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THE GEORGE WRIGHT Volume 18 • 2001 • Number 3 THE GEORGE WRIGHT F#RUM Volume 18 • 2001 • Number 3 THE JOURNAL OF THE GEORGE WRIGHT SOCIETY Dedicated to the Protection, Preservation and Management of Cultural and Natural Parks and Reserves Through Research and Education The George Wright Society Board of Directors ROBERTj. KRUMENAKER • President Paoli, Pennsylvania NEILW. P.MUNRO • Vice President Halifax, Nova Scotia PETER BRINKLEY • Treasurer New York, New York LAURA E. SOULLIERE • Secretary Natchez, Louisiana MARIE BERTILLION COLLINS • Piedmont, California DENNIS B. FENN • Reston, Virginia GARY LARSON • Corvallis, Oregon DAVIDj. PARSONS • Missoula, Montana DWIGHTT. PITCAITHLEY • Washington, D.C. RICHARD B. SMITH • Placitas, New Mexico Executive Office P. 0. Box 65, Hancock, Michigan 49930-0065 USA o 1-906-487-9722; fax 1-906-487-9405 [email protected] • http://www.georgewright. org David Harmon • Executive Director Robert M. Linn • Membership Coordinator The George Wright Society is a member of US/ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites—U.S. Cominittee), IUCN—The World Conservation Union, and The Natural Resources Council of America © 2001 The George Wright Society, Inc. All rights reserved. (No copyright is claimed for previously published material reprinted herein.) ISSN 0732-4715 Editorial guidelines may be found on the inside back cover. Text paper is made of 10% Postconsumer fibers. Printed by Book Concern Printers, Hancock, Michigan THE GEORGE WRIGHT FORUM Volume 18 • 2001 • Number 3 Society News, Notes & Mail 2 A Tribute to Robert Belous William E. Brown 3 CROSSING BOUNDARIES IN MANAGING RECREATIONAL USE OF NATIONAL PARKS AND RELATED AREAS Guest Editor: Robert Manning Introduction: Crossing Boundaries in Managing Recreational Use of National Parks and Related Areas Robert Manning 7 Crossing Experiential Boundaries: Visitor Preferences Regarding Tradeoffs among Social, Resource, and Managerial Attributes of the Denali Wilderness Experience Steven Lawson and Robert Manning 10 Integrating Resource, Social, and Managerial Indicators of Quality into Carrying Capacity Decision-Making Peter Newman, Jeffrey L. Marion, and Kerri Cahill 28 Managing National Parks in a Multicultural Society: Searching for Common Ground Myron F. Floyd 41 Integrating Subsistence Use and Users into Park and Wilderness Management Daniel Laven, Robert Manning, Darryll Johnson, and Mark Vande Kamp 52 Norm Stability: A Longitudinal Analysis of Crowding and Related Norms in the Wilderness of Denali National Park and Preserve James Bacon, Robert Manning, Darryll Johnson, and Mark Vande Kamp 62 Crossing Methodological Boundaries: Assessing Visitor Motivations and Support for Management Actions at Yellowstone National Park Using Quantitative and Qualitative Research Approaches William Borrie, Wayne Freimund, Mae Davenport, and Robert Manning 72 Thinking and Acting Regionally: Toward Better Decisions About Appropriate Conditions, Standards, and Restrictions on Recreation Use Steven F. McCool and David N. Cole 85 Diversity in Outdoor Recreation: Planning and Managing a Spectrum of Visitor Opportunities in and among Parks Cynthia Warzecha, Robert Manning, David Lime, and Wayne Freimund 99 Conserving Recreation Diversity: Collaborating Across Boundaries Glenn E. Haas 112 Crossing Programmatic Boundaries: Integrative Approaches to Managing the Quality of the Visitor Experience Megha Budruk, Daniel Laven, Robert Manning, William Valliere, and Marilyn Hof 124 On the Cover: U.S. national parks must prepare to accommodate more minority-group visitors. See article by Myron F. Floyd, beginning on p. 41. Volume 18 • Number 3 2001 1 Society News, Notes &c Mail Donahue Receives Mather Award for Protecting Big Cypress from ORV Abuse The immediate past vice president of the Society, John Donahue, was recently recognized by the National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA) for his efforts to protect Big Cypress National Preserve from the unregulated use of ORVs (off-road vehicles). As a national preserve, Big Cypress allows ORVs, but their use is subject to regulation. On May 18, NPCA recognized Donahue with its Stephen Tyng Mather Award. The award is given to park managers who risk their careers to protect park resources. Donahue, who assumed the superintendency at Big Cypress in February 2000, took a politically unpopular stance by insisting on a plan that limits ORV use to less- fragile areas and restricts them to established roads and trails. He also limited access to 14 designated points of entry, whereas previously ORVs could enter the preserve from any point. The plan aims to allow ORV access while restoring and conserving the vast natural and cultural resources of Big Cypress. The plan has been called a model of sustainable management for high-impact recreation in a fragile environment. 2001 GWS Conference Proceedings Due Out in December Seventy-three papers from the 2001 GWS conference will be included in the forthcoming proceedings volume, titled Crossing Boundaries in Park Management. The proceedings will be published as a softbound book and on CD. If you were a full-week or two-day registrant at the conference, you will get your copy (or copies) automatically. Otherwise, watch this space for availability. Or, if you'd like to be notified by e-mail when the proceedings are published, just send a note to [email protected]. 2 The George Wright FORUM A Tribute to Robert Belous After a 24-year career with the National Park Service beginning in Alaska, where his work strongly contributed to passage of the 1980 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, Robert Belous retired to Spokane, Wash- ington. He died at his home on May19, 2001, at age 66, after an illness. Born in New York City in 1935, Bob was a multi-faceted man with a multi- faceted career. A 1960 graduate of the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, he served as an ensign in the U.S. Navy; sailed to the Far East, Europe, and the Mediterranean as a marine engineer aboard ocean-going merchant ships; and worked as a nuclear engineer on submarine powerplants at Puget Sound Na- val Shipyard. In 1965 Bob left ships and the sea to become a freelance wildlife photogra- pher and writer. Based at Jackson Hole, Wyoming, he spent much time in the field preparing his articles. His annual rambles through Alaska’s remote re- gions included a 2-month trek through the Arctic Wildlife Range. The won- ders of Alaska had taken him in tow toward the climactic phase of his career. The Wyoming interlude had brought Bob and his wife Judy into close friendship with Margaret Murie— Alaskan pioneer, author, and inspiration to wildlands advocates across the country. The cabin that she and Olaus built in the Grand Tetons had become a shrine and a center for the Alaska conserva- tion movement. This association with Mardy and her friends plunged Bob into that movement in the early stages of mobilization for the Alaska lands struggle. To his Park Service work in Alaska, starting in 1972, Bob brought the pre- cision of mind of an engineer, the artistry of a photographer, the coherence and communication skills of a writer and lecturer, and the drive of a man on a mission. As a plank member of the National Park Service Task Force in Alaska, he began by taking magnificent photographs of the proposed park- lands, which the Congress would consider for enactment. These visions of grandeur and beauty, vitalized by wildlife and traditional people living off the land, evolved into traveling exhibits and slide programs that Bob and others presented before the Congress and in major cities across the country. These shows helped sway the nation to support the Alaska park proposals. “This last treasure of wild country,” in Mardy Murie’s memorable phrase, would more than double the area of the National Park System of the United States. From the beginning, Bob’s many talents and his immense capacity for work led to ever-expanding duties. He became park planner and on-site keyman for the Kobuk Valley and Cape Krusenstern proposals in northwest Volume 18 • Number 3 2001 3 Alaska. As chief liaison officer for the task force, he met with and communi- cated constantly with Native Alaskan organizations, the governor’s office, the state legislature, and state agencies and boards of game and fish. And the same with Alaska-based and national conservation organizations. He was a persuasive participant in congressional hearings. He worked with members of Congress and their staffs in Washington, D.C. During their visits to Alaska he took them into the country to show them the resources and values of the proposed parklands throughout Alaska. This impossible array of jobs and contacts, plus the then 5-hour time dif- ference between Anchorage and Washington, meant that Bob often started his phone calls back East at 3 a.m. and finished his Alaska meetings at 10 p.m. “Nobody can do this,” his colleagues used to say. Yet he did. And as those who worked with him still say: “No one will ever be able to measure Bob Belous’ contribution to passage of the Alaska Lands Act.” That single act of Congress added 41 million acres to the National Park System, and compara- ble immensities to the National Wildlife Refuge System. Robert Belous was much more than a trouble shooter and marathon man. He was a thinker, who, with key colleagues in Alaska, fashioned the philoso- phical and operational base for the ongoing Native Alaskan presence in the new national parklands. This revolution in national-park law and manage- ment—prompted by the destructive impacts of industrial civilization on indi- genes around the world—changed the frame by including traditional and his- torical cultures and subsistence activities as nationally significant elements of the new parklands. This switch from the old practice of eviction makes pos- sible the coexistence of ancient homelands and new national parks on the common ground they share. Native Alaskan support for the Alaska Lands Act, because of the subsistence provisions, was critical to its passage.
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