DOCSLIB.ORG

Platinum Group Organometallics COATINGS for ELECTRONICS and RELATED USES by Professor A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Platinum Group Organometallics COATINGS for ELECTRONICS and RELATED USES by Professor A Platinum Group Organometallics COATINGS FOR ELECTRONICS AND RELATED USES By Professor A. Z. Rubezhov Institute of Organo-Element Compounds. U.S.S.K. Academy of Sciences, Moscow Platinum group organometallics have recently been the subject of inten- sive investigation designed to establish the basic characteristics of their derontposition, which results in the formation of metallic or nietal- containing coatings. This review has been compiled from a literature search and indicates some of the applications that are, or could be, of commercial significance. This survey is devoted to some aspects of the regarded as separate techniques. These types of use of organometallic platinum group com- organometallic compounds can decompose to a pounds for the preparation of materials suitable metal, or to an oxide under the influence of for industrial applications, mainly in electronics heat, electric discharge, electron beam, and (1,2). The detailed chemistry of organometallic laser radiation, and these techniques are platinum group compounds is not included, as employed for vapour phase decomposition. a number of monographs on this subject are Decomposition of organometallic compounds available (3, 4, 5). In some instances, however, in solution is frequently performed thermally, information about co-ordination complexes of photochemically, electrochemically or via platinum group metals will be included. The chemical reduction and hydrolysis. Each possible practical use of organometallic method will now be considered separately, and platinum group compounds for the deposition a list of the compounds and metals used in each of coatings and films by various decomposition will be given. techniques was suggested in early works on The requirements for vapour phase thermal synthesis, see for example (6). To date, decomposition are as follows (1, 2): however, organic derivatives of platinoids have (a) the compound should be transformed into found little commercial use despite fairly exten- the vapour phase without decomposition sive data, especially in the patent literature. (b) the compound should be highly volatile The reasons for this include the high cost of the (c) organic products resulting from the decom- compounds, the lack of suitable coating equip- position of the organometallic compounds ment, and, in some cases, the lack of routine should be gaseous, and should not contaminate production processes for the synthesis of the the coating required complexes. (d) the organometallic compounds should be A brief outline of general coating and film non-toxic and ideally should be stable to air and deposition techniques based on organometallic moisture. platinum group compounds is first given. The first two of these are the determining fac- To date, there are two main decomposition tors. In order to characterise the volatility of methods for the production of coatings, namely organometallic compounds, the vapour vapour phase decomposition and decomposi- pressure-temperature equation should be ap- tion in solutions. The decompositions of plied. However, for organometallic platinum organometallic compounds in the solid state group compounds, this is known only for and as components of various viscous composi- ruthenocene (7), CpPtMe, (8) and MeC,- tions, such as pastes and polymers, can be H,PtMe, (8). For a number of compounds Platinum Metals Rev., 1992, 36, (11, 26-33 26 sublimation point (sub1m.p.) and boiling point individual ruthenium tris-p-diketonates are (b.p.) data are available, but in most cases there mentioned in the literature. The latter com- are no known quantitative values for the pounds are patented for use in the formation of volatility of the organometallic platinum group ruthenium films on various substrates via the compounds. deposition of (acac) ,Ru or (F, acac) ,Ru Most of the data on the decomposition of vapour onto a suitable support, heated to the organometallic platinum group compounds is decomposition point of the compound (16-18). concerned with their thermal decomposition. Ruthenocene, (C,H,),Ru, is the most pro- (The formation of iridium oxide films via mising compound for the formation of vapour deposition in an oxygen discharge (9) is ruthenium films. First, it is a commercially not considered in this review.) Information on available product, and it is suitably volatile each metal is considered separately. (sub1m.p. 100°C/lO-l mm), air-stable, non- toxic and may be prepared in a highly pure Ruthenium state. Attention was first drawn to the possibili- Complexes potentially suitable for the deposi- ty of preparing high purity ruthenium via tion of ruthenium films are ruthenium car- ruthenocene decomposition in 1964 (19). A bonyls, ruthenium carbonyl halides, ruthenium pure ruthenium film was generated at 595OC in cyclopentadienyls, ruthenium acetyl- a hydrogen atmosphere; iron (- 0.01 per cent) acetonates, and some of their organic and and palladium ( - 0.005 per cent) were present co-ordination derivatives. Pentacarbonyl as admixtures, and silicon and boron as trace ruthenium, Ru(CO),, with a vapour pressure elements. Patented applications for of 50 mm Hg at 18OC (lo), starts to decompose ruthenocene include: the preparation of layer at -18OC to form Ru,(CO),, and at a resistors (20), additives to liquid crystals (21) temperature of 22OOC decomposition to the and for plating multilayer electrodes with ox- metal occurs. The thermal decomposition of ides and metals (22). The plasma-induced trinuclear Ru,(CO),, to the metal has been vapour phase decomposition of ruthenocene studied by infrared spectroscopy and ther- enables thin metallic films to be produced at a mogravimetric analysis (1 1). A bright metallic sufficiently high rate (23, 24). film is formed on decomposition of Ru(CO),Cl, or of RuCOBr at 2OO0C, in the Osmium absence of air (10, 12). Annealing Ru(CO),Br According to data in the literature (lo), on (b.p. 118OC, sub1m.p. 140OC) or Ru(CO),I decomposition, osmium carbonyl halides are (b.p. 114OC, sub1m.p. 120OC) in a stream of capable of forming bright osmium fdms. Thin oxygen and phosgene leads to the formation films of osmium metal were prepared via the of ruthenium films (10). decomposition of OsO, complexes with However, the thermal decomposition of terpenes in a hydrogen stream at 3OOOC (25, ruthenium carbonyls and ruthenium carbonyl 26). It should be noted that osmium tetroxide chlorides, like analogous platinum metals exhibits high volatility, but its high toxicity, derivatives, is accompanied by severe corrosion equal to that of hydrogen cyanide, precludes its of the equipment and the support materials, use for fdm preparation. The application of a also, the majority of these ruthenium com- solid complex of OsO, with dioxane has been pounds are moisture- and oxygen-sensitive. patented. It is less volatile than osmium tetrox- Thermodynamic functions have been determin- ide and also less toxic (27). Among other ed for ruthenium and osmium carbonyls, osmium derivatives, it should be noted that M(C0) 5, in the gaseous state (13). cyclooctatetraene(tricarbony1)osmium has been Some volatile ruthenium compounds, namely patented for the deposition of coatings from the mixed dienecarbonyls (14) and diene-P- gas phase (14), while osmocene, bis(cyc1openta- diketonate ruthenium complexes (15) and dienyl)osmium, has been recommended as an Platinum Metals Rev., 1992, 36, (1) 27 additive to liquid crystals (21) and also for the to that of carbon (6). The known volatile preparation of high purity osmium (28). The iridium compounds include carbonyl hydrides thermal decomposition of Os, (CO) to and chlorides, which are readily decomposed metallic osmium has been reported in the and sublimed to form bright metallic films (lo), literature (1 1). tris(r-ally1)-iridium (29), r-cyclopentadiene-r- cyclopentadienyliridium (29) and iridium 0- Rhodium diketonates (31-33). The decomposition of The ability of rhodium carbonyls and tris(acety1acetonato)iridium in a stream of rhodium carbonyl halides to form bright hydrogen at 11 5 to 132OC, with deposition onto rhodium films on decomposition has been a support heated to between 400 and 75OoC, known for some time (10). For example, yields an iridium film. The use of [Rh(CO),l, on heating without solvent, and tris(acety1acetonato)iridium for the preparation Rh, (CO) ,? on heating in air, deposit a rhodium of fuel elements, has been claimed (31). Other film (1 1). A dimeric carbonylrhodium chloride volatile organometallic iridium compounds, [Rh(CO)? C11 ? melts at 123OC, readily sublimes namely r-cyclooctadiene-r-cyclopentadienyl- above 100°C, and decomposes at around 300°C iridium (34) and *-cyclooctadieneiridium in a stream of carbon dioxide to deposit a bright acetylacetonate (34) should be mentioned. A metallic film. In the presence of oxygen or four nuclear carbonyl, Ir, (CO) is readily COCl,, [Rh(CO) C11 “flares up” and “burns sublimed in a stream of carbon monoxide under out”, thus depositing bright rhodium films atmospheric pressure (29). (10). Among other volatile rhodium compounds, Palladium tris(ally1)rhodium and liquid r-allyl-a- Palladium is one of the less expensive allyl(cyclopentadienyl)rhodium (29) as well as platinum group metals, and the chemistry of its rhodium complexes with 0-diketones should be organometallic compounds is well developed mentioned. For example, the reduction of (4, 5). In decreasing order of volatility, the tris(trifluoroacety1acetonato)rhodium with volatile compounds are: r-allyl-r-cyclopenta- hydrogen in the vapour phase has been propos- dienylpalladium r-C, H ,Pd-r-C ,H, (sub1m.p. ed for the preparation of thin rhodium films 3O-4O0C/1-2 mm) (35), bis(r-ally1)palladium (30). At a vaporisation temperature of 13OoC, a (a-C, H,),Pd (sub1m.p. 35-4OoC/10- mm) reduction temperature of 25OOC and a (36), and bis(trifluoroethy1dithiocarbonato) hydrogen flow-rate of 16 ml/min, thick uniform palladium compound (CF CH OCS 2) Pd films with good adhesion and good electrocon- (sub1m.p. 130-150°C/10-1-10-2 mm) (5). ductivity were deposited. X-ray phase analysis The volatile co-ordination compounds of the revealed no admixtures in the films.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 540.14Pri.Pdf
    Index Element names, parent hydride names and systematic names derived using any of the nomenclature systems described in this book are, with very few exceptions, not included explicitly in this index. If a name or term is referred to in several places in the book, the most informative references appear in bold type, and some of the less informative places are not cited in the index. Endings and suffixes are represented using a hyphen in the usual fashion, e.g. -01, and are indexed at the place where they would appear ignoring the hyphen. Names of compounds or groups not included in the index may be found in Tables P7 (p. 205), P9 (p. 232) and PIO (p. 234). ~, 3,87 acac, 93 *, 95 -acene, 66 \ +, 7,106 acetals, 160-161 - (minus), 7, 106 acetate, 45 - (en dash), 124-126 acetic acid, 45, 78 - (em dash), 41, 91, 107, 115-116, 188 acetic anhydride, 83 --+, 161,169-170 acetoacetic acid, 73 ct, 139, 159, 162, 164, 167-168 acetone, 78 ~, 159, 164, 167-168 acetonitrile, 79 y, 164 acetyl, III, 160, 163 11, 105, 110, 114-115, 117, 119-128, 185 acetyl chloride, 83, 183 K, 98,104-106,117,120,124-125, 185 acetylene, 78 A, 59, 130 acetylide, 41 11, 89-90,98, 104, 107, 113-116, 125-126, 146-147, acid anhydrides, see anhydrides 154, 185 acid halides, 75,83, 182-183 TC, 119 acid hydrogen, 16 cr, 119 acids ~, 167 amino acids, 25, 162-163 00, 139 carboxylic acids, 19,72-73,75--80, 165 fatty acids, 165 A sulfonic acids, 75 ct, 139,159,162,164,167-168 see also at single compounds A, 33-34 acrylic acid, 73, 78 A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic actinide, 231 Compounds, 4, 36, 195 actinoids (vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Reactivity of Cyclopentadienyl Based Organometallic Compounds and Their Electrochemical and Biological Properties
    Synthesis and reactivity of cyclopentadienyl based organometallic compounds and their electrochemical and biological properties Sasmita Mishra Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Rourkela Synthesis and reactivity of cyclopentadienyl based organometallic compounds and their electrochemical and biological properties Dissertation submitted to the National Institute of Technology Rourkela In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry by Sasmita Mishra (Roll Number: 511CY604) Under the supervision of Prof. Saurav Chatterjee February, 2017 Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Rourkela Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Rourkela Certificate of Examination Roll Number: 511CY604 Name: Sasmita Mishra Title of Dissertation: ''Synthesis and reactivity of cyclopentadienyl based organometallic compounds and their electrochemical and biological properties We the below signed, after checking the dissertation mentioned above and the official record book(s) of the student, hereby state our approval of the dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry at National Institute of Technology Rourkela. We are satisfied with the volume, quality, correctness, and originality of the work. --------------------------- Prof. Saurav Chatterjee Principal Supervisor --------------------------- --------------------------- Prof. A. Sahoo. Prof. G. Hota Member (DSC) Member (DSC) ---------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • Synthetic, Kinetic and Electrochemical Studies on New Osmocene-Containing Betadiketonato Rhodium(I) Complexes with Biomedical Applications
    Synthetic, kinetic and electrochemical studies on new osmocene-containing betadiketonato rhodium(I) complexes with biomedical applications. A dissertation submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree Magister Scientiae In the Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science At the University of the Free State By Zeldene Salomy Ambrose Supervisor Prof. J.C. Swarts June 2006 Acknowledgements To God all the praise, for He has carried me through it all. He gave me strength to carry on, dried my tears when all fell apart and never let me fall to hard. I would like to thank my promoter, Prof. J.C. Swarts for all the guidance and time spent on this project. Also for all the words of wisdom that has stayed in my heart. I would also like to thank the Department Chemistry for laying the basic structure in my pre-graduate studies. To all the lectures and Professors, from Organic to Physical chemistry, thank you for making a difference in my life. To my mother and family, thank you for making me laugh when I wanted to cry. God could not have given me a better family. I wish Dad was here, but I know he is very proud of me. To all my crazy friends, words can not describe how much you mean to me. You guys cried with me, laughed with me and partied with me. You were my Dr. Phil, Oprah and Jerry Springer all in one. Aurelien Auger (bite me), Johan Barnard, Nicola Barnard (ZNN), Nicoline Cloete (sweetie-pie), Micheal Coetzee, Eleanor Fourie (E), Phillip Fullaway (Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Precious Metal Compounds and Catalysts
    Precious Metal Compounds and Catalysts Ag Pt Silver Platinum Os Ru Osmium Ruthenium Pd Palladium Ir Iridium INCLUDING: • Compounds and Homogeneous Catalysts • Supported & Unsupported Heterogeneous Catalysts • Fuel Cell Grade Products • FibreCat™ Anchored Homogeneous Catalysts • Precious Metal Scavenger Systems www.alfa.com Where Science Meets Service Precious Metal Compounds and Table of Contents Catalysts from Alfa Aesar When you order Johnson Matthey precious metal About Us _____________________________________________________________________________ II chemicals or catalyst products from Alfa Aesar, you Specialty & Bulk Products _____________________________________________________________ III can be assured of Johnson Matthey quality and service How to Order/General Information ____________________________________________________IV through all stages of your project. Alfa Aesar carries a full Abbreviations and Codes _____________________________________________________________ 1 Introduction to Catalysis and Catalysts ________________________________________________ 3 range of Johnson Matthey catalysts in stock in smaller catalog pack sizes and semi-bulk quantities for immediate Precious Metal Compounds and Homogeneous Catalysts ____________________________ 19 shipment. Our worldwide plants have the stock and Asymmetric Hydrogenation Ligand/Catalyst Kit __________________________________________________ 57 Advanced Coupling Kit _________________________________________________________________________ 59 manufacturing capability to
    [Show full text]
  • MOCVD, CVD & ALD Precursors
    The Strem Product Line OUR LINE OF RESEARCH CHEMICALS Custom Synthesis Biocatalysts & Organocatalysts Electronic Grade Chemicals cGMP Facilities Fullerenes High Purity Inorganics & Alkali Metals FDA Inspected Ionic Liquids Ligands & Chiral Ligands Drug Master Files Metal Acetates & Carbonates Metal Alkoxides & beta-Diketonates Complete Documentation Metal Alkyls & Alkylamides Metal Carbonyls & Derivatives Metal Catalysts & Chiral Catalysts Metal Foils, Wires, Powders & Elements Metal Halides, Hydrides & Deuterides Metal Oxides, Nitrates, Chalcogenides Metal Scavengers Metallocenes Nanomaterials Organofluorines Organometallics Organophosphines & Arsines Porphines & Phthalocyanines Precious Metal & Rare Earth Chemicals Volatile Precursors for MOCVD, CVD & ALD Strem Chemicals, Inc. Strem Chemicals, Inc. 7 Mulliken Way 15, rue de l’Atome Dexter Industrial Park Zone Industrielle Newburyport, MA 01950-4098 F-67800 BISCHHEIM (France) U.S.A. Tel.: +33 (0) 3 88 62 52 60 Fax: +33 (0) 3 88 62 26 81 Office Tel: (978) 499-1600 Email: [email protected] Office Fax: (978) 465-3104 Toll-free (U.S. & Canada) Strem Chemicals, Inc. Tel: (800) 647-8736 Postfach 1215 Fax: (800) 517-8736 D-77672 KEHL, Germany Tel.: +49 (0) 7851 75879 Email: [email protected] Fax: +33 (0) 3 88 62 26 81 www.strem.com Email: [email protected] Strem Chemicals UK, Ltd. An Independent Distributor of Strem Chemicals Products Newton Hall, Town Street Newton, Cambridge, CB22 7ZE, UK Tel.: +44 (0)1223 873 028 Fax: +44 (0)1223 870 207 Email: [email protected] MOCVD © 2018 Strem Chemicals, Inc. MOCVD, CVD & ALD Precursors Strem Chemicals, Inc. manufactures and markets specialty chemicals of high purity. Our products are used for research and development, as well as commercial scale applications, especially in the pharmaceutical, microelectronic and chemical/petrochemical industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005)
    NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IUPAC Recommendations 2005 IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements 118 1 2 21314151617 H He 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be B C N O F Ne 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3456 78910 11 12 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 55 56 * 57− 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba lanthanoids Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 87 88 ‡ 89− 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fr Ra actinoids Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo * 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ‡ 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC RECOMMENDATIONS 2005 Issued by the Division of Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation in collaboration with the Division of Inorganic Chemistry Prepared for publication by Neil G.
    [Show full text]
  • SOME STUDIES on CYCLOPENTADIFNYL and CARBONYL COMPLEXES of TRANSITION METALS. a Thesis Submitted by JON ARMISTICE Mccleverty, B
    SOME STUDIES ON CYCLOPENTADIFNYL AND CARBONYL COMPLEXES OF TRANSITION METALS. A Thesis submitted by JON ARMISTICE McCLEVERTY, B.Sc. for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London. Royal College of Science. May 1963. This Thesis I dedicate to DIANNE. Her love and understanding is a continual inspiration. kit CHAPTER II ic-CYCLOPENTADIENYL METAL HYDRIDES THE DI-n-CYCLOPENTADIENYL HYDRIDES OF TANTALUM MOLYBDENUM. AND TUNGSTEN. The hydride complexes are prepared in high yields by the inter- action of the anhydrous metal chlorides (Noel" 1C16, or TaC15) with a solution of sodium cyclopentadienide in tetrahydrofuran containing an excess of sodium borohydride. Without addition of borohydride to the sodium cyclopentadienide solution only low yields of the hydrides can be obtained since the hydriue ion required must come from the solvent or from traces of excess of cyclopentadiene or cyclopentene present in the reaction mixture. The tantalum hydride, (n-C5H5)2TaH3, is a white crystalline compound which is sensitive to air; the molybdenum and tungsten hydrides, (n-05H5)2MH2, form yellow crystals, the former being more sensitive to air than the latter, which can be handled briefly in air. The tantalum compound is sparingly soluble in light petroleum but it is moderately soluble in benzene; the other hydrides are soluble in light petroleum as well as in other common solvents. Solutions of all three compounds decompose rapidly wren exposed to air. The compounds are soluble in halogenated solvents and in carbon disulphide but react with them quite rapidly, the order of reactivity being Ta Mo ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to Professor G.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemical Studies of Osmocenyl Alcohols with Biomedical Applications
    Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical studies of osmocenyl alcohols with biomedical applications A dissertation submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree Magister Scientiae in the Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences at the University of the Free State by Maheshini Govender Supervisor Prof. J. C. Swarts Co-supervisor Dr. E. Müller January 2015 To my dad, Visvanathan Govender (1 July 1950 – 31 December 2014) If I could write a story It would be the greatest ever told Of a kind and loving father Who had a heart of gold If I could write a million pages But still be unable to say, just how Much I love and miss him Every single day I will remember all he taught me I'm hurt but won't be sad Because he'll send me down the answers And he'll always be MY DAD - Leah Hendrie Acknowledgements I would like to thank my family, friends and colleagues for their support, friendship and guidance throughout this period of my studies. Special thanks must be made to the following people: My supervisor, Prof. J. C. Swarts, for his excellent guidance, leadership and kindness throughout the course of this study. Also, my co-supervisor, Dr. E. Müller, for her excellent guidance, leadership and kindness throughout the course of this study. It has been a privilege to be your student. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to be able to work with a great research group. My immediate family, my mom (Rani Govender) and my brothers (Thavashan and Kavantheran Govender).
    [Show full text]
  • N-Metal Compounds
    31 N-METAL COMPOUNDS n the 85 years following Kekulk's brilliant proposal for the structure of ben- zene, organic chemistry underwent a tremendous expansion, and in the process a wide variety of paradigms or working hypotheses were developed about what kinds of compounds could "exist" and what kinds of reactions could occur. In many cases, acceptance of these hypotheses appeared to stifle many possible lines of investigation and caused contrary evidence to be pigeonholed as "interesting but not conclusive." As one example, the paradigm of angle strain was believed to wholly preclude substances that we know now are either stable or important reaction intermediates, such as cubane (Section 12- 1O), cyclo- propanone (Section 17-1 I), and benzyne (Sections 14-6C and 23-8). No paradigm did more to retard the development of organic chemistry than the notion that, with a "few" exceptions, compounds with bonds between carbon and transition metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Ti, and so on) are inherently un- stable. This idea was swept away in 1951 with the discovery of ferrocene, (C,H,),Fe, by P. L. Pauson. Ferrocene has unheard of properties for an organoiron compound, stable to more than 500" and able to be dissolved in, and recovered from, concentrated sulfuric acid! Pauson's work started an avalanche of research on transition metals in the general area between organic and inorganic chemistry, which has flourished ever since and has led to an improved understanding of important biochemical processes. 31-1 Metallocenes 31-1 METALLOCENES The discovery of ferrocene was one of those fortuitous accidents that was wholly unforeseeable- the kind of discovery which, over and over again, has changed the course of science.
    [Show full text]
  • Precious COMPOUNDS Metal and CATALYSTS
    Precious COMPOUNDS Metal AND CATALYSTS INCLUDES: • New Introduction to Catalysis and Catalysts by Martyn Twigg • Compounds and Homogeneous Catalysts • Supported Heterogeneous Catalysts • Unsupported Heterogeneous Catalysts • HiSpec™ Fuel Cell Products • FibreCat™ Anchored Homogeneous Catalysts • Smopex™ Precious Metal Scavenger Systems Improve Your Catalytic Processes with Johnson Matthey Products, Know-How & Service When you order Johnson Matthey As a leading manufacturer and supplier precious metal chemicals or catalyst of PGM homogeneous and heteroge- products from Alfa Aesar, you can be neous catalysts, Johnson Matthey offers assured of Johnson Matthey quality toll and custom manufacturing, as and service through all stages of your well as refining and analytical services. project. Alfa Aesar carries a full range Johnson Matthey is developing new of Johnson Matthey catalysts in stock in catalytic materials for applications such smaller catalog pack sizes and semi-bulk as pharmaceuticals, fuel cells, sensors, quantities for immediate shipment. automobiles, batteries, photographic And our plants worldwide have the materials, specialized plating, and stock and manufacturing capability catalyst manufacture. to meet your needs when it is time to Many precious metal chemical and scale up. All products are lot-traceable catalyst products are produced at to ensure you get the specific material Johnson Matthey plants in the USA you need. (below left) and England (below right). Gram to kilogram quantities are available from stock. For more information or to place an order call 1–800–343–0660 or 1–978–521–6300 or visit our website at www.alfa.com Table of Contents How to Order/General Information 2 Abbreviations and Codes 3 Introduction to Catalysis and Catalysts by Martyn Twigg 5 Precious Metal Compounds & Homogeneous Catalysts 19 Homogeneous catalysis provides an excellent choice where highly specific reactions are desired including chiral transformations.
    [Show full text]
  • Reactivity of Transition Metal Organometallics L. J. Farrugia Msc
    L.J. Farrugia : MSc Core2 Course C5 - Reactivity of Transition Metal Organometallics Reactivity of Transition Metal Organometallics L. J. Farrugia MSc Core Course C5 Text books : Inorganic Chemistry - Housecroft & Sharpe Ch 23 - the very basics Inorganic Chemistry - Shriver & Atkins Ch 16 - the very basics This course assumes familiarity with the Level-2 and Level-3 courses on Organometallic Chemistry, and this is covered in the above texts Organometallics - Elschenbroich & Salzer (library) - much more useful Topic 1 - Introduction to Cyclopentadienyl Compounds First part of course covers the role of the ligand cyclopentadienyl (Cp) and its derivatives. Cp is one of the most important ligands in organometallics after CO. A considerable percentage of organometallic compounds contain this ligand - it is also a good ligand for main group metals and the f-block metals (lanthanides & actinides). H H H Fe CO H OC CO Cyclopentadiene Cyclopentadiene complex (4 e donor ligand) very rare as a ligand Na / -H2 H - Na+ H acidic H atom planar aromatic (6-pi electron) dienyl anion - The anion C 5H5 is a very useful synthetic reagent. It is usually treated as equivalent to occupying THREE coordination sites, so that C 5H5 ≡ 3(CO). In electron counting terms, it can be treated as either as a 6-e donor ANION or a 5- e donor NEUTRAL molecule. The latter is the recommended approach because it is simpler (do not need to worry about oxidation levels). 1.1 Bonding in cyclopentadienyl compounds Cp has 5 π electrons in the 5 out-of-plane p-orbitals on the C atoms. These 5 orbitals combine as a 1 + e 1 + e 2 under five-fold symmetry.
    [Show full text]
  • Redox Active Binuclear Complexes of Ruthenium
    REDOX ACTIVE BINUCLEAR COMPLEXES OF RUTHENIUM AND OSMIUM Alan J. Lindsay Ph. D. Thesis University of Edinburgh 1982 DECLARATION Except where specific reference is made to other sources, the work presented in this thesis is the original work of the author. It has not been submitted, in whole or in part, for any other degree. Certain of the results presented have already been published. Alan J. Lindsay. To my Mother, Father and Sister ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Dr. T.A. Stephenson and Dr. G.A. Heath for their help, encouragement and enthusiasm throughout this work. I also wish to express my gratitude to Dr. D.K. Vattis of the University of PAtras, Greece, for his invaluable contribution to this study. In addition, I am grateful to Dr. D. Reed, Mr. L.H. Bell 13 and Mr. J.A.A. Millar for recording 31 P, C and 1H n.m.r. spectra, Dr. S.F. Watkins of Louisiana State University, U.S.A., for carrying out X-ray work and Mr. N. Grunbaum for performing microanalytical measurements. I am deeply indebted to the S.E.R.C. for their financial support and the University of Edinburgh for the use of facilities. Finally, my thanks to Miss A. Erskine for typing this thesis. ABSTRACT Chapter 1 gives a brief account of some of the general aspects of ruthenium and osmium chemistry. Chapter 2 describes efforts to extend the range of triple chioro bridged binuclear ruthenium (11/11) complexes in an orderly fashion by application of two alternative synthetic strategies: assembly from appropriate monomers such as RuC1 2 L4 (L = py, 4-Mepy, MeCN and Me 2 SO) and by terminal ligand displacement from existing triple chioro bridged complexes e.g.
    [Show full text]