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Cognate Object Constructions In COGNATE OBJECT CONSTRUCTIONS IN MSA A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2017 Safiah A. Y. Madkhali SCHOOL OF ARTS, LANGUAGES AND CULTURES CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………….7 LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………...7 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………...8 DECLARATION……………………………………………………………..……………9 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT……………………………………………………………10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………...11 GLOSSING CONVENTIONS…………………………………………………………..12 TRANSLITERATION SYMBOLS………………………………………………………13 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 14 1.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….14 1.2. Modern Standard Arabic……………………………………………………...17 1.3. The Data………………………………………………………………………...18 1.4. Cognate Object Constructions………………………………………………..20 1.4.1. Delimitation of the Concept .............................................................................. 20 1.4.1.1 Morphological Criterion ..................................................................... 20 1.4.1.2 Semantic Criteria .................................................................................. 21 1.4.1.3 Syntactic Criteria .................................................................................. 25 1.4.1.4 Categories of Cognate Objects ........................................................... 28 1.4.1.5 Delimitation of the Concept in MSA ................................................. 33 1.4.2. Status of Cognate Objects .................................................................................. 39 1.4.2.1 Cognate Objects as Arguments or Adjuncts .................................... 40 1.4.2.2 Cognate Objects as Referential NPs or Predicative NPs ................ 52 1.4.2.3 Cognate Objects as Structural Objects .............................................. 64 1.5. Layout of the Study……………………………………………………………67 2 Chapter 2: MAṢDARS IN MSA: A PRELIMINARY .................................................. 69 2.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….69 2.2. Derivation and Meaning………………………………………………………71 2.2.1. The Basic Maṣdar ................................................................................................ 71 2.2.2. The Mīm Maṣdar ................................................................................................ 75 2.2.3. The Non-Stem-Derived Maṣdar ....................................................................... 77 2.2.4. The T-Suffixed Maṣdar ...................................................................................... 79 2.2.5. The Manner Maṣdar ........................................................................................... 81 2.2.6. The Made-Up Maṣdar ........................................................................................ 83 2.3. Morpho-Syntactic Properties…………………………………………………85 2.4. Polysemy of the Maṣdar N……………………………………………………89 2.5. Quantificational Properties of the Maṣdar…………………………………..92 2.6. Summary………………………………………………………………………104 Chapter 3: CONSTRUCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE COMPOSITE V + CO 107 3.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………...107 3.2. The Cognate Object…………………………………………………………..108 3.2.1. Internal-NP Constructional Properties ......................................................... 108 3.2.2. Two Classes of Cognate Objects in Arabic ................................................... 111 3.2.2.1 UNBOUNDED Cognate Objects……………………………………...113 3.2.2.2 BOUNDED Cognate Objects…………………………………………121 3.3. The Cognate VP………………………………………………………………125 3.4. Semantic Functions of Cognate Objects……………………………………133 3.4.1. Qualification ...................................................................................................... 135 3.4.2. Specification of the Scope of the Process ...................................................... 137 3.4.3. Aspectual Delimitation .................................................................................... 140 3 3.4.4. Quantification ................................................................................................... 142 3.4.5. Intensification ................................................................................................... 143 3.4.6. Focusing a Contrast .......................................................................................... 144 3.5. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….145 Chapter 4: COGNATE AND NON-COGNATE OBJECTS .................................... 147 4.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………...147 4.2. Passivization…………………………………………………………………..149 4.3. Adverbial Insertion…………………………………………………………..158 4.4. Fronting………………………………………………………………………..161 4.5. Relativization…………………………………………………………………166 4.6. Pronominalization……………………………………………………………178 4.7. Question Formation………………………………………………………….181 4.8. Results…………………………………………………………………………187 Chapter 5: STATUS OF THE COGNATE OBJECT IN ARABIC ........................... 192 5.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………...192 5.2. Arguments or Adjuncts……………………………………………………...192 5.2.1. Semantic Diagnostics ....................................................................................... 194 5.2.1.1 The Core Participant Test ................................................................. 194 5.2.1.2 Existential Entailment ....................................................................... 197 5.2.1.3 The Verb Specificity Test .................................................................. 199 5.2.2. Syntactic Diagnostics ....................................................................................... 200 5.2.2.1 The Syntactic Obligatoriness Test ................................................... 200 5.2.2.2 The Iterativity Test ............................................................................. 203 5.2.2.3 The Relative Ordering Test .............................................................. 204 5.2.3. Results ................................................................................................................ 206 5.3. Referential or Non-Referential NPs…………………………………….......209 4 5.3.1. (Non-)Referentiality Related Properties ....................................................... 210 5.3.1.1 Pronominalization ............................................................................. 210 5.3.1.2 Question Formation ........................................................................... 212 5.3.1.3 Topicalization ..................................................................................... 212 5.3.1.4 Determiners ........................................................................................ 213 5.3.1.5 Scope Ambiguities ............................................................................. 214 5.3.1.6 Relation with a Clausal Subject ....................................................... 215 5.3.2. Referential and Non-Referential Cognate Objects in MSA ........................ 216 5.3.2.1 UNBOUNDED cognate objects ............................................................ 216 5.3.2.2 BOUNDED cognate objects .................................................................. 223 5.3.3. Results ................................................................................................................ 230 5.4. Discussion……………………………………………………………………..231 5.4.1. The Relationship between the Verb and the Cognate Object…………….231 5.5. The Cognate Object Construction and Corresponding Constructions.240 5.5.1. The Light Verb Construction...……………………………………………...241 5.5.2. Modifying Cognate Objects and Manner Adverbials…………………….245 5.5.3. Quantifying Cognate Objects and the Quantifying Adverbials with marra(t) ‘time’…………………………………………………………………………...246 Chapter 6: CONCLUDING REMARKS…………………………………………….253 6.1. Main Results and Future Research…………………………………………253 6.1.1. Scope of the Cognate Object Construction in Arabic……………………..253 6.1.2. The Morphological Classes of the Cognate N: the Maṣdars……………..254 6.1.3. Constructional Properties of the V + Cognate Object…………………….256 6.1.4. Semantic Functions of the Cognate Objects………………………………..257 6.1.5. Syntactic Properties…………………………………………………………..258 6.1.6. Semantics of the Cognate Object……………………………………………261 5 6.1.7. Status of the Cognate Object: A Tripartite Classification of Cognate Objects in MSA…………………………………………………………………………262 6.2. Final Remarks…………………………………………………………………266 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………….267 Final word count: 66,151 6 LIST OF TABLES Table 2. 1 Instances of Basic Maṣdars with Established Patterns Based on the Form of the Corresponding Verb .............................................................................................. 73 Table 2. 2 Instances of Basic Maṣdars of Triliteral Verbs in the Base Form (CaCVC) with Varied Morphological Forms ................................................................................. 74 Table 2. 3 MĪM MAṢDAR of a Set of Verbs, Patterns and the Corresponding BASIC MAṢDARs .............................................................................................................................. 76 Table 2. 4 NON-STEM DERIVED MAṢDAR of a Set of Verbs and the Corresponding BASIC MAṢDARs ................................................................................................................... 78 Table 2. 5 T-SUFFIXED MAṢDARs of a Set of Verbs and the Corresponding BASIC MAṢDARs .............................................................................................................................
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