Javna Komunikacija U Srbiji

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Javna Komunikacija U Srbiji U realizaciji istraživanja i izveštaja učestvovali: dr Jovanka Matić, naučni saradnik Instituta društvenih nauka u Beogradu [email protected] Asocijacija nezavisnih elektronskih medija (ANEM) www.anem.org.rs Nezavisno udruženje novinara Srbije (NUNS) www.nuns.rs Asocijacija lokalnih nezavisnih medija (Lokal pres) www.localpress.org.rs Nezavisno društvo novinara Vojvodine (NDNV) www.ndnv.org Civil Rights Defenders www.civilrightsdefenders.org Ova Publikacija je realizovana u saradnji sa Civil Rights Defenders i uz finansijsku podršku Švedske agencije za međunarodni razvoj (Sida) Medijske slobode Srbije u evropskom ogledalu Page 2 SADRŽAJ: Uvod ................................................................................................................................... 4 Poznate i nepoznate činjenice o medijskom sektoru ................................................... 9 1. Zaštita prava na slobodu izražavanja i informisanja ................................................... 11 2. Sloboda kritike državnih funkcionera ........................................................................... 16 3. Nužnost i proporcionalnost ograničavanja slobode izražavanja ................................ 18 4. Sloboda ulaska u novinarsku profesiju .......................................................................... 20 5. Otvorenost medija za političke partije ......................................................................... 22 6. Nediskriminacija stranih novinara ................................................................................ 25 7. Sloboda izbora jezika komunikacije ............................................................................. 26 8. Zaštita poverljivosti izvora informacija ........................................................................ 29 9. Ograničenost ekskluzivnog prava na izveštavanje ...................................................... 31 10. Srazmernost zaštite privatnosti i državne tajne ......................................................... 32 11. Zaštita radnih i socijalnih prava novinara .................................................................... 34 12. Sloboda sindikalnog organizovanja novinara .............................................................. 37 13. Zaštita nezavisnosti uređivačke politike ..................................................................... 39 14. Zaštita bezbednosti novinara ....................................................................................... 43 15. Nepristrasnost i efikasnost regulatornih tela ............................................................. 46 16. Ravnopravnost pristupa distributivnim kanalima....................................................... 49 17. Sloboda dostupnosti Interneta i stranih medija ......................................................... 52 18. Sprečavanje monopola i razvoj pluralizma ................................................................. 53 19. Neutralnost finansijske pomoći države ....................................................................... 57 20. Nezavisnost javnog servisa ........................................................................................... 60 21. Zaštita uređivačke autonomnosti javnog servisa ....................................................... 63 22. Nepoželjnost skrivenog državnog vlasništva u medijima .......................................... 65 23. Nespojivost obavljanja državne funkcije i profesionalnih medijskih poslova ........... 68 24. Otvorenost organa vlasti za sve medije ...................................................................... 69 25. Poželjnost medijske samoregulacije ............................................................................ 72 26. Poštovanje novinarskog kodeksa ................................................................................. 74 27. Briga parlamenta o razvoju medijskih sloboda .......................................................... 76 Izvori i napomene .......................................................................................................... 77 Medijske slobode Srbije u evropskom ogledalu Page 3 Uvod Jedan od ključnih događaja u istoriji razvoja demokratije bilo je spoznavanje značaja slobode štampe krajem XVIII veka. Brojne tehnološke revolucije, koje su se odvijale u narednih 200 godina, neprestano su rađale nove medije – najnovija, digitalna revolucija odvija se upravo sada – ali je sloboda medija u sve raznovrsnijim oblicima javne komunikacije očuvala status neophodnog sastojka funkcionalne demokratije i ključnog pitanja za organizaciju i regulaciju svakog medijskog sistema. Među stručnjacima još uvek postoji spor o tome na koji način treba meriti slobodu medija, iako se komparativno ocenjivanje na globalnom nivou obavlja već gotovo četiri decenije (od 1973. godine). Mada je opšteprihvaćen, koncept slobode medija se različito definiše i tumači u raznim delovima sveta. Čak i kada su merne skale i indikatori isti, unutar različitih političkih sistema i kulturnih tradicija, oni imaju drugačiju specifičnu težinu. Niko, međutim, ne spori da je ocenjivanje medijskih sloboda, kao vrsta javnog nadzora nad pitanjem od značaja za celokupno društvo, potrebno i korisno. U svetu postoji više od 20 inicijativa za formulisanje standardizovanog instrumenta za merenje razvijenosti medijskih sloboda. Svoje liste indikatora su razvili, na primer, Fridom haus, Reporteri bez granica, IREX (Indeks održivosti medija), Svetska banka, Komitet za zaštitu novinara, Evropska federacija novinara, Medijski institut Južne Afrike, itd. Svima im je zajedničko shvatanje slobode izražavanja kao osnove za sve ostale demokratske slobode i kao pokazatelja ukupnog stepena ostvarenja slobode i poštovanja ljudskih prava u jednom društvu. Oni dele i uverenje da ocene ambijenta u kome mediji funkcionišu pomažu da se utvrde problematična pitanja i potencijalni nedostaci medijskog sistema i da se definišu nova operacionalna ili sistemska rešenja koja će unaprediti slobodno delovanje medija. Jedna takva lista za merenje slobode izražavanja, slobode informisanja i slobode medija, pod nazivom „Indikatori za medije u demokratiji“, razvijena je u okviru Saveta Evrope. Parlamentarna skupština Saveta Evrope je 2008. godine usvojila ovu listu (Rezolucija 1636/2008), a zajedno sa njom i preporuku (Preporuka 1848/2008), kojima sugeriše zemljama članicama – pre svega nacionalnim parlamentima – da prave periodične izveštaje i analize o medijskim slobodama u svojim zemljama na osnovu ponuđene liste. Istovremeno, Komitetu ministara SE preporučuje se da listu indikatora uzme u obzir kada procenjuje medijsku situaciju u državama članicama. Lista Saveta Evrope „Indikatori za medije u demokratiji“ sadrži u stvari 27 principa koji se tiču medijskih sloboda, a koje je Savet Evrope već utvrdio kao poželjne standarde medijske prakse u ranijim rezolucijama i preporukama Parlamentarne skupštine ili Komiteta ministara. Sam Savet Evrope ih naziva „bazičnim principima“. Oni su izdvojeni kao osnovne vrednosti koje, u cilju konsolidovanja demokratske stabilnosti Evrope, treba da štiti, zajedno i pojedinačno, svaka od 47 zemalja članica Saveta Evrope – podjednako Velika Britanija koliko i Rusija, Švedska koliko i Moldavija. Stoga bi se predložena lista vrednosti i principa mogla smatrati najmanjim zajedničkim sadržaocem opredeljenja članica Saveta Evrope da štite ljudska prava, demokratiju i vladavinu zakona u oblasti javne komunikacije, bez obzira na razlike u tradiciji, ekonomiji, političkoj kulturi i razvijenosti medijskog sistema. U listu indikatora nisu ugrađena merila „razvijenog Zapada“ („Western bias“), koja su slabo primenljiva u drugačijim kulturnim sredinama, a što se često zamera drugim mernim instrumentima za ocenu razvijenosti medijskih sloboda. Varijacije u shvatanju društvene odgovornosti medija, koje su uvek istorijski i kulturno uslovljene, prevazilaze se fokusiranjem na ulogu medija u stvaranju uslova za učešće javnosti u demokratskom procesu odlučivanja: javnosttreba da je dobro informisana i da ima mogućnost slobodne debate o različitim mišljenjima. Nema ni mnogo referenci na nove, multimedijalne oblike komunikacije – ne pominju Medijske slobode Srbije u evropskom ogledalu Page 4 se digitalna dividenda, opasnosti koncentracije vlasništva između telekomunikacionih operatora i tradicionalnih medija, ni prednosti konvergencije regulatora, ni građansko novinarstvo. I koncepti koje koriste „Indikatori za medije u demokratiji“ i njihov jezik su tradicionalni. Oni govore o medijima, a ne o audio-vizuelnim uslugama. U njima se zastupaju klasične evropske liberalno-pluralističke vrednosti u pravnom, ekonomskom, političkom i profesionalnom ambijentu slobodnog medijskog rada: potrebna je zakonska zaštita prava na slobodu izražavanja i informisanja; organi vlasti moraju biti otvoreni za medije, a novinari moraju imati slobodu da kritikuju državne funkcionere; država ne treba da bude prikriveni vlasnik medija, ali može da ih pomaže na transparentan i neutralan način, istovremeno vodeći računa o sprečavanju monopola i podsticanju pluralizma; javni servis je poželjan ali treba da bude nezavisan; novinarima treba da budu garantovana radna prava, pravo na sindikalno organizovanje i samoregulaciju. Savet Evrope državama članicama preporučuje aktivnu nacionalnu medijsku politiku, ali i učešće u aktivnostima na evropskom nivou radi nalaženja rešenja za zajedničke i posebne probleme. Istovremeno, Savet poziva medijske profesionalce, medijska udruženja i medije da primenjuju i unapređuju ponuđenu listu
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