December 2018

邮发代号2-903 CN11-1429/Z 国内零售价： Canada $7.80 Australia $9.10 USA $5.10 Vol. 846 December 2018 The 40-Year 10 Turkey TL.10.00 Europe €5.20 UK 元 ₤ 3.20 3.20 26-29 Barriers for Connectivity for Barriers Breaking Integration: Delta River Yangtze Milestone Events Opening Up: Reform and 40-49 Miracle 64-65 40 Years 40 in aContributor to aBeneficiary From 可栽绕已种地塞达树木寒来球罕沙赤坝按半个多世纪，暑地道机往，变林海，荒牢记使命械林三场原成代人的森林覆盖率绿洲。耕耘。 80%

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1 米株距排开，艰苦创业 12 圈。

绿色发展

Saihanba is a cold alpine area in northern Hebei Province bordering the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It was once a barren land but is now home to 75,000 hectares of forest, thanks to the labor of generations of forestry workers in the past 55 years. Every year the forest purifies 137 million cubic meters of water and absorbs 747,000 tons of carbon dioxide. The forest produces 12 billion yuan (around US$1.8 billion) of ecological value annually, according to the Chinese Academy of Forestry. Dec 2O18

Administrative Agency: China International Publishing Group 主管：中国外文出版发行事业局（中国国际出版集团） Publisher: China Pictorial Publications 主办: 社 44 47 Address: 33 Chegongzhuang Xilu 社址: Haidian, Beijing 100048 北京市海淀区车公庄西路33号邮编: 100048 Email: [email protected] : [email protected] 邮箱 President: Yu Tao 社长: 于涛 Editorial Board: Yu Tao, Li Xia, He Peng 编委会: Bao Linfu, Yu Jia, Yan Ying 于涛、李霞、贺鹏鲍林富、于佳、闫颖

Editor-in-Chief: Li Xia 总编辑: 李霞 Editorial Directors: Wen Zhihong, Qiao Zhenqi 编辑部主任: 温志宏、乔振祺 English Editor: Liu Haile 英文定稿: 刘海乐 Editorial Consultants: Scott Huntsman, Mithila Phadke 语言顾问: 苏格、弥萨罗 Editors and Translators: Gong Haiying, Yin Xing 编辑、翻译: Zhao Yue, Wang Shuya 龚海莹、殷星 Li Zhuoxi, Xu Shuyuan 赵月、王舒雅 Zhou Xin, Hu Zhoumeng 李卓希、许舒园 Li Yiqi, Lu Anqi 周昕、胡周萌 56 59 李艺琦、鲁安琪 30 Operation: Zhang Yingjie 编务: 张英杰 Design: Alinea Productions 设计: 利雅法盛 Web Maintenance and 网络总监、 Graphic Design Specialist: Andrey Maleev 数据设计师: 安德烈马列耶夫 Advertising Department: 广告部： Telephone: 86-10-88417354 or 88417419 电话: 010- 88417354 88417419 Publishing and Distribution Director: Qiu Mingli 出版发行部主任：邱明丽 Telephone: 86-10-68412660 电话: 010-68412660 Remittance to: Publishing and Distribution Department, 邮购收款人： China Pictorial 人民画报社出版发行部 Legal Adviser: Yue Cheng 法律顾问: 岳成 33 41 74 Printing: Toppan Leefung Changcheng Printing (Beijing) Co., Ltd. 印刷:北京利丰雅高长城印刷有限公司

Overseas Distribution: China International Book Trading Corporation (Guoji Shudian), 35 Chegongzhuang Xilu, Features Express New Ideas and New Goals for a New Era P.o. Box 399, Beijing 100044, China Telephone: 86-10-68413849 30 40 Years of Achievements and Experience 08 Step Past the Trap 26 Yangtze River Delta Integration: Breaking Barriers for Fax: 86-10-68412166 China Book Trading (Canada) Inc. 40 Reform and Opening Up: Milestone Events Connectivity Telephone: 1-416-497-8096 50 Opening Up a Chinese Miracle Sensing China From Volume to Value Give and Take: Architecture and Cultural Footprints Culture 出版日期每月1日 54 10 国内刊号: CN11-1429/Z 56 What’s Next for Financial Opening Up? 72 People, Turning Points and Great Progress of a Country 国际刊号: ISSN0009-4420 —400 Unforgettable Chinese Moments over 40 Years 京海工商广字第0121号 58 China’s Successful Experience in Poverty Reduction Now In China, subscriptions are available at any post office. 60 Social Governance on Demand 12 Shaking Hands and Strengthening G20 Cooperation 74 Great Display of Reform —Xi’s Visits to Spain, Argentina, Panama and Portugal Subscription and distribution agency in Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan: 62 Belt and Road: Reconstructing and Nourishing Globalization Hong Kong Peace Book Company, Ltd. 17/F., Paramount Building, 12 Ka Yip Street, Chai Wan, Hong Kong 64 From a Beneficiary to a Contributor in 40 Years China Will Complement, Not Supplant Special Report Visit China Pictorial on the Internet: 66 www.china-pictorial.com.cn 68 China’s Development Path: Opportunities and Challenges 16 Chinese Solutions for Promoting Open Global Cooperation 70 Forty-Year Efforts Pay Off 20 Togetherness Leads to Prosperity New Beginnings for a Shared Future Follow us on: 22 24 CIIE: A Global Beacon of Opening Up EXPRESS | NEWS DEC · 2O18

by Ding Lin/Xinhua by Wan Quan Closer Asia-Pacific Cooperation Extreme-Agility Flying

November 18, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: economy, Xi used his speech at the meeting to urge the November 6, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province: A prompted applause and cheers from thousands of Chinese President Xi Jinping (5th left, front) and other economies to maintain the momentum of Asia-Pacific J-10B fighter jet performs an aerobatics display during spectators. The J-10B was widely considered one of the leaders and representatives from member economies of cooperation. the 12th China International Aviation and Aerospace most impressive aircraft of the six-day show, which the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) pose “We have reached a crossroads of history, when we Exhibition (Airshow China). concluded on November 11. for a group photo before the 26th APEC Economic must have a keen appreciation of the trend of our world A J-10B thrust-vectoring demonstrator debuted at Airshow China is an international aviation and Leaders’ Meeting. and take the pulse of the world economy,” he said. Airshow China. Equipped with a thrust vector control aerospace trade show that has been held in Zhuhai every Underlining the trend of economic globaliza- “That is how we will be able to respond to the call of nozzle, the J-10B performed a series of gravity-defy- two years since 1996. This year, the event was attended tion, economic integration in the region, and an open our time and chart our future course accordingly.” ing aerobatic stunts at the air show’s opening ceremony. by more than 700 exhibitors from over 40 countries and The extreme-agility maneuvers in the skies over Zhuhai regions.

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VCG VCG Smooth Delivery Fashionably Traditional

November 12, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province: A smoothly deliver a massive number of parcels. October 30, Beijing: Women dressed in Tang- shows, a record volume. delivery company employee sorts express boxes in a China’s online shoppers have redefined the world- Dynasty (618-907) costumes perform at a show by Under the theme “Thriving towards the Sun,” the warehouse. wide shopping binge in numbers as Alibaba’s Singles’ designer Chu Yan for the China Fashion Week Spring/ event promoted Chinese fashion by showcasing Chinese China witnesses a surge of express delivery parcels Day shopping festival completed its 10th year. Adobe Summer 2019 at Beijing Hotel. spirit, values and strength. Once again, designers in the wake of the November 11 online shopping spree. data showed that China’s e-commerce giant Alibaba set This year’s China Fashion Week opened on October featured at this year’s China Fashion Week took inspira- Data from China’s State Post Bureau showed that more another record with 213.5 billion yuan (US$30.7 billion) 25 with the participation of 150 designers from home tion from the inheritance and innovation of traditional than 1.35 billion parcels were ordered on major e-com- this year, nearly tripling the numbers of Cyber Monday and abroad. The nine-day event included a total of 96 Chinese culture. merce platforms on November 11, 2018. Delivery and Black Friday in 2017. companies across the country shifted into high gear to

06 VOLUME 846 CHINA PICTORIAL 07 EXPRESS | COMMENT BUZZWORDS DEC · 2O18

“We will not be intimidated, and natural environment of the Arctic and we will not stand down.” As Pence’s limited support for equipment installa- aggressive speech promised, the tion, Chinese scientists designed a pack- Unmanned Ice age plan comprised of two prototypes U.S. is taking a far tougher line on and four subsystems, an unprecedented Step Past the Trap Station effort globally. The unmanned ice station China while expanding its fight Edited by Li Zhuoxi Text by Hu Zhoumeng from trade to other areas. wields a number of independently devel- The moves are exposing the oped core technologies such as long- The politics of two great powers are not destined for tragedy, unless they decide it so. From August 18 to 22, 2018, Chinese term observation by light radiation inside hidden bait of the Thucydides scientists installed the Arctic Ocean’s sea ice, wind speed observation on ice Trap—it is a self-fulfilling proph- first unmanned ice station system during surface to prevent frozen raindrops and ecy driven by suspicion. If two China’s ninth Arctic expedition, ushering long-term observation technology of great powers lack communication, in an “unmanned era” for scientific obser- towing profiles under the ice. vation of the North Pole. .S. Vice President effort” to interfere in the U.S. claims that a rising power causes action begets misperception and The new research station can perform Mike Pence’s China- elections. Playing the China card fear in an established power which misperception begets reaction, and unattended observation of multiple bashing speech in early during U.S. election seasons is escalates toward war. Harvard polit- then the confrontational mindset fluctuations in the ocean, sea ice and October presented quite nothing new, but such dramatic ical scientist Graham Allison coined gets exacerbated as the loop atmosphere of the North Pole. Currently, most countries use icebreakers in summer Ua show. In his talk at the Hudson accusations without evidence is the term based on a quote from repeats. That is the ultimate snare to explore the Arctic, resulting in a lack Institute in Washington, D.C., a new low. ancient Greek historian Thucydides of the situation. of understanding of key processes such he attacked China’s domestic and Framing China as a stiff rival is in reference to the current China- “If rivals see their courses as ice melting in spring and freezing in foreign policies concerning trade, easy, but does nothing to help the U.S. relations. as preordained and Thucydides’ autumn, which are crucial to understanding changes in sea ice. The unmanned ice the South China Sea, Taiwan, U.S. address its internal problems The Thucydides Trap seems to supposed trap as inescapable, both station is a valuable supplement to re- The unmanned ice station can perform search in the absence of scientific expedi- human rights, religion and other and escalate friction between the increasingly resonate with some will gird for what they regard as long-term continuous gathering of data on issues. The decision to escalate two great powers. The inclination American radical strategists along- inevitable,” argued James Holmes, tion vessels. the Arctic, which is helpful for monitoring the trade disputes and meddle in to design the country’s China strat- side the Trump administration. professor of strategy at the Naval Additionally, considering the harsh its environment and climate change. VCG China’s domestic affairs expect- egy as confronting a “competitor” Since Trump began waging a trade War College, in an article for The edly triggered a strong rebuke from is actually snaring the U.S. into the war against China, rounds of tariffs National Interest. “If they believe lands which are not listed in the resident Beijing. Most shockingly, Pence so-called “Thucydides Trap.” have been tit-for-tat at the expense they enjoy some say-so over the household registration management accused China of an “unprecedented The Thucydides Trap theory of consumers in both countries. workings of destiny, then they might system. According to a survey report on find some way to navigate their Island “Owning” island resources issued by China’s State differences.” Edited by Li Zhuoxi Oceanic Administration (SOA), the country’s uninhabited islands account for 94 The 14th Chinese American Film Festival and Chinese American TV Festival were held in the United States from October 28 to November 30, Over the past four decades, percent of its total islands, yet cover only 2018. Here, guests at a November 11 press conference in Los Angeles pose for a group picture. VCG the interests of China and the U.S. about two percent of total island area. have become highly interwoven. According to the SOA, development As Chinese Foreign Minister Wang should happen based on paid usage. Yi said, the most important experi- Charges for usage of an uninhabited ence gained by the two sides is that island will be decided by the size, inten- sity and effect of exploitation. Another only through cooperation can a priority is whether the plan gives due win-win situation be attained, and consideration to protecting natural confrontation will inevitably lead to resources such as rare and endangered a lose-lose scenario. species, freshwater and beaches. This is June 17, 2018: Fenjiezhou Island, an a measure to prevent developers from China always advocates that any uninhabited island in Lingshui Li damaging the ecosystems of the islands problem between China and the Autonomous County, Hainan Province. Any U.S. can be resolved through equal entity or individual wanting to develop and their surrounding waters. uninhabited islands should first submit an The dream of becoming an “island and frank dialogue. That is how application to the ocean administration authorities and pay a fee for usage of an owner” may seem tempting. Yet doing those two countries have grown uninhabited island. VCG so requires a lot of hard work. Develop- together in the global economic ing an isolated uninhabited island is not A document issued in July 2018 by the easy. To develop an uninhabited island, a system despite differences in politi- Hainan ocean and fishery authorities stat- tenant needs to equip it with basic facili- cal systems and culture. ed that any entity or individual seeking to ties such as docks, roads, buildings, fresh The politics of two great powers develop uninhabited islands should first water and electricity, all of which cost are not destined for tragedy, unless submit application to ocean administration authorities. two or three times as much as on the they decide it so. Facing a trap, one Uninhabited islands are scattered continent. It is estimated that developing can avoid it or fall for it, but there is across the vast waters of China. These a single uninhabited island would require no excuse if it is fully exposed. so-called “uninhabited islands” refer to is- at least one billion yuan.

08 VOLUME 846 CHINA PICTORIAL 09 SENSING CHINA DEC · 2O18 Give and Take Architecture and Cultural Footprints Text by Nathan Bennett Nations leave footprints as they interact with each other, but it is up to each of them to decide what to preserve, what to eliminate and what to imitate.

ast summer I visited Harbin remote Beijing neighborhood. The student, but at least a decade past in northeastern China’s Chinese spoken in the region is the his student days, he was still able Heilongjiang Province. most standard Mandarin, and one to converse with me in English. Harbin is something like can find barbecued mutton and I started thinking about what Lan inland Shanghai. It is a nexus light beer just about everywhere. I happened to many of my students: between Europe and China, and don’t know what the local cuisine Some left to study abroad, and that connection gives it a modern is supposed to be, but the mutton others were happy just to pass my shape. Accordingly, there is a and beer felt straight out of Beijing. class and graduate. Wherever they preponderance of European archi- An expat friend lamented that some go in the future, they take a bit of tecture left over from long-term restaurants were closing and being the English language and American Russian presence in the city. replaced with already ubiquitous culture. Some such footprints are Architecture can be a strong cultural chuar (barbecue sticks). My thought: unavoidable because English is February 28, 2018: Visitors gather in front of the snow-covered Saint Sophia Cathedral in Harbin, northeastern China. The Russian-style footprint that nations leave as they Harbin people like what they like. cathedral, built in 1907, has become a tourist attraction on the Central Avenue in the city. VCG interact with each other, but it is up As I was traveling in Harbin, Nathan Bennett in front of the Church of the to each country to decide what to I certainly made use of Didi, a Intercession of the Mother of God in Harbin, the preferred international trade be Chinese. process those contributions, decid- preserve, what to eliminate and what ride-sharing app. In Beijing where northeastern China. courtesy of the author language, so modern education As our nations more intimately ing what to keep and what to let go. to imitate. I live and work, many drivers hail will always include it for at least engage with each other, we will One thing I most admire about Historically, Harbin, like from Harbin. Such is to be expected some students. leave footprints, be them cultural, China is its cultural stability. Whatever Shanghai, supported a dynamic in the capital—people come from The same is true for architec- historical, technological or architec- changes occur in the outside world, foreign community. Russians everywhere to find work opportu- ture: You can’t construct a modern tural. Footprints may be as large as Chinese culture maintains a steady arrived during the Tsarist era and nities. But it was interesting to meet skyscraper with traditional building cities. Some cities come into being course. Although modern econom- remained after the dissolution of the Harbin drivers in Harbin where they methods. Cities all over the world because of interactions between ics, geopolitics, technology, medicine, Russian Empire. Then, the commu- were totally at home. One driver share similar blocks of concrete, nations–Harbin and Shanghai are education and other realms differ nity endured Japanese occupation I met could speak a little English, steel and glass because the science examples that immediately come from traditional Chinese models, for many years. However, most of which got me to think about other is the same. If you want a really to mind. Yet, the two cities remain China has taken things from the them moved out after 1949 when kinds of footprints that nations tall building, you have to build truly and overwhelmingly Chinese outside and made them truly its decades of foreign control ended. leave as they interact with each according to engineering rather regardless of the strength of outside own. Whether the architecture is Descendants of Russians who other: language and culture. than cultural nostalgia. China is influence. Footprints may also Romanesque, Art Deco or even a married Chinese remain, forming My 30-something Didi driver making both modern architecture be as small as individuals. I am simple tower block, the architects and a contemporary expatriate commu- claimed that he had taken English and the English language its own. here teaching English while many builders are Chinese. nity, but not one that will leave classes in school all the way through On the flip side, greater numbers Chinese students are studying in an architectural footprint like in college. Most of my time in China of American business students are America. Whatever I leave behind The author is an English teacher at years past. has been spent teaching English. studying Chinese because many of and whatever exchange students Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Some parts of Harbin feel like a He was too old to have been my their future business partners will bring back from abroad, China will Architecture.

10 VOLUME 846 CHINA PICTORIAL 11 NOW DEC · 2O18

November 30, 2018: Chinese President Xi Jinping at the 13th G20 summit held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Xi delivered a speech titled “Look Beyond the Horizon and Steer the Shaking Hands World Economy in the Right Direction” at the first session of and Strengthening the summit. by Li Tao/Xinhua G20 Cooperation Xi’s Visits to Spain, Argentina, Panama and Portugal

At the G20 summit, Chinese President Xi Jinping pledged that China will firmly continue a new round of reform and opening up, with greater focus on intellectual property rights protection and increased imports.

November 30, 2018: A group photo of G20 leaders in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Chinese President Xi Jinping (sixth right, front) and other G20 leaders gathered in Argentina to exchange in-depth views on building consensus for fair and sustainable development. by Li Tao/Xinhua

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December 1, 2018: Chinese President Xi Jinping (right) December 3, 2018: Chinese President Xi Jinping December 2, 2018: Chinese President Xi meets with his U.S. counterpart Donald Trump in Buenos (left) and his Panamanian counterpart Juan Jinping (left) receives Argentina’s highest Aires. The two sides reached consensus on economic Carlos Varela meet with entrepreneurs from decoration, the Order of the Liberator General and trade issues and agreed to avoid escalation of trade the two countries for a China-Panama business San Martin, from President Mauricio Macri in restrictive measures. by Li Xueren/Xinhua forum in Panama City. by Rao Aimin/Xinhua Buenos Aires, Argentina. by Li Tao/Xinhua

n November 30, Chinese Noting that the G20 was born trading system. Second, Xi urged two countries and stop imposing new visits to Spain, Argentina, Panama Aires. On November 21, “The President Xi Jinping urged out of the international communi- the G20 to forge strong partnerships tariffs. Xi and Trump also agreed and Portugal intensified respective Beauty of Artworks—Echoes the Group of 20 (G20) ty’s need to maintain stable growth and increase macro-policy coordina- to have further exchange of visits at bilateral ties and G20 cooperation. of Civilization” exhibition and to adhere to openness, of the global economy, Xi remarked tion. Third, Xi noted that the G20 an appropriate time. According to Against the backdrop of dialogue forum between Chinese Opartnership, innovation and inclu- that the group has overcome diffi- should stay committed to innova- Wang, the two presidents reached President Xi’s visits to the four and Spanish artists was held in siveness and steer the world culties together, navigated the tion and create new momentum for important common understandings countries, China International Madrid. On November 22, a China- economy responsibly. global economy out of recession and growth. Fourth, Xi urged the G20 and the meeting certainly has charted Publishing Group (CIPG) hosted Spain readers’ seminar on the book Xi delivered the remarks while steered it back to a road of recovery to stay focused on win-win cooper- the course for China-U.S. relations a series of related activities. On Xi Jinping: The Governance of China addressing the 13th G20 summit in and growth over the past decade. ation to promote inclusive global for some time to come. November 22, the “Beautiful was held in Madrid days before the Argentinian capital of Buenos “Ten years later, let us work development. President Xi arrived in Buenos China, Beautiful Panama” photo Xi’s state visit to the country. On Aires. He warned G20 leaders of with the same courage and strate- On December 1, Xi met with his Aires on November 29 to attend exhibition, organized by China November 26, a China-Portugal accelerated accumulation of risk in gic vision and ensure that the global U.S. counterpart Donald Trump the G20 summit and make a state Pictorial Publications, was held readers’ seminar on the book Xi the global economy and pledged that economy grows on the right track,” in Buenos Aires. According to visit to Argentina. Argentina is the in Panama City. On November Jinping: The Governance of China China will firmly promote a new Xi said, presenting a four-point Chinese State Councilor and Foreign second stop of Xi’s Europe and 20, the release ceremony for the was held in Lisbon. The same round of reform and opening up proposal to the summit. First, Xi Minister Wang Yi at a press brief- Latin America trip from November Spanish versions of Xi’s two day, the exhibition “Wisdom of through greater focus on intellec- called on G20 members to remain ing on the closely watched Xi-Trump 27 to December 5, which had taken works Up and Out of Poverty and Confucius Culture” opened at tual property rights protection and committed to openness and cooper- meeting, the two presidents agreed him to Spain and also includes state Zhejiang, China: A New Vision on the Confucius Institute of Lisbon increased imports. ation and uphold the multilateral to continue trade talks between the visits to Panama and Portugal. His Development was held in Buenos University in Portugal.

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November 5, 2019: Chinese President Xi Jinping delivers a keynote speech at the opening ceremony of the first China International Import November 5, 2018: Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev introduces the Country Pavilion of Russia to Chinese President Xi Jinping as he and Expo in Shanghai, in which he stressed that the current situation calls for openness and cooperation to foster steady global recovery, which foreign leaders tour the exhibition venue of the first China International Import Expo in Shanghai. courtesy of China Daily remains essential for continued human progress. Xinhua

t his keynote speech at the the 2018 annual conference of the Donald Trump adopted an opening ceremony of the Boao Forum for Asia in April, lays “America First” doctrine, stirring up Chinese Solutions for first China International a milestone marking a new stage of doubt about the benefits of opening Import Expo (CIIE) in China’s reform and opening up and up. Many once doubted opening-up AShanghai on November 5, 2018, a new trend for China’s relations policy in the past. However, after President Xi Jinping mentioned the with the outside world. witnessing the advantages of Promoting Open phrase “opening up” 53 times. His Why should every country open opening trends pushing develop- entire speech was focused on why up? President Xi stressed that the ment towards higher levels, a return countries around the world should current situation calls for openness to seclusion and isolation can never Global Cooperation open up and how to better promote and cooperation to foster steady be appealing. Text by Zhong Feiteng opening up. This speech, along- global recovery and that openness As the world’s second-larg- side President Xi’s speeches at the and cooperation will remain essen- est economy, China is presenting How can better opening up be achieved? The key is continuous promotion of domestic reform to motivate 2017 annual meeting of the World tial for continued human progress. Chinese solutions for opening importing potential and inspire all countries to join in global cooperation. Economic Forum in Davos and at After he took office, U.S. President up to the world. First, China will

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continue pushing forward domes- Xi announced that the government tic reforms and stimulating potential supports integrated development for increased imports. More than of the Yangtze River Delta region just a big market with a popula- and will make it a national strategy. tion of more than 1.3 billion, China It is actually one of five “pillars” has the world’s largest middle-in- bolstering China’s high-quality come group. development. The other four are China’s coastal areas inhab- the Belt and Road Initiative, the Japan’s NACHI Group displays ited by 500 million people boast coordinated development of the its SRA spot welding robots at the intelligent and high-end strong consumption capacity. In Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the equipment exhibition zone of this sense, it was understandable to Yangtze River Economic Belt and the first China International Import Expo (CIIE) in Shanghai. hold the CIIE in Shanghai, which the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao The CIIE offered an ideal platform for global cutting- is playing a lead role in China’s Greater Bay Area. edge high-tech equipment reform and opening up. President Constantly broadening market manufacturers to showcase their products to China and the world at large. by Xu Xun

Models of China’s Fuxing bullet train on display at the China Pavilion during the first China International Import Expo (CIIE) access and fostering a world-class China to pay attention to educa- in Shanghai. Themed “innovative, coordinated, green, open and business environment have become tion, healthcare and the protection shared development,” the China two core Chinese strategies to of intellectual property rights on the Pavilion at the CIIE demonstrated China’s remarkable achievements in promote high-quality development. road towards high-quality develop- development over the four decades of reform and opening up as well as The continuous increase in China’s ment centered on innovation. These the new opportunities brought by per capita income is fueling a boom are the key to attracting high-cal- the Belt and Road Initiative to the world. by Chen Jian in its service industry with health- iber talent and fostering core care and education at the center, competitiveness. becoming a new driving force for The CIIE has definitely become the country’s development. This a new platform for open cooper- shift has drawn intense scrutiny ation. Before it, China already from the international community, presented some global governance especially developed economies. In concepts and plans with Chinese particular, President Xi emphasized characteristics, all of which feature the importance of protecting intel- a high degree of inclusiveness lectual property rights and said that and openness and encourage all China will enact a punitive compen- countries to participate. sation system to significantly raise the costs for offenders. Constantly improving human resources can The author is director and research fellow serve as one of the most important of the Major Countries Relationship Research Department under the Institute of driving forces for a country’s devel- Asian-Pacific and Global Strategy, Chinese opment. Undoubtedly, it is vital for Academy of Social Sciences.

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China’s aspirations and related with other countries and made favors cooperation over confron- measures for peaceful coexistence. great contributions to regional and tation and peace over conflict in After the founding of the world peace. Although China’s terms of relationships with other Togetherness Leads People’s Republic of China in 1949, national strength is much stron- countries. conforming to common aspiration ger than before, safeguarding Finally, Xi’s speech showed of the international community, the peace and driving development are that China will further advance to Prosperity country proposed the principles still the fundamental principles of the implementation of the Belt and of peaceful coexistence in interna- the country in terms of interna- Road Initiative. Text by Ma Bin tional relations. For a long time, tional affairs. Facing the increasing In May 2017 when the Belt and by upholding the Five Principles unprovoked doubts and negative Road Forum for International Facing new tendencies and challenges in the global economic landscape, China hopes to cooperate with of Peaceful Coexistence, China editorials, China chose to organize Cooperation was held in Beijing, Xi countries around the world to lay a foundation for open and inclusive global economic governance. has greatly enhanced its relations the CIIE to make clear that China announced that China would hold the CIIE to inject new impetus into the development of the Belt November 13, 2018: Greenland Global Commodity Trading Hub opens. This trading platform emerged as a result of the spillover effect of the “6+365” trading service of the China and Road Initiative and create a International Import Expo. VCG new platform for world develop- n November 5, 2018, the determination to open wider to ment. A year and a half later, the first China International the world and shining light on its first CIIE arrived on schedule Import Expo (CIIE) future plans. and immediately began providing opened in Shanghai. At Secondly, Xi’s speech exhib- a practical platform for partici- Othe opening ceremony, Chinese ited China’s willingness and efforts pating countries to learn about President Xi Jinping delivered to promote shared and inclusive and access the Chinese market to a keynote speech titled “Work development. realize common prosperity. The Together for an Open Global Because of economic globaliza- CIIE is a major measure taken Economy That Is Innovative and tion, different countries across the by China to advance the Belt and Inclusive,” manifesting China’s world band together to improve Road Initiative—it blazes a path to determination and action to open their living standards in differ- prosperity characterized by exten- wider and pursue common develop- ent sectors to varying degrees. sive consultation, joint contribution ment in the world. But today, the global economy is and shared benefits. Firstly, Xi’s speech evidenced undergoing major adjustments In the nutshell, the CIIE is China’s determination to further characterized by rising protection- a major step China has taken to open and shined light on its future ism and unilateralism. Economic shoulder global responsibility and action plan. globalization featuring multilater- promote the building of a commu- Forty years ago, China launched alism and free trade has met serious nity with a shared future for its reform and opening-up policy. setbacks: A handful of countries humanity. Xi’s speech demonstrated Thanks to persistent explora- over-emphasize and fixate on to the world that China’s funda- tion and experimentation, China relatively minor losses while refus- mental pursuits remain peace and has achieved great progress in ing to recognize net gains. These development. Facing new tenden- various fields. But amidst profound countries have taken unilateral cies and challenges in the global changes in domestic and interna- action to pursue excessively narrow economic situation, China hopes tional situations, China’s reform national interests, causing a negative to cooperate with countries around and opening up is also undergo- impact on economic globalization the world to lay a foundation for ing a new round of challenges and serious damage to the economic open and inclusive global economic and opportunities. Against this and institutional foundation for governance. backdrop, Xi’s speech empha- international trade cooperation. sized that China would stimulate In this gloomy context, by hosting the potential for increased imports, the import expo, China hopes to broaden market access, foster a showcase its strong will to safeguard world-class business environment, the overall interests of various explore new horizons of opening countries and promote shared and The author is an associate research fellow up and facilitate multilateral inclusive development. with the Institute of International Studies at cooperation, showcasing China’s Thirdly, Xi’s speech outlined Fudan University.

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have been stuck with heavy tariffs, Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 cooperation in pursuit of devel- followed by retaliation from the while promoting world economic opment. These are the concrete affected countries. In fact, more and growth and common prosperity. And strategies which are certainly far more multinational corporations those solutions are deeply rooted in from final solutions for world devel- are worried about the policy trends China’s past 40 years of experience in opment, but are good starting points of China, and the IMF recently economic development which took for a march to common prosperity. warned that the world economy is place in an era of reform and opening facing downturn pressure due to the up, with focus now tightening on Welcoming a Community with policy uncertainty from some major innovation, cooperation and sustain- a Shared Future countries. The latest report from the ability. Among these factors, reform With the slogan “New Era, WTO pointed out that the world and opening up are the fundamen- Shared Future,” the CIIE represents trade index in the third quarter tal and endogenous driving forces a new landmark project for China’s of 2018 was wavering at 100.3, a of economic growth, according to higher-level opening up, while warning that means world trade is in the belief and ideology of the ruling serving as a new platform for the danger of decline. party of China. However, China international cooperation for all Now, the first-ever import- advocates independent development countries to showcase their devel- themed state-level expo sent a based on every country’s own situa- opment achievements and discuss strong signal that China will not tion and opposes imposing so-called global economic and trade issues. close its door to the world, but will “ultimate standards” or “fixed But most importantly, the expo is only become even more open. China modes” on others. another grand gesture from China attributes its economic miracle to At the opening ceremony of to reinforce its commitment to build

Brazilian band Batuque Digital performs in Brazil’s Country Pavilion at the China International Import Expo, drawing a large crowd. the reform and opening up over the CIIE, Xi also announced five a community with a shared future by Guo Shasha the past 40 years. Aiming to build a tasks China would undertake in the for humanity. It is a new vision in stronger, higher-quality economy in near future to further open up and the sphere of international relations the new era, China will hold stead- promote world development: lower and human development, which fast to its opening-up policy, as tariffs and other market barriers was first outlined by President stipulated in the Party Constitution. and accelerate trade facilitation to Xi in 2011. The Belt and Road New Beginnings expand imports, further opening up Initiative (BRI), proposed by China Reinforcement of Chinese service industries and simplify the in 2013, fully embodies the idea of Solutions for Common negative list on investment to relax a community with a shared future Development market access, promote openness for humanity. The BRI emphasizes for a Shared Future Xi said in his speech that a great and a transparent system to improve shared interests, shared respon- Text by Xu Feibiao vision, simple and pure, requires the business environment, acceler- sibility and a shared future for credible actions. China has contin- ate exploration of free trade ports different entities in the world, which An innovative and pioneering effort from China marking a historic leap in international trade uously presented its solutions to with Chinese characteristics, and transcends the capacity of expla- development, the launch of the CIIE provides new hope for the gloomy global environment after the rise of achieving the UN’s Sustainable promote multilateral and bilateral nations in the classical theory of anti-globalization and protectionist sentiments. realism or idealism. The CIIE, like the BRI, is an In the section for exhibiting apparel, accessories and consumer goods during the China initiative sponsored not solely by International Import Expo (CIIE), a staffer from the French L’Oreal Group offers a marketing lecture. The group took up an area of 600 square meters and displayed 21 product series at the China itself, but by many countries CIIE. by Guo Shasha and international entities together. It rom November 5 to 10, the titled “Work Together for an A Sign of China’s Further is a chorus sung by the international China International Import Open Global Economy That Is Opening Up to the World community as China aims to share Expo (CIIE) was held in Innovative and Inclusive.” As an The year 2018 has witnessed its development opportunities with Shanghai, featuring more innovative and pioneering effort an upsurge in trade protection- other members of the big global Fthan 3,600 enterprises and insti- made by China marking a historic ism never seen in recent decades, family and work together to build a tutions, over 400,000 purchasers leap in international trade devel- especially after the U.S., in the name beautiful world of sustainable peace from China and abroad and 1,500 opment, the launch of the CIIE of “America First,” launched a large- and development. representatives from around provided a new ray of hope in the scale trade war against China as well the world. President Xi Jinping gloomy global environment after as against its closest allies. Hundreds The author is an associate professor personally raised the curtain on the rise of anti-globalization and of billions of dollars worth of goods of China Institutes of Contemporary the event with a keynote speech protectionist sentiments. from China and other countries International Relations (CICIR).

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Spectators at Germany’s Country Pavilion at the first CIIE in Shanghai. The expo has become a platform for exhibition and sales of global products, attracting dealers from CIIE all over the world. A Global Beacon by Chen Jian of Opening Up Text by Jia Jinjing and Guan Zhaoyu

The CIIE has calmed nerves around the world amid widespread trade turbulence.

through international cooperation he first China International domestic market for the rest of in the spirit of extensive consulta- Import Expo (CIIE) kicked the world. It testifies to China’s tion, joint contribution and shared off on November 5 in consistent position supporting the benefits. China will work with Shanghai with a keynote multilateral trading system and other participating countries on Tspeech from Chinese President Xi promoting free trade. It is concrete major projects, set up more trade Jinping at the opening ceremony. action by China to advance an promotion platforms and encour- Xi’s speech conveyed an important open world economy and support age more well-established and and inspiring message to the world: economic globalization. capable Chinese companies to China remains steadfastly commit- In 2018 alone, China reduced invest in countries along the routes ted to expanding its opening up. tariffs several times. The country to enhance cooperation in various accelerated the reform of customs areas. By so doing, China hopes to Five Major Measures to Ease clearance facilitation and promul- set up a platform for open coopera- Global Pressure gated a number of policies to tion worldwide. Trade protectionism has been on expand opening up. By the end of The first CIIE, an important and the rise around much of the world, January 2018, China had already imports. Second, China will 40 years of development, China has have grown slowly while spend- pioneering move made by China to leaving multilateral trade rules offered tariff exemptions to more continue to broaden market access. become the world’s second-larg- ing on development and leisure expand opening up and strengthen under threat. Uncertainty and insta- than 8,000 kinds of imported goods. Third, China will foster a world- est importer and developed into a has made a big jump. Clearly, the economic and trade cooperation bility still abound, which creates Cross-border e-commerce has class business environment. Fourth, key contributor to the global trade Chinese market has a huge potential with other countries, has created a risks and challenges for global further developed, and the account China will explore new horizons network from a mere participant. for imported consumer goods. new opening-up model for various economic development. Against settlement procedure has been for opening up. Fifth, China will In recent years, China’s per capita Since it proposed the Belt and countries and promoted healthy this backdrop, China organized simplified. Furthermore, thanks promote international cooperation disposable income has increased Road Initiative in 2013, China has economic development for China the CIIE at just the right time. As to development and innovation in at multilateral and bilateral levels. steadily and the purchasing power been expanding its circle of friends and the world alike. President Xi pointed out in his technology and digitization, global These measures have helped calm of Chinese people has witnessed in trade. By the end of March 2018, speech, the CIIE is the world’s trade patterns are expected to evolve nerves as global trade undergoes remarkable improvement. Per capita China had signed a total of 16 free first import expo at the national in a way that makes services even severe turbulence. GDP of Chinese mainland residents trade agreements with 24 countries level, marking an innovation in more tradeable. averaged only 385 yuan (US$55) and regions. The country is becom- Author Jia Jinjing serves as assistant dean the history of global trade. It is an As Xi mentioned in his speech New Era for China’s Imports in 1978, and the figure soared to ing an important trading partner for of the Chongyang Institute for Financial important move by China to pursue at the CIIE, China will step up When its reform and opening up 59,660 yuan (US$8,583) in 2017. an increasing number of countries Studies at Renmin University of China. a new round of high-level opening efforts in several ways to broaden began in 1978, China was a modest And now the country is undergoing along the Belt and Road. In the Author Guan Zhaoyu serves as an associate research fellow at the Chongyang Institute up, and represents a major Chinese its opening up. First, China will importer and a freshman student a nationwide consumption upgrade. future, China will continue to for Financial Studies at Renmin University initiative to continue widening its stimulate potential for increased in the world trading system. After Expenditures related to livelihood advance the Belt and Road Initiative of China.

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he Yangtze River Delta on such as the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s east coast, radiating the Coordinated Development of Yangtze River Delta from the alluvial plain near Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, the the estuary of the Yangtze Yangtze River Economic Belt and TRiver, is a region of key economic the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Integration importance involving Shanghai Greater Bay Area, China needs Municipality and Jiangsu, Zhejiang to accelerate its advancement of and Anhui provinces. integration of the Yangtze River Breaking Barriers for Connectivity Integration of the Yangtze River Delta with an eye on optimizing Delta refers to a strategic plan the region’s role in leading national Text by Chen Jianjun to break administrative barriers economic development. Integration of the Yangtze River Delta aims not only to create a world-class industrial cluster with impeding product and commod- Integration of the Yangtze River global competitiveness but also to explore a new path for transforming governance modes while ity flows between different cities Delta represents a pioneering step in advancing urbanization characterized by coordinated development of small, medium and large cities. and provinces in the region, form implementing a strategy of innova- a unified market, promote cooper- tive, coordinated, green, open ation and exchange, and achieve and shared development with the infrastructure connectivity, unified purpose of continuously promot- governance and shared benefits. The ing opening up at a higher starting ultimate aim is to shift the Chinese point through advancing the reform economy from high-speed growth to of an economic system featuring high-quality development. market-oriented resource allocation. Based on integrated development Connectivity Strategy schemes, the region is expected to The Yangtze River Delta region create a world-class industrial cluster has a combined population of 220 with global competitiveness, explore million, accounting for one-sev- the path for urbanization charac- enth of China’s total, and its GDP terized by coordinated development reaches US$3.5 trillion, about of small, medium and large cities, one-fourth of the nation’s total. and build an international metrop- In 2017, per capita GDP of the 16 olis cluster of global influence. The cities in the core area of the Yangtze importance of integration of the River Delta hit US$11,000. The Yangtze River Delta is breaking region is home to 26 cities includ- administrative barriers, promoting ing Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing, regional cooperation and blazing a Hefei, Suzhou, Wuxi and Ningbo, new path for transforming gover- which comprise one of the world’s nance modes. largest city clusters and China’s Integration of the Yangtze River leading economic center in terms of Delta is also a significant move by overall strength. It is also consid- the world’s second-largest economy ered the most open and dynamic based on its national conditions economic region in China. to help its people lead better lives. Today, the Chinese economy It shares similarities with the has entered a “new normal” period. economic integration of Europe A panoramic view of the Shanghai- The international situation China after World War II in terms of Nantong Yangtze River Bridge under faces is undergoing drastic changes, breaking down barriers and build- construction. With a total length of 11,072 meters, the bridge features a and the domestic economy has ing a unified market. Of course, 1,092-meter main span and is the world’s reached a crucial stage of restruc- the two cases also have differences. first highway and railway cable-stayed bridge with a main span exceeding turing and upgrading. To achieve Integration of the Yangtze River 1,000 meters. When completed, it will effectively bolster integration of the higher-level reform and opening up, Delta is a process of system and Yangtze River Delta region. VCG optimize economic structure and development integration between align with development strategies different regions within a sovereign

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working to promote industrial trans- solid institutional guarantee for fer and transregional development the integrated development of of enterprises through market-ori- the region. ented reforms, gradually remove Within the city cluster in administrative barriers to enable the Yangtze River Delta region, free, orderly flow of various factors, Shanghai plays a lead role, other and advance coordinated develop- major cities like Hangzhou, Nanjing, ment of different areas. Hefei, Suzhou, Ningbo and Wuxi Integration of the Yangtze River provide key support with their Delta has advanced smoothly in advanced development, and medium recent years. Regional cooperation and small cities such as Yiwu in mechanisms such as the Mayor/ Zhejiang Province and Kunshan, Governors’ Seminar, the Meeting Taicang and Zhangjiagang in of Vice Executive Governors, the Jiangsu Province contribute with Regional Partnership of Provincial their respective industrial strengths. Development and Reform In recent years, Shanghai has Commissions and the Forum for the remained committed to becoming September 21, 2014: Staffers from Nanjing Customs test the integrated customs clearance system at the Yangtze River Economic Belt Integrated Customs Clearance Emergency Coordination of Urban Economy of a global technological innovation Coordination Center in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province. The following day, the reform on integrated customs clearance of the Yangtze River Economic Belt was formally launched. the Yangtze River Delta Region are center. In support of Shanghai’s Xinhua already taking shape. Documents goal, Jiangsu Province announced such as the Development Plan of plans to build a global industrial the Yangtze River Delta Region, innovation center and Zhejiang country, implemented under the the country’s reform and opening the Development Plan for the Province set the goal of creat- November 7, 2018: The booth of the “Internet+ Chinese Civilization” action plan provides unified leadership of the central up, the Yangtze River Delta region Yangtze River Delta City Cluster, ing a “digital greater bay area.” An visitors with an immersive traditional Chinese culture experience using technologies such as image layering and virtual reality at the fifth World Internet Conference in Wuzhen, Zhejiang government. In contrast with the boasts a higher marketization and the Three-year Action Plan for innovation system is taking shape Province. The Yangtze River Delta region has reached consensus to promote technological intergovernmental integration of level, thriving private enterprises the Integrated Development of the in the Yangtze River Delta region. innovation. VCG politics, economy, currency, trade and plentiful entrepreneurs. Based Yangtze River Delta were promul- Moreover, green development has and foreign relations of European on such advantages, the region is gated and enacted, providing become consensus in the area, with countries under the banner of the focus on removing regional barriers coordinated governance, the region infrastructure. The promotion of European Union, integration of the and making joint efforts to protect needs to further merge governmen- connectivity, joint management Yangtze River Delta places greater the environment in the process of tal efforts with market-oriented and sharing of social development emphasis on removing institutional promoting economic development. resource allocation systems and resources between different cities in and mechanism barriers impeding encourage enterprises to advance the region is sorely needed. China’s economic development and Breaking Bottlenecks regional integrated development by Finally, the region needs to address reform and opening up, promot- The Yangtze River Delta region optimizing industrial chain layout. homogenized development and exces- ing free flow of various factors is still working hard to realize the Also, measures need to be taken to sive competition between different and optimizing industrial layout to goal of high-quality integrated strengthen relevant legislation. areas, cities and development zones. enhance the efficiency of social and development. Now that integration Second, the region needs to The integration of the Yangtze River economic development. With the of the region has been elevated to a quicken the shift from market Delta should prioritize institutional rapid urbanization of China, the national strategy, the Yangtze River integration to social policy integra- and mechanism innovation and build Yangtze River Delta has become an Delta should seize the opportunity tion and from basic public services a rule-based, controllable cooperation increasingly important beacon of to break bottlenecks hindering its integration to livelihood services and competition system. Cooperation economic development. integrated development. integration. Although the Yangtze aims to achieve more standard- First, the region needs to improve River Delta region, especially ized and efficient competition, and All-round Development coordinated governance and enhance Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, competition will further enhance Over the years, the integrated integration efficiency. Presently, has basically realized equalization cooperation. development of the Yangtze River most mechanisms for integrated in terms of economic development Delta has provided important development of the Yangtze River and per capita income, different experience and set a good example Delta remain a closed loop from cities still sharply contrast each for China to develop a social- “decision-making to implemen- other in terms of living standards, The author is a professor and executive August 27, 2018: A helicopter transports a patient with an acute cerebral hemorrhage from director of the Research Center for Urban ist market economy with Chinese Taixing People’s Hospital in Jiangsu Province to Shanghai, where he is then driven by tation” by relevant governments. technology, education, cultural and Regional Development at Zhejiang characteristics. A forerunner in ambulance to Ruijin Hospital for further treatment. Xinhua To enhance the efficiency of its and healthcare facilities and urban University.

28 VOLUME 846 CHINA PICTORIAL 29 FEATURES DEC · 2O18 40 Years of Achievements and Experience Text by Hu Biliang

The Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, held from December 18 to 22, 1978, decided to shift the focus of the Party and the government’s work to economic development and adopt the reform and opening-up policy. CFB

Rethinking the achievements and lessons of China’s reform and opening up over the past four decades will help enlighten and inspire the future development of China and the world at large.

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Shanxi farmers drive tractors holding orty years ago, Chinese leader a banner with the slogan of “Great Third Plenary Session of the CPC Deng Xiaoping launched Central Committee”. From December China’s reform and opening 18 to 22, 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central up, pushing the country’s Committee was held in Beijing, development into a new histori- opening the prelude to China's reform F and opening up. by Liu Yinqing cal period. Today, the times call for a careful review of the nation’s achievements and experiences over the past four decades, which will enlighten and inspire the future development of China and even the world.

Achievements and Experiences 1981: Chinese young people read under the street lights at Tian’anmen Square in Beijing. The achievements China has Since China resumed the collage entrance examination in 1977, the country’s higher made in its 40 years of reform and education has developed rapidly with the reform and opening up. by Liu Heung Shing opening up are mainly evidenced by institutional innovation and economic development. Institutional innovation includes five key aspects: First, China has explored a path of socialism with Chinese characteristics that meets the country’s national conditions. Soon after the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, it introduced the development mode of a planned economy used in the Soviet Union. In 1984, China presented the idea of building a “system of planned commodity The reform and opening up has enabled many Chinese farmers to become wealthy. Here, economy,” and then set the goal Sun Guiying, a chicken farmer in Beijing’s Changping District, poses for a picture with her of building a “system of socialist family beside a car they just bought in 1984. Sun was the first farmer to own a private car in market economy.” After decades of the history of the People’s Republic of China. by Li Xi/CFB explorations, the nation has established and constantly improved the system of socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics, laying the basic institutional foundation for its rapid economic growth. Second, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era. From reform to comprehensively deepening reform, from opening up to creating a new landscape for all-round opening up, China’s reform and opening up has also entered a new era. Third, the persistent urban-ru- Back in the 1980s, Bu Xinsheng (center), director of a state-owned T-shirt factory in ral dual structure has been basically Zhejiang Province, introduced management methods of a market economy that led to a wave of enterprise reform. For this reason, he was dubbed a “pioneer in China’s urban broken, and breakthroughs have economic system reform.” The picture shows Bu working on a new design with employees been made in forging a framework at a workshop in 1984. by Dai Jiming/Xinhua

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China’s first KFC restaurant opened in Qianmen, Beijing in 1987, becoming the first Western fast-food brand to enter the Chinese market. CFB 1984: The topping-out ceremony of the International Trade Center Building in Shenzhen. Independently designed by China, the 150-meter- tall building was the highest structure across the country at that time and dubbed an “icon of China’s reform and opening up.” by Jiang Shigao/CFB for urban-rural integration. and capacity, energy utilization US$4 trillion. Third, its cargo trade Ten key lessons can be drawn phases: introducing foreign invest- stability. Seventh, China has taken Fourth, based on its national efficiency, and social governance volume ranks first in the world after from China’s remarkable achievements through building Special active measures to facilitate and conditions, China has established capacity have constantly improved. rising from US$21 billion in 1978 ments: First of all, China’s profound Economic Zones (SEZs) starting protect benign competition. Eighth, and improved a poverty eradication China’s achievements in to US$4 trillion in 2017. Fourth, its history and culture have been in 1979, joining the World Trade China places priority on the devel- system with Chinese characteristics, economic development are demon- foreign exchange reserve ranks first converted into driving forces for Organization in 2001 to align opment of education. Ninth, China which has been proven effective in strated in the following five aspects: in the world after increasing from its development. Second, China has China’s trade and investment rules has formulated and enacted a series reducing poverty. To date, nearly First, its overall economic strength US$170 million in 1978 to more chosen the right, unique develop- with the world, developing pilot of development plans. Tenth, the 800 million impoverished people has been remarkably enhanced. In than US$3 trillion at the end of ment road suited for its national free trade areas (FTAs) since 2013 Chinese people are diligent and in the country have been lifted out 1978, its GDP was only US$150 2017. Fifth, food security in China is conditions, which is a road to to facilitate international trade and enterprising. of poverty. billion, ranking 11th in the world. now guaranteed. In the early days of socialism with Chinese charac- investment, and introducing the Belt Another secret behind the Fifth, the new type of urban- The figure rocketed to US$13 its reform and opening up, China’s teristics. Third, China adheres to and Road Initiative in the autumn success of China’s reform and ization has been increasingly trillion in 2017, second in the world. total grain yield was about 300 market-oriented reform. Fourth, of 2013 to take bolder and wider opening up has been taking gradual progressing. China’s urbanization Second, the added value of its million tons—300 kilograms per China has constantly pushed steps in opening up. Fifth, China steps along the road of reform rate rose from 18 percent in 1978 manufacturing industry ranks first capita. In 2017, its total grain output forward its opening up to the has always placed economic work at and opening up. For instance, to 59 percent at the end of 2017. globally after increasing from US$60 exceeded 600 million tons, and per world. The country’s opening up the top of its agenda. Sixth, China the household contract responsi- Moreover, its urban service level billion in 1978 to today’s nearly capita output reached 450 kilograms. can be roughly divided into four has maintained political and social bility system started in Xiaogang

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The important speeches made by Deng Xiaoping, “chief architect” of China’s reform and opening up, during his 1992 inspection tour to southern China pushed the country into a period of fast economic growth. The picture shows pedestrians in front of a huge portrait of Deng Xiaoping, on Shennan Avenue in downtown Shenzhen. by An Ge/CFB

A central part of the reform in China’s economic system, the reform of state-owned enterprises has constantly advanced, making great contributions to the country’s economic development. The picture shows employees of Shanghai Diesel Engine Plant signing labor contracts to turn from permanent workers into contracted workers in March 1992. by Yu Wenguo/VCG

Since the opening up of Shanghai’s Pudong New Area began in 1990, it has played a leading role in China’s reform and opening up. The picture shows investors from both home and abroad looking for business opportunities in front of the building of the government of Pudong New Area in September 1992. by Yu Wenguo/VCG

April 13, 1992: An executive from a foreign-funded enterprise talks to jobseekers at a career fair at the People’s Square in Shanghai. by Yu Wenguo/VCG

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November 28, 2018: The first train departs from Handan to Moscow, one of the routes of China Railway Express, carrying 41 compartments and traveling 9,500 kilometers in 15 days to arrive in the Russian city. Xinhua

Moreover, China has carried out international production capacity cooperation with global partners and built industrial parks in many countries. These measures represent great contributions to promoting the industrialization process of developing countries and helping them create more jobs and revenues. China is also making greater contributions to improving global governance. Starting in 2019, China will become the second-larg- July 13, 2001: People celebrate on the street after Beijing wins its bid to host the 2008 Olympics. After decades of reform and opening up, China has witnessed impressive est contributor to the UN regular economic growth and showed a new look to the world. by Zou Yi/CFB budget, after the United States. Of all of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, China has dispatched the largest number of personnel to UN peacekeeping missions. China has moderately increased its investment in the International Monetary Fund and Village in Anhui Province, where for people all over the world and and railway projects in Africa. All the World Bank according to needs. it was standardized and institution- make greater contributions to accel- of these projects have made direct All of these are conducive to improv- alized before becoming nationwide erating global economic growth contributions to improving infrastruc- ing the global governance system and practice via the formulation and and safeguarding world peace. In ture connectivity around the world. enabling international organizations implementation of relevant policies recent years, China has contributed Presently, China imports about to play a more positive role. after it was proven effective in more than 30 percent of the world’s US$2 trillion of goods and US$500 On the other hand, the successful raising grain yield by a large margin. economic growth. billion of services from around the experiences China has accumulated Just like reform in rural areas, urban Specifically, over the five years world annually and has become a across the past 40 years of its reform reform, SEZs and FTAs all followed since it proposed the Belt and Road massive commodities and services and opening up, especially those a similar progressive process. Initiative, China has invested a market. In recent years, China’s concerning development path suited large volume of funds in infra- outbound investment has surpassed for national conditions, poverty Global Significance structure construction around the its inbound investment, making it alleviation, governance and energy The success of China’s reform world, including a railway project a major net capital exporter of the structure transformation, will and opening up has been globally in Tajikistan, a tunnel project in world. China also took the lead provide useful references for other significant. Uzbekistan, power plant projects in in the establishment of the Asian countries in the world, especially China’s economic strength has Pakistan, a railway project in Laos, Infrastructure Investment Bank developing nations. greatly improved due to its reform high-speed rail projects in Indonesia and the BRICS New Development October 1, 2010: A national flag-raising ceremony is held in front of the China Pavilion at and opening up, so the country and Thailand, port projects in Bank, which have provided remark- Shanghai Expo 2010. The 2010 World Expo in Shanghai showcased China’s remarkable achievements since the beginning of its reform and opening up in the late 1970s, and pushed is now able to provide more and Myanmar and Sri Lanka, an industrial able amounts of development funds The author is dean of the Emerging Markets the country to further open its door to the outside world. by Chen Fei/Xinhua better public goods and services park project in Belarus, and highway for less-developed countries. Institute at Beijing Normal University.

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1982 Household Contract Responsibility System On the evening of November 24, 1978, 18 farmers from Reform and Opening Up Xiaogang Village in Anhui Province signed a contract, according to which its farmland would be separated and contracted to each household. This was the start of what was then called the Household Contract Responsibility Milestone Events System, and the village reaped a good harvest the following year. The Household Contract Responsibility System Concept by China Pictorial Photographs courtesy of CFB unless otherwise credited unleashed the productive forces in rural areas and greatly aroused the enthusiasm of farmers, making it the most important reform of rural production management systems in the early stage of China’s reform and opening up. milestone event opened the door for 1977 1979 China’s exchange with the West and College Entrance Examination Resumes Shenzhen Special Economic Zone its gradual absorption of trends of the world.

1980 First Private Restaurant Opens In 1980, the first private restaurant, In September 1977, China decided to Shenzhen was designated as a Yuebin, opened. Despite its humble resume the national college entrance Special Economic Zone along with space and relatively simple decora- examination that had been suspended Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen. On July tion, it was still something new. It for 10 years during the “cultural 8, 1979, an infrastructure project in benefited from the policy of opening revolution” (1966-1976). Millions Shekou Industrial Zone in Shenzhen up and invigorating the economy of young people from all walks of began construction. The idea of proposed at the Third Plenary Session life took the exam, among whom innovation and the pioneering spirit of the 11th CPC Central Committee. many passed and were admitted to of looking to the accomplishments of colleges. These students’ lives were others exerted a major influence on totally changed, and they became the China’s reform and opening up and foundation of human capital that was spread to the whole nation. China’s 1981 needed for the nation’s fast growth. opening accelerated thereafter. Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Diplomatic Ties between China and Founding of the PRC U.S. Established In June 1981, the Sixth Plenary Session 1978 of the 11th CPC Central Committee Third Plenary Session of the 11th approved the Resolution on Certain Central Committee of the Communist Questions in the History of Our Party Party of China since the Founding of the PRC, correctly From December 18 to 22, 1978, summarizing the major historical the Third Plenary Session of the events of the Party since the founding 11th Central Committee of the of the PRC, particularly the “cultural Communist Party of China (CPC) revolution.” The Resolution realisti- was held in Beijing, which passed After U.S. President Richard Nixon’s cally evaluated the historic role played the historic decision to shift the visit to China in 1972, which broke by Mao Zedong in the Chinese revolu- focus of the Party and country’s the ice between the two countries, tion and fully elaborated on the great work to economic development. This the People’s Republic of China significance of Mao Zedong Thought meeting marked the start of China’s (PRC) and the United States formally as the guiding ideology of the Party, reform and opening up and socialist established diplomatic relations at laying critical political foundation for modernization. the ambassadorial level in 1979. This China’s development.

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closed as 40 percent of person- On April 26, 1988, the People’s 1982 nel were discharged. The former 11 Government of Hainan Province was Constitution Amended military regions were reorganized established at No. 59 Haifu Avenue. In 1982, the Constitution was into seven. Hainan Island was designated as a amended extensively and approved Special Economic Zone the same by the Fifth Session of the Fifth Superman Visits year. A great number of investors and National People’s Congress. The In 1985, the Hollywood movie entrepreneurs headed for the south- amendment stated that the basic Superman was screened in ern island. Thanks to their efforts, task of the nation in the years to Guangzhou, capital of southern the formerly underdeveloped island come would be to focus its effort on China’s Guangdong Province. Many has become a major draw across all socialist modernization, especially posters for the movie were hung in seasons. In April 2018, China made a economic development. It also stated front of local cinemas. Since then, further step on reform and opening that all citizens in China are equal more and more Hollywood movies up by supporting Hainan to become a before the law and that no organiza- have entered China and become a pilot free trade zone across the entire tion or individual is privileged above major channel for the Chinese to island. Hainan will continue to play the Constitution and laws. interact culturally with the world. the role of a window of reform and opening up.

“Science and Technology Constitute a 1984 1986 Primary Productive Force” Miracle of Bu Xinsheng and Reform of 863 Program Implemented On September 5, 1988, during a Planned Economy China launched the State High-Tech meeting with then-president of During the 1970s and 1980s, Development Plan (863 Program) Czechoslovakia Gustav Husak, Deng pioneers such as Bu Xinsheng, direc- in March 1986 in hopes of improv- Xiaoping remarked that “science tor of a state-owned T-shirt factory ing the country’s ability to innovate. and technology constitute a primary in Zhejiang Province, introduced Many technological achievements productive force.” The remark turned management methods of a market including Super Hybrid Rice with an out to be crucial for improving economy, which led to a wave of average yield of 760 kilograms per Chinese people’s scientific literacy enterprise reform. On October mu (equal to 0.067 hectares), genet- and the country’s development of 20, 1984, the Decision of the CPC ically modified cotton resistant to science and technology. Central Committee on Reform of the pests, and a home-built super server Economic Structure was approved with world-leading functions have by the Third Plenary Session of the benefited from the program. 12th CPC Central Committee. The 1989 Decision defended reform of the Housing System Reform planned economy and argued that a full-fledged market economy was 1988 a necessary phase of social and Hainan Becomes a Province economic development that couldn’t be skipped and was necessary for China’s modernization. by Sima Xiaomeng In 1989, citizens in Beijing who 1989 purchased publicly owned apart- Project Hope 1985 ments first collected their real A program aiming to help children in Disarmament estate certificates, marking the impoverished areas receive school From mid-1985 to the end of start of housing system reform education was launched by the China 1987, under the leadership by in the city. The welfare housing Youth Development Foundation in Deng Xiaoping, then chairman of program that had been imple- 1989, and is called “Project Hope.” the Central Military Commission, mented since the founding of the By building primary schools, funding the Chinese People’s Liberation PRC in 1949 was gradually abolished, children’s return to school and Army cut one million soldiers. All and reform towards commercializa- improving the conditions of schools types of institutions devoted to tion of housing was launched across in rural areas, the program changed national defense were merged or the nation. the lives of millions of children.

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new impetus into the country’s 1990 reform and opening up. China’s Stock Market Born Shanghai Leads Breaking the “Iron Rice Bowl” In March 1992, workers of Shanghai Diesel Engine Factory signed a labor contract. Employees of the factory transformed from permanent workers to contract workers, effectively losing the “Iron Rice Bowl” (ARATS), and Koo Chen-fu, then offered by state-owned enterprises. chairman of the Taiwan-based Straits As the reform of state-owned enter- Exchange Foundation (SEF), met prises deepened, China began to in Singapore, which was the first combine the basic system of social- meeting across the Taiwan Straits In March 1990, Shanghai and ism with the development of a after four decades of severance, a Shenzhen were allowed to pilot market economy to build a socialist historical progress of cross-Strait public offering of shares. The two market economy. relations. cities issued regulations on the issuance and trading of securi- First McDonald’s Opens in Beijing ties. In December of the same year, both Shanghai Stock Exchange and 1995 Shenzhen Stock Exchange opened. Invigorating China through Science and Education In May 1995, China issued the Decision of the CPC Central Committee 1992 and the State Council Concerning Deng’s Southern Tour the Acceleration of Advancement of Science and Technology, launching the Strategy of Invigorating China through Science and Education. It aimed to accelerate the advancement of science and technology and implement the idea that “science On April 23, 1992, the first and technology constitute a primary McDonald’s in China opened on productive force.” Wangfujing Street in Beijing. It was then the world’s largest, with 700 End of Foreign Exchange Certificates seats and 29 checkout counters, and In the early stage of its reform attracted over 40,000 diners on its and opening up, China welcomed From January 18 to February 21, first day of operation. an increasing number of foreign 1992, Deng Xiaoping visited southern visitors as well as trips from overseas cities including Wuchang, Shenzhen, Chinese and compatriots from Hong Zhuhai and Shanghai and made Kong, Macao and Taiwan. By then, important remarks. He proposed 1993 the daily supplies for the Chinese that China seize the opportunity to Wang-Koo Meeting people were still rationed. For conve- accelerate progress of reform and In April 1993, the first “Wang-Koo nience, the Bank of China issued opening up to lift the economy to Meeting” was held in Singapore. foreign exchange certificates, which 1990 a new level. His remarks laid the Based on the “1992 Consensus,” was equivalent in value to the RMB 11th Asian Games ideological foundation for the path Wang Daohan, then head of the and could be used in designated From September 22 to October 7, 1990, the 11th Asian of socialist market economy with Chinese mainland’s Association for places. Circulation of those certifi- Games were held in Beijing. It was the first time that the Chinese characteristics and injected Relations Across the Taiwan Straits cates ended on January 1, 1995. Asian Games came to China and the first time China hosted an international comprehensive sports event.

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2002 2003 Yao Ming Shenzhou V Manned Spacecraft Launched

1997 On June 25, 2002, Chinese basket- The Shenzhou V manned spacecraft Hong Kong’s Return to the Motherland ball player Yao Ming was drafted first was launched at 9 a.m. on October From midnight on June 30 to the early morning of July 1, 1997, the handover overall by the Houston Rockets. As a 15, 2003 from the Jiuquan Satellite ceremony of Hong Kong from the British government to the Chinese govern- milestone figure of basketball history Launch Center. The spacecraft lifted ment was held in Hong Kong. The return of Hong Kong marked the beginning in China and the development of the astronaut Yang Liwei and a Chinese of the formal implementation of China’s “One Country, Two Systems” policy, an NBA in the United States, Yao Ming flag into space. It made China the innovative practice in national governance. inspired Chinese fans to engage in third country after the former Soviet the sports culture of other countries. Union (Russia) and the United States Not only did he stimulate the pride to send a human into space. of the Chinese people, but also parts of China became increas- Birth of Alibaba provided Westerners with a differ- 1998 ingly glaring, so in 1999, China 2001 ent perspective to understand China, launched the Western Development Streamlining Government Institutions China Joins WTO building a bridge for exchange In 1998, to promote the development Strategy and continuously strength- 2006 between the East and the West. Qinghai-Tibet Railway Opens to Traffic of the socialist market economy, ened support of the western region the Chinese government launched by providing planning instructions, South-to-North Water the fourth institutional reform since preferential policies, investment, Diversion Project the reform and opening up, aiming projects and personnel exchange, On December 27, 2002, the inaugu- to establish a government adminis- which effectively promoted the ral ceremony of the South-to-North tration system with high efficiency, development of the western by Gong Wenbao Water Division Project was held coordinated operation and standard- region and narrowed the regional On September 13, 2001, China simultaneously at the Great Hall of ized performance. Leaner and more development gap. completed bilateral market access the People in Beijing and construc- efficient government institutions negotiations with 36 of the 138 tion sites in Shandong and Jiangsu and administrative systems provided Macao’s Return to the Motherland new impetus for economic and social On December 20, 1999, the Chinese members of the World Trade provinces. The project aims to reforms in various fields. and Portuguese governments held courtesy of Alibaba Organization (WTO). On December solve the water shortage in north- a handover ceremony for Macao In September 1999, Jack Ma founded 11, China formally became a member ern China, especially in the Haihe On July 1, 2006, the Qinghai-Tibet at the Macao Cultural Center. The Alibaba with 18 partners at his of the WTO. Since then, China has River, Huaihe River and Yellow River Railway was completed and opened Chinese government resumed apartment in Hangzhou, Zhejiang remained deeply involved in global- basins, which is expected to benefit to traffic. With a total length of 1,956 1999 sovereignty over Macao, and the Province. By seizing the opportunity ization by promoting openness, a population of 438 million. Today, kilometers and a highest point of Western Development Strategy Macao Special Administrative of internet development, they set up competition and economic integra- the middle route project and the east 5,072 meters above sea level, it is the Since the beginning of reform Region (SAR) was established, Taobao and other third-party sales tion as it has gradually shared the route project (Phase I) have been world’s longest plateau railway and and opening up, the economic ending Portugal’s colonial rule over platforms, which drastically changed fruits of prosperity and development completed and are now diverting the first railway leading to the hinter- gap between eastern and western Macao since 1553. China’s internet economy. with Asia and the world. water to the north. lands of Tibet.

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Three Gorges Dam the club of the few countries in the after it tumbled into domestic polit- elected Chinese president by a Construction of the Three Gorges world with deep-space exploration ical chaos. The 12-day retrieval, 2013 2016 unanimous vote. Dam was completed on May 20, capabilities. the largest of its kind performed China Proposes the Belt and RMB Added to SDR Basket 2006. With a total length of 3,335 by China since 1949, was a model Road Initiative On October 1, 2016, the Chinese yuan Extended Fuxing Bullet Train meters and a height of 185 meters, case for the country to protect its was included in the IMF’s Special the dam is considered the world’s nationals overseas, testifying to Drawing Rights (SDR) basket, follow- largest hydroelectric power project. 2008 its growing military, economic and ing the U.S. dollar and the Euro. With an installed capacity of 18.2 Beijing Olympics diplomatic strength. This signaled that the international million kilowatts and an annual power community acknowledged China’s generation capacity of 84.7 billion increasing significance in the inter- kilowatt-hours, which both rank first national financial market, and would in the world, it plays an important 2012 drive domestic financial reforms and role in flood control, power genera- 18th CPC National Congress opening of capital accounts in China. tion and shipping development. The 18th CPC National Congress was held in November 2012 as Agricultural Tax Abolished the world was undergoing major development, transformation and 2017 On July 1, 2018, the extended version adjustment. The Congress added the 19th CPC National Congress of the Fuxing bullet train rolled down The Chinese capital of Beijing hosted Scientific Outlook on Development The 19th CPC National Congress was the tracks for a trip from Shanghai the 29th Olympic Games from to the Party Constitution, set a held in Beijing from October 18 to Hongqiao Railway Station to Beijing August 8 to 24, 2008. It marked course to unwaveringly walk the VCG 24, 2017. The Congress enshrined Xi South Railway Station. The Fuxing the first time that China hosted path of socialism with Chinese Chinese President Xi Jinping Jinping Thought on Socialism with is a world-class bullet train with an Olympics, showcasing China’s characteristics and designed the announced the proposals to build Chinese Characteristics for a New independent Chinese intellectual national strength under a global goal of building a moderately the Silk Road Economic Belt and Era into the Party Constitution, and property rights. China has become a spotlight and presenting a brand prosperous society in all respects. the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road called for securing a decisive victory forerunner around the world in terms new posture to opening up through The Congress elected the new in September and October 2013, in building a moderately prosperous of high-speed railway technology. In 2006, China abolished the agricul- a window for the rest of the world to Chinese leadership with Xi Jinping respectively, which together became society in all respects and striving for tural tax which had been collected better understand the country. at the core, lifting Chinese people known as the Belt and Road Initiative. the great success of socialism with China International Import Expo for 2,000 years, marking the to a new historical point to pursue The Initiative aims to promote coordi- Chinese Characteristics for a new country’s entry into a new period of national rejuvenation, world peace nation of developing strategies along era. The Congress also formulated reform and opening up. The agricul- and common development. the Belt and Road routes, unleash plans and policies that follow the tural tax was levied by the state on 2010 market potential in the region, facil- tides of the times and respond to the all units and individuals engaged Shanghai World Expo China’s First Aircraft Carrier itate investment and consumption, wishes of the people. The Congress in agricultural production earning Themed “Better City, Better Life,” the boost demand and employment, upheld the banner of socialism with agricultural income. As an import- 2010 World Expo was held in Shanghai and strengthen people-to-people Chinese characteristics and reviewed ant measure of the government from May 1 to October 31, 2010. It was and cultural exchanges. The Initiative the strong vitality of scientific social- to solve the problems related to the first comprehensive world expo helps enhance mutual understand- ism within China’s development and agriculture, farmers and rural areas, held in China and the first registered ing and trust and share peace and governance achievements. the abolishment of the agricultural world exposition held in a developing prosperity. tax not only reduced the burden on country. Exhibitors from 246 countries farmers and increased their rights, and international organizations partic- Targeted Poverty Alleviation by Xu Xun but also demonstrated the principle ipated, drawing unprecedented by Li Tang Proposed 2018 The first China International Import of fairness in modern taxation. attendance of more than 70 million China’s first aircraft carrier, the In late 2013, Chinese President Xi First Session of the Thirteenth NPC Expo (CIIE) was held from November visits to the World Expo. Liaoning, was commissioned into Jinping visited a remote village From March 5 to 20, 2018, the First 5 to 10, 2018 at the National the People’s Liberation Army Navy in central Hunan Province, where Session of the Thirteenth National Exhibition and Convention Center in in 2012. The vessel is a refurbished he met only seniors, children and People’s Congress (NPC) was held. Shanghai. As the world’s first import- 2007 former Soviet aircraft carrier that women, as most young men had During the session an amend- themed expo at the national level, it Chang’e-1 Launched 2011 went through eight years of retro- left to work in cities. During the ment to the country’s Constitution welcomed more than 3,600 enter- On October 24, 2007, China’s first Chinese Nationals Evacuated from Libya fitting. The aircraft carrier deployed visit, he proposed the idea of preci- was adopted, enshrining Xi Jinping prises including over 200 Fortune lunar orbiting satellite, Chang’e-1, In February 2011, China retrieved in the North Sea Fleet manifests sion poverty relief. More than 68 Thought on Socialism with Chinese Global 500 companies. The CIIE was successfully launched and put 35,860 nationals and 2,100 citizens China’s emerging naval power and million people have been lifted out of Characteristics for a New Era into evidenced China’s strong commit- into orbit, which admitted China into from 12 other countries from Libya, comprehensive national strength. poverty since then. the Constitution. Xi Jinping was ment to further opening up.

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Workers busy at the sewage treatment zone of Taiyuan Iron & Steel Group. During China’s 40- year reform and opening up, the country’s enterprises have been striving to reform and innovate and have gradually become strong and mature. by Yan Yan/Xinhua

his year marks the 40th President Xi’s statement is China’s years since China’s historic reform anniversary of China’s achievements over the past 40 years. and opening up, the country’s GDP reform and opening up. In 1978, China’s per capita has averaged an annual growth rate Opening Up a Just as Chinese President Xi GDP stood at only US$155, and of around 9.5 percent in comparable TJinping pointed out in the report more than 80 percent of its popula- prices. In human history, never has delivered at the 19th National tion lived in rural areas. At that a country with such a huge popula- Congress of the Communist Party time, China’s imports and exports tion and weak foundation been Chinese Miracle of China (CPC), Chinese people accounted for only 9.7 percent of able to realize such a high-speed Text by Justin Yifu Lin today are closer, more confident, the country’s total GDP. Essentially, and long-term growth. It is more and more capable than ever before 90 percent of the country’s GDP than appropriate to call China’s Compared to developed countries, China’s experience and theory on reform and opening up present a of making national rejuvenation was not related to the international progress over the last 40 years a more significant reference for other developing countries. a reality. The major reasoning for economy. However, over the 40 “China miracle.”

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promote immediate trade liberalization, large-scale privatization and marketization within a country coupled with sudden release of governmental control as well as withdrawal of state subsidies and protections. This practice totally overlooked a large group of capital-intensive state-owned enterprises of great scale. Overnight reform removed almost all protections and subsidies fueling these enterprises, which forced them to shut down immediately, leaving a great number of people out of a job and creating social instability. During its 40 years of reform and opening up, China has placed great importance on emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts and “crossing the Workers at a clothing factory. In the early stage of China’s reform and opening up, the labor- river by feeling for stones,” which intensive processing industry played an important role in terms of helping the country realize calls for prudence and pragmatism high-speed economic growth. by Zhang Heping in navigating forward in unfamil- iar territory. Large state-owned Looking back across the 40 If China can achieve both of the enterprises were given necessary years, experience that will enhance two points as mentioned above, its protections during China’s transi- China’s future development is economic development can improve tion period. At the same time, providing guidance. First, to realize in quality while maintaining a market access for China’s labor-in- high-quality development, compar- relatively high speed. By 2035, the tensive processing industry which ative advantages must be optimized country will basically realize social- had advantages over many countries to create competitive advantages. ist modernization, and by the middle opened. Optimizing the available China is now a middle-income of this century, China will become a March 11, 2014: Builders of the Shanxi-Shaanxi Yellow River Super Large Bridge. Over the past 40 years, China has attached great importance circumstances, China’s labor-inten- country. Its per capita GDP at great modern socialist country that to infrastructure construction. IC sive processing industry embraced market exchange rates is around is prosperous, strong, democratic, development at a breakneck speed. US$8,100, compared to the United culturally advanced, harmonious In the 1980s and 1990s, almost developmental mentality enabling “latecomer’s advantage” in econom- Rapid development amassed capital States’ figure of around US$57,000. and beautiful. National rejuvenation all developing countries, social- it to adapt to changing situations. A ics. When its economic foundation which gradually transformed China The big gap illustrates China’s is a dream for all Chinese people. ist countries included, carried out country’s economic growth mainly was weak, China capitalized on its from a capital-scarce country to a comparatively backward labor And presumably every developing reform and opening up. However, depends on technological innova- latecomer’s advantage to achieve capital-rich one. Many industries productivity compared to developed country has the dream of becom- instead of prosperity, these reforms tion and industrial upgrading. faster economic growth than devel- in China which previously lacked countries, and China is still sitting ing a modern, industrialized and caused economic collapse, stagna- Technological innovation involves oped countries. comparative advantages became on abundant latecomer’s advantages high-income country. Compared tion and crises in most places. the introduction of technologies Due to a contrasting develop- competitive quickly. Enterprises yet to be explored. Second, China to developed countries, China’s Some economists dubbed the 1980s that improve on current technol- mental mentality, China’s economic improved their viability by leaps and should continue to emancipate the experience and theory carry more and 1990s the “lost 20 years” for ogies, and industrial upgrading performance was totally differ- bounds. Due to these changes, the mind and seek truth from facts. As referential significance for other developing countries. However, refers to greater added value in a ent from other countries during the Third Plenary Session of the 18th the largest developing country in developing countries. in the same international circum- certain industry. Thus, technological transition. Back in the 1980s and CPC Central Committee held in transition on the planet, China must stances, how was China able to innovation and industrial upgrad- 1990s, the popular idea then was 2013 made the decision to compre- steadfastly promote the emancipa- realize consistent high-speed ing can be achieved by imitation, that since the market economy was hensively deepen reform and tion of mind and the value of truth. economic growth? importing or integration of exist- superior to the planned economy, pointed out that China must deepen It should keep innovating in practice A renowned economist, the author is The rapid growth has primar- ing and mature technologies and all countries’ reforms should point economic system reform by focusing rather than simply copying experi- honorary dean of the National School of Development and dean of the Institute of ily been attributed to China’s industries from other countries. towards a market economy. This on the decisive role of the market in ences or theories from developed South-South Cooperation and Development “latecomer’s advantage” and flexible This avenue was dubbed the trend advocated shock therapy to allocating resources. countries. at Peking University.

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manufacturing output, and more breakthroughs in independent solid manufacturing base catering to than a quarter of the world’s real innovation in key areas. the huge domestic market, and it is economy was created by China. In terms of deepening spawning emerging technology and China’s manufacturing achieve- market-orientated reform in the industry, which has enabled China ments were heavily influenced manufacturing industry, since the to seize favorable opportunities by its action plans which include reform and opening up began, offered by the ongoing technologi- transformation of the industrial China has gradually given the cal change and industrial revolution. development model, optimiza- market a decisive role in resource China has already embraced tion of supply-side structural allocation, which has greatly some positive outcomes in the reform, improvement in innova- strengthened enterprises’ ability to development of intelligent manufac- tion-driven growth strategies and respond and adapt to changes in turing. The basic system has been deepened market-orientated reform, market demand both at home and formed, and breakthroughs have among others. abroad. In the domestic market, been achieved in key areas. Positive In terms of changing the devel- private economy has established a results from pilot demonstra- From opment model of manufacturing, fair competitive position across the tion areas are creating a number China has gradually transformed aisle from the state-owned economy. of new models worthy of promo- from extensive to intensive devel- In the international market, devel- tion. Openness and cooperation opment in the process of reform opment of the manufacturing have been further advocated, and Volume and opening up, moving towards industry has absorbed advanced practical cooperation with other reduced material and energy technology and management experi- countries has been carried out in a consumption per unit of GDP ence and once-scarce resources, variety of realms. to Value and greater pursuance of green which have greatly boosted the However, alongside these rare Text by Xu Jiabin development. growth of China’s manufac- historic opportunities, China’s In terms of optimizing supply- turing sector. manufacturing sector has also China’s manufacturing industry not only side structural reform, in the early encountered difficulties. Instead contributes greatly to its high-speed and stage of its reform and opening up, Future Development of an industrialization process high-quality economic development, but China readjusted the strategy of China is now embracing a rare under traditional economic condi- also plays an indispensable role in the prioritizing development of heavy historic opportunity as it reaches tions, the manufacturing system stability and growth of the world economy. industry in favor of comprehensive for middle- and high-end manufac- upgrade in China is now happen- development based on consum- turing. The historic convergence ing amid the context of information ers’ demand. Since then, China’s of a new round of global techno- economic conditions. It is a “new March 23, 2018: Staff of CRRC Tangshan Co., Ltd. on the production line of Fuxing bullet trains. In March 2018, Fuxing, China’s first bullet train designed for a top speed of 350 kilometers per hour, started a test run. Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China has embraced manufacturing sector has been logical revolution and industrial type of industrialization” led by the spirit of craftsmanship to facilitate a magnificent transformation from volume to value. by Yang Shiyao/Xinhua meeting demand to upgrade social revolution has promoted the the integration of informatiza- consumption, and the develop- integration of next-generation infor- tion and industrialization. China ment of the manufacturing industry mation technology and advanced had previously begun to respond he year 2018 marks the for nearly 30 percent of the nation’s to the high-speed and high-quality has responded appropriately to manufacturing technology. Flexible strategically to the development 40th anniversary of China’s economy in 2017. The manufac- development of China’s economy, residents’ needs for food, clothing manufacturing, network manufac- trends of world industrialization reform and opening up. turing sector has undoubtedly but it also plays an indispensable and travel. Consumers’ demand has turing and intelligent manufacturing and adopted intelligent manufactur- Driven by the policy, both become the central driver of China’s role in maintaining the stability guided major shifts in leading indus- have increasingly become the future ing as its main approach. Through Ttraditional and modern manufactur- economic development. and growth of the world economy. tries in the manufacturing sector, orientation of global manufacturing promoting innovation, intelligence, ing industries have expanded. China Especially in recent years, even as effectively transforming the tradi- development. a strong industrial foundation, green is the only country with manufac- Transformation and exchange rate disorder causes chaos tional manufacturing sector and In this context, China consid- development and high-end equip- turing capacity in all industrial Upgrading in the global financial market, prices cultivating new emerging industries. ers intelligent manufacturing the ment, the ten key areas of China’s categories listed in the International Ever since the reform and of bulk commodities fall, overall In terms of improving innova- heart of its manufacturing sector. manufacturing industry have found Standard Industrial Classification opening-up policy was launched international trade shrinks and tion-driven growth strategies, ever It strives to promote deep integra- a pathway to transform the country of All Economic Activities (ISIC) in the late 1970s, China’s manufac- global demand drops, China contin- since the reform and opening up tion of the internet, big data and from a manufacturer of volume to and has been the world’s largest turing industry has accomplished ues to maintain a positive prospect began, China has been increasing artificial intelligence with manufac- one of value. manufacturer since 2010. Over the tremendous achievements as the in manufacturing, and its indus- its R&D investment and updating turing and accelerate development past 40 years, the added value of country has gradually transformed trial output value has only increased its technologies for manufactur- towards advanced manufacturing. China’s manufacturing industry has from a manufacturer of quantity every year. By 2014, China’s ing. As its manufacturing industry China is a manufacturing power as The author is a member of the National Manufacturing Strategic Advisory increased from 119.5 billion yuan to one of quality. Not only does manufacturing industry accounted climbs towards the middle- and well as an internet power. It boasts Committee and a professor of industrial to 24.3 trillion yuan, accounting manufacturing contribute greatly for about 25 percent of the world’s high-end, China is accomplishing a rational industrial system and a economics at Renmin University of China.

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accumulated fast, China’s finan- currencies in the world. RMB is universally agreed that the cial sector endured fierce global globalization has made new contri- sequence of measures is import- competition. butions to the reform of the ant for financial reform. Without On January 1, 2004, Central international monetary system and sound reform policies, opening Huijin Investment Ltd. was estab- will lead the integration of China’s up can generate risks. Therefore, lished to execute the power and financial sector with that of the China should combine measures to fulfill the obligation of an inves- world. promote reform through opening tor on behalf of the government China has been progressing in up and those facilitating opening for major state-owned financial reform and opening up for four up through reform. Cross-border enterprises, which evidenced that decades. Its financial opening up capital flows should not be further reform had influenced all types of has made remarkable achieve- unleashed until the liberalization financial institutions. This reform ments based on macro indicators. of interest rates is finished and the continued all the way to 2012, The huge inflow of foreign direct flexibility of exchange rates signifi- when China Everbright Bank went investment has made significant cantly improves. January 27, 2016: Li Rongyuan (second public in China. This round of contribution to China’s exports and Second, the trial opening up of from left), chief cooperation officer of UnionPay International, performs the reforms has led Chinese financial economic growth. Additionally, the financial service sector can be first transaction in New Zealand with institutions operating at their own China’s relatively stable financial launched. The opening up of finan- a UnionPay card. That day, UnionPay International and ANZ Bank executives risk and shouldering responsibil- system and sound international cial services doesn’t involve major met to announce a cooperative project in New Zealand. All ANZ automatic ity for their own profits or losses. balance of payments have boosted flow of capital and is still regulated teller machines and POS machines in They have improved significantly the confidence of investors. The domestically, so it has low risk. New Zealand would offer services for UnionPay cards for accounts beginning in business philosophy, operation opening up of China’s financial At the same time, participation of with the digits 62. Xinhua modes, capital adequacy ratio, and sector has taken place alongside the foreign-funded financial institu- risk management. dramatic changes in the country tions will create more competitions The financial crisis of 2008 over the four decades of reform and improve the quality of the accelerated China’s progress on and opening up. It offers valuable industry. Those institutions shall interest rate liberalization and experience and lessons for imple- bring new operational techniques RMB globalization. As the RMB’s menting financial policies in the and management. These are condu- What’s Next for proportion steadily increased in next phase. Meanwhile, it may also cive to economic growth. global payment and reserve, it serve as references for other emerg- Moreover, it is crucial to set a was included in the new Special ing economies that are opening up. pragmatic target for the opening up Drawing Right (SDR) basket of First of all, China needs to of capital accounts. There has been a Financial Opening Up? the IMF, manifesting the RMB’s make the right choice on the consensus in the international policy Text by Huang Yiping arrival as one of the major reserve sequence of reform policies. It circles after the American subprime mortgage crisis that major capital China’s financial opening up over the past four decades has created valuable experience and lessons for flows in a short term can cause implementing financial policies in the next phase. On November 26, 1990, the Shanghai Stock Exchange was established, marking a significant major risks. Therefore, the IMF breakthrough in the reform and opening up of China’s capital market. Since then, the growth has also changed its policies, allow- of this institution has manifested the birth and expansion of China’s capital market. CFB ing regional and temporary limits n the early 1990s, China’s finan- the biggest benefactor of foreign convertibility on capital account in by countries on cross-border capital cial system covering commercial direct investment over the subse- next five to ten years. flow for the purpose of maintaining banks, insurance companies and quent two decades. Second, the The financial crisis in East Asia financial stability or the indepen- capital markets began to take combination of the dual exchange in 1997 postponed China’s plans dence of a currency. In the case of Ishape after reconstruction across a rate in 1994 marked the launch- to open up the capital account, but China, as it cannot withstand the decade since 1978, when the finan- ing of a system of managed floating the opening up of China’s financial aftermath of fully opened capital cial sector was in ruins. exchange rates. sector did not stop. At the end of flow in the foreseeable future, Following the rapid develop- During the second half of 1996, 2001, China joined the World Trade opening up at a basic level is a rather ment of the financial market, China Dai Xianglong, then governor of Organization and clearly pledged to pragmatic goal. launched two major measures the People’s Bank of China, wrote open up its financial service sector. on financial opening up: First, to the International Monetary Fund China’s economy has enjoyed it adopted a policy to welcome (IMF) that China had realized robust growth since then. Although The author is deputy dean of the National foreign direct investment in 1993, RMB convertibility on its current the country’s exports increased School of Development at Peking which ultimately made China account and planned to realize and foreign exchange reserves University.

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instead of individuals. In 2011, China launched the Outline for Development-Oriented China’s Successful Poverty Alleviation for China’s Rural Areas (2011-2020). A dozen of contiguous poor areas were desig- Experience in nated as the main battlefield for poverty alleviation and development, and the poverty alleviation Poverty Reduction standard was raised by 92 percent. Text by Zheng Fengtian According to the new standard, by the end of 2012, the number The core factor in China’s successful poverty alleviation campaign of people defined as living under has been a sound national governance structure ensuring in-depth the poverty line had risen to promotion of national strategies, effective implementation of national 98.99 million. policies and rapid economic and social development. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012, China has comprehensively deepened reform in the field of hina’s reform and opening economic growth and dramatic poverty alleviation, innovated ideas, up originated in rural reduction of the poverty-stricken measures and institutional mecha- areas with adjustment of population. According to the nisms, and established the basic the relationship between standards at that time, 50 percent of strategy of target poverty relief, Cfarmers and land. Before 1978, the rural population in poverty met optimizing achievements in poverty hundreds of millions of Chinese their basic needs during this period. alleviation in the country to levels people were struggling to meet their From the 1980s to the 1990s, never seen before. March 23, 2018: Students of Bayi Primary School head home after class in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province. A decade ago, a devastating 8.0 magnitude earthquake rocked Sichuan Province, decimating several counties including Wenchuan and Beichuan. After ten years of basic daily needs. After 40 years of township enterprises developed From 2013 to 2017, the pover- reconstruction and poverty alleviation efforts, the quake-stricken areas now have a new look. by Guo Shasha/CFB development, more than 700 million rapidly in the Yangtze River Delta ty-stricken population in China’s people in rural areas of China were and the Pearl River Delta, which rural areas was reduced from 98.99 increase in rural areas. undertakings. it has attracted enterprises, non-gov- lifted out of poverty. This not only brought tremendous influence to the million to 30.46 million, according According to the poverty allevi- China’s sound national gover- ernmental organizations and laid a solid foundation for China development of China’s rural areas to the current poverty allevia- ation standard of per capita annual nance structure has ensured the volunteer groups to participate in to build a moderately prosper- and greatly promoted the progress tion standards, with average annual net income of 2,300 yuan, the in-depth promotion of national poverty reduction efforts, which ous society in all respects, but also of national poverty alleviation. poverty reduction of 13.7 million poverty-stricken population in rural strategies, effective implemen- effectively promotes targeted made great contributions to poverty To eliminate poverty, China people. A solid step has been China decreased from 770 million tation of national policies and poverty alleviation. alleviation and development for promulgated and implemented taken to solve overall poverty in in 1978 to about 30 million in 2017, rapid economic and social devel- Since its reform and opening all mankind. the Seven-Year Priority Poverty rural China. with more than 700 million people opment, which has been a core up began in the late 1970s, China’s In 1978, farmers from 18 house- Alleviation Program in 1994. Living standards and quality lifted out of poverty. factor in China’s successful poverty economy has maintained high-speed holds in Xiaogang Village of During the seven years, the central have generally improved in rural According to the US$1.9 a day reduction. growth for a long time. Alongside Fengyang County, Anhui Province government invested 124 billion areas of China, and even produc- standard that the World Bank uses China considers targeted poverty letting some people get rich first, took the lead in signing a secret yuan in poverty alleviation, and tion and living conditions in the for global poverty monitoring, the alleviation an important measure the country has also handled the agreement to divide commu- the rural poverty-stricken popula- poorest areas have seen tremen- global poverty-stricken popula- to tackle key problems in poverty issue of equity and development nal farmland into individual plots, tion dropped from 80 million to dous changes. The rate of illiteracy tion decreased by 1.1 billion during reduction work. It involves finding well by improving the social security which inadvertently gave birth 32 million. and semi-illiteracy has contin- the period from 1981 to 2012. the root causes of poverty before system and subsidizing the poor to the household responsibility To improve basic production and ued to decline, the completion In contrast, the poverty-stricken prescribing a suitable remedy and with tools to escape poverty. system and lit the torch for China’s living conditions and consolidate rate of compulsory education has population in China dropped by delivering targeted treatment. rural reform. the achievements of meeting basic risen, and the quality of the labor 790 million during the same period, The days of general poverty Rural reform laid a solid founda- needs of people in poverty-stricken force has improved significantly. accounting for 71.82 percent of alleviation efforts have given way The author is a research fellow at the tion for the country’s development areas, from 2001 to 2010, China’s Furthermore, due to the implemen- the global number. China created a to a compound poverty allevia- Beijing-based Research Center for Xi in the next stage. From 1978 to 1985, poverty alleviation policy narrowed tation of the new rural cooperative miracle in global poverty reduction tion governance system. Led by the Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese the profound reform of China’s its target from county level to village medical system and other systems, history and contributed Chinese government and focused on the Characteristics for a New Era and a professor with the School of Agricultural rural economic system provided a level and implemented the strat- healthcare conditions and service wisdom and a Chinese approach poverty-stricken population as well Economics and Rural Development at strong impetus for unconventional egy of developing the whole village capabilities have continued to to global poverty alleviation as the grassroots rural communities, Renmin University of China.

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Social Governance on Demand Text by Wei Liqun

Responding to China’s realities, adhering to a people-centered philosophy and exploring improvement of governance at all levels have been the core values of China’s social governance reform over the past 40 years of reform and opening up.

s China has implemented profoundly changed social gover- the highly centralized and planned the reform and opening-up nance in China. economic system and social gover- policy for 40 years, the Over the 40 years of China’s nance system by relaxing control Chinese road and experi- reform and opening up, devel- of social governance and allocat- Aence in the new era have become opments and changes in social ing resources to activate social successful references for the governance can be roughly divided development. world. Over the four decades, the into three stages: During the second stage, from May 1, 2003: Medical staffers prepare for the new Xiaotangshan SARS Hospital to receive its first patients. The outbreak of SARS led to reform and opening up has liber- The first stage, from the Third the 14th CPC National Congress a comprehensive reflection on the public governance system by the Chinese government. The structure of public power in China targets openness, transparency, accountability and efficiency. Xinhua ated the Chinese economy from Plenary Session of the 11th Central in 1992 to the 18th CPC National its shackles, raised productivity, Committee of the Communist Party Congress in 2012, China mainly greatly promoted and acceler- of China (CPC) in 1978 to the 14th built a framework of social gover- decades of rapid and profound social reform of social development and the information age, China has ated the overall development of CPC National Congress in 1992, nance compatible with the socialist changes, China has consistently governance also involves self-im- formed a large-scale and diverse Chinese society, and extensively and saw key breakthroughs in changing market economy and actively maintained stability and comprehen- provement and development of network society with complexities explored new ways of social gover- sive development. Chinese people Chinese socialism. China has and risks that make social governance with Chinese characteristics feel they are well-served and happy always attached great importance nance more difficult. Experience Back to 1994, Wenzhou International Economic Law Firm was the only law firm engaged in international legal services in Zhejiang Province. Since the 14th CPC National Congress, to enhance the vitality of social with life. This is the most important to studying and drawing on the in governance in this respect is that some basic aspects of China’s social and economic life have gradually become law-based, development and build a harmoni- and remarkable achievement in the useful practices of other countries, the CPC leadership always provides providing an important guarantee for the country’s reform and opening up. Xinhua ous society. field of social governance in China. but it has avoided blindly copying overall direction and coordination The third stage, from the While seizing success, China their models. and plays the role of a leading core. 18th CPC National Congress to has accumulated rich experience in The people-centered approach While using modern information present, is guided by Xi Jinping social governance. relies on the people to innovate the technology to improve the quality Thought on Socialism with Chinese One important lesson is to concepts and modes of social gover- and efficiency of social governance, Characteristics for a New Era. persistently free the mind and nance. This is the fundamental the Party highlights the accumu- China is comprehensively deepening work with China’s national condi- reason China has achieved a series lation of corresponding material social governance reform, modern- tions. The CPC holds the courage to of achievements in social gover- and economic strength in line with izing the national governance examine society with global vision nance reform. Protecting legitimate socialist economic, political, cultural system and capability, and promot- and the requirements of the era, and rights and interests of the people and ecological governance with ing vigorous, harmonious and reform of social governance always and creating an environment that Chinese characteristics, with an eye orderly operation of society. reflects innovative trends of the encourages creativity and innova- on achieving mutually complemen- With other countries’ experience times. China insists on responding tion are key to truly achieving tary and interactive development. as reference when modernization to national conditions and explor- effective social governance. accelerates, the evolution of the ing a road of social governance At the same time, we should social system and structure is often with Chinese characteristics. Like insist on overall and coordinated The author is president of the China Society of Administrative Reform and dean of the complicated and full of contradic- the reform concerning economic advancement and deepen modern- Institute of Social Management, Beijing tions and variables. During the four development and governance, the ization of social governance. In Normal University.

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implementation of the initiative will enormous market of 1.3 billion further deepen China’s reform and consumers provides countries along opening up and in particular update the Belt and Road routes and even the mode of the country’s opening the world with historic chances Belt and Road to expand export and invest- up, facilitating a wider embrace to the world. ment to China. Reconstructing and Nourishing The Belt and Road Initiative The Belt and Road Initiative has helps reconstruct patterns of China’s redesigned the concept of China’s opening up to the outside world. opening up to the outside world. Globalization At a meeting commemorating On many occasions, Xi has the initiative’s fifth anniversary, Xi emphasized that the initiative does Text by Chu Yin pointed out that the implementa- not aim at a geopolitical or military tion of the Belt and Road Initiative alliance, nor will it establish a small China is striving to enhance opening up in all areas and promote connectivity. By doing so, it has greatly promoted the liberal- bloc or set up a “China club.” Over hopes to pay forward the dividends the country has received from its reform and opening up to ization and facilitation of China’s the past five years, the initiative facilitate the process of globalization. trade and investment and made new has achieved fruitful results, which ground for opening China further evidences that China’s ongoing through links running eastward reform has undergone a paradigm and westward, across land and shift and idea reconstruction. More hina’s reform and opening opening up. In retrospect, it is easy Road Initiative, which turned a over sea. The new patterns repre- November 18, 2018: At Cambridge University, than encouraging economic cooper- Philip Rose-Neil (right), member of the up first started in 1978. to see that the more development new page on China’s opening up to sent not only achievements of the Governing Board of the British Acupuncture ation, the initiative serves as an Regardless of ups and downs China’s economy seizes, the more the outside world. After advancing initiative over the past five years, Council, and Ma Boying, chairman of the important path to improve global Federation of Traditional Chinese Medicine in domestic and interna- open China becomes and the more steadily for years, work within the but also the direction of China’s in the UK, talk near an ancient wooden growth modes and governance as tional situations and fluctuations channels to participate in globaliza- initiative has progressed from the future opening up. In the early dummy used for practicing acupuncture. well as promote the healthy develop- C A campaign was held there to promote in the world economy over the tion it finds. top-level design to planned practice days of China’s reform and opening communication on traditional Chinese ment of economic globalization. medicine and acupuncture along the Belt past 40 years, China has steadfastly In 2013, Chinese President and now all-round development. up, limitations in terms of natural and Road routes. VCG With increasing infrastructural adhered to the path of reform and Xi Jinping proposed the Belt and In the long term, the step-by-step resources, geographical condi- connectivity, China will engage in tion, economic development level greater economic and trade commu- and industrial distribution caused countries along the Belt and Road nication, wider policy coordination 2007: Foreign visitors board a classical-style train in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. As a Chinese terminus of the Silk Road Economic Belt, the city is China’s western and central parts routes has amounted to US$5 and more solid strategic align- now linked with many other cities and towns by high-speed rails. CFB to severely lag behind the eastern trillion accumulatively, while ment. The Belt and Road Initiative regions in terms of the degree of China’s outward foreign direct will no doubt tighten the connec- openness. So, connectivity of infra- investments in those countries have tion between China and the world. structure, which is underlined by the exceeded US$60 billion. Compared In contrast with the past, China initiative, plays a key role in solving to 40 years ago when China merely now has the ability to offer origi- this imbalance. Advancement of earned foreign exchange from nal programs such as railway the initiative, led by infrastruc- exports, the country’s opening construction, cross-border e-com- tural links, will open a channel up has now been largely indepen- merce platforms like Tmall Global, from China’s western and central dent from exported commodities. worldwide logistics networks such regions to central Asian countries, Especially since the introduction as Cainiao Global Logistics and promoting a smooth flow of trade, of the principles of “policy coordi- mobile payment titans like Alipay. capital and personnel, which can nation, infrastructure connectivity, China is striving to enhance help balance China’s various regions unimpeded trade, financial integra- opening up in all areas and promote in the degree of openness to the tion and closer people-to-people connectivity. By doing so, it hopes outside world. ties,” China has transformed from to pay forward the dividends the The Belt and Road Initiative a simple exporter to the global country received from its reform represents an upgraded version nexus as it has become more closely and opening up to facilitate the of China’s opening up to the connected to the world in various process of globalization. outside world. ways. More importantly, after 40 Over the past five years since years of reform and opening up, The author is a professor at the University the initiative was proposed, trade China has evolved from a “world of International Relations and a researcher in goods between China and other factory” to a “world market.” The with China Digital Economy Institute.

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rise opens two new windows for developing countries to consider. First, it has provided a new model From a Beneficiary to a for developing countries to realize rapid economic development. Second, China’s achievements have Contributor in 40 Years reinforced the confidence of some countries in their own unique development paths which were designed Text by Chen Qiqing according to their respective During its four decades of reform and opening up, China has evolved from a beneficiary of globalization to national conditions. China’s experi- a contributor, becoming a major engine for world economic growth and a driver of economic globalization. ence illustrates that every country can choose a developmental path suitable for its own national conditions based on the historical context People read the news about China’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) at Tian’anmen Square, Beijing, in 2001. Since China joined the WTO, it has been actively fulfilling and practical needs. its WTO commitments and making greater contributions to the world economy. CFB China’s achievements in poverty alleviation lead the world’s poverty reduction cause. China has become n 1978, China embarked on a In recent years, the contribution of goods imported by China stood at China’s outbound investments are balanced and beneficial for all. the largest contributor to the global historic journey of reform and rate of the Chinese economy to US$1.8 trillion, accounting for 10.2 improving infrastructure in host China will resolutely expand its fight against poverty. According opening up. Ever since, the world growth has remained steady at percent of the world’s total, second countries, facilitating economic opening up. In the face of rising to 2010 criteria, from 1979 to 2017, country’s economy has become around 30 percent. China has played only to the United States. Over the takeoffs and creating more protectionism, instead of closing its the poverty-stricken population in Iincreasingly connected to the world an increasingly important role as next 15 years, China is expected to jobs globally. door as a reflex, China is embrac- China’s rural areas dropped by 740 market and integrated with the a stabilizer and driver of global import goods and services worth ing the world with an even more million, and the poverty incidence global economic system. Over the economic growth. more than US$30 trillion and Advocate of Economic open attitude. The country has rate in the country has fallen to 3.1 past 40 years, China has benefited Since its reform and opening up US$10 trillion, respectively. From Globalization been committed to implement- percent. China’s accomplishments in greatly from world economic began, China has been one of the November 5 to 10, 2018, China While China has benefited from ing a management system based on the global effort to combat poverty growth, and its achievements world’s most competitive export- hosted the China International globalization, its development is pre-establishment national treat- are impressive. Furthermore, couldn’t have been realized without ers and top destinations for foreign Import Expo (CIIE), the world’s also conducive to globalization. At ment and a negative list. It will China’s targeted poverty allevi- the support from the international direct investment (FDI). After the first import expo at the national present, economic globalization broaden market access by a large ation efforts have provided the community. So today, China is 2008 global economic downturn, level. The CIIE has created a more is enduring twists and turns, with margin, expand the opening up global poverty reduction battle enthusiastic about making greater the Chinese government made convenient platform for goods to protectionism and unilateralism of its service industry, further with examples of Chinese solutions contributions to the world. strategic adjustments demonstrat- access the Chinese market and for on the rise. Against this backdrop, lower tariffs and promote trade and wisdom. ing its ability to smoothly adapt various countries to share China’s China has remained steadfastly and investment liberalization and New concepts proposed by Engine for World Economic to new situations. Equal impor- fast-growing consumer market. committed to economic globaliza- facilitation. In general, a more China such as pursuing innovative, Growth tance was attached to both import China’s investments have tion and strives to be an advocate open China will inject stronger coordinated, green, open and shared Since China’s reform and and export, and enterprises were benefited the world at large. After and promoter of the process. impetus into the economic global- development are guiding China’s opening up began in the late encouraged to invest abroad as well the 2008 global financial crisis, China explicitly opposes protec- ization process which is currently new development, and they are also 1970s, the contributions that the as attract FDI. Previously, empha- cross-border investments slumped. tionism and defends the multilateral facing headwinds. becoming more widely accepted by country’s economic development ses of the country’s reform and However, China’s outbound direct trading system. The multilateral the international community. These made to world growth have been opening up were placed on increas- investments have seen a steep trading system, with the World Driver of World Development trends have become developmental constantly increasing. In 2006, ing export and attracting FDI. For increase and are becoming an Trade Organization (WTO) at the China is now committed to concepts adopted in a wide variety of China overtook the United States about a decade, China’s imports important capital source for world core, serves as the cornerstone for contributing wisdom and solutions countries as they realize coordinated to become the largest contribu- and investments abroad have been economic growth. By the end of current international trade and the to address the world’s develop- social and economic progress and tor to global economic growth. playing a bigger role in global 2017, the stock of China’s outbound pillar supporting its healthy and ment problems. And China’s promote common prosperity. During the 2008 global financial economic growth. direct investments reached US$1.48 orderly development. China believes development ideas are gradu- crisis, when many major econo- China’s import growth has influ- trillion, and the total assets of the rules of the WTO should be ally becoming accepted by more mies including the United States enced the whole world. The country China’s enterprises abroad exceeded upheld firmly and its necessary countries in the world. and Japan experienced negative has become the fastest-growing US$5 trillion, which have become reforms should be sought. The The path forward for developing The author is a professor with the Department of Economics, Party School growth, China remained a major major import market globally in key drivers promoting economic country wants to make economic countries has been a long-stand- of the CPC Central Committee (Chinese contributor to the global economy. recent years. In 2017, the total value development in host countries. globalization more open, inclusive, ing issue. China’s rapid economic Academy of Governance).

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China Will Complement, Not Supplant Text by Jusuf Wanandi

The Belt and Road Initiative is not meant to supplant the existing order but rather to complement it.

t the close of the 20th China has bilateral trade agreements century, in an interview with every ASEAN member state as with Singapore’s Channel well as one with ASEAN as a whole. News Asia network, I was Additionally, China has been an Aasked who was the most import- active member of the Asia-Pacific ant person in changing Asia. My Economic Cooperation (APEC) and answer was late Chinese leader Deng the Pacific Economic Cooperation Xiaoping who opened up China Council (PECC) for economic 40 years ago in December 1978. cooperation and a member of the He made it possible for China to Council for Security Cooperation become what it is now, and created a in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP), a chance for Asia, and even the world, Track Two regional organization November 3, 2004: The opening ceremony of the first China-ASEAN Expo, is held in Nanning City, capital of southern China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The annual expo is co-sponsored by ministries (departments) of commerce or industry and trade of China and the ten to develop peacefully together. on security. ASEAN member states as well as the ASEAN Secretariat. Xinhua Now China has become a great China also pioneered a new evidenced by its membership in trade power and the world’s second-larg- initiative to establish the Asian regimes such as the World Trade est economy. Domestically, China Infrastructure Investment Bank Organization (WTO) and APEC. had seen popular pressures to stand (AIIB) to finance and cooperate in Lately China has been dealing rules as others do, and it has been have a chance to reach a conclusion and regionally. up to imperialist powers that caused infrastructure construction across with several challenges. Allegations active in participating in UN efforts on the Code of Conduct (CoC), and Every country should do its so much suffering from the Opium the Asian continent. On the global have been made that China is such as peacekeeping, environ- slowly but surely content acceptable part in keeping its economy open Wars 180 years ago, until China level, China created the Belt and unfair on issues like intellectual mental programs, MDG/SDG to both sides can be formulated in and promoting regional coopera- managed to overcome the painful Road Initiative to establish global property rights and state subsi- and others. an agreeable time frame. The CoC tion to overcome whatever President legacy of the past and embrace its strategic cooperation in the sectors dies. Other countries such as Japan To defend its interests in the is important in establishing regional Trump might throw at them. It is current success as a global power. such as infrastructure, finance, have faced similar complaints. South China Sea, China has been order in the South China Sea. crucial today to maintain economic Since the early 1980s, China has trade, culture and people-to-people China must carefully examine these quite assertive as demonstrated As China has mentioned, it openness in the Asia-Pacific region, participated in regional affairs and exchange by sea and by land. This issues. The country is also reform- by its reaction to the UN Tribunal would like to maintain corrected and the world. development initiatives sponsored program is not meant to supplant ing its trade and investment policies. on the South China Sea in 2016. globalization, multilateralism and by the Association of Southeast the existing international order, but President Xi Jinping has promised The Chinese rejected the tribu- open economics. These principles Asian Nations (ASEAN) such as the rather to complement it. China is to open China’s market wider and nal results because they knew it are clearly key to keeping inter- ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), not a revisionist power as a country grant greater foreign access to the was driven by U.S. and Japanese national order in place capable of The author is a senior fellow and co- the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ that has benefitted so much from country’s financial sector. players, but the assertiveness created balancing the unilateralism of the founder of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), and vice Meeting Plus (ADMM+) and the the current order. China basically As a member of the international some doubt about China’s peace- U.S. while at the same time sustain- chairman of the Board of Trustees CSIS East Asia Summit (EAS). Currently, remains a status-quo power as community, China can follow the ful rise. ASEAN and China now ing peace and development globally Foundation in Jakarta, Indonesia.

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Yet, China’s 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) has outlined guidelines China’s Development Path to address these issues, highlight- ing the development of services and measures to cope with environmental and social imbalances and setting Opportunities and targets to reduce pollution, increase energy efficiency, improve access to education and healthcare and expand social protection. The annual growth Challenges target during the 13th Five-Year Plan Text by Faten Bahjat Yousef Zanaa period is set at 6.5 percent. “China is still transforming Chinese solutions have strengthened world civilization and enriched its development theories. its economic development mode, shifting from the old traditional extensive development mode to an intensive one through deepening In the 1990s, China carried out the reforms of state-owned enterprises, which resulted in a large reforms,” said Dr. Han Fangming, number of laid-off workers. In order to help those people find new jobs or start new businesses, rom 1978 to 2018, China improvisation” in her famous newly mode by upgrading its technology governments at all levels set up various organizations to guide or train them. Pictured are the chairman of the Charhar Institute, achieved continuously published book How China Escaped and human capital to explore a new sign plates for various organizations related to solving employment issues. CFB one of China’s leading think tanks. high economic growth the Poverty Trap. Sifting through demographic dividend based on Han added that when facing the under controllable infla- so many different theories on the human capital. huge challenge of the so-called Ftion pressure. Over the past four reasons for China’s rise, the author In the political arena, Chinese economy in the country’s develop- Challenges “middle-income trap,” Chinese decades, the average annual GDP emphasized: “It was the introduc- solutions are even more enticing ment. The ideological identification Although China is now the people show no fear. They are deter- growth in the country has been tion of some democratic qualities considering historical ideological of what is capitalism and what world’s second-largest economy, mined to overcome all roadblocks around nine percent. through bureaucratic reforms and differences between Western and is socialism has loomed ever it remains a developing country through further reform. This remarkable economic Beijing’s willingness to allow and Eastern countries. Before China’s since then. The private economy considering that its per capita As celebrations for the 40th achievement did not happen follow- direct local improvisation that reform and opening up, the situa- prospered, and the Western style of income is still a fraction of that in anniversary of China’s reform and ing the Western world’s favored enabled the nation’s economic tion was totally different from now. living became popular among many developed countries. According to opening up unfold, reflections on developmental tools, but rather dynamism. Instead of relying on Deng Xiaoping, the “chief archi- young Chinese. The pattern seemed China’s current poverty standard the country’s development miracle through China’s unique path. top-down commands, the country tect” of China’s reform and opening to be “small government” and (per capita rural net income of 2,300 are currently enriching world civili- leveraged local knowledge and up, emphasized that China’s politi- “big market.” yuan per year in 2011 prices), about zation. It provides new answers Chinese Solutions resources, promoted diversity, and cal reform could not veer away from Yet the central government never 55 million poor people remained in and a new path forward in terms As China celebrates the 40th motivated people to contribute their socialist democracy. He empha- abandoned macro-control over rural areas as of 2015. of development theories. Studying anniversary of its reform and ideas and effort.” sized “one central task and two basic the economy and only strength- Rapid economic development China’s experience could indeed opening up, analysts around the Many Chinese scholars focus- points,” of which the “one central ened the leadership of the CPC, has also brought many problems provide insights to many other world have been pondering how ing on labor economics and task” refers to economic develop- which has been raised to unprece- such as inequality with a shockingly developing countries or even devel- the country developed so quickly. demographic economics have ment and the “two basic points” dented levels in the Xi Jinping era high Gini index, rapid urbaniza- oped countries on how to build a And the term “Chinese solutions” pointed to the Lewis turning point refer to the four cardinal principles thanks in no small part to the exten- tion, environmental pollution and better country. Yet, every country emerged, which has become even theory, which is estimated to have (insisting on walking on the social- sive anti-corruption campaign. This challenges to sustainable develop- still needs to seek its own path for more attractive after the conclu- taken place in China in the early ist road; insisting on the people’s anti-corruption campaign is still ment. China also faces demographic development. China isn’t looking for sion of the 19th National Congress 2000s. China’s success can be democratic dictatorship; insisting ongoing. And the Belt and Road pressures due to an aging population other countries to copy the “China of the Communist Party of China attributed to a huge demographic on the leadership of the CPC; insist- Initiative proposed by President Xi and internal migration of labor. model” or establish hegemony by (CPC) in Beijing in October 2017. dividend. China could realize an ing on Marxism-Leninism and Mao in 2013 has helped bring China’s Significant policy adjustments exporting its values. The world is The report to this congress instilled almost double-digit development Zedong Thought) and the policy of development to a new phase. are required for China’s growth to still a diverse place, and it should more confidence in the Chinese speed for years due to surplus cheap reform and opening up, during which Xi once noted that China’s be sustained. Experience shows that stay that way. people that their country would labor driving manufacturing indus- balance in choosing a development greatest advantage is that its social- transitioning from middle-income embrace a bigger and brighter vision tries kindled by foreign investment. road neither “too far left” or “too far ist system can effectively pool to high-income status can be more by following a path with Chinese To sustain fast development despite right” was emphasized as well. resources to address major problems difficult than moving from low to The author is a senior fellow from the characteristics. losing the demographic dividend A big historic milestone in the and raise working efficiency, which middle income. And history has seen New Zealand-based OCEANIA Silk Road Network established in March 2017 Yuen Yuen Ang described the after the Lewis turning point, China reform took place in 1992, when is key to the accomplishment of the many examples of the “middle-in- during Chinese Premier Li Keqiang’s visit economic development as “directed should change its development Deng highlighted the market country’s ambitious goals. come trap.” to New Zealand.

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a 40-year period. Per capita income in the country has increased from US$155 in 1978 to nearly US$9,000 Forty-Year in 2018. In 2017, China’s foreign trade volume exceeded US$4 trillion, 200 times the size of 1978. Since 2006, China has held the Efforts Pay Off world’s largest foreign exchange Text by Wali Zahid reserves, which stood at US$3.14 trillion at the end of 2017. In 1978, Economic development is not a sprint, but a marathon. Only long-term sustainable economic policies with China’s foreign exchange reserves available mid-course correction could yield the results that China has been reaping all these years. had been a measly US$167 million. According to the 2018 Forbes ranking of the world’s biggest The Chinese part of the Karakoram Highway opened on October 1, 1988. The 415-kilometer road connects Kashgar and Khunjerab pass in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. This public companies, five of the top photo shows a Pakistani caravan at the China-Pakistan border waiting to pick up passengers. ack in 2013, I was conduct- arguing it was impossible. One said many global economists, but China 10 are Chinese with Industrial and Xinhua ing a training module on it would take a miracle. I said the changed the game. In 2018, only Commercial Bank of China Ltd. aviation leadership for miracle would happen, and indeed about 30 million people in China at the top, with a market value of projects. It is a landmark initiative. replication in many African and a newly recruited, smart it did. In May 2017, COMAC’s C919 were categorized as poor. US$311 billion. Tech firms like Other countries in the world can Asian countries. Agricultural yields Bgroup of officers with Pakistan’s completed its maiden flight. In 1978 when the reform and Alibaba and Tencent also rank learn a great deal from China. For can be increased, and loss and waste Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) at This is just one story of China’s opening up began, China’s share in among the world’s largest conglomer- instance, countries such as India can be reduced. China has shown their residential campus in the city 40-year reform and opening up. the world economy measured merely ates. Furthermore, half of the world’s and Pakistan, with large percent- that modern rural agriculture can be of Hyderabad. I presented them the Pick any area—from technol- 1.8 percent before its economy took top 20 container ports are located ages of population still below the introduced and sustained. case of the Commercial Aircraft ogy and education to culture—and off with the introduction of four in China. Shanghai is the world’s poverty line, can learn from China’s Above all, economic develop- Corporation of China (COMAC), China has surprised the world. And Special Economic Zones (SEZs). busiest container port, moving about anti-poverty mechanisms to better ment is not a sprint but a marathon. commissioned to manufac- especially in poverty reduction and By 2017, the figure had risen to 40 million TEUs in 2017. Chinese serve their people. They can learn Only long-term sustainable ture Chinese passenger planes to economic development, China’s 15 percent of the global economy, tourists are already the world’s largest how to increase productivity and economic policies with available compete with the 100-year-old miracles have been unparalleled. and China had become the world’s group of outbound tourists. In 2016, efficiency and create job opportuni- midcourse correction could yield the Boeing and Airbus. I asked if this Lifting more than 700 million second-largest economy. they spent over US$260 billion, 21 ties for a massive semi-skilled and results that China has been reaping capability was achievable in five to out of poverty in four decades was China beat all other countries by percent of the world market, accord- semi-literate workforce. They can all these years. ten years. Most shook their heads, once unthinkable in the eyes of achieving the maximum growth in ing to the United Nations World learn from China’s commitment In November 2018, the first Tourism Organization. to improving the business climate China International Import Expo China’s economic rise has for small and medium enterprises, was held in Shanghai. With a new November 13, 2004: Gwadar Port in southern Pakistan is under construction. The following day, Chinese and Pakistani officials and workers brought yuan into the IMF’s Special which could serve as the backbone spotlight on imports to China, celebrated the arrival of ships for harbor operation and other equipment provided by China, which signaled completion of Phase I of the Gwadar Port project. Xinhua Drawing Rights (SDR) basket as the for economic growth. this development could serve as an fifth global currency. After unprec- Creating an export-driven indicator to the rest of the world edented economic development, economy through SEZs modeled that they can confidently produce China could carry out reforms of after Shenzhen and with initiatives goods and services targeting the global financial system currently similar to the “Made in China 2025” Chinese consumers, especially the led by the World Bank and the plan could help such countries pay rising middle-income group. IMF. The Asian Infrastructure off global debt, increase foreign With China’s stronger desire to Investment Bank and the BRICS exchange reserves and improve their work with other countries as partners New Development Bank are trade balance with other countries. and stakeholders, every country can examples of initiatives that signaled By creating sustainable GDP benefit from China’s economic rise. to the world that rather than remain growth, they can become more Win-win dynamics like these are a bystander, China seeks to play a attractive to foreign direct invest- precisely what the world needs. more active role in global economic ment (FDI) inflows. Since its reform governance. and opening up in 1978, China has The Belt and Road Initiative, received more than US$2 trillion The author is president of the Institute of introduced in 2013 to connect Asia, worth of FDI. Media and Communications in Pakistan and a longtime China watcher. An award-winning Africa and Europe, has enhanced In agriculture, China’s accom- journalist, he formerly worked for The News, connectivity through infrastructure plishments are worthy of Pakistan’s most widely read daily newspaper.

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People, Turning Points and Great Progress of a Country —400 Unforgettable Chinese Moments over 40 Years

Edited by Chen Xiaoming, Published by Shandong Pictorial Publishing House, October 2018

By focusing on key moments, developments and scenes from ordinary people’s lives, the book series attempts to document the images of an era and express how the reform and opening up reached the people’s hearts.

December 1989: Workers at a production line of an enterprise in Huli Industrial Zone in Xiamen, Fujian Province. In 1980, with the establishment of Xiamen Special Economic Zone, various foreign-funded enterprises and private enterprises sprouted, attracting many young people from rural areas to work n 1978, China made a great in town. This kind of employment model has greatly promoted the integration and decision in launching the reform development process of the urban and rural and opening-up policy, usher- areas in China. by Jiang Duo 1990: People rush into the stock exchange to buy shares in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province. ing in the most important and The scene reflects the economic vitality brought by China’s implementation of the reform and far-reaching social change for the opening-up policy and people’s confidence in the future development of the society. I by Zhang Xinmin country in modern times. Published to commemorate the In 2002, democratic elections were held at a village of the Qiandongnan Miao and Dong 40th anniversary of China’s reform Autonomous Prefecture in southwestern China's Guizhou Province. Since the March 21, 2002: The Citibank Puxi Branch and opening up, this book series beginning of the new century, China has officially opens in Shanghai, becoming the digging through tens of thousands of comprises four volumes, each cover- paid great attention to the construction of first foreign bank approved to operate in documentary photographs and news democratic politics at the grass-roots level, China. It witnesses the process of China's ing a decade, with 400 timeless which ensures the further promotion of financial opening up after the country’s entry pictures, compilers finally settled photographs alongside interpre- reform and opening up. by Guo Jianshe into the WTO in 2001. by Jing Wei on typical works from nearly 300 tive text. From the perspective of well-known contemporary Chinese characters and scenes, it traces the photographers including Li Xiaobin development process across four and He Yanguang as well as works decades in China. from some famous foreign photogra- Chen Xiaoming, chief editor of phers and media institutions such as the work, wrote in the preface that Yann Layma, Corbis and Getty. the book series was compiled based “Browsing the various pictures on the recognition that the reform A huge blasting preluded the construction of Shenzhen Shekou Industrial Zone in 1979. collected in the book series creates Over the past four decades, the look of Shenzhen and people’s lives in the city have been and opening up really actualized completely changed, setting a “Shenzhen model” for China’s reform and opening up. visual rhythm and beat for China’s the political concept of “the people by He Huangyou reform and opening up composed being the masters of the country.” of the faces, smiles and color- By focusing on key moments, ful life stories of ordinary people,” developments and scenes from been a process in which history was aims to provide a few pieces and sides said Wang Xuedian, a renowned ordinary people’s lives, the book injected with new dynamism and of the big picture through stories of Chinese historian, member of the series attempts to document the constantly revitalized and devel- those individuals and shine the great Standing Committee of the National images of an era and express how oped,” noted Chen Xiaoming. light of the reform and opening up Committee of the Chinese People’s the reform and opening up reached “Every Chinese person, as an through a variety of prisms.” Political Consultative Conference the people’s hearts. individual, has joined in the process By consulting millions of words (CPPCC) and executive dean of the “China’s reform and opening up of creating history and shared the of news reports, political commen- Advanced Institute for Confucian over the past 40 years seems to have vitality of the times. This book series tary and chronicles of events and Studies at Shandong University.

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reat Reform,” an exhibition celebrating the 40th anniver- Great Display “ sary of China’s reform and Gopening up, is now showing at the National Museum of China in Beijing. It is not a traditional of Reform exhibition by any means consider- Text by Yi Mei ing the wealth of media it adopted to help visitors understand what An exhibition celebrating the 40th anniversary of China’s reform and happened in China over the past opening up highlights the fruitful results the country has achieved. 40 years. Exhibits on display range from more traditional methods like painting, photography, installation and video to more avant-garde ones such as VR, arciform movie and immersive experience. The exhibition is a futuristic photo gallery with more than 10,000 pictures depict- An LED screen shows hundreds of portraits of ordinary Chinese people, freezing a moment in ing the changes that have taken their lives. Each milestone China has achieved can be attributed to ordinary Chinese people place in China’s economy, society from all walks of life and their hard work. by Zou Yi and environment. It is a high-end tech show, displaying China’s most the Third Plenary Session of the Chinese people build skyscrapers cutting-edge work in scientific 11th Central Committee of the from the ground, reclaim wilder- research, deep dives under the sea Communist Party of China (CPC), ness, construct roads across the and rockets carrying people into a milestone meeting in China’s plateau and mine in desolation, space. It is a time machine capable history when the reform and all striving for a better life. Each of whisking patrons to the past with opening up was set as the key tone milestone China has achieved can profound nostalgia. for the development of China. be attributed to ordinary Chinese Already, the exhibition has Since then, shelving the strug- people from all walks of life and attracted 700,000 visitors from gle of ideology, China has focused their hard work. across China and around the world on economic development and to celebrate this important year for marched forward. After Deng, A Time Machine China’s reform and opening up. subsequent generations of Chinese The exhibition hits nostalgic The show will last through the end leaders carried the torch of reform nerves for every Chinese adult. In of this year. and opening up forward. Time one section of the exhibition hall, an passed, and today has arrived. We old-fashioned store is open, offering Photo Gallery have a digital image of Xi Jinping, old commodities once popular with Pictures are one of the best now president of China, deliver- Chinese people including snacks, ways to showcase China’s signifi- ing a keynote speech at the first home appliances and toys. cant changes over the past 40 years China International Import Expo, “This watch is the same as since the country began implement- organized in November 2018, and the one my friend gave me as a ing the reform and opening-up declaring “China will not close its wedding gift,” exclaimed visitor Fu policy. Especially in the early days door to the world and will only Shuguang, in his seventies. “Back in when little technology was available become more and more open,” the 1970s, this stuff was precious. to record national important events echoing the essence of the reform But with improving living standards, or ordinary lives, the film camera and opening-up policy when it was such wristwatches were soon played an important role. first proposed. rendered obsolete by new technolog- An image of Deng Xiaoping, Chinese people are no doubt ical gadgets in a wide array.” The “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening the “chief architect” of China’s reform the most devoted contributors to A small black-and-white televi- Reform” was adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held from November 9 to 12, 2013. The plenum also decided to establish a central leading group for comprehensively deepening reform with Xi Jinping as its head. and opening up, was captured China’s remarkable changes. In sion set drew special attention by Zou Yi on a film as he presided over black-and-white pictures, ordinary from visitors. Back in the 1970s,

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television was a luxury for most China Central Television (CCTV) certificate for China’s first stock, Chinese people. If any family had launched the country’s first 4K which symbolized China’s turn one, often a Japanese brand, its satellite ultra HD channel, cover- to a market economy. The exhibi- neighbors would be drawn to the ing cable television subscribers in 22 tion hall even features a catwalk, living room. Due to limited technol- provinces, municipalities and auton- on which models trot wearing ogy and unstable signals at the time, omous regions. At the exhibition, clothes from different periods over television programs often ended by the audience can also experience the the past four decades. In the early 10 p.m., which became the go-to- 4K technology. days of China’s reform and opening bed signal for Chinese people for Also at the exhibition, the up, Chinese people, female and many years. By 2017, China was the audience can see the food ration male, wore identical clothes featur- world’s largest producer of televi- tickets that prevailed during the ing three primary colors of grey, sion sets, reaching 170 million, with period of the planned economy military green and black. But today, many of its homegrown brands sold as well as the license for China’s custom-made garments are widely all over the world. Last October, first private business and the popular in China. Two visitors look at the tapes they were familiar with on a wall built with tapes from the 1990s. by Wan Quan

A model of Jiaolong (top), a manned deep-sea submersible developed by China along with China’s other homegrown diving devices. by Zou Yi At the exhibition, a living room decorated in the old style of the 1980s sends many Chinese people down the memory lane. Back then, the sewing machine, telephone and television set were considered symbols of an affluent life. by Wan Quan

High-end Tech Display development has brought the total resources have been devoted to “Amazing!” gasped a spectator length of its high-speed railways technological research, human experiencing a manned simulator past 25,000 kilometers, linking most resource development and intellec- of Warrior. “What a beautiful fish!” major cities in the country. tual property rights protection.” Warrior is China’s second manned Models of lunar vehicles, the The exhibition arranged many deep-sea submersible, capable of Long March carrier rocket series interactive activities for visitors to diving as deep as 4,500 meters. Liu and the BeiDou Satellite Navigation make the experience more immer- Yeyao, operator of the vessel, has System are also on display at the sive. “I didn’t know what to expect been on-hand to share his experi- exhibition. “China has made great with such a big theme spanning 40 ence in the six deep-sea exploration progress in technology over the past years on display,” said Yuan Xiaohe, missions in which he participated. four decades,” notes Shan Zijin, a a university freshman. “After I went Alongside the submersible are researcher at China International to the exhibition, I realized our lives models of the Fuxing bullet train Nuclear Fusion Energy Program have thoroughly changed thanks to that visitors can attempt to “drive.” Execution Center. “We have seen a the reform and opening-up policy,

A space suit displayed. China has sent manned spacecraft into space five times since 2003. The models of the Long March carrier rocket Since China’s first high-speed strong effort to become an innova- which to me is no longer just a by Wan Quan series. by Zou Yi rail opened in 2008, a decade of tion-oriented nation, and great top-design guideline.”

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An episode LOVE: Intimate from Lust, Wandering Land: Solo Exhibition of Su Caution November 24, 2018 - February 24, 2019 (2007) by Today Art Museum, Beijing Guo Chuxi, Wong-shen single November 16 – December 30, 2018 channel Long Museum (West Bund), Shanghai The exhibition presents the love stories of four female artists—Yoko Ono, Marina video, color, Abramovic, Tracey Emin, and Yayoi Kusama—together for the first time. Cheng Ran, silent, 47 seconds, Huang Bin and other six artists’ works explore new tendency of intimacy under new 2017. historical conditions. courtesy of the artist Divided into five chapters, this exhibition is organized around “Action,” “Monologue,” “Energy,” “Eternity” and “Future,” leading the audience to experience, explore and evoke love.

Random Walker – Alone, Together by Liu Chang, double-screen interactive video Poster for “Wandering Land: Solo Exhibition of Su Wong-shen.” installation, 2 screens, 38.8 x 22.3 x 2.3 inch each, This exhibition presents 60 pieces, primarily oil paintings and sculptures, by Edition AP Taiwanese artist Su Wong-shen over the last decade, as well as the installation of 5+1 AP © Liu Chang. work Bridge specially designed for the Long Museum (West Bund) in Shanghai. courtesy of Su’s works, characterized by self-reflection and echoes of real life states, Fou Gallery often contain dogs, balloons, trees, clouds and other elements. Born in 1956 in China’s Taiwan, Su lives and works in Tainan City. Previously, he already

Montreal Bed-In by Yoko Ono and John Lennon, Rest Energy by Marina Abramović and Ulay, 1980 © held several solo exhibitions including “Animal Farm: The Paintings of Su 1969, Queen Elizabeth Hotel, Montreal, Canada. Marina Abramovic. Wong-shen” at Taipei Fine Arts Museum in 2015. Photo by Ivor Sharp. © Yoko Ono. courtesy of Studio One

Poster for Poster Floating World: International “Floating World: He Duoling: Self-Selections (1986-2018) for “He International November 8, 2018 – February 18, 2019 Duoling: Exhibition of Contemporary Art Exhibition of Self- Contemporary He Duoling Art Museum, Chengdu Selections October 20, 2018 – January 20, 2019 Art.” (1986- Xuanzhi Art Museum, Fuzhou The exhibition features more than 20 oil paintings by He 2018).” Duoling, a famous contemporary Chinese painter, presented in a The exhibition focuses on more than 100 works by 15 three-story space. These paintings include enlightenment works artists from China, Germany, Canada, Finland, South Korea based on his mother’s teaching during his childhood, heroism and Mexico. The works cover various types of art such as easel complex works of the 1990s, paintings about the fragility of man painting, installation, sculpture, photography, animation and and nature, and detailed and sensitive portraits of his understand- mixed media. ing of the essence of life after 2000. The theme of this exhibition is “Floating World.” It aims He Duoling, born in Chengdu, southwestern China’s Sichuan to demonstrate the transformation of traditional space and the Province in 1948, is a representative contemporary lyrical realist artists’ analysis of self and traditional space. It explores the Chinese oil painter. He currently lives in Chengdu. He has won meaning of spatial deconstruction and reconstruction from various awards at home and abroad and his works have been multiple perspectives and presents a differentiated spiritual space. featured in several exhibitions.

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