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Historicizing European Identity a Thesis Submitted EUROPEANIZATION OF MINORITIES VS. MINORITIES OF EUROPEANIZATION: HISTORICIZING EUROPEAN IDENTITY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY HAKAN ÖVÜNÇ ONGUR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AUGUST 2011 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences ______________________ Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________________ Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________________ Prof. Dr. A. Nuri Yurdusev Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aylin Güney (Yaşar U., IR) ______________________ Prof. Dr. A. Nuri Yurdusev (METU, IR) ______________________ Prof. Dr. Çınar Özen (Ankara U., IR) ______________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Oktay F. Tanrısever (METU, IR) ______________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zana Ç. Aytürk (METU, IR) ______________________ PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name : Hakan Övünç Ongur Signature : iii ABSTRACT EUROPEANIZATION OF MINORITIES VS. MINORITIES OF EUROPEANIZATION: HISTORICIZING EUROPEAN IDENTITY Ongur, Hakan Övünç Ph.D., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof. Dr. A. Nuri Yurdusev August 2011, 329 pages The purpose of this dissertation is to answer ‘if we can live together?’, through establishing a historical approach towards the concepts of Europeanization, European identity and the rights of minorities. The main argument reads that within the historical understanding of Europeanization, it is theoretically impossible to speak of a common European identity that European peoples and societies could agree upon. The problem is that such impossibility cannot be explained by the mainstream political identity and Europeanization literature. In this thesis, in order to account for the late-modern European self-definition which is distinguished with its banal character that carries elements from post-modernity yet at the same time is situated on the modern necessities and inventions, ‘social identity’ and ‘social categorization’ conceptualizations of Henri Tajfel are addressed. The aim is to communicate between the studies of Europeanization and European identity and the Social Identity Theory that proposes an instant gathering of people through social iv ingrouping without developing a certain sense of common culture, identity or belongingness. Having set the theoretical ground, the practical consequences of European ingrouping are examined by employing a historical perception of the development of the idea of minorities in Europe. Minorities are the traditional others of European nation-states and they are the outgroups of any social ingrouping for that matter. There are observed two fundamental results of the current European ingrouping-outgrouping on the development of minority right regimes in Europe. On the one hand, there is still the traditional security-oriented perception of national minorities in Europe that is simultaneously exposed to Europeanization and some level of improvement; yet, on the other hand, the European ingrouping itself is causing the minoritization of certain groups, excluding them from the very agenda of Europeanization. Keywords: Europeanization, European Identity, Social Identity Theory, Issue of Minorities v ÖZ AZINLIKLARIN AVRUPALILAŞMASI’NA KARŞI AVRUPALILAŞMA’NIN AZINLIKLARI: AVRUPA KĐMLĐĞĐNĐ TARĐHSELLEŞTĐRMEK Ongur, Hakan Övünç Doktora, Uluslararası Đlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. A. Nuri Yurdusev Ağustos 2011, 329 sayfa Bu tezin amacı ‘bir arada yaşayabilir miyiz?’ sorusuna, Avrupalılaşma, Avrupa kimliği ve azınlık hakları çerçevesinde, tarihsel bir bakış açısı ile yanıt aramaktır. Burada öne sürülen ana sav, Avrupalılaşma’nın tarihsel algılanışı dahilinde, Avrupalı toplulukların ya da bireylerin üzerinde anlaşabilecekleri bir ‘ortak Avrupa kimliği’nden söz etmenin imkansızlığıdır. Ancak, bu imkansızlık, genelgeçer kimlik kuramları veya Avrupalılaşma literatürü ile açıklanamaz. Bu tezde, Banal bir karakterde oluşu ile benzerlerinden ayrılan, içine bazı postmodern elementleri entegre etmeyi başarmışsa da halihazırda modern gereksinimler ve icatlar üzerinde duran, bu nedenle de geç-modern olarak tanımlanmayı gerektiren ‘Avrupalı kendi- tanımlaması’nı anlamak için, Henri Tajfel’in ‘sosyal kimlik’ ve ‘sosyal kategorizasyon’ kavramlarından yararlanılmaktadır. Amaç, üzerinde anlaşılacak ortak bir kültür, kimlik veya aidiyet duygusu olmadan da bireylerin ve toplulukların bir araya gelebileceğini öne süren Sosyal Kimlik Kuramı’nı, Avrupalılaşma ve vi Avrupa kimliği kavramları ile tanıştırmaktır. Bu hedefe kuramsal çerçevede ulaşıldıktan sonra, pratikteki olası yansımaları, Avrupa’da tarih içerisinde gelişen azınlıklar anlayışı üzerinden incelenmiştir. Buna göre, azınlıklar, modern sistemin üzerine kurulduğu milliyetçilik ve ulus devlet projelerinin, geleneksel ‘ötekileri’, sosyal kimlik kuramlarına göre ise, ‘dışgruplarıdır’. Avrupa’da bugün gelişmekte olan içgrup-dışgrup ayrımının, azınlıklar meselesinde iki temel sonucu saptanmıştır. Bir tarafta, bugünün Avrupalı devletlerinin geleneksel, savunma-odaklı ulusal azınlık anlayışları devam etmekte ve Avrupalılaşma süreci bu azınlıklara verilen hakları ve korunmayı bir ölçüde geliştirmekteyken; diğer tarafta, oluşmakta olan Avrupa içgrubunun kendi ötekilerini ve azınlıklarını yaratmakta ve bu grupları Avrupalılaşma sürecinden dışlamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Avrupalılaşma, Avrupa Kimliği, Sosyal Kimlik Kuramı, Azınlıklar Meselesi vii DEDICATION To all minorities viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincerest gratitude… To my supervisor, Prof. Dr. A. Nuri Yurdusev, for his endless support all throughout the incubation, preparation, expression, and unfolding phases of this thesis and for his belief in me during a very difficult period in my life. Without his incomparable presence, this thesis would not be here. To Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zana Çitak and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aylin Güney, for their support and ideas throughout the research and their appreciation at the end. Their valuable encouragement kept my will to go on the way I believe. To Prof. Dr. Çınar Özen and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Oktay Tanrısever, for their contributing participation in the thesis jury in such a short notice and their appreciation at the end. To TÜBĐTAK-BĐDEB, for cherishing my prospect and research with their generous scholarship. To my family and friends, for always reminding me of that whenever life comes up with an unpleasant surprise there will always be someone to hold on to, and that there is always a way out. This work belongs also to you. And to my superhero, for saving me every single day. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM...........................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................iv ÖZ..............................................................................................................................vi DEDICATION ........................................................................................................viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.........................................................................................ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................................x LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................xiii LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................xiv LIST OF ABBREVATIONS....................................................................................xv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................1 2. EUROPEANIZATION: TECHNICAL, NORMATIVE, HISTORICAL......10 2.1. Europeanization - A Solution or A New Problem?...............................10 2.2. Technical Uses of Europeanization.......................................................13 2.3. Normative Uses of Europeanization......................................................22 2.4. Historical Uses of Europeanization.......................................................27 2.4.1. Historical Stages of Europeanization ...........................................33 2.5. Europeanization Assessed .....................................................................40 3. FROM EUROPEAN UNITY TO EUROPEAN IDENTITY.........................42 3.1. Europæ...................................................................................................42 3. 2. From European Culture to Unity? ........................................................44 3.3. The Twentieth Century: A Short Break on ‘Unity’...............................51 3. 4. Towards a European Identity?..............................................................57 3.5. Construction of European Identity ........................................................59
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