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Excavations in and Around the Privy Garden, Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight, 2006 and 2008–9

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Excavations in and Around the Privy Garden, Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight, 2006 and 2008–9 Proc. Hampshire Field Club Archaeol. Soc. 72, 2017, 61–128 (Hampshire Studies 2017) https://doi.org/10.24202/hs2017001 EXCAVATIONS IN AND AROUND THE PRIVY GARDEN, CARISBROOKE CASTLE, ISLE OF WIGHT, 2006 AND 2008–9 By MICHAEL RUSSELL with contributions by GEMMA AYTON, DUNCAN H BROWN, GILL CAMpbELL, GREG CAMpbELL, CHRISTOPHER BRONK RAMSEY, JOHN MEADOWS, JUDITH DOBIE, KAYT MARTER BROWN, DAVID A HIGGINS, MICHAEL LEWIS, PETER MARSHALL, REBECCA NICHOLSON, NICOLA RUSSELL, JOHN VALLENDER, MARIANGELA VITOLO and DAVID WILLIAMS ABSTRACT well as the archaeology of the castle (Young 2000) were well understood, virtually nothing Archaeological evaluations in advance of the instal- was known about the Privy Garden beyond its lation of a new garden in the area previously known possible use as a cemetery connected with the as the Privy Garden, now the Princess Beatrice chapel of St. Nicholas and a kitchen garden in garden, at Carisbrooke Castle revealed the first prehis- the 19th century and a pleasure garden more toric feature from the site and established a northern recently. continuation of a Conquest-period ringwork ditch. In 2006, various strands of investigation The main discovery, a 12th century high status, were carried out, including geophysical masonry, cellared structure, probably a chamber survey (Martin 2007), documentary research block of two-storeys, is identified as the ‘chamber next (Pattison 2007) and archaeological evaluation. the chapel’ mentioned in a 13th century account. Further archaeological evaluation occurred in Further structures added in the 13th–15th century 2008–9 responding to the requirements of the are discussed. The demolition of these buildings in garden installation project. the late 16th century and the re-ordering of the site This report discusses the results of these are seen in the context of major works by Sir George archaeological evaluations, focusing on the Carey. first five phases of activity identified, i.e. up to Environmental sampling, particularly of yard the 18th century AD. Details of the later phases, surfaces and a midden developed to the east and a list of all contexts, Harris matrices and full south of the chamber block, has greatly enhanced finds, conservation and environmental assess- understanding of the medieval and early post-medie- ments are available in the Archive Report val diet and economy at the castle. (Russell 2017). Historical and archaeological background INTRODUCTION Occupying a steep-sided hill separated by In response to a proposal to redevelop and the valleys of the River Medina and Lukely re-present the Privy Garden at Carisbrooke Brook from a prominent chalk ridge which Castle, a team of English Heritage (now runs east-west across the island, Carisbrooke Historic England) archaeologists was asked Castle is located in the heart of the county, less to undertake research into the archaeological than 2 km south-west of Newport, centred on potential of the area in advance of any ground NGR SZ 4866 8778 (Fig. 1). works. The work was required to inform the The hill-top was the focus of activity in pre- tender and design brief for the new garden, history as evinced by the discovery of flint contribute to any mitigation of potential debitage (this paper) and sherds of pottery damage to sensitive archaeological remains (Mepham 2000, 99; Russell this paper), and and provide information for new interpretive was used as an early Saxon high status cemetery schemes. A desk based assessment (Russell (Young 2000, 52; Morris & Dickinson et al., 2006a) highlighted that while the history and 86–97). architectural development (Stone 1891) as Thought to have been constructed by 61 62 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY N Newport Carisbrooke Castle 0 10km Motte Privy Garden Figure 2 Walls and buildings Earthworks 0 100m Fig. 1 Location plan showing the principal structures and study area Richard de Redvers c. 1100, replacing an earlier north-east corner of the burh was cut off by two ringwork, probably the castle mentioned deep, curving, apparently parallel ditches and in Domesday Book, Carisbrooke Castle is a possibly a dump rampart to form a ringwork fine example of a motte-and-bailey which, which Young convincingly argues is the castle by 1136 and probably the work of Richard’s of Domesday Book (Young 2000, 55–9, 194). son, Baldwin, had a stone curtain wall with Little is known of the arrangement of the angle towers at its south-west and south-east domestic buildings of the 12th century castle corners, an interval tower in between them apart from what has been inferred from exca- and a shell keep to the north-east. Its massive vation (Young 2000, 41–46, 59–67, and below). ramparts and motte were built over a sub-rec- It had a chapel dedicated to St. Nicholas which, tangular, stone-revetted, late Saxon burh-type in 1140, Baldwin de Redvers gave to the newly fortification, termed the Lower Enclosure on founded Quarr Abbey under which it served its discovery in the 1920s, and for long consid- a large external parish. There is little doubt ered to be Roman. Archaeological evidence that this chapel stood on the site of the present indicates that in the late 11th century AD the chapel of St. Nicholas. RUSSELL: EXCAVATIONS IN AND AROUND THE PRIVY GARDEN, CARISBROOKE CASTLE, 2006 AND 2008–9 63 After inheriting the castle in 1260, and over to the threat of Spanish invasion and under the the course of some 23 years, Countess Isabella direction of Italian military engineer Federigo de Fortibus, the last of the de Redvers line and Giambelli, the whole of the medieval castle and final hereditary feudal lord of the site, trans- east barbican was surrounded by an essentially formed it into her principal residence and rectangular bastioned trace artillery fort with administrative centre for her estates both on flanker batteries in the north-east, south-east, the Isle of Wight and mainland. These works, and south-west bastions. documented in remarkable detail in her The castle was held by the parliamentarian accounts (Stone 1891), largely established the forces during the Civil War and served as a layout of the medieval castle as seen today. By royal prison; Charles I was imprisoned there the time of her death in 1293, when she sold after his defeat in 1646 when the barbican her rights to the Isle of Wight and castle to was converted to a bowling green for his rec- the Crown, there were on the north side of reation. By the early 18th century a number the bailey domestic apartments, a great hall, of buildings, including Carey’s mansion, had a private chapel to St. Peter, and kitchen and been demolished and parts of the site land- services; a gatehouse to the north-west; and the scaped. In 1738, the chapel of St. Nicholas was chapel of St. Nicholas to the west. demolished to foundation level, and a brick In the gift of the Crown from the 14th century, and stone Georgian replacement erected. the castle was maintained as a fortification The castle was taken into the care of the against the threat of French invasion. Improve- Office of Works in 1856. In 1896, Princess ments were made principally to the defences, Beatrice became governor of the Isle of Wight. particularly the gatehouse, with drum towers Under her patronage, the architect and anti- added in 1335–6 and heightened in the 1380s, quarian Percy Stone carried out extensive but also to the domestic buildings, including programmes of conservation and restoration the construction in 1397 of a three-floor including, in 1904–5, the design and rebuild- chamber block (constable’s lodgings) to the ing of the chapel of St. Nicholas on the footings south-east of the hall and, probably in the 14th of its medieval predecessor. Since her death century, an L-plan building in the south-east of in 1944, the castle has been managed as a the bailey. Scheduled Ancient Monument (Asset number From the 16th century the appointees to 1013870) open to the public and latterly as the castle were captains then governors of part of the National Collection in the care of the Isle of Wight. By the mid-16th century, the English Heritage Trust. its diminished military role combined with reduced expenditure on repairs had left the The Privy Garden castle without suitable accommodation for the captain. Accordingly, on his appointment as The area which became known as the Privy captain of the island in 1582, Sir George Carey Garden probably from the early 20th century built a substantial three-storey mansion on the (Pattison 2007, 1, 9–10) is situated in the south- site of the medieval kitchens and made changes west quadrant of the inner bailey of the medieval to the hall, chapel of St. Peter and constable’s castle (Fig. 1). It is a rectangular enclosure lodgings so that he lived in style and comfort defined by the chapel of St. Nicholas and the as befitting his status. He also strengthened the gable end of the Guard House to the north, defences in 1587 by constructing stone-revet- a substantial but previously undated stone wall ted bastions – ‘knights’ – around the Norman of several phases to the east, and the rampart angle towers, ravelins to the north, south and bank surmounted by the curtain wall of the east of the castle, a guard house to the north- inner bailey to the west and south. At the base west of St. Nicholas’ Chapel and, probably at of the rampart a low masonry wall separates the this time, a substantial barbican to the east of bank from a relatively level area of grass lawn the medieval castle. The most significant work with gravel paths and flower borders along to the defences in the post-medieval period the east and north sides (Fig.
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