salt concentration is quite high, allowing things to elevate higher in the water without any effort.

For example:

1. Akdeniz'de güzel ⇥elaler var. "There are beautiful waterfalls in the Mediterranean."

klim means "climate" in Turkish, and it's a loan word from Arabic.

Türkiye'nin iklimi ılımandır, meaning "Turkey's climate is temperate."

Some important related terminologies are listed below:

1. iklim de⇤i⇥ikli⇤i, meaning "climate change"

2. mikro klima, meaning "micro-climate"

3. global ısınma, meaning "global warming"

4. sera etkisi, meaning "greenhouse effect"

GRAMMAR

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #15 - A LONG, HOT TURKIS H S UMMER 4 The Focus of this Lesson Is smin -de hali, Meaning "The Locative Case," in Turkish Noun Cases Türkiye'de "In Turkey"

Noun cases are specific types of suffixes that modify nouns and give them an orientation without constructing a new meaning. There are five different noun cases in Turkish.

1. ⌅smin -i hali, meaning "accusative"

2. ⌅smin -e hali, meaning "dative"

3. ⌅smin -de hali, meaning "locative"

4. ⌅smin -den hali, meaning "ablative"

5. ⌅smin yalın hali, meaning "nominative"

In this lesson, we'll concentrate on the locative form. The other forms will be explained in detail in our future lessons.

In English, there are prepositions such as "in," "at," and "on," to identify the orientation and the direction of the verbs and other elements of a sentence structure. Instead of "in," "at," and "on," Turkish uses locative case suffixes attached to the words where orientation is needed. In terms of orientation, the locative form signifies a "static position" (bulunma hali).

Let's illustrate this with some examples:

Ankara'da, meaning "In Ankara"

Arabada, meaning "In the car"

The locative case suffixes are -da and -de. The letter -d- is transformed into -t- if the last letter of the word is a strong consonant (ç, f, h, k, p, t, s, or ⇥).

-da if the last vowel of the word is a back vowel (a, ı, o, or u).

-de if the last vowel of the word is a front vowel (e, i, ö, or ü).

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #15 - A LONG, HOT TURKIS H S UMMER 5 The reason for the above-stated rules is because the locative form has four vowels (-de, -da, - te, and -ta), which change according to both consonant mutation and vowel harmony rules, which we've mentioned in our earlier lessons.

Absolute form English translations Locative form

a⇤aç "tree" a⇤aç-t-a

petek "honeycomb" petek-t-e

Exceptions in the Locative Case

As you know from our previous lessons, there are many loan words in Turkish, especially from Arabic, Persian, and French. Most of these words contradict with the stated rules above. Some of them take the opposite suffix, some others have their final letter doubled, and others lose their last vowel:

Absolute form English translations Locative form

saat "hour, clock, watch" saatte

harf "letter" harfte

Unfortunately, there is no rule for these exceptions; you just have to be careful with the loan words and memorize these exceptions. For example:

1. Ankara'da "In Ankara"

2. A⇤açta "In the tree"

3. Arabada "In the car"

4. Okulda "At school"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #15 - A LONG, HOT TURKIS H S UMMER 6 5. Petekte "In the honeycomb"

6. Saatte "At the hour"

7. Harfte "In the letter"

Examples from this lesson:

1. Akdeniz'de "In the Mediterranean"

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Kaliforniya'da "In California"

2. Türkiye'de "In Turkey"

3. genelinde "In general"

Sample Sentences

1. Türkiye'de "In Turkey"

2. Sıcak havalarda "In/during hot weather"

CULTURAL INSIGHT

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #15 - A LONG, HOT TURKIS H S UMMER 7 Turkish Weather

Turkey is one of the lucky countries experiencing four seasons. Summers are hot and dry, winters are cold and marked by rain or snowfall, springs are mild and sunny, and autumn is cool and rainy. In general, we can say that Turkey has a continental climate that has contrasting and clearly defined seasons. Apart from this, every region has its own climate zone, as well. For example, the Black Sea Region receives the greatest amount of precipitation throughout the year; therefore, it has a mild Oceanic climate, with cold and rainy winters and warm and rainy summers. The climate varies from temperate Mediterranean to temperate Oceanic between the Mediterranean, Coastal Aegean, and Marmara Regions. The continental climate shows its harsher side in the vast inner regions of Anatolia.

Istanbul, being the core metropolis of Turkey's historical, cultural, economic, and financial life, receives the most tourist attention. If you are planning a visit to Istanbul, choose either September or early to mid-October, when the weather is still warm, or April or May, when you can enjoy the crisp weather and blossoming Judas tree flowers.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #15 - A LONG, HOT TURKIS H S UMMER 8 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #16 Oh! Some Convenient Turkish Interjections!

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 8 Cultural Insight

# 16

1. HAKAN: Bu benim ailemin fotoraf albümü.

2. MERVE: Vay vay, ne güzel..(turns pages). Aa, bu kim?

3. HAKAN: O benim kz kardeim.

4. MERVE: Ay, çok tatl. Peki, bu kim?

5. HAKAN: Ee ey... O benim.

6. MERVE: Hadi canm aka yapyorsun! T üh tanyamadm ya. Çok pardon! Burada ne kadar gençsin!

ENGLISH

1. HAKAN: This is my family's photo album.

2. MERVE: Wow..Wow! How nice..(turns pages). Oh, who is this?

3. HAKAN: That's my younger sister.

4. MERVE: Oh, she's sweet! Well, and who's this?

5. HAKAN: Umm...that's me.

6. MERVE: What! You're kidding! Oops! I didn't recognize you. You're so young here!

VOCABULARY

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #16 - OH! S OME CONVENIENT TURKIS H INTERJECTIONS! 2 Tur kish English Class

ee umm exclamation

genç young adjective

aile family

albüm album noun

güzel beautiful adjective

kızkarde⇥ younger sister noun

Ay! Oh! exclamation

tatlı sweet adjective

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Ee teekkür ederim, ne diyece⇥imi Günümüz Türk gençli⇥i kiisel haklar ve bilemiyorum. politika konusunda çok bilinçli.

"Umm thank you very much, I don't know "Contemporary Turkish Youth is very what to say." conscious about personality rights and politics."

Aile kahvaltı yapar. Ünlü popçu Tarkan yeni albüm çıkarttı.

"The family eats breakfast." "Famous pop singer Tarkan released a new album"

Güneli güzel bir gündü. Kızkardeimle çok kavga ederiz.

"It was a sunny, beautiful day." "We fight alot with my little sister."

Ay ay ay çok panik oluyorum. Çok tatlı.

"Oh Oh Oh! I am panick a lot." "It's very sweet."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #16 - OH! S OME CONVENIENT TURKIS H INTERJECTIONS! 3 güzel güzel simply means "beautiful" in Turkish. The usage of this word is quite versatile in terms of meaning. You can use this adjective for animate and inanimate things. For example: Ay, gözleri çok güzel, meaning "Wow, his/her eyes are beautiful," or, when you see a dress you like, Bu elbise çok güzel, meaning "This dress is beautiful," or stanbul güzel bir ⇥ehirdir, meaning "Istanbul is a beautiful city."

Also, you can describe your satisfaction over a situation or an outcome. Let's illustrate this with a dialogue between a mother and a child. The boy says, "I got an A in my math exam." His mother replies, Çok güzel.

It is not very common to use güzel with animals. Usually, animals are ⇥irin, meaning "cute." kız karde⇥ kız karde⇥ generally means "sister." An "elder sister" has a special name in Turkish and is called abla, while a "younger sister" is called küçük kız karde⇥, meaning "younger sister." Colloquially, some people use bacı for "elder sister" or "sister" in general. tatlı tatlı can be a noun or an adjective. The noun tatlı means "dessert": for example, sütlü tatlılar, meaning "milk-based desserts," or Osmanlı saray tatıları, meaning "Ottoman royal desserts."

The adjective tatlı means "sweet," "amiable," or "pleasant." Turkish people use this a lot in their daily lives. It's not uncommon to see someone say it enthusiastically after seeing something or someone cute.

Let's look at the sentence Çok tatlı bir kız! meaning "She is a very sweet girl!" Here, tatlı signifies "pretty in soul and in appearance."

Sometimes, it is used to describe inanimate things, like Çok tatlı bir hava, meaning "Very sweet/pleasant weather."

However, when you're talking about animals, mostly ⇥irin, meaning "cute," is used, like in Ne kadar ⇥irin bir kedi yavrusu! meaning "What a cute kitty!"

Keep in mind that tatlı and ⇥irin sometimes have not-so-desirable connotations, especially according to some women, because, usually, these adjectives are attributed to infancy and being childlike. For the majority of Turkish women, being "beautiful," which is güzel in Turkish,

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #16 - OH! S OME CONVENIENT TURKIS H INTERJECTIONS! 4 is much more desirable than being called tatlı or ⇥irin.

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson Is Interjections and Exclamations in Turkish Vay vay "Wow wow..."

Turkish is a very versatile language in terms of the abundancy of exclamations and interjections used in everyday life. They have significant functions, particularly in oral conversation. These interjections help avoid the dullness of a conversation and help make the dialog more kinesthetic. These interjections are very culture-specific and have a pragmatic function that helps in framing the dialog mentally and depicting it verbally.

Translation of the Interjection Translation Example example

"How sad/How Vah vah, çok "How sad, this Vah vah! unfortunate" üzüldüm upsets me much!"

"Oh no, such a Tüh be! "Oh no" Tüh be! Ziyan oldu waste!"

Of! "Pfff" Of çok sıkıldım! "Pfff, I am so bored!"

Vay be, ne kadar "Wow, you are very Vay be! "Wow/Wow wow!" yeteneklisin talented!"

Uf! "Aww/Ouch" Uf, canım yanıyor "Aww, it hurts."

"Oh my/You asked "There, that teaches Oh! for it!" Oh olsun sana! you a lesson."

Eh "Well..." Eh, fena de⌅il. "Well, not bad."

Ee, sonuç nedir "So what? I mean, Ee? "So what?" yani? what's the result?"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #16 - OH! S OME CONVENIENT TURKIS H INTERJECTIONS! 5 "Good heavens, you are such a Aman/ Aman da "Good heavens/ Aman da aman mother's darling Aman Goodness gracious" anasının kuzusu (literally mother's yeanling)."

"Get out of here!/ Hadi be!/Hadi ya/ You don't say/Oh, "Get out of here— Hadi be, atıyorsun! Hadi canım come on..." you are kidding."

Hay Allah, "Oh my God! How randevumu nasıl da did I forget my Allah! /Hay Allah! "Oh my God/Darn" unuttum! appointment!"

Bir de üstüne ona "And they expect us "You don't say/No para mı verece⌅iz? to pay money over Yok ya! way" Yok ya ! that? No way!"

Öö, bozuk süt çok "Yikes! The rotten Öö/ögh! "Yikes!" kötü kokuyor. milk smells awful."

Intonation

The meaning of Turkish interjections may change with the intonation. Depending on certain patterns, like the mental state of the speaker and the intonation, different feelings of surprise, disbelief, or regret may be conveyed. Let's take hadi be, meaning "get out of here," "you don't say..." or "come on."

In our first dialogue, Ay⇥e and her husband are late for a dinner invitation, and Ay⇥e realizes that she has forgotten her wallet:

1. Ay⇥e: Hii! nanmıyorum. Cüzdanımı unuttum. Bir dakika daha bekle lütfen "Oh my! I can't believe it. I forgot my wallet. Wait one more minute, please."

2. Ay⇥e's husband: Hadi be hızlı ol! "Come on, hurry up!"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #16 - OH! S OME CONVENIENT TURKIS H INTERJECTIONS! 6 Our second example is a reaction of awe and bewilderment: Hadi be olamaz! meaning "Get out of here! It's not possible."

For example:

1. Hadi be "Get out of here!" "Come on"

2. Hii! "Oh my!"

Examples from this lesson:

1. Ay, gözleri çok güzel. "Wow, her/his eyes are beautiful."

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Vay vay "wow wow"

2. Aa "oh"

3. Ay! "oh!"

4. Ee ⇥ey... "well then.."

5. Hadi canım "come on..."

6. Tüh! "how sad/how unfortunate"

Sample Sentences

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #16 - OH! S OME CONVENIENT TURKIS H INTERJECTIONS! 7 1. Ay ay ay! Çok panik oluyorum. "Oh oh oh! I am panicking a lot."

2. Ee.. te⇥ekkür ederim, ne diyece⌅imi bilemiyorum. "Umm, thank you very much. I don't know what to say."

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Family Relations in Turkey

Family relationships in Turkey are pretty close. Brothers and sisters, especially are closely connected to each other, not only when they are underage and still living with their parents, but also after they get married and move out of the house. The role of the elder brother is still quite traditional and patriarchal. They are expected to be protective of their younger and older sisters and be responsible for their security and well-being.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #16 - OH! S OME CONVENIENT TURKIS H INTERJECTIONS! 8 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #17 Asking Somebody's Age in Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 13 Cultural Insight

# 17

1. MERVE: Ya, Hakan, küçük Ayla nerede?

2. HAKAN: Orada.

3. MERVE: (in a soft voice) Ah, çok tatl maallah...

4. BORA: Çok küçük deil mi... Kaç yanda?

5. HAKAN: Bir yanda. (Ayla starts to cry).

6. MERVE: Ah, affedersin. Çok özür dileriz. Gürültü mü yapyoruz? Özür dilerim!

ENGLISH

1. MERVE: Hey, Hakan, where's the little Ayla?

2. HAKAN: (She's) over here.

3. MERVE: (In a soft voice) Ah, how sweet!

4. BORA: She's so small, isn't she? How old is she?

5. HAKAN: One year old. (Ayla starts crying)

6. MERVE: Oh, we are sorry, so sorry! Are we loud? I'm sorry!

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English Class

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #17 - AS KING S OMEBODY'S AGE IN TURKIS H 2 ya no kidding!? particle, interjection

küçük small adjective

May God preserve from the maallah evil/ praise be! noun/interjection

ya age noun

gürültü loudness

çok a lot, many, much, very adjective

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Deme ya... Benim küçük paraya ihtiyacım var.

"You don’t say..." "I need some small bills."

Gözleriniz çok güzel, ma⇥allah Yeni ya⇥ında mutluluklar dilerim.

"Praise be! Your eyes are beautiful." "I wish you happiness in your new age."

Ak⇥amları yurtta çok gürültü olur. Ayla çok güzel bir kız.

"Evenings in the dorm are very noisy." "Ayla is a very beautiful girl."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE maallah maallah, meaning "praise be" or, literally, "may the protection of God be upon you," is a phrasal interjection loaned from Arabic. It is frequently used in everyday life because offering your blessing when giving a compliment is considered a humble, generous behavior without ill intentions.

Another phrase that goes well with maallah is hayırlı olsun, meaning "may it go well." This is said when somebody achieves immaterial things, like success at a current job, or when

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #17 - AS KING S OMEBODY'S AGE IN TURKIS H 3 buying something new, like a new house. For example: Yeni evin hayırlı olsun. Çok güzel, maallah, meaning "May your new house bring fortune to you. Praise be, very beautiful!" ya ya can be a noun or an adjective depending on the context. As a noun, it means "age," and as an adjective, it means "wet, humid, or damp." This word is a great example of the extensive usage of homonym words in Turkish. Let's see two examples demonstrating this:

1. Otuz yaındayım. "I am thirty years old."

2. Sandalye ya, oturamadım. "I couldn't sit down because the chair is wet." gürültü gürültü is a noun of onomatopoeic origin meaning "loud noise" or "clamor."

Sınıf çok gürültülü, meaning "The class is very noisy," is a good example.

Sometimes, an auxiliary verb like etmek is combined with this noun. It becomes gürültü etmek, meaning "to make noise," "to cause a clamor."

1. Çocuklar çok gürültü ettiler. "The kids made a lot of noise."

In some other cases, you may hear it used with another verb: gürültü çıkarmak or gürültü yapmak, meaning "to make noise."

çıkmak means "exit" or "come off," and yapmak means "to make a lot of noise" or "to do." For instance:

1. Taınırken çok gürültü çıktı. "We made a lot of noise when we moved in."

2. Gürültü yapmayın çocuklar! "Don't make a lot of noise, kids!"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #17 - AS KING S OMEBODY'S AGE IN TURKIS H 4 You may also hear combinations of gürültü with other onomatopoeic expressions. For instance: gürültü patırtı, meaning "hustle and bustle."

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson Is Personal Suffixes in Detail Kaç aylık? "How old is he/she?"

In Lessons 1 and 4 of this series, the first person singular, the second person singular, and plural suffixes were explained briefly through some examples. In this lesson, we'll learn the necessary suffixes for each personal pronoun in Turkish.

Personal pronouns Translation Suffixes

Ben "I" -(y)im

Sen(informal) "you" -sin

-dır (usually dismissed in O "he/she/it" oral language)

Biz "we" -(y)iz

Siz (formal) "you" -siniz

Onlar "they" -ler/lar

There are two peculiarities we would like to explain about this table. First of all, sen, meaning "you," is singular and informal. This means that sen is only used when speaking to close friends, colleagues (outside the working space), family members, and children. Siz, on the other hand, is used when you need to be formal: for example, when you are talking to an elderly person or someone you respect, to strangers, or to your colleagues (inside the working space). Siz is used in the singular as well.

The second point is o that covers all of "he/she/it." There is no distinction between "he" and "she" in Turkish. In Turkish, the gender is understood by the context, which will be explained in our future lessons.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #17 - AS KING S OMEBODY'S AGE IN TURKIS H 5 The final point is about the functions of the suffixes. The suffixes above indicate the person involved and the number of the subject. You may think of it as "to be" in English, which differentiates with every personal pronoun.

Keep in mind that, since the subject of the sentence is understood by the personal suffixes attached to the verb, personal pronouns are often dismissed in daily language.

According to the vowel harmony rules, personal suffixes can be added to the root of the word in four different ways, presented below (except for third person plural suffixes: ler/lar).

For the first person singular, if the root of the word ends in a vowel:

-yım, -yim, -yum, or -yüm

As it's explained in detail in our previous lessons, y is a buffer letter that derives from the Turkish grammar rule: a vowel cannot be followed by another vowel. Now, let's see some examples: iyiyim - "I am well" kötüyüm - "I am bad/not well" mutluyum - "I am happy" kıskancım - "I am jealous"

If the root of the word ends in a consonant:

-im, -ım, -üm, or -um açım - "I am hungry" tokum - "I am full"

ö⇤renciyim - "I am a student"

üzgünüm - "I am sad"

For the second person singular (informal):

-sin, -sın, -sun, or sün

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #17 - AS KING S OMEBODY'S AGE IN TURKIS H 6 güzelsin - "You are beautiful." ahlaklısın - "You are moral." sorunlusun - "You are troubled."

üzgünsün - "You are sad."

For the third person singular, keep in mind that the suffix is -dır or -dir, according to the vowel harmony rules. However, in daily speech, this ending is not used.

1. ⌅irin. "She is cute."

2. Tüylü. "It is fluffy."

3. Yakııklı "He is handsome."

For the first person plural, if the root word ends in a vowel, it has four variants:

y-ız, y-iz, y-uz, and y-üz

1. imanız. "We are fat."

2. güzeliz. "We are beautiful."

3. uzunuz. "We are tall."

4. yüzücüyüz. "We are swimmers."

If the root word ends in a consonant:

ız, iz, uz, or üz

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #17 - AS KING S OMEBODY'S AGE IN TURKIS H 7 1. fakiriz. "We are poor."

2. hazırız. "We are ready."

3. susuzuz. "We are without water."

4. Türküz. "We are Turkish."

For the second person plural (plural and formal of the second person singular): siniz, -sınız, -sünüz, or -sunuz

1. evlisiniz. "You are married."

2. bekarsınız. "You are single."

3. yüzücüsünüz. "You are a swimmer," or "You are swimmers."

4. sosyologsunuz. "You are a sociologist."

For the third person plural: ler or lar

1. çirkinler "They are ugly."

2. kısalar "They are short."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #17 - AS KING S OMEBODY'S AGE IN TURKIS H 8 Asking and Saying a Baby's Age

Normally, we ask kaç yaında? if we want to learn the age of another person. However, with babies, when they are younger than one year old, we ask, Kaç aylık, meaning "How old is she/ he in months?" For example:

1. iyiyim "I am well."

2. kötüyüm "I am bad/not well."

3. mutluyum "I am happy."

4. kıskancım "I am a jealous (person)."

5. açım "I am hungry."

6. tokum "I am full."

7. ö⇤renciyim "I am a student."

8. üzgünüm "I am sad."

9. güzelsin "You are beautiful."

10. ahlaklısın "You are moral."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #17 - AS KING S OMEBODY'S AGE IN TURKIS H 9 11. sorunlusun "You are troubled."

12. üzgünsün "You are sad."

13. ⌅irin. "She is cute."

14. Tüylü. "It is fluffy."

15. Yakııklı "He is handsome."

16. imanız "We are fat."

17. güzeliz "We are beautiful."

18. uzunuz "We are tall."

19. yüzücüyüz "We are swimmers."

20. fakiriz "We are poor."

21. hazırız "We are ready."

22. susuzuz "We are without water."

23. Türküz "We are Turkish."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #17 - AS KING S OMEBODY'S AGE IN TURKIS H 10 24. evlisiniz "You are married."

25. bekarsınız "You are single."

26. yüzücüsünüz "You are a swimmer," or "You are swimmers."

27. sosyologsunuz "You are a sociologist."

28. çirkinler "They are ugly."

29. kısalar "They are short."

Examples from this lesson:

1. Yeni evin hayırlı olsun. Çok güzel. "May your new house bring fortune to you. It's very beautiful!"

2. Otuz yaındayım "I am thirty years old."

3. Sandalye ya, oturamadım. "I couldn't sit down because the chair is wet.

4. Çocuklar çok gürültü ettiler "The kids made a lot of noise."

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Küçük Ayla nerede? "Where is little Ayla?"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #17 - AS KING S OMEBODY'S AGE IN TURKIS H 11 2. Orada "She is over there."

3. Ah, çok tatlı "Oh, she is sweet."

4. Affedersin. "Excuse me."

5. Çok özür dileriz. "We are very sorry."

6. Gürültü mü yapıyoruz? "Are we loud?"

7. Özür dilerim. "I am sorry."

Sample Sentences

1. Deme ya... "You don't say."

2. Japonya'da evler çok küçük(tür). "The houses are very small in Japan.

3. Gözleriniz çok güzel. "Your eyes are beautiful."

4. Yeni yaında mutluluklar dilerim. "I wish you happiness in your new age."

5. Akamları yurtta çok gürültü olur. "Evenings in the dorm are very noisy."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #17 - AS KING S OMEBODY'S AGE IN TURKIS H 12 6. Bayramda çok tatlı yedim ve imanladım. "I ate lots of desserts in this bayram, and I gained weight."

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Turkish Compliments and Blessings

In Turkish culture, complimenting is quite generous, but praising words are always accompanied with blessings, so that you show the other person that you don't have any ill wishes, like envy or jealousy. In Turkey, the praises accompanied by blessings are usually about beauty, success and wealth or about when you buy something new. Maallah, meaning "May God protect you from the evil," is said especially when complimenting someone on success, achievement, or beauty. For example, usually, Turkish people like to give a compliment if you have colored eyes, like blue, green, or hazel, because this is a rare and admired trait. For example: Gözleriniz ne kadar mavi, maallah, meaning "Praise be, your eyes are so blue." (The literal meaning of this sentence is "May god bless and protect your eyes, for they are so blue (a trait that is looked up to).")

You will soon find out that Turkish people may be very offended if you don't say maallah because, for them, if you don't offer your blessings, it shows a grudge or jealousy. Superstition says that this negative energy is called nazar, meaning "the evil eye," and that it can harm people in many ways. That's why, even nowadays, you can see people wearing "blue-eye beads" or "evil-eye beads" for protection. These beads are believed to suck away all the negative energy and prevent it reaching you. Turkish people decorate their houses with these glass or ceramic beads or wear them as a necklace, brochette, or bracelet. The mythology behind it says that if one of the beads breaks down, it means a very strong nazar has hit you, and the bead stored it all up and broke down in order to protect the carrying person.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #17 - AS KING S OMEBODY'S AGE IN TURKIS H 13 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #18 Talking About Likes and Dislikes in Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 3 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 9 Cultural Insight

# 18

1. MERVE: Ce ee! Ce ee! (Ayla giggles)

2. HAKAN: Ayla "ce ee" yapmay çok seviyor.

3. BORA: , gerçekten mi? T amam o zaman. Ce ee! (Ayla cries) Ay alattm seni! Özür dilerim!

4. MERVE: Ayla erkekleri sevmiyor galiba?

5. HAKAN: Oyuncak bebekleri de sevmiyor.

6. MERVE: Hadi ya, sert bir kz olacak desene.

7. HAKAN: Sanmam, açk pembeyi çok seviyor!

ENGLISH

1. MERVE: Peek-a-boo! Peek-a-boo! (Ayla giggles)

2. HAKAN: Ayla loves to play "Peek-a-boo" a lot.

3. BORA: Oh, really! Okay then...peek-a-boo! (Ayla cries) Ahhh! I made you cry! I'm sorry!

4. MERVE: I dare say, Ayla doesn't like men. (Everyone laughs)

5. HAKAN: She doesn't like the dolls, as well.

6. MERVE: You don't say! I think she'll be a stern girl.

CONT'D OVER

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #18 - TALKING ABOUT LIKES AND DIS LIKES IN TURKIS H 2 7. HAKAN: I don't think so. She likes pink a lot!

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English Class

ce ee! peek-a-boo! interjection

sevmek to like, to love verb

alamak to whine, to cry verb

erkek man noun

galiba daresay, presumably adverb

oyuncak bebek doll phrase

sert hard, stern, tough adjective

sanmak to suppose verb

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Ce ee! Buradayım! Adam kadını seviyor.

"Peek-a boo! I am here!" "The man loves the woman."

Kız, köpek yavrularını gerçekten sever. Sınavdan kötü not alınca çok a⇥ladı.

"The young girl really likes the puppies." "When he/she got a bad grade on the exam, she cried a lot."

Bu erkekler tuvaleti de⇥il. Galiba hasta oluyorum

"This isn't the man's room." "I think I am getting sick."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #18 - TALKING ABOUT LIKES AND DIS LIKES IN TURKIS H 3 Bazı oyuncak bebekleri korkunç Babamın gereksiz sert tepkileri var. buluyorum. "My father has unnecessarily strong "I find some dolls scary." reactions."

Ben, sizi Amerikalı sanıyordum.

"I’ve supposed that you are American."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE alamak alamak is a verb of Turkic origin, meaning "to cry." Another related verb is hıçkırarak alamak, literally translating to "to cry with hiccups" and meaning "to sob." There are some onomatopoeic expressions used with this verb, like hüngür hüngür alamak, meaning "cry one's heart out."

An example can be Küçük çocuk annesini bulamayınca hüngür hüngür alamaya ba⇤ladı, meaning "The little child started crying his/her heart out when he/she couldn't find his/her mom." erkek erkek is a noun meaning "male" or "man" in Turkish. "Gentleman" translates to Bay; however, this word is very outdated and can be only heard in generic announcements, like bayanlar ve baylar, meaning "ladies and gentlemen." That's why the "gentlemen's toilet" is called erkekler tuvaleti nowadays. Therefore, keep in mind that if you are looking for a public toilet in Turkey, you should ask Erkekler tuvaleti nerede acaba? meaning "Where is the gentlemen's, I wonder?" sert sert is an adjective that can be used in many contexts because it can mean "vigorous," "tough," "stern," "hard," or "rigid." Let's start with a simple example. If you want to refer the firm and hard texture of an apple, you say Elma çok sert, meaning "The apple is very hard in texture." Or, if you want to refer to the strength of the wind, you say Rüzgar çok sert, meaning "The wind is very strong."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #18 - TALKING ABOUT LIKES AND DIS LIKES IN TURKIS H 4 Sert is also used when you are defining a human characteristic. Usually, it is used for "bitter," "tough" people who are angry in nature or grim and forbidding in appearance. When used as a personal attribute, it doesn't necessarily have to signify a negative connotation.

For example:

1. Mehmet, iyi kalpli ama sert bir adamdır. "Mehmet is a kindhearted but tough man."

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson Is ⇥smin -i hali, Meaning "Accusative Case" in Turkish Açık pembeyi çok seviyor. "She likes light pink a lot"

As you know from Lesson 15 of this series, where we explained the locative case, noun cases are specific types of suffixes that modify nouns and give them an orientation without constructing new meanings. In this lesson, we'll concentrate on ismin i-hali which is the "accusative case" in Turkish. Usually, it is the action of the verb that determines which noun case we should use. However, it is a little different with the accusative case. The accusative case is used to make the noun of the sentence a direct object. This suffix functions like the definite article in English.

For example:

1. Kitap okudum. "I read a book."

2. Kitabı okudum. "I read the book."

Sometimes, a demonstrative or a conditional adjective is needed to make the noun a direct object.

1. Bu konuyu anlamadım. "I didn't comprehend this topic."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #18 - TALKING ABOUT LIKES AND DIS LIKES IN TURKIS H 5 As you can see, the suffix of the accusative form is mainly -i. However, according to the vowel harmony rules, it can be ı, u, or ü as well. To construct the "accusative case" successfully, which is also called ismin belirtme durumu, we need to learn the following rules, which require our previous vowel harmony knowledge:

1. If the word ends in a vowel, add the suffix yi, yı, yu, or yü: kapı ("door") köprü ("bridge")

2. If the word ends in a consonant (except ç, k, p, or t), add the following suffixes: i, ı, u, or ü: deniz ("sea") köy ("village") alyans ("wedding ring") okul ("school")

3. If the last letter of the word is ç, it usually softens and becomes c: kılıç ("sword")

4. If the last letter of the word is k, then, in most cases, the k is converted to ⇥: bebek ("baby")

There are some monosyllabic words in which k remains the same, like: ok ("arrow")

Another exception can be words ending with nk, which is converted to ng. An example is: renk ("color")

5. If the last letter of the word is p, it is usually converted to b: kitap ("book")

6. If the last letter of the word is t, keep in mind that there are some words in which t remains the same:

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #18 - TALKING ABOUT LIKES AND DIS LIKES IN TURKIS H 6 bilet ("ticket")

In other words, however, t softens and is converted to d: kaıt ("paper")

There are some special cases when forming the accusative case; however, these will be explained in future lessons.

Saying that You Like or Dislike Something in Turkish

Showing that you like or dislike something is very important in every language.

That's why, here, we'll illustrate different levels of liking something, from positive to negative, in Turkish:

1. Çok seviyorum. "I like/love very much."

2. Seviyorum. "I like/love."

3. Sevmiyorum. "I don't like."

4. Hiç sevmiyorum. "I dislike."

5. Hiç ama hiç sevmiyorum or Gerçekten hiç sevmiyorum. "I really do not like whatsoever."

It is better to use hiç sevmemek than nefret etmek when expressing dislike. Nefret is a word that expresses a strong negative connotation that is associated with "hatred" and "disgust." For example:

1. Kitap okudum "I read a book."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #18 - TALKING ABOUT LIKES AND DIS LIKES IN TURKIS H 7 2. Kitabı okudum. "I read the book."

3. Bu konuyu anlamadım. "I didn't comprehend this topic."

Examples from this lesson:

1. Küçük çocuk annesini bulamayınca hüngür hüngür alamaya ba⇤ladı. "The little child started crying his/her heart out when he/she couldn't find his/her mom."

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Ayla "ce ee" yapmayı çok seviyor. "Ayla loves to do "Peek-a-boo" a lot."

2. Ayla erkekleri sevmiyor galiba? "I dare say, Ayla doesn't like the men."

3. Oyuncak bebekleri de sevmiyor. "She doesn't like the dolls, as well."

4. Sanmam, açık pembeyi çok seviyor! "I don't think so. She likes pink a lot!"

Sample Sentences

1. O, atları çok sever. "He/she likes the horses a lot."

2. Bazı oyuncak bebekleri korkunç buluyorum. "I find some dolls scary."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #18 - TALKING ABOUT LIKES AND DIS LIKES IN TURKIS H 8 3. Ben, sizi Amerikalı sanıyordum. "I've supposed that you are American."

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Turkish Baby Showers

A Turkish baby shower is called lohusa gelenekleri, meaning "Puerpera traditions." After a birth, pitchers of sherbet with different flavors called lohusa ⇤erbeti, meaning "puerperal postpartum sherbet," are sent out to relatives, close family friends, and neighbors to announce the good news.

Traditionally, the childbed is set up in the most spacious bedroom and is covered with a quilt of satin or velvet, heavily embroidered with silk or metal braids. A copy of the Qu'ran (the holy book of Islam) in a pouch is set by the bed, and a silver mirror (symbolizing good fortune and a brilliant life) is hung on a wall somewhere nearby. A head of garlic pierced on a skewer is wrapped up in red tulle, and evil-eye beads are attached to it. This garlic is believed to keep bad luck, ill fate, and suffering away from the house.

The childbed is dismantled on the seventh day of the birth. On that day, the local imam or the head of the family (usually the oldest man) whispers the "Call to Prayer" (ezan) and the Confession of Faith into the child's right ear. He then repeats the baby's name three times into its left ear.

Most of these traditions from Ottoman times are no longer practiced, but generally, the logic is to have the baby shower after the birth, not before. The sole reason for this time frame (a week after) is to ensure that the baby is healthy. The first week is quite critical in a baby's life. Doing preparations before the childbirth is not considered practical for this reason.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #18 - TALKING ABOUT LIKES AND DIS LIKES IN TURKIS H 9 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #19 Asking the Time in Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 8 Cultural Insight

# 19

1. MERVE: (from the bathroom) Bora, Hakan'la bulumamz tam olarak ne zaman?

2. BORA: On buçukta.

3. MERVE: Peki imdi saat kaç?

4. BORA: Dokuzu be geçiyor. Acele et de geç kalmayalm!

5. MERVE: T amam! Sadece bir dakika daha!

6. BORA: (pacing nervously) Hep öyle söylersin ama yine de her zaman geç kalrsn...

ENGLISH

1. MERVE: Bora, what time exactly is the meeting with Hakan?

2. BORA: It's at half past ten.

3. MERVE: And what's the time now?

4. BORA: It's five past nine. Hurry up so that we won't be late.

5. MERVE: Yee-s! Just one more minute!

6. BORA: (pacing nervously) You always say so, but every time you are late anyway.

VOCABULARY

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #19 - AS KING THE TIME IN TURKIS H 2 Tur kish English

yine de still, nevertheless

öyle thus, so, as such

hep always

daha more, further

buluma meeting, appointment

tam olarak exactly

imdi now, at the moment, right away

acele etmek to hurry, to rush

geç kalmak to be late

sadece only, just

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Hep söz veriyorsun... Daha çok içme bence.

"You always promise..." "I don’t think you should drink more."

Tam olarak neresi? Acele etmek istemiyorum.

"Where exactly?" "I don’t want to rush."

Geç kalırsan darılırım. Sadece kitap okuyorum.

" I would be offended if you are to be late." "I'm just reading a book."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

Word #1 explanation goes here imdi

imdi is a zaman zarfı meaning " time adverb" in English. This adverb is usually accompanied

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #19 - AS KING THE TIME IN TURKIS H 3 with present continuous tense in Turkish. Imagine your friend is calling you from your meeting point, she asks worriedly,

Ne zaman geliyorsun meaning "When will you be coming?" You on the other hand, are walking and about to arrive, you reply, ⇤imdi geliyorum meaning " I am coming now"

⇤imdi is a word of Turkic origin and sometimes you'll hear, imdilik in the colloquial language. This means, "as of now" or "only for now". Imagine you are doing a temporary part-time job as a waitress, somebody asks you, "Are you a waitress" and you reply, imdilik! meaning "only for now"

Word #2 explanation goes here acele etmek acele etmek is a verb made by two components, acele is a noun of Arabic origin meaning "hurry" or "haste" and "etmek" is an auxiliary verb of Turkic origin generally meaning "to do" Some examples can be,

Acele etmekten yoruldum meaning "I became tired of hurrying up "

Word #3 explanation goes here geç kalmak geç kalmak is also a verb made of two components. Both parts are of old Turkic origin. geç meaning "lateness" and kalmak meaning "to stay", "to remain", "to be"

An example is,

Geç kalmak istemiyorum meaning "I don't want to be late"

GRAMMAR

The focus of this lesson is how to talk about time in Turkish.

Peki imdi saat kaç?

"And what time is it now?

Asking about the time, answering and understanding, telling that you will be late are essential parts of your daily life in Turkey.

1) To ask, "What is the time?" in Turkish, you say Saat kaç? As you remember from our previous lessons, "saat" is a word of Arabic origin meaning "hour" and kaç is a word of Turkic

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #19 - AS KING THE TIME IN TURKIS H 4 origin meaning "how much?", "how many?"

Your replies can be,

"It is 2 o'clock"

Saat iki.

"It is 5 o'clock"

Saat be.

"It is 12 o'clock"

Saat on iki.

2) To talk about the time past the hour, you say the hour first followed by -y, -i, -ı, -u, -ü depending on the Turkish harmony rules. Keep in mind that -y buffer letter is only added if the last letter of the previous word ends in a vowel. Finally, add the minutes and then geçiyor the present continuous form of the verb geçmek meaning "to pass".

To say "quarter past", simply put çeyrek (quarter) where the minutes would go.

The formulate of telling the time "past the hour" is, saat+hour+(y)i+minute+geçiyor

Saat bei on geçiyor.

" It's ten past five."

Saat on ikiyi yirmi geçiyor.

" It's twenty past twelve."

Saat üçü çeyrek geçiyor.

" It's quarter past three."

3) Telling "half past" the hour is very simple in Turkish. Just add buçuk meaning "half" after saying the hour.

Dört buçuk

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #19 - AS KING THE TIME IN TURKIS H 5 "Half past four"

4) To tell the time to the hour, the hour comes first followed by either -(y)e or -(y)a depending on the vowel harmony rules. As in point 1, buffer letter -(y) is only added if the last letter of the previous word ends in a vowel. Then, add the minutes and var meaning "there is" from lesson

To say "quarter to", put çeyrek meaning "quarter" where the minutes would go.

The formula of talking about the time "to the hour" therefore is, saat+ (y)e or (y)a+ minute+ var

Some examples are,

Saat sekize on var.

"It's ten to eight"

Saat ikiye çeyrek var.

"It's quarter to two"

5) When giving a certain time for an appointment you may want to use "at" to signify the certain time you want to meet, such as "at half past nine". Let's see the formula of this in Turkish, hour+ (y)i+ minute+ geçe

Some examples are,

⌅kiyi çeyrek geçe bulualım.

"Let's meet at quarter past two."

6) After half past the hour, you may want to say "at...to...", hour+ (y)a or (y)e+ minute+ kala

Some examples are,

Yediye be kala

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #19 - AS KING THE TIME IN TURKIS H 6 "at five to seven"

Bire çeyrek kala

"at quarter to one"

Special names when telling the time in Turkish

Sometimes you will hear yarım meaning "half" in Turkish. When it's "12:30" or "24:30" Turkish people simplify it by saying yarım.

Saat yarım olmu yatmam lazım.

"It's already half past twelve, I need to go to bed." Examples of your explanation go here:

1. Saat kaç?

"What is the time?"

2."It is 2 o'clock"

Saat iki.

3."It is 5 o'clock"

Saat be.

4."It is 12 o'clock"

Saat on iki.

5.Saat bei on geçiyor.

" It's ten past five."

6.Saat on ikiyi yirmi geçiyor.

" It's twenty past twelve."

7.Saat üçü çeyrek geçiyor.

" It's quarter past three."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #19 - AS KING THE TIME IN TURKIS H 7 8.Dört buçuk

"Half past four"

9.Saat sekize on var.

"It's ten to eight"

10.Saat ikiye çeyrek var.

"It's quarter to two"

11.⌅kiyi çeyrek geçe bulualım.

"Let's meet at quarter past two."

12.Yediye be kala

"at five to seven"

13.Bire çeyrek kala

"at quarter to one"

14.Saat yarım olmu yatmam lazım.

"It's already half past twelve, I need to go to bed."

Examples from this dialog:

1. On buçukta

"It's at half past ten."

2. Peki imdi saat kaç?

"And what time is it now?"

3. Dokuzu be geçiyor.

"It's five past nine."

CULTURAL INSIGHT

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #19 - AS KING THE TIME IN TURKIS H 8 Commuting is rather complicated in big cities in Turkey. Traffic and punctuality can become a problem especially in Istanbul when commuting from Asian to European side for an important meeting or your job.

Usually because of this, large companies have shuttles to pick their employees from their residences, just like a school bus. If you are commuting by yourself, don't forget to add an extra half an hour for the traffic especially during rush hours. Ferries and seabus are punctual and preferable since there is almost always a road traffic jam. In Istanbul, there is a special name for the road traffic jam called köprü trafi⇧i meaning "bridge traffic jam" because you need to cross one of the two main bridges in order to commute from the Asian to European side or vice versa. Expect a huge traffic jam during Ramadan just an hour before the fast- breaking for people rush to go to a restaurant or their residences to eat. Other times are before and after a football game near a stadium and during national holidays.

Keep in mind that yellow jitneys and minibuses don't have a time schedule, they operate by taking turns and on a first come first go basis. Although, busses have a time schedule, expect a 10-15 minutes delay especially during Ramadan.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #19 - AS KING THE TIME IN TURKIS H 9 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #20 Talking About Animate and Inanimate Objects in Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 3 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight

# 20

1. BORA: (On a drive)(Stomach rumbling) Acktm.

2. HAKAN: a, burada bir seyyar satc var. Ona gidelim mi? T avuklu pilav sever misin?

3. BORA: ey....

4. HAKAN: Sevmez misin?

5. MERVE: Benim alerjim var da...

6. HAKAN: T avuk etine kar alerjin mi var?

7. MERVE: Evet, bir ona alerjim var, ne yazk ki.

8. BORA: Hakan! Önüne bak! Dikkat! Yolda köpek var!

9. HAKAN: Ah evet. Bir an bo bulundum. Onu görmedim. Teekkürler!

ENGLISH

1. BORA: (On a drive) (Stomach rumbling) I'm hungry.

2. HAKAN: Oh, there's a street vendor over there...How about going to him? Do you like chicken rice?

3. BORA: Errr...

4. HAKAN: You don’t like it?

CONT'D OVER

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUT E BEGI NNER S 1 #20 - T ALKI NG ABOUT ANI MAT E AND I NANI MAT E OBJECT S I N T URKI S H 2 5. MERVE: Well, I am allergic...

6. HAKAN: Allergic to chicken? (surprised)

7. MERVE: Yes, I have an allergy to just that, unfortunately.

8. BORA: Hakan! Look ahead! Be careful, there is a dog on the road!

9. HAKAN: Oh, yes! I was taken aback for a moment. I didn’t see it. Thanks!

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English Class

an moment noun

to be taken unawares, to be bo bulunmak taken aback idiomatic expression

yol road, route noun

dikkat attention exclamation

acıkmak to be hungry verb

seyyar satıcı street vendor noun phrase

alerji allergy noun

tavuk chicken noun

ön front adverb

bakmak to look

SAMPLE SENTENCES

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUT E BEGI NNER S 1 #20 - T ALKI NG ABOUT ANI MAT E AND I NANI MAT E OBJECT S I N T URKI S H 3 Bir an bo bulundum, o sözü söylemek Dikkat önüne bak! istemezdim. "Attention, watch out!" "I was taken aback for a moment, I didn’t mean to say those words."

Kahvaltı etmezsem çok acıkırım Seyyar satıcıdan cüzdan aldım.

"If I don’t have breakfast, I will be very "I bought a wallet from a street vendor." hungry."

Çile⇤e alerjim var. Tavuk ve civcivler yiyeceklerini

gagalıyorlar. "I have strawberry allergy." "The chicken and chicks are pecking at their food."

Maymun kameraya bakar

"The monkey looks at the video camera."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE acıkmak acıkmak has the meaning "to feel hungry" in Turkish. The root of this word is of Turkic origin: aç, meaning "hungry or peckish." Acıkmak also signifies the meaning that "you became hungry over a time." For example, imagine that you skipped lunch for a business meeting. By evening, you are starving, and you say Çok acıktım! meaning "I feel hungry!" But, if you want to concentrate on the condition of being hungry as of now, you simply say Çok açım, meaning "I am hungry!" dikkat dikkat is an exclamation meaning "watch out" or "attention." You will see this on traffic signs or hear it from people. For example, imagine that you are commuting by bus on the sweep road bends in the Black Sea Region on a rainy day. Expect to see traffic signs saying Dikkat! Kaygan zemin, meaning "Attention! Slippery road." A more colloquial example could be a

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUT E BEGI NNER S 1 #20 - T ALKI NG ABOUT ANI MAT E AND I NANI MAT E OBJECT S I N T URKI S H 4 teacher warning his/her students: Sınav ka⇥ıdına adınızı yazmaya dikkat edin, meaning "Pay attention to writing your names on the exam paper." bo⇥ bulunmak bo⇤ bulunmak is yet another idiomatic expression in Turkish. bo⇤ is an adjective meaning "empty," and bulunmak is a verb meaning "to exist," "to appear," or "to be in a place." Altogether, this expression literally translates to "to appear empty," and it means "to be taken aback" or "to be caught unaware." Usually, Turkish people say this when they are spaced out and suddenly taken aback by something that grabs their attention, like a random sound or movement. They are taken by surprise and say this expression as an excuse for that condition. So, it is usually followed by an apologetic word like "pardon," or affedersiniz.

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson Is Talking About Animate and Inanimate Objects in Turkish Onu görmedim "I didn't see it"

In Turkish, there is no difference between talking about inanimate and animate objects. Animals, plants, things, and people are all referred to with the third person singular, which is O or, in the plural, Onlar.

For example:

1. O, iyi bir ö⇥rencidir. "She is a good student."

2. O, akıllı biridir. "He is a smart person."

3. O ⇤irindir. "It (a cat) is cute."

4. Onu getirir misin? (pointing to the book over the table.) "Can you bring that?"

5. Onu koparma! (pointing to a daisy on the field) "Don't pick it off!"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUT E BEGI NNER S 1 #20 - T ALKI NG ABOUT ANI MAT E AND I NANI MAT E OBJECT S I N T URKI S H 5 Lack of Gender When Talking About Inanimate and Animate Objects with the Third Person Singular and Plural in Turkish

In Turkish, there is no substitute for "he" or "she." The Turkish just have o, which covers all of "he," "she," and "it." As you can see, it is used for both genders and for inanimate and animate objects. So, if you are talking about a woman and you want to specify her gender, you simply say O kadın, meaning "That woman." Let's see this in an example:

1. Onun boyu uzundur. "He/she is tall."

If you know the person, you simply use her name when referring to her:

1. Ay⇤e'nin boyu uzundur "Aye is tall"

When you talk about a person unknown to the person you are talking to, you can talk about her gender by adding:

1. O adamı sevmiyorum. "I don't like that man."

For example:

1. O, iyi bir ö⇥rencidir. "She is a good student."

2. O, akıllı biridir. "He is a smart person."

3. O ⇤irindir. "It (a cat) is cute."

4. Onu getirir misin? (pointing to the book over the table.) "Can you bring that?"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUT E BEGI NNER S 1 #20 - T ALKI NG ABOUT ANI MAT E AND I NANI MAT E OBJECT S I N T URKI S H 6 5. Onu koparma! (pointing to a daisy on the field) "Don't pick it off!"

6. Onun boyu uzundur. "He/she is tall"

7. O adamı sevmiyorum. "I don't like that man."

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Ona gidelim mi? "How about going to him?

2. Evet, bir ona alerjim var. "Yes, I have allergy for just that."

3. Onu görmedim. "I didn't see it."

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Street Food in Turkey

You will never go hungry on the streets in Turkey. After paying a visit to any city in Turkey, you will soon find out that almost every large street has a couple of street vendors selling a variety of goods and food, from stuffed mussels to leather key chains or books. Some of the foods you can get from a street vendor are: balık-ekmek ("fish sandwich"); kokoreç ("well-seasoned skewered lamb intestine sandwich"); toasts with feta or string cheese; other sandwiches with cheese, tomatoes, pickles and sujuk ("turkish spicy sausage"); tavuk-pilav ("chicken pilaf"); stuffed mussels; kumpir ("jacket potato"); cotton candy; apple candy; fruits and veggies; simit (a kind of Turkish bagel with sesame) with gruyere cheese, jam and honey; ice cream; and other bakery goods. Some of the street vendors are quite famous and have really good- quality goods; however, keep in mind that some of them also sell foods that are not prepared sanitarily. We suggest you ask a friend or Turkish locals from the neighborhood to guide you

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUT E BEGI NNER S 1 #20 - T ALKI NG ABOUT ANI MAT E AND I NANI MAT E OBJECT S I N T URKI S H 7 to a quality one.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUT E BEGI NNER S 1 #20 - T ALKI NG ABOUT ANI MAT E AND I NANI MAT E OBJECT S I N T URKI S H 8 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #21 Asking Simple Questions in Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 8 Cultural Insight

# 21

1. MERVE: (Ayla cries) Aa, Ayla, aç msn? Hakan, Ayla muz yer mi?

2. HAKAN: Evet, yer. Ayla muzu çok sever.

3. MERVE: Gerçekten mi? Peki, Ayla, al bakalm. Bak taze mi taze...

4. (Dog whines.)

5. BORA: Hakan, Çomar muz yer mi?

6. HAKAN: Aman dikkat! Kokusunu ald m hereyi yer! eker salna zararl!

ENGLISH

1. MERVE: (Ayla cries) Oh, Ayla, are you hungry? Hakan, does Ayla eat bananas?

2. HAKAN: Yes, she does. Ayla loves bananas!

3. MERVE: Oh, really? Okay, Ayla. Here you go.

4. (Dog whines)

5. BORA: Hakan, does Çomar eat bananas?

6. HAKAN: Oh, watch out! He will eat anything as soon as he smells it! Sugar is bad for his health!

VOCABULARY

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #21 - AS KING S IMPLE QUESTIONS IN TURKIS H 2 Tur kish English Class

al bakalım here you go phrase

çomar mastiff, large watchdog noun

taze fresh adjective

aman oh, mercy, my exclamation

to sniff out, to perceive the kokusunu almak smell of phrase

her ⇥ey everything pronoun

zararlı harmful, bad adjective

muz banana noun

SAMPLE SENTENCES

nanmıyorsan, al bak! Sivas Kangal köpeklerine irilikleri

yüzünden genelde “çomar” adı verilir. "If you don’t believe, have a look at it yourself." "Sivas Kangal dogs are usually named “çomar” because of their massiveness."

Türkiye’de en taze sebze ve meyveler Bir yanık kokusu aldım.

pazarlarda bulunur. "I’ve just smelled of something burning." "In Turkey, the freshest vegetables and fruits are found in bazaars."

Her⇤ey iyi gidiyor. Biber gazı çok zararlı bir kimyasaldır.

"Everything goes well." "Pepper spray is a very harmful chemical."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #21 - AS KING S IMPLE QUESTIONS IN TURKIS H 3 koku almak means "to nose around." koku means "an odor/a smell," and almak is a verb that we've explained before in this series, meaning "to receive," "to buy," or "to take." So, literally, it means, "to nose around an odor." This phrase can be used for an animal, like a dog, sniffing something (Köpekbalı⇥ı kan kokusu aldı, meaning "The shark has smelled the blood") or for a human being (Taze ekmek kokusu alıyorum, meaning "I am smelling fresh bread"). Another verb is koklamak, meaning "to smell." While koku almak emphasizes the time and process it takes for that odor to reach your nose, koklamak emphasizes the immediate action of smelling something. Imagine, for instance, smelling a bouquet of roses. Somebody asks you, "What are you doing?" You reply Gülleri kokluyorum, meaning "I am smelling the roses."

her ey is a pronoun meaning "everything." It is composed of her, meaning "every," and ⇤ey, meaning "thing." According to the Turkish Language Association, this pronoun should be written separately. Failing to do so counts as a spelling mistake. The common saying "Everything will be alright" is expressed with Her ⇤ey güzel olacak. This sentence literally means, "Everything will be beautiful." zararlı, meaning "harmful" or "hazardous," is an adjective constructed with the derivational affix -lı, from the noun zarar, meaning "damage," "harm," or "injury."

Derivational affixes play a strong role in Turkish grammar, since they construct gerundives and other adjectives. An example is Fast food sa⇥lı⇥a çok zararlıdır, meaning "Fast food is very harmful for the health."

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson Is the Many Uses of Interrogative Suffix in Turkish Ayla muz yer mi? "Does Ayla eat bananas?"

Question sentences in Turkish can be classified into two groups:

1. Yes/no questions

2. Regular questions

In this lesson, we'll concentrate on how to ask yes/no questions using the interrogative suffix. In Turkish, we understand the interrogative form from a suffix that is written separately at the

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #21 - AS KING S IMPLE QUESTIONS IN TURKIS H 4 end of the sentence. This suffix can be -mi, -mı, -mu, or -mü, depending on the vowel harmony rules.

As you've seen in our previous lessons, suffixes in Turkish are usually written together with the word they are appended to. So, you might wonder: Why is -mi a suffix instead of a word, if it is written separately? The reason the interrogative suffix -mi is labeled as a suffix is that it has to satisfy the major and minor vowel harmony rules for the word it is appended to. Let's demonstrate this with the following dialog:

1. A: Onun adı Hakan. A: "His name is Hakan." B: Onun adı Hakan mı? (Note how the regular sentence is turned into a yes/no question sentence by the addition of the question suffix -mi.) B: "Is his name Hakan?" A: Evet öyle. "Yes, it is." B: Bu Hakan'ın evi mi? B: "Is this Hakan's house?" A: Hayır, bu benim evim. A: "No, it's my house."

Personal pronouns Interrogative suffix English translation

Ben mi-yim "am I"

Sen mi-sin "are you"

O mi "is he/she it"

Biz mi-yiz "are we"

Siz mi-siniz "are you"

Onlar ler- mi "are they"

Other Uses of the Interrogative Suffix

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #21 - AS KING S IMPLE QUESTIONS IN TURKIS H 5 1. As an intensifier: Yemek lezzetli mi lezzetli! meaning "This food is very delicious!"

2. To convey an "if" meaning: Bir e-mail attın mı hemen cevap verir! meaning "He/she will answer immediately if you e-mail him/her."

3. To convey an "as soon as," "when," or "whenever" meaning: Soka⇥ın sonuna geldin mi, sa⇥ında sinemayı göreceksin, meaning "When you've come to the end of the street, you will see the movie theater on your right."

4. Used with a negative verb to mark emphasis: Bir de beni azarlamaz mı? meaning "And he/she would have to scold me as well."

5. As an enclitic particle used to make a statement into a question, thus forming a tag question at the end of a sentence.

For example:

1. Onun gözleri ela, de⇥il mi? "His/her eyes are hazel, aren't they?"

2. O okula geldi, de⇥il mi? "He/she came to the school, didn't he/she?"

As you can clearly see from the examples above, unlike in English, the same word phrase (de⇥il mi?) is used to construct a tag question in Turkish.

For example:

1. Onun adı Hakan mı? "Is his name Hakan?"

2. Bu Hakan'ın evi mi? "Is this Hakan's house?"

3. Yemek lezzetli mi lezzetli. "The food is very delicious."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #21 - AS KING S IMPLE QUESTIONS IN TURKIS H 6 4. Bir e-mail attın mı hemen cevap verir! "He/she will answer immediately if you e-mail him/her."

5. Soka⇥ın sonuna geldin mi, sa⇥ında sinemayı göreceksin. "When you've come to the end of the street, you will see the movie theater on your right.

6. Bir de beni azarlamaz mı? "And he/she would have to scold me as well."

7. Onun gözleri ela, de⇥il mi? "His/her eyes are hazel, aren't they?"

8. O okula geldi, de⇥il mi? "He/she came to the school, didn't he/she?"

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Aç mısın? "Are you hungry?"

2. Ayla muz yer mi? "Does Ayla eat bananas?"

3. Çomar muz yer mi? "Does Çomar eat bananas?"

4. Gerçekten mi? "Oh really?"

5. Bak taze mi taze... "Here you go."

6. Kokusunu aldı mı her⇤eyi yer.

Sample Sentence

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #21 - AS KING S IMPLE QUESTIONS IN TURKIS H 7 1. Tadı güzel mi? "Does it taste good?"

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Turkish Names

A Turkish name consists of an ad or isim, both meaning the same, and a Soy-ad, meaning "surname." Keep in mind that there might be more than one given name. Soyad comes at the last part of the full name. Turkish surnames are patrilineal, which means they pass from a father to his children. Turkey has abolished all notions of nobility, so there are no noble forms or types of surnames. According to contemporary Turkish civil law, when a man and a woman get married, the woman takes the man's surname, but if she wants to keep her maiden name, she can. Most young Turkish women prefer to keep their maiden names, thus ending up with two surnames.

Most names are gender-specific in Turkish. However, there are also a great number of names that are unisex, like Deniz, meaning "sea;" Devrim, meaning "Revolution;" and Füsun, meaning "enchantment" or "magic." Almost all Turkish names, especially the ones of Turkic origin, have meanings. Let's introduce our characters' names and the meanings behind them: Merve is the name of a mountain near Mekke, which is believed to be holy. Ayla means "the halo around the moon" or "moonlight." Bora is the name of a cold wind that blows from the northeast. Hakan means "Turkish ruler, king." Finally, Ahu, who will be introduced later, is the name of an Asiatic gazelle.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #21 - AS KING S IMPLE QUESTIONS IN TURKIS H 8 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #22 Which Turkish Beverage Do You Want to Drink?

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 8 Cultural Insight

# 22

1. HAKAN: (At the supermarket) Bora, ne içmek istersin? Kola m, ayran m?

2. BORA: Çok susadm. Ayran alym.

3. HAKAN: T amam. Ya sen Merve?

4. MERVE: Ben ikisini de pek sevmiyorum.

5. HAKAN: Peki. Meyve suyu da var. Nar m? eftali mi?

6. MERVE: Nar suyu lütfen.

ENGLISH

1. HAKAN: (At the supermarket) Bora, what would you like to drink? Cola? Ayran?

2. BORA: I am very thirsty. I will have ayran.

3. HAKAN: Okay. And you, Merve?

4. MERVE: I don't like either very much.

5. HAKAN: Alright. There's fruit juice as well. Pomegranate or peach juice?

6. MERVE: Pomegranate juice, please.

VOCABULARY

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #22 - WHICH TURKIS H BEVERAGE DO YOU WANT TO DRINK? 2 Tur kish English Class

içmek to drink verb

eftali peach noun

susamak to become thirsty verb

kola coca cola noun

ayran ayran noun

tamam okay, understood, roger that interjection

pek quite, firm, strong adverb, adjective

meyve suyu fruit juice phrase

Nar pomegranate noun

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Bir ey içmek ister misin? Spor yaptıktan sonra çok susadım.

"Do you want something to drink?" "I became very thirsty after doing sports."

Kola di⇤er bir çok gazoz gibi Ayran susuzluk giderir.

karbonatlıdır. "Ayran is a thirst quencher." "Coke like many other soft drinks are carbonated"

Tamam geliyorum. Bu aralar pek itahım yok.

"Okay, I am coming" "I don’t have much appetite these days."

Türkiye kıın nar açısından çok zengindir.

"Turkey is very abundant in pomegranates during winter."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #22 - WHICH TURKIS H BEVERAGE DO YOU WANT TO DRINK? 3 nar means "pomegranate." Nar is one of the most popular Turkish fruits of the winter. The motherland of pomegranate starts in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey and extends out to Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan and to neighboring regions all around. Throughout the world, pomegranate is considered an industrial plant, usually used as a raw material in medicines, dyes, animal feed, etc. However, in Turkey, pomegranate is consumed as a fresh fruit or juice. It is also used as an ingredient to decorate milk-based desserts to give them a refreshing taste.

Pomegranate has its place in Turkish culture as well. Smashing a pomegranate in front of your door during New Year's Eve is believed to bring abundance and good luck. There is even a riddle in Turkey highlighting the significance of the fruit: Çarıdan aldım bir tane. Eve geldim bin tane, meaning "I bought one in the bazaar. I came home; a thousand!" Can you guess the answer for this riddle? kola kola means "coke" in Turkey, and, usually, when a Turkish person makes this order, what he/ she means is that he/she wants a specific brand: Coca-Cola.

In Turkish, some brand names are replaced with the item/product itself. For example, Selpak is a Turkish brand producing paper handkerchiefs as well as many other toiletries. Since it is one of the first and most famous consumer brands, all paper handkerchiefs are now called selpak in Turkish daily language. Keep in mind that "handkerchief" means mendil and "paper handkerchief" means ka⇤ıt mendil. Don't be surprised to hear somebody ask you Selpa⇤ınız var mı? meaning "Do you have a Selpak?" What the other person is asking for is just a paper handkerchief. pek is a heteronym word, which means both "quite" and "firm" or "strong." The adverb function of pek usually has a negative meaning when used alone. For example: Bu aralar pek itahsız, meaning "Nowadays, he/she is without any appetite," or Pek keyfim yok, meaning "I am not quite in high spirits." However, if it is accompanied with another quantifying adverb, it can have a positive meaning. For instance: Pek çok kez söyledim, meaning "I have said it quite a lot of times."

Pek, as an adjective, can mean "firm" or "strong." Most commonly, it is used in idiomatic expressions: Gözüpek bir delikanlı, meaning "He is a daredevil." This expression literally means, "he is a young man with a strong gaze." In Turkish culture, a strong, piercing gaze is a symbol of inner strength and courage.

GRAMMAR

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #22 - WHICH TURKIS H BEVERAGE DO YOU WANT TO DRINK? 4 The Focus of this Lesson Is Adverbs of Measurement and Quantity in Turkish Ben ikisini de pek sevmiyorum. "I don't like either very much."

Learning adverbs in Turkish is quite essential because they are used in everyday conversation frequently, thus making your dialog richer in expression. Generally, adverbs are sentence components that modify any part of language other than a noun. Specifically, in Turkish, adverbs are auxiliary words that qualify or quantify, not only verbs, but also adjectives and other adverbs.

In Turkish, there are many adverbial subcategories: adverbs of time, place, measurement, and quantity, as well as interrogative adverbs and adverbs of quality and situation. There are also suffixes and postpositions, which construct adverbs. Adverbs of time, place, measurement, and quantity have a very important role in Turkish; therefore, they need very special attention. In this lesson, we will just introduce some basic adverbs of measurement and quantity that will help you build a natural dialog in Turkish.

Adverbs of measurement and quantity in Turkish Translations

az "a bit, few"

biraz "some, a little"

çok "many, much, very, such"

daha "more, further, yet, still, again, plus"

en "the most of"

fazla "too, too much, too many, extra"

hep "ever, evermore, always"

kadar "as much as, as well as"

kısmen "partially, partly, to a certain degree"

pek "so, quite, not much"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #22 - WHICH TURKIS H BEVERAGE DO YOU WANT TO DRINK? 5 hiç "never, none, any, at all"

Let's illustrate the table above with the following examples:

1. Yemek az geldi. "The dinner came small (in portion)."

2. Çok susadım. "I am very thirsty."

3. Fazla konuma! "Don't talk a lot."

4. Hep benimle ol! "Be with me forever!"

5. Ne kadar bunlar? "How much are these?"

6. Ödevimi kısmen bitirdim. "I finished my homework, partly."

7. Filmi pek be⇤enmedim. "I didn't like the movie much."

8. Bugün ie gitmeyi hiç istemiyorum. "Today, I don't want to go to work at all."

Keep in mind that you can also combine these adverbs:

1. En az ben yedim. "I ate the fewest."

Turkish isn't as strict as English in what can and cannot be used as an adverb.

In theory, though it's not always practical, you may use any Turkish adjective as an adverb.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #22 - WHICH TURKIS H BEVERAGE DO YOU WANT TO DRINK? 6 For instance, as we have seen in our previous lessons, çok may be used as an adjective meaning "a lot." (for example: Çok insan, meaning "A lot of people") or as an adverb meaning "many, much, very," depending on the sentence in which it appears (Çok sıkıldım, meaning "I am very bored").

For example:

1. Yemek az geldi. "The dinner came small (in portion)."

2. Çok susadım. "I am very thirsty."

3. Fazla konuma! "Don't talk a lot!"

4. Hep benimle ol! "Be with me forever!"

5. Ne kadar bunlar? "How much are these?"

6. Ödevimi kısmen bitirdim. "I finished my homework, partly."

7. Filmi pek be⇤enmedim. "I didn't like the movie much."

8. Bugün ie gitmeyi hiç istemiyorum. "Today, I don't want to go to work at all."

9. En az ben yedim. "I ate the fewest."

10. Çok sıkıldım. "I am very bored."

Examples from this lesson:

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #22 - WHICH TURKIS H BEVERAGE DO YOU WANT TO DRINK? 7 1. Bu aralar pek itahsız. "Nowadays, he/she is without any appetite."

2. Pek keyfim yok. "I am not quite in high spirits."

3. Pek çok kez söyledim. "I have said it quite a lot of times."

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Çok susadım. "I am very thirsty."

2. Ben ikisini de pek sevmiyorum. "I don't like either very much."

Sample Sentences

1. Spor yaptıktan sonra çok susadım. "I became very thirsty after doing sports."

2. Kola, di⇤er bir çok gazoz gibi karbonatlıdır. "Coke, like many other soft drinks, is carbonated."

3. Bu aralar pek itahım yok. "I don't have much of an appetite these days."

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Non-Alcoholic Turkish Beverages

Non-alcoholic Turkish beverages are very local and come in a great variety. For instance, ⌅ıra is one of the savory non-alcoholic Turkish drinks, made by crushing grapes, followed by a

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #22 - WHICH TURKIS H BEVERAGE DO YOU WANT TO DRINK? 8 short fermentation process. It tastes sweet and is usually served with Iskender kebab. The second beverage we are going to introduce is also a healthy choice. It's called turu suyu, meaning "pickle juice," and it is usually served as an appetizer. Making turu, meaning "pickle," is a common autumn food tradition. You may use a variety of vegetables, from carrots to cabbage, for your desired taste. Let us remind you that the "pingy" taste is not for everyone. Our third beverage is on the sweet side. It's called boza-a perfect drink for the long and cold winter nights in Turkey. It is a cold drink made from a fermented grain, served with cinnamon and roasted chick peas. Boza usually has a little acidic sweet flavor that makes its taste an acquired one. It is a healthy choice, believed to warm you up and strengthen because of its vitamin A, B, and E content. We recommend you drink boza separately from your meal and consume it as a snack. Another famous winter drink is called sahlep. Sahlep is one of the famous beverages in Turkey, made from saloop flour. It is served hot, and its texture is creamy. Usually, it is served with a cinnamon topping as well. You can order sahlep in many coffee shops and tea houses all around Turkey. It is usually served during the winter. And finally, we have the world-famous ayran, a popular, revitalizing drink served during summer. This is a very simple Turkish drink prepared with yogurt, water, and salt. Ayran is a very healthy, refreshing drink that can be consumed with any meal, like kebabs, pilaf, Turkish meatballs, and other meat dishes.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #22 - WHICH TURKIS H BEVERAGE DO YOU WANT TO DRINK? 9 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #23 Let's Have a Cup of Turkish Coee in a Traditional Coee House!

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 3 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight

# 23

1. BORA: Hakan, ras neresi?

2. HAKAN: Ee, oras mahallenin kahvehanesi. Kahvehaneye gitmeyi sever misin?

3. BORA: Evet, kahvehaneye gitmeyi severim.

4. HAKAN: Peki o zaman. Ne zaman gidelim? Bu akam gidelim mi?

5. BORA: Bu akam çok iyi olur. Ama Merve'ye sen söyle.

6. HAKAN: (laughs) Merve, bu akam Bora ve ben kahvehaneye gidiyoruz.

7. MERVE: Tamam. yi elenceler ama geç kalmayn!

ENGLISH

1. BORA: Hakan, what's that place?

2. HAKAN: Oh, that's a kahvehane (traditional Turkish coffee house). Do you like going to the kahvehane?

3. BORA: Yes, I do!

4. HAKAN: Well then, when should we go? Shall we go tonight?

5. BORA: That will be good! But you tell Merve.

6. HAKAN: (laughs) Merve, tonight, Bora and I are going to the kahvehane.

CONT'D OVER

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S1 #23 - LET'S HAVE A CUP OF TURKISH COFFEE IN A TRADITIONAL COFFEE HOUSE! 2 7. MERVE: Okay! Have fun, but don't be late!

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English Class

mahalle neighborhood, district noun

kahvehane traditional coffee house noun

ama but, if adverb

söylemek to tell verb

yi E⇥lenceler! Have fun! phrase

geç kalmak to be late verb

SAMPLE SENTENCES

stanbul’un bazı ilçelerinde mahalle Türk kahvehanelerinin kökeni kavramı güçlü ve baskındır. Osmanlı’ya dayanır.

"In some Istanbul districts, the "The roots of Turkish coffee houses trace neighborhood concept is strong and back to Ottoman Period." dominant."

Ayla güzel ama kibirli bir kız. Söylemek istedi⇤im çok ⌅ey var.

"Ayla is a beautiful but conceited girl." "I want to say a lot of things."

Mezuniyet balosunda iyi e⇤lenceler! Geç kalırsan darılırım.

"Have fun in prom!" "I would be offended if you are to be late."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S1 #23 - LET'S HAVE A CUP OF TURKISH COFFEE IN A TRADITIONAL COFFEE HOUSE! 3 mahalle mahalle, which is a noun meaning "neighborhood," is a residential cityscape with cultural significance in Turkey. Let's give further explanations for what we mean by that. A mahalle is smaller and less populated than a "district," as defined by the Turkish urban management system. And, culturally, it is the smallest cultural unit of city space where primary relations, like neighborliness, are important. To illustrate this in an example, you can say, stanbul ili, Kadiköy ilçesi, Erenköy mahallesinde oturuyorum, meaning, "I live in Istanbul, Kadiköy district, Erenköy neighborhood."

kahvehane kahvehane is a compound word composed of kahve, which is a noun meaning "coffee," and hane, which is an old word meaning "dwelling" or "house." Altogether, it makes kahvehane, literally meaning, "coffee house." Note that kahvehane refers to an old, traditional-style coffee house, as explained in the cultural insight section of this lesson. Contemporary cafés are called kafe in Turkish.

yi e⇥lenceler! yi e⇥lenceler! is a commonly used phrase, simply meaning "Have lots of fun!" This phrase can be used by everyone in almost every occasion, from going out to a movie to shopping, eating out, meeting a friend, a night out partying, etc. However, for occasions involving vacations and holidays, yi tatiller, meaning "Happy holidays!" is prefered.

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson Is Asking Questions in Turkey, Part 2 Ne zaman gidelim? "When do we go?"

As explained in Lesson 21, Turkish interrogative sentences can be classified into two groups. We have studies the basic yes/no questions and question tags in Lesson 21; therefore, in this lesson, we'll concentrate on regular questions. Before looking at how the interrogative form is constructed in detail, let's see some of the basic question words in Turkish.

Turkish question words English translations

ne? "what?"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S1 #23 - LET'S HAVE A CUP OF TURKISH COFFEE IN A TRADITIONAL COFFEE HOUSE! 4 kim? "who?" hangi? "which?" nere? "where?" ne zaman? "when?" nasıl? "how?" kaç tane? "how many?" ne kadar? "how much?" ne sıklıkla? "how often?"

By regular questions, we mean the ones constructed using the question words listed above. As you can see, unlike the examples in Lesson 21, the answers to these questions are not simply "yes" or "no." In English, there is a certain word order for regular question sentences. The question word comes first, and the rest of the sentence components follow it. In Turkish, however, questions are constructed in a quite different way. You can simply follow the instructions below to construct a regular interrogative sentence in Turkish.

1. Locate the word or phrase that gives the actual answer to the question.

2. Simply replace that word or phrase with the appropriate question word.

Let's illustrate the above explanations with an example. The question we want to ask is, "What is this?" Let's say the answer is "This is a table," which is Bu bir masa. The answer to the question is ...bir masa, meaning ."..is a table." Now, replace this phrase with the question word ne, meaning "what," and the question sentence becomes Bu ne?

To summarize, a question sentence has the same word order as a regular sentence. The difference is that the part of the sentence that is asked is replaced by the appropriate question word.

Where Do Suffixes Go When Formulating an Interrogative Sentence in Turkish?

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S1 #23 - LET'S HAVE A CUP OF TURKISH COFFEE IN A TRADITIONAL COFFEE HOUSE! 5 Adding to the explanation above, keep in mind that the question word takes all the suffixes of the word it is replacing.

Consider the sentence Bora i⌅e gidiyor. meaning "Bora is going to work."

Let's say you want to ask, "Who is going to work?" which is Kim i⌅e gidiyor? in Turkish. As you can see, Bora in the regular sentence is replaced by kim, meaning "who." Notice that the rest of the sentence is still the same.

Now, to understand the suffixes, let's formulate another related question: "Where did Bora go?" which is Bora nereye gitti? in Turkish. Here, i⌅ in the regular sentence is replaced by nere. Note that the question word nere also takes the directional suffix -e of the word i⌅ and becomes nereye, meaning "to where."

For example:

1. Bu ne? "What is this?"

2. Bu bir masa. "This is a table."

3. Kim i⌅e gidiyor? "Who is going to work?"

4. Bora i⌅e gidiyor. "Bora is going to work."

5. Bora nereye gitti? "Where did Bora go?

Examples from this dialogue:

1. Kahvehaneye gitmeyi sever misin? "Do you like going to a Turkish coffee house?"

2. Ne zaman gidelim? "When do we go?"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S1 #23 - LET'S HAVE A CUP OF TURKISH COFFEE IN A TRADITIONAL COFFEE HOUSE! 6 3. Bu ak⌅am gidelim mi? "Shall we go tonight?"

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Turkish Coffee Custom

In Ottoman palaces and mansions, the service of Turkish coffee involved a ceremony that was practiced in detail by custom. Before the coffee, guests would be offered a confectionary: jam, akide (a kind of Turkish hard candy, usually with cinnamon or sesame), or lokum ("Turkish delight"). These were presented on a silver tray bearing a covered bowl in the center, surrounded by goblets holding spoons and cups of water to be drunk after taking the sweet. After being passed around to the guests, the coffee would be served by three young girls. The elegance of the service was an indication of the family's affluence. Coffee was frequently accompanied by tobacco, which would be smoked in a nargileh or a long-stemmed chibouk.

Turkish coffee still plays an important role in contemporary Turkish life. It functions like a cultural medium for neighbors, friends, and family members to gather and spend time together. Also, Turkish men go to their local neighborhood kahvehane, meaning "traditional coffee houses," to spend time, watch the news, discuss daily matters and politics, and play Turkish rummikub, called okey.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S1 #23 - LET'S HAVE A CUP OF TURKISH COFFEE IN A TRADITIONAL COFFEE HOUSE! 7 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #24 Dierent Shades of Color and Taste in Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight

# 24

1. MERVE: (T he sound of eating)mm, bu çok baharatl ve lezzetli bir yemek. (Cough cough cough!) Ac !

2. HAKAN: O, tabasko sosu.

3. BORA: basko? 'T abasko' T ürkçe'de nasl denir?

4. HAKAN: Bir saniye lütfen...(beeping, searching on his phone). Ee, T abasko'ya T ürkçe'de de 'tabasko' denir. Acl sos demek.

5. MERVE: Üff... yandm çok ac! Su var m?

ENGLISH

1. MERVE: (The sound of eating) Mm. This is a very spicy and tasty food. (Cough, cough, cough!) It's hot!

2. HAKAN: (laughing) That's the Tabasco.

3. BORA: Tabasco? How do you say "Tabasco" in Turkish?

4. HAKAN: Please wait a moment. (beeping) Oh, "Tabasco" in Turkish is also called "tabasco." It means a spicy sauce.

5. MERVE: (Cough, cough, cough.) Ohh, hot sauce!

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English Class

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #24 - DIFFERENT S HADES OF COLOR AND TAS TE IN TURKIS H 2 spicy, seasoned with spices, baharatlı hot and spicy adjective

acı hot, bitter, sad, sorrowful adjective

tabasko tabasco noun

sos sauce noun

nasıl how, in what way adverb

demek to say, to mean, to tell verb

saniye second noun

yanmak to burn verb

su water noun

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Karabiber Osmanlı mutfa⇥ının Acı çekmeden uykusunda öldü.

vazgeçilmez baharatıydı. "He/She died in his/her sleep without "Black pepper was the irrevocable spice of feeling any pain." the Ottoman cuisine."

Makarnaya yo⇥urtlu sos yaptım. Nasılsınız?

"I made yoghurt sauce for pasta." "How are you?" (Formal)

Otele nasıl geri dönerim? Bu ne demek?

"How do I get back to the hotel?" "What does this mean?"

⇤nsanlar "Merhaba" der Yeni yıla saniyeler kaldı.

"The people say, 'Hello.'" "Seconds left to the New Year."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #24 - DIFFERENT S HADES OF COLOR AND TAS TE IN TURKIS H 3 Dün tarihi ah⌅ap bina yandı. Kadın su içer

"Yesterday, the historical, timber building "The woman drinks water." burned down."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE acı means "bitter," "hot," or "sorrowful." This adjective has a variety of meanings, ranging from taste to feelings. As a qualificative adjective describing a taste, acı refers to both "bitterness," as in bitter almonds, and "hotness" of the food, as in hot jalapeno peppers.

It can also describe a sorrowful, very painful event. You will find that Turkish people use it a lot after disasters or the death of someone. Most commonly, you will hear them say çok acı bir olay, meaning "a very sad/unfortunate event."

It is also used to describe more physical forms of pain. For example, imagine burning your hand when cooking. You can say Ah çok acıdı! meaning "Oh! It hurts a lot." demek means "to tell" or "to say." demek is the most fundamental verb that helps us build direct speech by quoting ideas, statements, and utterances directly. For example: Ö⇥renciyim "dedi," meaning "He/she said, 'I am a student.'"

However, in indirect speech or reported speech in Turkish, söylemek, another verb with similar meanings, is preferred. This is to say any idea, statement, or utterance without quoting it explicitly. For example: "She said she was coming" which is O gelece⇥ini söyledi. yanmak means "to burn," "to be on fire," and "to burn out."

You can use this verb in order to explain the process of any kind of fire, flame, or glow consuming a material. It can be the food you just burned: Yemek yandı, meaning "The food is burned." Notice that this example is in the passive voice. Another example could be Ah⇤ap bina yandı, meaning "The timber building burned down."

Since Turkish is a very rich language in terms of idiomatic expressions, we should mention yet another one with Yanmak. Yandı bitti kül oldu, literally meaning "It's burned. It's finished. It became ashes," is a famous rigmarole indicating that something is totally disappeared to its ashes.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #24 - DIFFERENT S HADES OF COLOR AND TAS TE IN TURKIS H 4 This verb can also connote feelings of despair, exhaustion, and hopelessness, like a clamor in panic. Çok büyük para kaybettim. Yandım! can be given as an example. It means, "I lost a huge amount of money. I am ruined!"

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson Is Adjectives, Part 1 Bu çok baharatlı ama lezzetli bir yemek "This is a very spicy, but delicious, food."

Turkish adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. In Turkish, any word that modifies a noun in terms of number, shape, color, etc. can be considered an adjective. For example: Ye⇤il elma, meaning "green apple." Here, ye⇤il, meaning "green," defines the color of the apple. Since "apple" is a noun, ye⇤il functions as an adjective in this example.

Tatlı bir yemek, which means "a sweet food." Here, tatlı, meaning "sweet," and bir, meaning "a," are both adjectives because "sweet" determines the taste of the food and bir, its number. In summary, the most fundamental point is: adjectives modify nouns, while adverbs modify verbs. In this lesson, we will learn more about the color and taste adjectives.

"Color adjectives" in English Renk Sıfatları

"black" siyah

"white" beyaz

"purple" mor

"blue" mavi

"green" ye⇤il

"red" kırmızı

"orange" portakal rengi

"yellow" sarı

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #24 - DIFFERENT S HADES OF COLOR AND TAS TE IN TURKIS H 5 "gray" gri

"brown" kahverengi

As you can see, kahverengi, meaning "brown," is a compound word made out of kahve, meaning "coffee," and renk, meaning "color." All in all, kahverengi literally means "coffee color."

Qualificative adjectives related to taste Tat ile ilgili Niteleme Sıfatları

"bitter" acı

"sweet" tatlı

"hot" acı, baharatlı

"spicy" baharatlı

"salty" tuzlu

"fresh" taze

"sour" ek⇤i

Some examples deriving from the table above are presented below:

Acı ilaç means "bitter medicine"

Tatlı armut means "wweet pear"

Ek⇤i ye⇤il erik means "sour green plum"

Asking How to Say Something in Turkish

For example:

1. Ye⇤il elma "green apple"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #24 - DIFFERENT S HADES OF COLOR AND TAS TE IN TURKIS H 6 2. Tatlı bir yemek "a sweet food"

3. Acı ilaç "bitter medicine"

4. Tatlı armut "sweet pear"

5. Ek⇤i ye⇤il erik "sour green plum"

Examples from this lesson:

1. çok acı bir olay "a very sad/unfortunate event"

Examples from this dialogue:

1. 1. Bu çok baharatlı ve lezzetli bir yemek. "This is a very spicy and tasty food."

2. Acılı sos "Spicy sauce."

Pronunciation Tip

In Turkish, English loan words or brand names are pronounced as they are written. For example: "Burger King" is pronounced Bur-ger King (bur as in burmak, meaning "to wring") without elongating the sound, as if it were a Turkish word. Another puzzling word to hear is "McDonalds;" you can hear many Turkish people say Mak do-nalt

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Spicy Dishes in

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #24 - DIFFERENT S HADES OF COLOR AND TAS TE IN TURKIS H 7 Turkey

Although Southeastern cuisine has a lot of hot dishes, in many other regions, like in Marmara or Aegean, it is not an accustomed taste. Keep in mind that adjectives describing the hotness of the food may differ depending on these regional differences. Usually, acı means "bitter" in Turkish, like the taste of a bitter grapefruit. However, sometimes, it refers to the hotness of the food; for example, "cayenne pepper" is called acı biber in Turkish. So, literally, it is called "bitter pepper."

Other times, you will hear some Turkish people expressing spicy, hot food by saying baharatlı, which means "seasoned with spices." So, don't be surprised if you hear a Turkish person say Üff, çok baharatlı. Bu kadar acı yeme⇥e alı⇤ık de⇥ilim, meaning "Uff, it's very spicy. I am not used to eating such hot food," after eating very hot Mexican food. Keep in mind that üff imitates the sound of blowing. You can use this expression while cooling a spoon of soup before swallowing or trying to reduce the pain of an open wound after applying oxygen to sterilize.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S 1 #24 - DIFFERENT S HADES OF COLOR AND TAS TE IN TURKIS H 8 LESSON NOTES Absolute Beginner S1 #25 Do You Remember the Turkish Grammar You've Learned in This Series?

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 3 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight

# 25

1. HAKAN: Seneye Meksikaya gidiyorum.

2. MERVE: Neden?

3. HAKAN: Kz kardeim evleniyor.

4. BORA: T ebrikler! Ne güzel! Ne zaman gidiyorsun?

5. HAKAN: Haziranda.

6. MERVE: Harika! Ahu da gidiyor mu?

7. HAKAN: Evet. Ayrca Ayla da gidecek. Çomar da gidecek.

8. MERVE: Çomar da m? Vay!

9. HAKAN: Sonra da, T ürkiye'ye geri geleceiz.

10. BORA: Gerçekten mi? Vay vay!

ENGLISH

1. HAKAN: I'm going to Mexico next year.

2. MERVE: Why?

3. HAKAN: My little sister is getting married.

4. BORA: Congratulations! That's nice. When are you going?

CONT'D OVER

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S1 #25 - DO YOU REMEMBER THE TURKISH GRAMMAR YOU'VE LEARNED IN THIS SERIES? 2 5. HAKAN: In June.

6. MERVE: Neat! Is Ahu going as well?

7. HAKAN: Yes! Ayla will also go. Çomar will go too.

8. MERVE: Çomar too? Wow.

9. HAKAN: After that, we'll come back to Turkey.

10. BORA: Really? Wow!

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English Class

sene year noun

neden why, reason adverb

evlenmek to marry, to get married verb

tebrik congratulations noun

haziran June noun

ayrıca also, besides, furthermore particle

sonra da and then particle

geri gelmek to return back verb phrase

harika superb, wonderful adjective

SAMPLE SENTENCES

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S1 #25 - DO YOU REMEMBER THE TURKISH GRAMMAR YOU'VE LEARNED IN THIS SERIES? 3 Neden yemek yemiyorsun? Yirmi be yaında evlendi.

"Why don’t you eat?" "She/he got married when she/he was twenty five."

Aile tebrikleri kabul etti. Yaz ayları haziran, temmuz ve

a⇤ustostur. "The family accepted the greetings." "The summer months are June, July and August."

Ayrıca bu kitabı da okumanızı tavsiye Sonra da lunaparka gidelim. ederim. "Then, let’s go to the amusement park." "Besides I also recommend you to read this book."

Cüzdanımı unuttu⇤um için geri geldim. Harika bir kahvaltı ettim.

"I returned back because I forgot my "I had a fabulous breakfast." wallet."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE evlenmek evlenmek means "to get married" or "to marry someone." Literally it means, "to obtain a house" emphasizing the establishment of a household by marriage. Turkish people like to make puns and play with the meaning of the word so that when they buy or rent a new house, they say evlendim.

geri gelmek is a modal verb meaning "to return" or "to reunite." This verb has a direct meaning indicating the action of returning to somewhere, for instance to your home country or where you have just come from, and it also has a romantic connotation highlighting the sudden interest of the person who broke up with you in the past.

GRAMMAR

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S1 #25 - DO YOU REMEMBER THE TURKISH GRAMMAR YOU'VE LEARNED IN THIS SERIES? 4 The Focus of This Lesson is a Review of Some Grammar Points Ei ile tanımak istiyorum. "I want to meet her husband."

As shown in the previous lessons, noun cases include a set of suffixes that show variety according to the vowel and consonant harmony rules. These suffixes modify the nouns and give them an orientation, however, the meaning remains the same. There are five different noun cases in Turkish.

In this series, we've studied two distinct noun cases that are often used in Turkish: the locative form constructed with -de and -da (and according to the vowel harmony rules sometimes -te and -ta) and the accusative case which we generally construct with -i and -ı suffixes.

Our first point is the locative case, which we talked about in lesson 15. Locative suffixes function just like the English prepositions "in," "at," and "on" to identify the orientation and the direction of the verbs and other elements of a sentence structure. Instead of "in," "at," and "on," Turkish uses locative case suffixes attached to the words where orientation is needed. In terms of orientation, the locative form signifies a static position, which is known as bulunma hali in Turkish.

Let's study the example from the dialogue:

1. Haziran-da "In June."

Our second point is the many uses of interrogative suffixes, which was covered in lessons 21 and 23. In this review, we'll focus on "yes-no questions" from lesson 21 exclusively. This set of suffixes is placed at the very end of the sentence right before the question mark. Let's remember the interrogative suffix that changes depending on the vowel harmony rules: -mi, - mı,- mu, or -mü.

We've especially picked this dialogue because unlike all the examples in lesson 21, it illustrates the other uses of interrogative suffixes. As you remember from the grammar point of that lesson, the interrogative suffix can also be used as an intensifier, or to convey "if," "as soon as," "when," and "whenever." Also, it can be used with a negative verb to highlight emphasis. Finally, it can function as an enclitic particle used to make a statement into a question, thus forming a tag question at the end of a sentence.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S1 #25 - DO YOU REMEMBER THE TURKISH GRAMMAR YOU'VE LEARNED IN THIS SERIES? 5 Our interrogative from this lesson's dialogue is Gerçekten mi?, meaning "Really?" The connotation of this sentence signifies doubt, uncertainty, or disbelief. So it's generally negative. Therefore, mi' is used to highlight more emphasis. This is a good example for point 4 in lesson 21.

Our third point is about the possessive suffixes in Turkish, which are explained in detail in lessons 9 and 10. Notice that the personal pronoun, which is the possession holder, is absent.

E⇥, meaning "partner," in this case "future husband," belongs to Hakan's sister: Onun e⇥i.

In this example, o is third person singular and signifies Hakan's sister. Therefore, -i suffix attached to the noun e⇥ is a third person possessive suffix.

Our final example, vay vay, meaning "wow!," takes us back to lesson 16: Turkish interjections and exclamations. Turkish is a very versatile language in terms of the abundance of exclamations and interjections used in everyday life. With the appropriate usage of these interjections, your daily dialogue in Turkish will sound natural. You will find yourself involved in dynamic and expressive Turkish dialogues once you study them! Perfect for kinesthetic learners, these interjections are very culture-specific and have a pragmatic function that helps frame the dialogue mentally and produce it verbally.

We've highlighted the grammar points that can be relatively difficult to understand as compared to others throughout this series. Please check review the grammar notes of each lesson, and don't hesitate to comment when you have further questions.

For example:

1. Haziranda "In June"

2. Gerçekten mi? "Really?"

3. E⇥i ile tanı⇥mak istiyorum. "I want to meet her husband"

4. Vay Vay "Wow!"

Sample

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S1 #25 - DO YOU REMEMBER THE TURKISH GRAMMAR YOU'VE LEARNED IN THIS SERIES? 6 Sentences

1. Yirmi be⇥ ya⇥ında evlendi. "She got married when she was twenty five."

2. Aile, tebrikleri kabul etti. "The family accepted the greetings."

3. Yaz ayları haziran, temmuz ve a⇤ustostur. "The summer months are June, July and August."

4. Ayrıca bu kitabı da okumanızı tavsiye ederim. "Furthermore, I also recommend you to read this book."

5. Sonra da lunaparka gidelim. "Then, let's go to the amusement park."

6. Cüzdanımı unuttu⇤um için geri geldim. "I returned because I forgot my wallet."

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Food Souvenirs from Turkey

Since this lesson is about vacations, we will introduce the top three ready-to-eat food souvenirs that you might want to bring back to your friends and family from your vacation in Turkey. The first one is a healthy choice: sun-dried apricots. Turkey is the leading apricot producer in the world, and these products are quite famous, with their thick, moist, and chewy textures. Pay attention for your dried apricot to be sun-dried, which is gün kurusu in Turkish. These ones are organic and dried naturally under the sun. You can easily distinguish them by their terracotta color. The bright orange ones are also sour and delicious, but they are chemically processed, since they are dipped in hydrated lime. Our second edible souvenir is the notorious "Turkish delight," which is known under the name lokum in Turkey. These sugar- sprinkled cubes of thickened milk or fruit syrup come in many flavors. We especially

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S1 #25 - DO YOU REMEMBER THE TURKISH GRAMMAR YOU'VE LEARNED IN THIS SERIES? 7 recommend you try çifte kavrulmu⇥, meaning "double-roasted," and güllü, meaning "with rose flavor." Pay attention to our third one, because it is one of the hidden local gourmet items originating from southeastern parts of Turkey. It is called cezerye, and it is a confection made with caramelized carrots and nuts, sprinkled with dried, shredded coconuts. This confection is quite healthy and is usually recommended by doctors to patients who cannot give up their sweet tooth and who have to follow a strict diet. You can buy all these products from your local kuruyemi⇥çi, a store selling dried fruits and nuts.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ABSOLUTE BEGINNER S1 #25 - DO YOU REMEMBER THE TURKISH GRAMMAR YOU'VE LEARNED IN THIS SERIES? 8 Intro 15 A Long, Hot Turkish Summer 1 Say "Hello" in Turkish Anytime, Anywhere! 16 Oh! Some Convenient Turkish Interjections! 2 Introducing Yourself in Turkish 17 Asking Somebody's Age in Turkish 3 Show Your Appreciation in Turkish 18 Talking About Likes and Dislikes in Turkish 4 The Art of Apologizing in Turkish 19 Asking the Time in Turkish 5 Can you Take My Turkish Order? 20 Talking About Animate and Inanimate Objects 6 Catching Up With an Old Turkish Friend in Turkish 7 Introducing Someone In Turkish 21 Asking Simple Questions in Turkish 8 Here's A Traditional Turkish Gift for You! 22 Which Turkish Beverage Do You Want to 9 What Is This Turkish Item? Drink? 10 Welcome to my Cosy Turkish Apartment! 23 Let's Have a Cup of Turkish Coffee in a 11 What's This Delicious Turkish Dish? Traditional Coffee House! 12 Can You Eat This Turkish Meatball? 24 Different Shades of Color and Taste in Turkish 13 Looking For A Bathroom in Turkey 25 Do You Remember the Turkish Grammar 14 Being Really Clumsy in Turkey You've Learned in This Series?