The Criminal Law of South Carolina Sixth Edition

Table of Contents

Chapter I General Principles of Criminal Law Introduction ...... 1 A. Mental State ...... 1 1. Alternative Approaches to Mental State ...... 1 a. Specific Intent and General Intent ...... 1 b. The Hierarchical Approach: Purpose, Knowledge, Recklessness, Negligence, and Strict Liability ...... 2 2. How to Determine What Mental State Is Required...... 4 3. Particular Types of Mental States ...... 5 a. Purposeful or Intentional Conduct ...... 5 b. Willfulness ...... 9 c. Knowledge ...... 10 d. Unintentional Conduct: Recklessness or Criminal Negligence and Simple Negligence ...... 12 4. Strict and Vicarious Liability ...... 15 a. Strict Liability Offenses ...... 15 b. Vicarious Liability ...... 17 5. Problems of Disparity Between Mental State and Consequences of Act; “Transferred Intent” ...... 18 a. Unintended Victim ...... 18 b. Intended Victim, Unintended Degree of Harm ...... 20 c. Unintended Type of Harm ...... 20 B. The Act ...... 22 1. Voluntary Nature of the Act; Omissions; the Act of Possession ...... 22 a. Voluntary Nature of the Act ...... 22 b. Omissions ...... 23

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c. The Act of Possession ...... 24 2. Related Acts and Multiple Charges ...... 27 C. Classification of Offenses ...... 30 1. Felonies and Misdemeanors ...... 30 a. Felonies Distinguished from Misdemeanors ...... 30 b. Distinctions Between Felonies and Misdemeanors ...... 33 2. Common Law and Statutory Offenses ...... 37 3. Lesser Included Offenses ...... 41 a. Basic Rules ...... 41 b. Other Representative Greater and Lesser Included Offenses ...... 47 4. Moral Turpitude ...... 49 5. Violent Crime ...... 53 6. No Parole Offenses ...... 57 7. “Most Serious Offenses” and “Serious Offenses” ...... 57 D. Burden of Proof and Presumptions ...... 62 1. Burden of Proof ...... 62 a. The State’s Burden and the Presumption of Innocence ...... 62 b. Beyond a Reasonable Doubt ...... 63 c. Reasonable Doubt and Individual Elements of an Offense ...... 66 d. Affirmative Defenses ...... 67 e. Statutory Exemptions or Exceptions ...... 68 f. Validity of Prior Convictions Used to Enhance Punishment ...... 69 2. Presumptions ...... 70 a. The Basic Rules ...... 70 b. Harmless Error ...... 76 E. Jurisdiction ...... 78 1. Basic Rules ...... 78 a. Geographic Concerns ...... 78 b. Subject Matter Jurisdiction vs. Jurisdiction ...... 79 c. Sufficiency of the Indictment ...... 82 2. The State Grand Jury ...... 83

Chapter II Offenses Against the Person A. Homicide ...... 85 1. Basic Issues ...... 85 a. Types of Homicides and Definitions ...... 85 b. Corpus Delicti ...... 88 c. Human Being ...... 89 ii Table of Contents

d. Causation ...... 90 e. Venue and Jurisdiction ...... 95 2. Murder and Attempted Murder ...... 96 a. Basic Elements of Murder ...... 96 b. Related and Lesser Included Offenses ...... 98 c. Malice Aforethought ...... 101 d. Felony Murder ...... 117 e. Capital Murder ...... 124 3. Voluntary Manslaughter ...... 199 a. Definition, Rationale, and Relation to Murder ...... 199 b. The Focus of Manslaughter: Heat of Passion on Adequate Provocation ...... 203 4. Involuntary Manslaughter, Reckless Homicide, and Felony DUI...... 218 a. Alternative Offenses Concerning Involuntary Homicides ...... 218 b. An Important Historical Digression: State v. Barnett and the Traditional Definition of Negligence in Involuntary Manslaughter ...... 220 c. Current State of the Law ...... 221 5. Lynching / Assault and Battery by Mob ...... 230 6. Homicide by Child Abuse ...... 232 B. Assault and Battery ...... 236 1. The Statutory and Common Law Crimes ...... 236 2. Common Law Assault and Battery ...... 240 a. Intentional Creation of Apprehension of Bodily Harm ...... 241 b. Attempted Battery Type Assaults ...... 241 c. Mens Rea ...... 242 d. The Act ...... 243 e. Relationship to Other Offenses ...... 245 3. Assault and Battery of a High and Aggravated Nature and Other Degrees of Assault and Battery ...... 246 a. Common Law History and the New Statutory Crimes ...... 246 b. The Elements of ABHAN ...... 250 4. Attempted Murder - Formerly Assault and Battery with Intent to Kill ...... 253 a. The Elements of Attempted Murder ...... 253 b. The Problem of Mens Rea ...... 255 5. Related Statutory Offenses ...... 256 a. Resisting Arrest ...... 256 b. Criminal Domestic Violence ...... 257 c. Spousal Sexual Battery ...... 259

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d. Abuse or Neglect of Vulnerable Adults ...... 259 e. Felony DUI Causing Great Bodily Injury ...... 260 f. Felony Failure to Stop for School Bus ...... 260 g. Child Abuse, Child Endangerment and Related Offenses ...... 261 h. Stalking ...... 262 i. Hazing ...... 263 j. Stink Bombs ...... 263 k. Knowingly Exposing Others to HIV or Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases ...... 263 l. Affray ...... 264 m. Assaults with Firearms ...... 264 n. Threatening a Public Official ...... 265 o. Carjacking ...... 265 p. Assisting a Suicide ...... 266 q. Failure to Report Medical Treatment for Gunshot Wounds ...... 266 r. Desecration of Human Remains ...... 266 C. Criminal Sexual Assault ...... 266 1. Introduction and Common Law Offenses ...... 266 a. Common Law Offenses Still in Effect ...... 266 b. Common Law Rape ...... 268 c. Assault with Intent to Ravish ...... 270 d. Statutory Rape and Its Common Law Antecedents ...... 271 2. Current Statutes ...... 274 a. Criminal Sexual Conduct ...... 274 b. Sexual Offenses with Minors ...... 286 3. Evidentiary, Procedural and Miscellaneous Issues ...... 294 a. Court Order Examination of Child Victim ...... 294 b. Rape Trauma Syndrome, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Repressed Memory Syndrome ...... 294 c. Hearsay Exception ...... 297 d. Evidence of Other Bad Acts ...... 299 e. Presenting the Testimony of a Young Victim of a Sexual Assault ...... 302 f. Corroboration ...... 306 g. Evidence of Victim’s Prior Sexual Conduct ...... 307 h. Victim is Legal Spouse of Defendant ...... 310 i. Exceptions to Marital Privilege Regarding Spousal Testimony . . . . 311 j. Specificity of Indictment and Proof as to Time of Assault ...... 311 k. Mandatory Testing of Sexual Offenders for Hepatitis B and HIV; Testing of Victim ...... 312

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l. DNA Analysis and Other Scientific Testing of the Accused’s Body Tissue ...... 313 m. Incapacity ...... 314 n. Registration of Sexual Offenders ...... 314 o. Other Evidentiary Issues ...... 315 p. Sexually Violent Predator Act ...... 315 q. Satellite Monitoring ...... 318 D. Kidnapping ...... 319 1. The Basic Statutory Offense ...... 319 2. Elements ...... 320 3. Relationship to Other Offenses ...... 322 E. Robbery ...... 325 1. Unarmed Robbery ...... 325 a. Basic Issues ...... 325 b. Related Offenses ...... 328 2. Armed Robbery ...... 329 a. The Statute and Basic Issues ...... 329 b. Punishment ...... 329 c. “While Armed with a ....” ...... 330 d. Related Offenses and Other Weapons Offenses ...... 334

CHAPTER III Offenses Against Property A. Introduction ...... 339 1. Relationship Between Traditional Theft Offenses ...... 339 2. Effect of the Crime Classification Act of 1993 On Punishment for Theft Offenses ...... 340 3. Restitution ...... 341 B. Larceny ...... 342 1. Introduction: Elements and Lesser Included Offenses ...... 342 2. Trespassory ...... 343 3. Taking and Carrying Away ...... 346 4. Property ...... 347 a. Property Subject to Larceny ...... 347 b. The Distinction Between Grand and Petit Larceny and the Valuation of Property ...... 348 5. Of Another ...... 350 6. Intent to Steal ...... 351 7. Procedural Issues ...... 352 8. Privily Stealing ...... 354 9. Failure to Return Rented Objects and Other Specialized Larceny Offenses ...... 355

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C. Breach of Trust ...... 357 1. Relationship to Larceny ...... 357 2. The Trust ...... 360 3. Fraudulent Intention ...... 361 4. Other Issues ...... 361 D. Embezzlement ...... 362 E. False Pretenses ...... 365 1. The Statute and Its Penalties ...... 366 2. False Representation of Fact ...... 367 3. Intent to Defraud ...... 368 4. The Victim Must Be Deceived ...... 368 5. Must the Victim Pass Title to the Property to the Wrongdoer? ...... 369 6. The Nature of the Property ...... 370 7. Related Offenses ...... 371 F. Shoplifting ...... 371 G. Financial Transaction Card Crimes ...... 375 H. Receiving Stolen Goods ...... 377 1. The Current Statute ...... 377 2. Elements ...... 378 a. The Goods Must Have Been Stolen By Another ...... 378 b. Goods Must Still Be “Stolen” at Time of Receipt ...... 379 c. Knowing or Having Reason to Believe That the Goods Are Stolen ...... 380 d. At Least Under Pre-July 1, 1993 Law, the Receipt Must Have Been with a Fraudulent Intent ...... 382 3. Sentence and Procedural Issues ...... 383 4. Related Offense of Failure of Retailer to Provide Record of Source of Merchandise ...... 385 I. Forgery ...... 385 1. Elements of the Offense ...... 385 2. Materiality ...... 387 3. Uttering ...... 388 4. Intent to Defraud ...... 388 5. Penalties ...... 389 6. Related Offenses ...... 390 J. Fraudulent Checks ...... 390 1. Relationship to Other Offenses ...... 390 2. Scope and Elements ...... 392 3. Statutory Presumptions ...... 394 4. The Effect of Restitution: Permissive Grounds for Dismissal; Sentence, Suspension and Expungement ...... 396

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K. Burglary and Related Offenses ...... 398 1. Common Law Burglary and Early Statutory Offenses ...... 398 2. The Current Burglary Statute ...... 399 a. First Degree Burglary ...... 400 b. Second Degree Burglary ...... 402 c. Third Degree Burglary ...... 403 d. Relationships Between the Three Degrees ...... 403 3. Elements of Burglary ...... 404 a. Entering Without Consent ...... 404 b. Dwelling House and Building ...... 405 c. Of Another ...... 409 d. Nighttime ...... 410 e. With Intent ...... 411 f. Breaking ...... 413 4. Related Offenses ...... 415 a. Burglary Tools ...... 415 b. Criminal Trespass ...... 416 c. Breaking Into Motor Vehicles; Entering House or Vessel ...... 417 L. Arson and Related Offenses ...... 418 1. Common Law Arson ...... 418 2. The Arson Statutes ...... 418 3. Attempts to Commit Arson and Actually Committing It ...... 420 4. Property Subject to Arson ...... 421 5. The Requisite Mens Rea ...... 422 6. Proof and Procedural Matters ...... 423 M. Malicious Injury to Property And Related Offenses ...... 424 N. Blackmail And Extortion ...... 425 O. Computer Crime ...... 427

Chapter IV Anticipatory Offenses and Parties to Criminal Activity A. Introduction ...... 429 B. Conspiracy ...... 430 1. The Basics ...... 430 2. The Agreement ...... 432 3. Parties to a Conspiracy ...... 434 a. Proving Individual Membership in a Conspiracy ...... 434 b. Membership Based on One’s Having Supplied Goods to the Conspiracy ...... 436 c. Plurality Problems ...... 437

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4. The Objective ...... 439 5. Scope, Duration, and Withdrawal; Problems of Proof ...... 440 6. Vicarious Liability ...... 446 7. Procedure ...... 448 a. Jurisdiction and Venue ...... 448 b. Statements and Acts of Co-Conspirators ...... 448 c. Joinder and Severance ...... 450 8. Sentencing and Additional Conspiracy Statutes ...... 451 a. The Basic Statute ...... 451 b. Controlled Substances ...... 451 c. Kidnapping ...... 452 d. Miscellaneous Conspiracy Statutes ...... 452 C. Solicitation ...... 453 1. Basic Definition and Relationship to Other Anticipatory Offenses ...... 453 2. Elements ...... 455 3. Specialized Solicitation Statutes ...... 456 D. Attempt ...... 456 1. Introduction ...... 456 2. The Act ...... 459 3. The Mental Element ...... 462 4. Impossibility ...... 463 E. Parties to Criminal Offenses ...... 465 1. Definitions and Basic Elements ...... 465 a. Accessory Before The Fact and Principals ...... 466 b. Accessory After the Fact ...... 471 c. Misprision of Felony, Compounding Crime, and Criminal Acts On Behalf of Corporations ...... 473 2. Responsibility for Natural Consequences of Principal First’s Act ...... 474 3. Procedural Issues ...... 476 a. Indictment ...... 476 b. Venue ...... 477 c. Mutuality of Convictions ...... 477 d. Uncorroborated Testimony of Accomplice ...... 480 e. Presumptions ...... 480

Chapter V Other Offenses A. Contraband ...... 481 1. Possession ...... 481 a. Knowing Possession ...... 481

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b. Proving Possession ...... 483 c. Mere Presence Charge ...... 490 2. Possession with Intent to Distribute ...... 491 a. Inference From Amount Possessed ...... 491 b. Use of Prior Conduct ...... 493 c. Lesser Included Offense and King Instructions ...... 494 d. Other Issues ...... 496 e. Statutes ...... 498 f. Punishments ...... 499 3. Special Statutes ...... 504 a. Possession, Distribution and Trafficking in Methamphetamine Cocaine Base and Ephedrine Type Stimulants ...... 504 b. Accommodation Distribution ...... 506 c. Conditional Discharge ...... 506 d. Trafficking in Drugs ...... 507 e. Conspiracy and Attempts ...... 514 f. Distribution to Persons Under Eighteen ...... 514 g. Distribution of Drugs Within Proximity of a School ...... 515 h. Defrauding a Drug Screen ...... 516 i. Forfeiture ...... 517 j. Money Laundering ...... 520 k. Drug Induced Crime ...... 521 4. Sentencing Charts ...... 522 a. Possession: §§ 44-53-370(d) and 44-53-375(A) (Supp. 2012)...... 522 b. Manufacturing, Distributing, Possession with Intent to Distribute §§ 44-53-370(a),(b)&(d)(4) and 44-53-375(B) (Supp. 2012) ...... 523 c. Trafficking in Drugs § 44-53-370(e) (Supp. 2012) ...... 524 5. Common Controlled Substances and Their Synonyms ...... 535 B. Offenses Against Public Justice ...... 536 1. Perjury, Subornation of Perjury and False Swearing ...... 536 2. Bribery, Corruption of Jurors and the Like ...... 538 3. Contempt ...... 543 4. Obstruction of Justice, Resisting Arrest, and Related Offenses ...... 547 a. Obstruction of Justice ...... 547 b. Resisting Arrest ...... 549 5. Misconduct in Office ...... 552 6. Aiding or Permitting Escape ...... 552 7. Escape ...... 553 8. Taking Hostages ...... 555

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C. Crimes Against Morality And Decency ...... 555 1. Introduction ...... 555 2. Adultery and Fornication ...... 556 3. Bigamy ...... 556 4. Incest ...... 557 5. Seduction and Related Offenses ...... 557 6. Prostitution ...... 558 7. Promoting and Participating in the Prostitution of a Minor ...... 560 8. Buggery ...... 561 9. Indecent Exposure ...... 562 10. Lewd Exposure of Private Parts ...... 564 11. Obscenity ...... 566 12. Adult Business Zoning Ordinances ...... 571 13. Materials Harmful to Minors ...... 572 14. Communicating an Obscene Message to Another ...... 575 D. Traffic Offenses ...... 575 1. Introduction ...... 575 2. Driving Under the Influence and Driving With An Unlawful Alcohol Concentration ...... 576 a. DUI Generally ...... 576 b. Driving With An Unlawful Alcohol Concentration (DUAC) ...... 578 c. Corpus Delicti ...... 579 d. Miranda Warnings ...... 582 e. Multiple Offenses ...... 583 f. License Suspension ...... 585 g. Breathalyzer ...... 585 h. Refusing the Breathalyzer ...... 590 i. Blood Testing ...... 592 j. Assistance of the Arresting Officer ...... 594 k. Other Testing ...... 597 l. Videotaping ...... 598 m. Punishment for DUI & DUAC ...... 600 3. Felony Driving Under the Influence ...... 603 4. Drivers Under 21 Years of Age ...... 603 5. Child Endangerment ...... 604 6. Driving Under Suspension (DUS) and DUB by Habitual Offenders ...... 604 7. Boating Safety and Boating Under the Influence (BUI) ...... 605 E. Other Miscellaneous Crimes ...... 606 1. Intimidation by Use of an Incendiary (Cross Burning) ...... 606 2. Noise Ordinances ...... 607

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3. Disorderly Conduct, Loitering, Peeping Tom and Disturbing Schools . . . . . 608 4. Threatening Remarks ...... 611 5. Illegal Coin-operated Video Machines and Gambling...... 611

Chapter VI Defenses A. Introduction ...... 615 B. Self-Defense ...... 615 1. Burden of Proof ...... 615 2. When Are Self-Defense Instructions Required? ...... 618 3. Deadly Force or Non-Deadly Force: Important Distinctions ...... 620 4. Elements: The Basic Instruction ...... 621 a. Self-Defense Claimant Must Have Been Without Fault ...... 622 b. Belief in Imminent Danger or the Actuality of Such Danger ...... 626 c. A Requirement of Reasonableness ...... 628 d. The Duty to Retreat Before Using Deadly Force ...... 629 5. The Battered Woman Syndrome ...... 631 6. Imperfect Self-Defense ...... 635 C. Defense of Others ...... 636 D. Defense of Property ...... 639 1. Statutory Defense of Property Under Citizen’s Arrest Statute ...... 639 2. Common Law Defense of Property ...... 639 3. Protection of Persons and Property Act ...... 643 E. Resisting Unlawful Arrest and Excessive Force During a Lawful Arrest ...... 644 F. Citizen’s Arrest ...... 646 G. Insanity ...... 649 1. The Definition of Insanity ...... 649 a. The Basic South Carolina Definition ...... 649 b. Volitional Aspects of Insanity ...... 651 c. Mental Disease or Defect ...... 652 d. Multiple Personality Disorder ...... 653 e. Relevance of Evidence of Mental Disorders in Contexts Other than the Insanity Defense ...... 654 2. Guilty But Mentally Ill (GBMI) ...... 654 a. The Basic South Carolina Definition ...... 654 b. Effect of the Verdict ...... 656 c. Procedures ...... 657 3. Competency ...... 658 a. Competency to Stand Trial ...... 658 b. Competency to Be Executed ...... 665

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4. Procedures ...... 665 a. Is There an Insanity Issue? ...... 665 b. Jury Instructions ...... 666 c. Competency Determination ...... 667 d. Insanity Determination ...... 669 e. Inculpatory Statements While Committed and Related Issues ...... 670 f. Disclosure of Mental Health Examinations ...... 674 g. Preparation of Defense ...... 675 h. Proof ...... 676 i. Lay Witnesses ...... 677 j. The State’s Proof ...... 678 H. Incapacity of a Child ...... 678 I. Intoxication ...... 679 1. Voluntary Intoxication ...... 679 2. Involuntary Intoxication ...... 681 J. Unconsciousness or Automatism ...... 682 K. Entrapment ...... 684 1. The Basic Definitions ...... 684 2. The Due Process Alternative ...... 689 L. Duress and Necessity ...... 690 M. Mistake of Fact or Law ...... 694 N. Consent ...... 701 O. Alibi ...... 702 P. Law Enforcement ...... 703 Q. Accident ...... 704 R. Apparent Authority ...... 705 S. Third-Party Guilt ...... 706

Table of Cases ...... 709

South Carolina Codes ...... 776

Index ...... 799

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