765Kv Eskom Powerlines Western Cape
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PROPOSED KAPPA OMEGA 2ND 765KV ESKOM POWERLINES WESTERN CAPE Heritage Impact Assessment component: Built Environment, Spatial History and Cultural Landscape SCOPING AND ASSESSMENT REPORT NOVEMBER 2014 HERITAGE WESTERN CAPE CASE NO: 121004JL09E Prepared For Nzumbululo Heritage Solutions South Africa 4 Berger Road, Vorna Valley, Midrand 1686, South Africa Tel: +27 11 021 4937, +27 15 291 3661 SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION Mobile: 071 1090 900 Tel: +27 21 683 7085 Fax: 086 511 0389 Mobile: 072 212 8246 Tel 021 686 8124 Email: [email protected] Web: www.bridgetodonoghue.com Email: [email protected] 4 OAKDALE ROAD NEWLANDS 7708 CAPE TOWN SOUTH AFRICA 22 BIRKETT ROAD RONDEBOSCH 7700 CAPE TOWN SOUTH AFRICA ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VI GLOSSARY AND DEFINITIONS VII SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 LEGAL REQUIREMENTS 1 1.3 TERMS OF REFERENCE 2 1.4 PROPOSED POWERLINES AND ASSOCIATED INFRASTRUCTURE 2 1.5 BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE SCOPE OF WORK 3 1.6 APPROACH TO THE SPECIALIST STUDY 4 1.7 STUDY METHODOLOGY 5 1.8 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 9 1.8.1 Assumptions 9 1.8.2 Limitations 9 1.9 SPECIALIST TEAM AND DETAILS 10 1.10 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 11 1.11 REPORT STRUCTURE 11 SECTION 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 12 2.1 INTRODUCTION 12 2.2 ALTERNATIVE ROUTES OPTIONS 13 2.3 PYLON TOWERS 14 SECTION 3 REGION AND SITES DESCRIPTION 16 3.1 INTRODUCTION 16 3.2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 16 3.3 CULTURAL LANDSCAPE 19 3.3.1 The Term ‘Cultural Landscape’ 19 3.3.2 Cultural Landscapes Occurring along Powerline Route Alternatives 20 3.3.2.3 The Swartland 23 3.4 BUILT ENVIRONMENT 26 SECTION 4 HERITAGE LEGISLATION & ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 27 4.1 INTRODUCTION 27 4.2 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTEXT AND STATUTORY FRAMEWORK 27 4.2.1 Overview 27 4.2.2 National Heritage Resources Act No. 25 of 1999 (NHRA) 27 4.2.3 Existing Heritage Studies 28 4.3 HERITAGE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 29 4.3.1 Definition of Cultural Significance and Criteria for the Assessment of Cultural Significance 29 4.3.2 Contextual/Experiential Significance 30 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ ii BRIDGET O’DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT 4.3.3 Assessments of Impacts 31 4.4 HERITAGE DESIGN INDICATORS 32 4.4.1 Scoping Phase Guidelines 32 4.4.3 Assessment Phase Local Scale Heritage Design Indicators 34 4.4.4 Assessment Phase Micro Scale Heritage Design Indicators 36 4.5 IMAGES AND DEPICTIONS OF ROUTE ALTERNATIVES 37 SECTION 5 IDENTIFIED HERITAGE RESOURCES & STATEMENTS OF HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE 57 5.1 INTRODUCTION 57 5.2 ROUTE OPTION 1 57 SECTION 6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 71 6.1 INTRODUCTION 71 6.2 SCOPING PHASE ASSESSMENT 71 6.3 ASSESSMENT PHASE 71 6.4 ZONES AND ROUTE OPTIONS 72 Table 6.1 Impact Assessment Route Option 1 Zone 1 73 Table 6.2 Impact Assessment Route Option 1 Zone 2 74 Table 6.3 Impact Assessment Route Option 1 Zone 3 85 Table 6.4 Impact Assessment Route Option 1A Zone 3 97 Table 6.5 Impact Assessment Route Option 2 Zone 3 98 Table 6.6 Impact Assessment Route Option 1b Zone 3 106 6.5 SUMMARY OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT 106 SECTION 7 RECOMMENDATIONS 109 SECTION 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCES 110 ANNEXURE 1: RECORDS OF DECISION APPLICABLE TO THE STUDY 115 ANNEXURE 2.1: BRIEF HISTORICAL TIMELINE FOR THE WARM AND KOUE BOKKEVELD AND TULBAGH VALLEY 119 ANNEXURE 2.2: BRIEF HISTORICAL TIMELINE FOR THE SWARTLAND 126 ANNEXURE 3: MAPS 139 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ iii BRIDGET O’DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT TABLE OF FIGURES: Figure 1: Location of proposed new 765kV transmission line within South Africa, powerline corridors located within red circle (Metro GIS, 2013) 12 Figure 2: Kappa Gamma 2nd 765kV powerlines, Metro GIS 2013 13 Figure 3: Pylons for 765kV powerlines (ESKOM Line Engineering services, ESKOM 400kV and 765kV Tower Guide May 2013) 14 Figure 4: Existing powerlines immediately south of Gamma substation, iillustrating the difference in height between 400kV self supporting suspension pylons and the 765kV Guyed-V suspension pylons (765kV powerline right), BOD/ST 2013 15 Figure 5: Diagram showing three cultural landscape zones. For the purpose of historical depiction, the Mountainous region and the entrance into the Ceres Karoo are dealt with jointly (adapted from MetroGIS, 2013) 16 Figure 6: Diagram showing cultural landscape zones in relation to the proposed powerline routes (MetroGIS, 2013) 21 Figure 7: Ceres Valley from Gydo Pass (photograph Judelle Drake) 22 Figure 8: Agricultural patterning of the Swartland and the visual connections between settlements nestled into the foothills of mountains (photograph Kay McCormick, 2014) 23 Figure 9: Cultural landscape elements and context of heritage resources in the context of alternate route Options 1,2 and 3, with emphasis on the route options being considered at impact assessment phase. (adapted from Metro GIS) 25 Figure 10: Images from Kappa Substation to Karoopoort 37 Figure 11: Landscape and approach to the R46 scenic routes from the R355 38 Figure 12: Images Karoopoort Outspan to Ceres including Hottentotskloof and Theronsberg Passes, scenic routes 38 Figure 13: Images Ceres Valley Context 39 Figure 14: Images Wolseley Context 40 Figure 15: Images of Elandsberg Farms and Landscape Context 41 Figure 16: Images of Riebeek Kasteel and Landscape Context 45 Figure 17: Images Saron Mission Settlement and Landscape Context 46 Figure 18: Images Riebeek Valley 47 Figure 19: Images Porterville and Landscape Context 48 Figure 20: Images Proposed Route 3 between Porterville and Piketberg 49 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ iv BRIDGET O’DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION ESKOM PROPOSED 765KV POWERLINES KAPPA OMEGA SPECIALIST ASSESSMENT OF SPATIAL HISTORY, CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Figure 21: IMAGES SWARTLAND PORTERVILLE, PIKETBERG AND KORINGBERG CONTEXT 49 Figure 22: Images Piketberg 50 Figure 23: Images Koringberg 51 Figure 24: Images R45 Roadway 52 Figure 25: Images Approach Darling 53 Figure 26: Images Philadelphia & Context 53 Figure 27: Images Kalkbaskraal 54 Figure 28: Images Abbotsdale 55 Figure 29: Images Klipheuwel 56 Figure 30: Kappa Omega 2nd 765kV powerlines corridors options 1, 1a, 1b (red, orange and yellow lines), Option 2 (blue line, depicted as blue and pink where it coincides with proposals from Option 1), Option 3, 3a, 3b, 3c [purple line with colour variants on the west], Metro GIS 2013 57 Figure 31: Diagram of Cultural Landscape Elements and Informants (adapted from MetroGIS) 71 Figure 32: Kappa Omega Assessment Zones 72 Figure 33 (right): portion of map 29 showing the point at which route option 2 assessment begins in relation to contextual topography (MetroGIS2013) 98 Figure 34: Diagram depicting portion of route option 2 which coincides with route 1a, studied at impact assessment phase. 106 Figure 35: Connection between recomended routes that will require specific and close attention to avoid negative impacts on Heritage Reources 108 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ v BRIDGET O’DONOGHUE & SALLY TITLESTAD HERITAGE CONSULTANTS IN ASSOCIATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This assessment constitutes specialist input on spatial history, cultural landscape and the built environment towards the Heritage Impact Assessment component of and EIA conducted in line with the requirements of the National Environmental Management Act (Act 107/1998). The proposal is for a second 765kV powerline between Koruson (Kappa) substation near Ceres to Sterekus (Omega) substation near Koeberg in Cape Town. Three alternative powerline routes (with variations along their length) identified by ESKOM all start at Kappa and end at Omega. An alternative travels via Aurora substation. This specialist assessment identifies, assesses and maps the heritage resources within the three identified alternative 4km powerline corridors. It also provides heritage design indicators for development and assesses the potential impacts of the proposed powerlines on the identified heritage resources within the corridors. It assesses the impacts of the proposals on spatial history, cultural landscape and the built environment. The recommendations of the assessment are that the heritage indicators are adopted, and that Option Route 1, 1a and 2, south of Riebeek Kasteel and the R46 Scenic Route, as the preferred route due to the lower impact on settlements and landscapes is endorsed, with the adoption of mitigation measures contained in the Tables 6.1- 6.6. GLOSSARY AND DEFINITIONS The approach to the definitions and application of the HIA is extracted from the National Heritage Resources Act, no 25 of 1999 and the ICOMOS Australian Burra Charter, revised in 1999. Adaptation The process of adaptation introduces a sufficient degree of flexibility to the treatment of a place or resource to enable change to be managed and still fulfil conservation objectives (Kerr, Baumann). Such change should be appropriate