WORK PLAN

Paternoster Test Excavations

Proposed test excavations to determine the extent and significance of archaeological resources associated with the Paternoster Central Business Area on Farm Paternoster A No. 34 & Portion 2 of Farm Paternoster A No. 34, Malmesbury

HWC Case No 14082203

Renée Rust & Liezl van Pletzen-Vos Jonathan Kaplan Pro-Active Archaeological Consultants Agency for Cultural Resource Management PostNet Suite 168, Private Bag X15 5 Stuart Road, Rondebosch, 7700 Somerset West, 7129 Ph/Fax: 021 685 7589 Renée: 082 394 5588 Mobile: 082 321 0172 Liezl: 083 2785 125 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Paternoster Test Excavations 2015

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION...... 4 1.1. PCBA project...... 4 1.2. Archaeological Context...... 6 1.2.1. The Paternoster Midden...... 7 1.2.2. Burials...... 7 1.3. HWC interim comments...... 8 1.4. Aims & Objectives...... 9 1.5. Process...... 10 2. TEST EXCAVATION...... 10 2.1. Sampling strategies...... 11 2.1.1. Non- Probabilistic Sampling...... 11 2.1.2. Stratified random sampling...... 11 2.2. Test Squares...... 11 2.2.1. Zone 1: Paternoster Midden (Erf 70)...... 13 2.2.2. Zone 2 - Erf 67 & 68...... 13 2.2.3. Zone 3 - Southern Boundary...... 14 2.2.4. Zone 4 - Western Boundary...... 14 2.3. Excavation methodology...... 15 2.3.1. General test excavation...... 15 2.3.2. Human Burials...... 16 3. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION PROCESS...... 16 4. SUMMARY...... 16 5. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION...... 17 5.1. Specialist...... 17 5.2. Landowner Permission...... 17 5.3. Repository Agreement...... 17 5.4. Signature of Specialist...... 18 6. REFERENCES...... 19 7. APPENDIX A: Landowner Permission...... 22 8. APPENDIX B: Repository Agreement...... 23

ACRM & PAAC 2015-08-31 1 Paternoster Test Excavations 2015

Index of Tables

Table 1: Zone 1...... 13

Table 2: Zone 2...... 13

Table 3: Zone 3. Non-Probabilistic test pits...... 14

Table 4: Zone 3. Probabilistic test pits...... 14

Table 5: Zone 4...... 14

Illustration Index

Figure 1: Location of Paternoster...... 4

Figure 2: Development plan of PCBA...... 5

Figure 3: Location of test pits...... 12

ACRM & PAAC 2015-08-31 2 Paternoster Test Excavations 2015

Paternoster Test Excavations

Proposed test excavations to determine the extent and significance of archaeological resources associated with the Paternoster Central Business Area on Farm Paternoster A No. 34 & Portion 2 of Farm Paternoster A No. 34, Malmesbury District, .

1. INTRODUCTION

The Paternoster Central Business Area is located within the town of Paternoster on the West Coast of the Western Cape, approximately 160 km north of (Figure 1). The property and area have been the subject of much archaeological enquiry in the form of Archaeological Impact Assessments (AIA) and academic work. Most recently Kaplan (2015) undertook an AIA on the property. In light of the limitations and recommendations discussed in the January 2015 report (Kaplan 2015), HWC has requested additional information is order to properly establish the significance and extent of the archaeological resources on the Paternoster Central Business Area (PCBA) (HWC 26 May 2015). This will be done through a test excavation project undertaken by ACRM & PAAC.

1.1. PCBA project

The proposed project comprises an infill development and the upgrading of the Paternoster CBA (Figure 2) business district. The affected area is to be developed/redeveloped for mainly residential, Figure 1: Location of Paternoster commercial and tourism purposes (Figure ), and will entail the following:

ACRM & PAAC 2015-08-31 3 Work Plan - Paternoster Test Excavation 2015

• 31 single residential erven

• 22 general residential erven

• 9 business erven

• 1 institutional erf (museum/information centre)

• public/private roads

• parking areas, and

• private and public open spaces

Figure 2: Development plan of PCBA.

Associated infrastructure includes a water reticulation network, a new sewerage network, surfaced roads and parking areas. Each property will receive its own connections. No bulk sewage mains or pump stations will be needed for the development. The area to be physically developed measures about 4.0 ha in extent and excludes the footprints of existing buildings to be retained, and spaces to

ACRM & PAAC 2015-09-07 4 Work Plan - Paternoster Test Excavation 2015 be retained and landscaped.

The development initiative is in response to the town’s growing profile as a tourist destination at a time when increasingly tight fishing quotas and the decline in the local fishing industry has dealt a severe economic blow to the village and its mainly poor inhabitants.

1.2. Archaeological Context

A large number of CRM studies have been done in Paternoster over the last 20 years. These studies have been undertaken as a direct response to the increase in housing projects and other development related activities taking place in the historical village (Halkett & Hart 1992a, b; Halkett & Mutti 1998; Hart & Halkett 1995, 1998a, b; Kaplan 1993, 2002a, b, 2003, 2004a; 2005a, b, 2008a, b, c, 2009; Yates 1998).

Many archaeological sites (the vast majority of them shell middens) have been recorded during the course of these surveys, of which a number have been excavated, and tested for their significance (Hart & Halkett 1996; Halkett 1996; Kaplan 2005 c, d, e; Nilssen 2007a, b; Yates 2003, 2004a, b; Patrick 2008; Patrick et al 2009; Smith 2006a, b; Smith et al 2008, 2009; Robertshaw 1977).

While only two shell middens have been formally dated, excavations at Paternoster reveal intensive shellfish resource exploitation over the last 3000 years, overlapping the period both before and after the arrival of pastoralists with domestic stock and pottery about 2000 years ago (Smith & Mütti 2013).

It is interesting to note that very little surface pottery has in fact been found at Paternoster during the many surveys that have taken place in the village (refer to Halkett & Hart 1992a, b; Kaplan 2005a, 2008a). Pottery dated to the 1st millennium AD was recovered in sub surface deposits on the Paternoster Fisheries (PNF) site alongside the Fish Market (Patrick 2008; Smith et al 2008; Smith et al 2009), while a few coarse pot fragments were encountered during test excavations near Mosselbank (Yates 2004b). However, no pottery was found in any of the deposits excavated by Nilssen (2007a, b) and Kaplan (2005c, d, e, 2004b).

Excavations by Smith (2006a) at PNNB on the north bank of the Mosselbank River produced radiocarbon dates of between 2860 and 2810 BP, while the site known as PNNA on the south bank produced a series of dates between 2880 BP and 2590 BP (Smith 2006b; Yates 2004b). These pre- 2000 BP dates resulted in the formation of sites on the dune littoral known as `megamiddens’.

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Megamiddens characterized a period during which Later Stone Age (LSA) people exploited marine shellfish on an intensive scale on the Cape west coast. These types of sites were first identified at more than 100 kms further to the north (Jerardino 2010), but have now been positively identified at Paternoster and possibly as well (Kaplan 2013). Test excavations at PNNA (Yates 2003, 2004b) revealed dense in-situ stratified shellfish deposits with dispersed bone and stone artefacts more than 2 m below the surface. Unlike most megamiddens, however, the deposits around PNNA were rich in bone remains, which is why this occurrence ranks high amongst the few rich, faunal bearing middens of the west coast. Because of its high significance in a regional context, PNNA was declared a Provincial Heritage Site in 2009.

1.2.1. The Paternoster Midden

Smith and Mütti (2013) suggest that the large Paternoster Midden (in front of the hotel) may contain deposits dating to the megamidden period. A small test excavation by Halkett and Mutti (1998) on the sand mound revealed a 20 cm thick layer of shellfish below the surface. A few small flaked pieces of quartzite were observed while some bone was present, but no indigenous ceramics were seen, indicating a pre-2000 BP date for the site. Halkett and Mütti (1998) suggested the Paternoster Midden may possibly be the remnant of the old dune cordon that originally ran through the Vaalplaas settlement but was flattened to make way for the building of houses in the past.

Low stone artefact frequencies (with few formal tools), ostrich eggshell beads smaller than 5 cm diameter, and shellfish and fauna dominated by Black Mussel and small bovid bones respectively suggest that PNNA, PNNB and possibly the Paternoster Midden may be coeval and extensions of each other.

Proposed test excavations at the base of the Paternoster Midden, in the Paternoster CBA, will help to test the notion that the deposits pre-date 2000 years BP. It should be noted also that some fragmented pottery was found on the dune mound during the 2014 AIA by Kaplan (2014).

1.2.2. Burials

Pre-colonial graves can occur at any location where sand suitable for excavation and burial exists. This is particularly the case in coastal areas where dunes are common. Shovel testing near Mosselbank revealed the chance discovery of a Khoisan burial (Yates 2004a), while two more burials were uncovered during monitoring of excavations for the above housing development (Peter Nilssen pers. comm.). Human skeletal remains were also exposed during excavations at `Die Kom’

ACRM & PAAC 2015-09-07 6 Work Plan - Paternoster Test Excavation 2015 a housing development located behind the Paternoster Fish Market (Patrick 2008; Smith et al 2008), and in 2008 Kaplan recovered the remains of a skeleton from a water pipeline trench prior to tarring the road leading to the market. According to Smith and Mütti (2013), a further three more skeletons were disturbed while digging a trench for the foundations of new classrooms at St. Augustine School in Paternoster. According to Smith and Mütti (2013), burials excavated on the Peninsula are usually found in the coastal dunes in a tightly flexed position with very few or no grave goods and were probably LSA hunting-gathering people.

There is a reasonable expectation that pre-colonial burials may be uncovered during test excavations in the Paternoster CBA, or might be exposed during bulk earthworks and excavations for services. Monitoring of earthworks will be undertaken during the Construction Phase of the development of the Paternoster CBA.

1.3. HWC interim comments

The HWC interim comment

1. A Work Plan (in terms of the HWC Section 38 AP Guideline), for approval by HWC, is required for the following: a) Paternoster Midden Area: Trial excavations must be conducted around the periphery of the midden to determine the extent, before determining possible buffer zones and the fence line, which must be approved by HWC on receipt of the Work Plan Report. b) Remainder of the site: The Work Plan should include proposals for test excavations throughout the development area, in selected areas including but not limited to the known deposits in the levelled area (Erf 68 & 70) alongside St Augustine Road and those in the north eastern boundary of the CBA (Erven 49 & 50). The possibility of buried material is very high. c) The results of this process and the Work Plan Report will determine the archaeological sensitivity, possible areas to be excluded from development and the nature of bulk earthwork monitoring required. d) A revised HIA must then be submitted taking into account the findings of the archaeological works.

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1.4. Aims & Objectives

The intent of the proposed test excavation sampling is to establish:

• the extent of the archaeological resources, and

• the significances of the archaeological resources in order to inform the decision making process of HWC. The collection and analysis of archaeological material as a result of the test excavation will also help determine the Grade and Significance of the archaeological resources located on the development property. The extent, grade and significance of the archaeological resources will aid HWC in determining the development alternatives, buffer and no-go zones.

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1.5. Process

WORK PLAN (ACRM & PAAC) ↕ HWC (APM) ↓ TEST EXCAVATION PROCESS (ACRM & PAAC) ↓ RESULTS & RECOMMENDATIONS REPORT (ACRM & PAAC) ↕ HWC (APM) ↓ REVISED HIA REPORT (Graham Jacobs) ↓ HWC (IACom) ↓ implementation of IACom recommendations by developer

2. TEST EXCAVATION

In order to establish the extent and significance of the archaeological resources HWC has requested that test excavations be undertaken. We will first discuss the proposed sampling strategies and then indicate where the test excavation squares will be located on the property. The sampling approach and strategy, including the number of test pits, may change during the course of the test excavation. The density and significance of archaeological resources found will inform on the best approach.

ACRM & PAAC 2015-09-07 9 Work Plan - Paternoster Test Excavation 2015

2.1. Sampling strategies

Sampling strategies (Orton 2000) can be classified as either non-probabilistic or probabilistic. Non- probabilistic sampling is used when the archaeologist is most interested in already visible or suspected sites and does not need to sample elsewhere. Probabilistic sampling is used when it is necessary to have a representative sample of the sites in a region (the "sample universe"), but it is possible to sample only a small percentage of the whole. By employing statistical methods, probabilistic sampling attempts to increase the probability that generalizations derived from the sample will be correct. Two sampling strategies will be employed during the test excavation process: a non-probalistic approach and a stratified random sampling method.

2.1.1. Non- Probabilistic Sampling

This type of sampling would be useful to an archaeologist interested in known sites. Their placement may be recorded in documentary sources, part of local knowledge, or they may simply be visible in the landscape. Non-probabilistic sampling will be used in sampling the edge and extent of the Paternoster Midden and where Kaplan (2015) has already identified shell deposits.

2.1.2. Stratified random sampling

A form of probabilistic sampling, stratified random sampling attempts to minimize variability within different zones (or "strata") in the sample universe. The sample universe is divided into large natural zones and each is designated the amount of sample units proportional to its area. The position of units within each area is determined by random sampling. Four zones have been identified and will be sampled using the stratified random sampling method

2.2. Test Squares

We have identified 25 points which will need to be sampled by test excavation squares. These are illustrated in Figure 3. These are the minimum number of test pits.

ACRM & PAAC 2015-09-07 10 Work Plan - Paternoster Test Excavation 2015

Figure 3: Location of test pits.

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2.2.1. Zone 1: Paternoster Midden (Erf 70) a. Non-probabilistic sampling strategy to determine the extent of the of the midden.

1m² test squares to be dug at 20m intervals to a minimum depth of 1.5m. Ultimate depth will be determined by the absence of archaeological material. Approximately five squares. b. Randomized sampling strategy to determine the extent of the midden and other archaeological resources in the remainder of Zone 1.

Sets of 1m² test squares will be dug in transects to a minimum of 1.5m, from the northern boundary to St Augustine Road. The location of the specific test squares will inform on the placement of the random test pits identified in (a.). Estimated 9 squares.

Table 1: Zone 1.

1 32°48'32.63"S 32°48'32.63"S 2 32°48'32.64"S 17°53'33.40"E 3 32°48'32.64"S 17°53'34.14"E 4 32°48'32.63"S 17°53'34.89"E 5 32°48'33.27"S 17°53'31.92"E 6 32°48'33.23"S 17°53'33.23"E 7 32°48'33.24"S 17°53'34.31"E 8 32°48'34.17"S 17°53'34.56"E 9 32°48'34.17"S 17°53'35.37"E

2.2.2. Zone 2 - Erf 67 & 68

Randomized sampling strategy to determine the presence of subsurface archaeological material. Sets of 1m² test squares will be dug in transects to a minimum of 1.5m. Approximately three test pits.

Table 2: Zone 2.

10 32°48'35.16"S 17°53'34.16"E 11 32°48'35.13"S 17°53'35.37"E 12 32°48'35.52"S 17°53'34.89"E

ACRM & PAAC 2015-09-07 12 Work Plan - Paternoster Test Excavation 2015

2.2.3. Zone 3 - Southern Boundary a. Non-probabilistic sampling of the three areas identified by Kaplan (2015).

Table 3: Zone 3. Non-Probabilistic test pits.

150 32°48'40.19"S 17°53'34.51"E 151 32°48'40.63"S 17°53'32.52"E 152 32°48'39.73"S 17°53'31.98"E

b. Randomized sampling strategy to determine the presence of subsurface archaeological material in Zone 3. 1m² test squares will be dug to a minimum of 1.5m. Approximately five test pits.

Table 4: Zone 3. Probabilistic test pits.

13 32°48'40.19"S 17°53'33.76"E 14 32°48'39.99"S 17°53'31.36"E 15 32°48'40.37"S 17°53'31.82"E 16 32°48'40.52"S 17°53'30.39"E 17 32°48'40.52"S 17°53'29.47"E

2.2.4. Zone 4 - Western Boundary

Randomized sampling strategy to determine the presence of subsurface archaeological material in Zone 4. 1m² test squares will be dug to a minimum of 1.5m. Approximately five test pits.

Table 5: Zone 4.

18 32°48'36.91"S 17°53'28.33"E 19 32°48'37.57"S 17°53'28.33"E 20 32°48'36.91"S 17°53'26.80"E 21 32°48'37.57"S 17°53'26.80"E

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22 32°48'38.24"S 17°53'26.80"E

2.3. Excavation methodology

2.3.1. General test excavation

• Current best practice archaeological excavation standards and guidelines, as accepted by the archaeological community (ASAPA Constitution N.D.; SAHRA 2006) and HWC, will be used during excavation. Professional excavation procedures will be used in the recovery and treatment of finds, including all charcoal;

• A grid interval system, locked into the SA National Grid System will be established. The test pits will be excavated using this grid as the basic mapping control;

• Where a depth of sediment with derived shell lies above in-situ deposits, the overburden will be carefully removed by spade prior to exposing intact strata;

• Wherever possible the natural and/or anthropogenic stratification will be followed during the excavation. The full depth of the anthropogenic sediments will be removed over the excavation area;

• Note has been taken of the presence of raised beach deposits. Such deposits were noted during monitoring of the Pai Nossa housing development at Paternoster (Kaplan 2006) and the PIA for the CBA (Pether 2015);

• The deposits will be sieved through a nested 5 mm and 1.5 mm size mesh;

• Shell weights will be used as a proxy for the density of human occupation close to the shore (as suggested by Smith & Mutti 2009). Any density greater than 1000g/bucket represents a highly significant heritage value.

• Records pertaining to the volume, stratification and nature of sediments will be made as well as maintaining comprehensive written, mapping and high resolution digital photographic records throughout the process,

• Efforts will be made to acquire a sufficient number of radiocarbon dates to determine the age of the depositional sequences,

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• All captured digital data – survey and photographic – will be backed up appropriately; and

• All paperwork, note books and profile drawings will be scanned to generate a digital backup.

2.3.2. Human Burials

There is a strong possibility of encountering unmarked human burials during construction or excavation. Burial places fall under the jurisdiction of HWC and are covered by Section 35 of the NHRA 1999 where HWC will deliver the final comment. In accordance with HWC procedures (HWC 2015-08-25 pers. Comm), any human remains located will be left in-situ. Photographs and a GPS position will be taken. The remains will then be covered up again.

3. RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION PROCESS

After the field work, all excavated material will be sorted and analysed. Upon completion of the mitigation process this material, together with field notes and the final report, will be given to IZIKO Museums for storage. Specialists will be approached as required.

A test excavation report, based on the fieldwork and analysis of archaeological resources and detailing recommendations will be prepared for the client and HWC. The guidelines for the report are set out in the SAHRA document: Minimum Standards: Archaeological and Palaeontological components of Impact Assessment Reports (SAHRA 2007). The report includes mapping, illustrations, stratigraphic drawings and photographic evidence of the finds and excavation process. This report will be submitted to HWC (APM) for comment. The final test excavation report will inform the heritage specialist (Graham Jacobs) regarding the revised Heritage Impact Assessment report. The HIA report will then be submitted to HWC (IACom) for comment.

4. SUMMARY

PAAC & ACRM propose the excavation of 25 test pits on the Paternoster CBA. These test pits will determine the extent and significance of archaeological resources. The results from this process will help inform the revised HIA and help HWC regarding recommendations for the wider development plan and prevent further indirect/cumulative impacts compromising the archaeological resources.

ACRM & PAAC 2015-09-07 15 Work Plan - Paternoster Test Excavation 2015

5. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

5.1. Specialist

Jonathan Kaplan

Agency for Cultural Resource Management

5 Stuart Road, Rondebosch, 7700

Ph/Fax: 021 685 7589

Mobile: 082 321 0172

E-mail: [email protected]

Qualifications & Experience:

MA (1989) Archaeology, University of Cape Town

More than 22 years in CRM

Current Academic Status:

MA

Accreditation:

ASAPA CRM (Membership No. 253)

Principal Investigator, specializing in Coastal Shell Middens, Stone Age archaeology. ID:

610 923 5177 089

5.2. Landowner Permission

Appendix A

5.3. Repository Agreement

Appendix B

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5.4. Signature of Specialist

______

Signature of Specialist Date

ACRM & PAAC 2015-09-07 17 Work Plan - Paternoster Test Excavation 2015

6. REFERENCES

Halkett, D. 1996. Report on the investigation of four archaeological sites at Paternoster Bay, south-western Cape. Report prepared for Paternoster Strand (Pty) Ltd. Archaeology Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Halkett, D. & Hart, T. 1992a. A first phase archaeological survey of Bekbaai, Paternoster. Report prepared for Brandt, Crous, Steyn & Burger. Archaeology Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Halkett, D. & Hart, T. 1992b. A first phase archaeological survey of Paternoster Bay, Paternoster. Report prepared for Brandt, Crous, Steyn & Burger. Archaeology Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Halkett, D. & Mutti, B. 1998. A Phase 1 archaeological investigation of Farm 1062 (previously 967) Paternoster. Report prepared for BCD Town and Regional Planners. Archaeology Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Hart, T. & Halkett, D. 1988a. Phase 1 archaeological assessment of a portion of farm 28, Paternoster and Portion 1 of farm 26, Paternoster, Western , Archaeology Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Hart, T. & Halkett, D. 1988b. A Phase 1 archaeological investigation of Farm 1062 (previously 967) Paternoster. Report prepared for BCD Town & Regional Planners. Archaeology Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Hart, T. & Halkett, D. 1995. Phase 1 archaeological investigation of Portion 1 of the farm 26 Paternoster and Portion 9 of farm 23 Paternoster. Report prepared for BCD Town & Regional Planners. Archaeology Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Hart, T. & Halkett, D. 1996. Phase 2 excavations of Later Stone Age sites, Paternoster Bay, Cape West coast. Archaeology Contracts Office, University of Cape Town. Jerardino, A. 2010. Large shell middens in Lamberts Bay, : a case of hunter-gatherer resource intensification. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 2291–2302. Kaplan, J. 2002a. Phase 1 Archaeological study, proposed development of Paternoster A34, Paternoster Cape West Coast. Report prepared for BCD Town & Regional Planners. ACRM . Kaplan, J. 2002b. Phase 1 Archaeological Study, a Portion of Paternoster 26/1 Paternoster, Cape West Coast. Report prepared for BCD Town and Regional Planners. ACRM, Riebeek West. Kaplan, J. 2003. Phase 1 Archaeological Impact Assessment Portions 23/7, 23/18, 23/19, 23/23 and 23/24 of the Farm Uitkomst No. 23 Paternoster. Report prepared for BCD Town & Regional Planners. ACRM Riebeek West Kaplan, J. 2004a. Phase 1 Archaeological Impact Assessment Portion 37 of the Farm Uitkomst 23 Paternoster. Report prepared for Envirodinamik on behalf of Mr Deon Brand. ACRM Riebeek West. Kaplan, J. 2004b. Archaeological monitoring of bulk excavations and earthworks in Portion 1 of Erf 1050, Paternoster. Report prepared for Rapidough Properties 459 cc. ACRM, Riebeek West. Kaplan, J. 2005a. Phase 1 Archaeological Impact Assessment Portion 21 of the farm Uitkomst 23 Paternoster. Report prepared for Mr Paul Freidberg. Agency for Cultural Resource Management.

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Kaplan, J. 2005b. Phase 1 Archaeological Study, Portion 6 of Walters Farm No. 36, Paternoster. Report prepared for Paternoster Strand (Pty) Ltd. Kaplan, J. 2005c. Progress report on archaeological excavation at Test Pit 11, Paternoster. ACRM Riebeek West. Kaplan, J. 2005d. Archaeological shovel testing Portion 23/7 of the Farm Uitkomst, Paternoster. Report prepared for Paternoster Property (Pty) Ltd. ACRM Riebeek West. Kaplan, J. 2005e. Results of archaeological shovel testing undertaken on Portion 21 of the Farm Uitkomst, Paternoster. Report prepared for Mr Paul Freidberg. Agency for Cultural Resource Management Kaplan, J. 2006. Archaeological monitoring Portions 23 and 24 of the Farm Uitkomst No. 23, Paternoster. Report prepared for Pai Nossa and Paturura developments. ACRM Riebeek West Kaplan, J. 2008a. Phase 1 Archaeological Impact Assessment proposed Mosselbank residential and resort development. Farms No. 1050 and Portion 36 and 37 of the Farm Uitkomst No. 23 Paternoster. Report prepared for Withers Environmental Consultants. ACRM Riebeek West. Kaplan, J. 2008b. Phase 1 Archaeological Impact Assessment, proposed residential development, Portion 3 of the Farm Uitkomst No. 23, Vredenburg. Report prepared for Cape Lowlands Environmental Services. ACRM, Riebeek West. Kaplan, J. 2008c. Phase 1 Archaeological Impact Assessment, proposed upgrading of the Paternoster Waste Water Treatment Works (Farm 1074), Paternoster. Report prepared for EnviroAfrica. ACRM, Riebeek West. Kaplan, J. 2009. Phase 1 Archaeological Impact Assessment of a proposed housing development on Portion 37 of the Farm Besters Kraal No. 38, Vredenburg. Report prepared for CKR Rumboll and Partners. ACRM, Riebeek West. Kaplan, J. 2013. Heritage Impact Assessment, proposed Jacobsbaai Waste Water Treatment Project. Report prepared for EnviroAfrica. ACRM Cape Town Nilssen, P. 2007a. Portion 37 of the Farm Uitkomst 23, Paternoster, Municipality Western Cape Province. Archaeological test excavations in mitigation of the area around Test Pits 5 and 16. Progress report. Report prepared for . Centre for Archaeological Resource Management. Nilssen, P. 2007b. Portion 37 of the Farm Uitkomst 23, Paternoster, Saldanha Bay Municipality Western Cape Province. Archaeological test excavations in mitigation of the area around Test Pit 13. Progress report. Report prepared for Heritage Western Cape. Centre for Archaeological Resource Management. Orton, C. 2000. Sampling in Archaeology. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. Patrick, M. 2008. Report on archaeological test excavations: Remainder of Farm 26, Paternoster. Report prepared for Paternoster Strand (Pty) Ltd. Cape Archaeological Survey cc Cape Town. Patrick, M., Smith, A. & Muti, B. 2009. Report on additional archaeological excavations: Remainder of Farm 26, Paternoster. Report prepared for Paternoster Strand (Pty) Ltd. Cape Archaeological Survey cc. Cape Town.

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Pether, J. 2015. Palaeontological Assessment: Desktop Study. Proposed Development Of The Paternoster Central Business Area Saldanha Municipality, Vredenburg District, Western Cape Farm Paternoster A No. 34 & Ptn 2 Of Farm Paternoster A No. 34. Robertshaw, P.T. 1977. Excavations at Paternoster, south-western Cape. South African SAHRA 2007. Minimum Standards: Archaeological and Palaeontological components of Impact Assessment Reports Smith, A.B. 2006a. Excavations at Kasteelberg, and the Origins of the Khoekhoen in the Western Cape, South Africa. Oxford: BAR International Series1537. Smith A.B. 2006b Kasteelberg, a sealing camp of Cape herders in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 1 (1): 109–122. Smith, A. B. & Mütti, B. J. 2013. The past 3000 years of human habitation and coastal resource exploitation on the Vredenburg Peninsula. The Archaeology of the West Coast of South Africa. Eds Jerardino, A., Malan, A. & Braun, D. In: BAR International Series 2526. Smith, A.B., Mütti, B.J. & Manyaapelo, T. 2008a. Report on the Exhumation of Human Skeletal Remains from Portion 37 of Farm Uitkomst 23. Smith & Mütti Consultants, Cape Town. Smith, A.B., Mütti, B.J. & Patrick, M. 2008b. Report on attempts to mitigate shell midden at Remainder of Farm 26, Paternoster, Vredenburg Magisterial District. Report prepared for Paternoster Strand (Pty) Ltd. Cape Town: Cape Archaeological Survey. Smith, A.B., Mütti, B.J. & Patrick, M. 2009. Additional Test Excavations: Remainder of Farm 26 Paternoster. Report prepared for Paternoster Strand (Pty) Ltd. Cape Town: Cape Archaeological Survey. Yates, R. 1998. A phase 2 archaeological investigation of Site 1 on Farm 1062 (previously 967), Paternoster, Western Cape. Report prepared for Faros Fisheries. Henshilwood, Yates & Winter Heritage Resource Consultants. Yates, R. 2003. Archaeological Heritage Resources Assessment Plot 10 and allied areas of Portion 1 of Farm No. 1050 Paternoster. Report prepared for Rapidough Properties cc. Iziko: South African Museum. Yates, R. 2004a. Archaeological Heritage Resources Assessment Portion 37 of the Farm Uitkomst 23, Paternoster. Saldanha Bay Municipality, Western Cape Province. Report prepared for Deon van Zyl Consultants. Iziko: South African Museum. Yates, R. 2004b. Interim report to Heritage Western Cape on excavations conducted on Portion 1 of Farm 1050 Paternoster on behalf of Rapidough Properties. Iziko: South African Museum.

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7. APPENDIX A: Landowner Permission

ACRM & PAAC 2015-09-07 21 Work Plan - Paternoster Test Excavation 2015

8. APPENDIX B: Repository Agreement

ACRM & PAAC 2015-09-07 22