C. W. Cunningham 2009

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

C. W. Cunningham 2009 This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Update Trends in Ecology and Evolution Vol.24 No.12 Book Review Ever since Gould Stephen Jay Gould: Reflections on His View of Life edited by Warren D. Allmon, Patricia Kelley and Robert Ross. Oxford University Press, 2008. £18.99, hbk (416 pages) ISBN: 978 0 19 537320 2 Clifford Cunningham Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA By my count, Stephen Jay Gould changed the successes and failures of Gould’s attempt to redirect the way that evolutionary biologists think this argument with his concept of non-overlapping magis- three times: (i) introducing punctuated teria. Allmon’s discussion of Gould as an educator is fol- equilibrium [1]; (ii) rescuing and jump- lowed up by Ross’ fascinating contribution that chronicles starting the long-discredited field of evol- Gould’s fall in popularity as an undergraduate lecturer at ution and development in Ontogeny and Harvard as his accelerating tendency to digress interacted Phylogeny [2]; and (iii) catalyzing a debate with a steep decline in student attention span. on contingency, determinism and morpho- Although it includes serious works of scholarship, the logical disparity in Wonderful Life [3]. personal angle taken by Reflections enabled informal and Gould’s death in 2002 prevented his final often delightful personal recollections and commentary work from changing the way we think for a fourth time. I from contributors as broad as a ‘hard rock’ geologist who doubt that a living Gould would have allowed two luke- TA’d for Gould (Schneiderman) to the intellectual giants warm but influential book reviews written by microevolu- who produced the must-read gem ‘What does it mean to be tionists [4,5] to give evolutionary biologists ‘permission’ to a radical’ (Lewontin and Levins). The volume intersperses avoid reading his admittedly long The Structure of Evol- such short pieces with comprehensive reviews of Gould’s utionary Theory [6]. As a direct result, our field is proceed- intellectual impact on assigned topics, including genetics ing without a widely accepted theoretical structure that and development (Dorit) and punctuated equilibrium (Lie- appropriately circumscribes neo-darwinism as a limited berman). and insufficient part of a larger theory. In my favorite chapter, Bambach reviews Gould’s Nowhere was Gould’s life and death felt more strongly empirical and theoretical contributions to paleontology than among his fellow paleontologists. Stephen Jay Gould: in some of the clearest prose I have encountered in some Reflections on his View of Life, a volume of 15 essays is time. As Phil Gingrich pointed out to me, ‘We [paleontol- written by former PhD students and a few close collabor- ogists] are the ones that can directly observe the sweep of ators. This book reviews the work and personality of a evolutionary history’. I was especially impressed by the scientist who would make anybody’s list of the top five temporal and spatial detail that Gould was able to discover evolutionary biologists of the second half of the 20th cen- in the fine-scale study of speciation in Bermudian land tury. This is the second major tribute to Gould, the first snails. He was able to identify multiple abortive origins of being a collection of 14 significant scholarly works in a pedomorphic types, but that these predictably arose in the volume of Paleobiology [7]. Reflections (which includes same kind of soil. I am truly humbled when I contrast this Allmon’s complete bibliography of Gould’s work) under- resolution to the arm-waving inferences that neontologists, takes a deliberately personal review of Gould as a human such as myself, make about the probable mode and location being and scientist, underscored by the consistent refer- of speciation events. ence to him as ‘Steve’ throughout the volume. I was struck by Allmon, Morris and Ivany’s thought- The lead manuscript is Allmon’s ‘The Structure of provoking investigation of the impact on Gould’s work of Gould’, a remarkably ambitious and complete attempt to his personal opinion that ecology had little to offer to intertwine Gould’s intellectual and personal biography macroevolution. I have often asked the opposite: would with assessments of the impact of his work on the field ecologists more actively incorporate evolutionary biology of paleontology. Allmon brings fresh biographical detail to into their thinking if they were broadly exposed to macro- the circumstances surrounding major events such as the evolution? The strong impression left by undergraduate birth of punctuated equilibrium. He also sketches the evolution courses is that selection is constantly and rapidly breadth of Gould’s larger-than-life scope of influence and moving morphologies around as conditions change. interests in society, reminding us of details such as his Instead, the world that ecologists encounter daily is one concern over the practice of propagating error when text- in which species are remarkably static wherever they are book authors copy from one another. Allmon introduces found across their range, under a variety of conditions. In every subject taken up by the other contributors to Reflec- fact, the best explanation I have seen for a mechanism tions. For example, his discussion of Gould’s battle with underlying stasis is not Futuyma’s [8] ‘ratchet’ idea that creationism is followed up by Kelley’s thoughtful piece on Gould himself champions, but a source–sink argument advanced by ecologists for conservatism of fundamental Corresponding author: Cunningham, C. ([email protected]). niches at the edges of geographical ranges [9]. 645 Author's personal copy Update Trends in Ecology and Evolution Vol.24 No.12 The failure of The Structure of Evolutionary Theory [6] areas. This will indeed require big science, and to carry this to make an impact casts a pall over most of the works in off we must think not only ambitiously, but also creatively, this volume. Although most biologists will agree that the as Gould has shown us how. directionality of mutation is not random, few recognize that this means that they must re-think what it means to References be a darwinist. You will enjoy Reflections, but please read 1 Eldredge, N. and Gould, S.J. (1972) Punctuated equilibria: an Part I of Structure. Require it of your students. Skip alternative to phyletic gradualism. In Models in Paleobiology through the sections of Part II that do not interest you, (Schopf, T.J.M., ed.), pp. 82–115, Freeman Cooper 2 Gould, S.J. (1977) Ontogeny and Phylogeny, Harvard University Press but I assure you that much of it will. 3 Gould, S.J. (1989) Wonderful Life, Norton For Gould to make a lasting impact, his ideas must 4 Orr, H.A. (2002) The descent of Gould: how a paleontologist sought to resonate in fields to which he paid little attention, which revolutionize evolution. The New Yorker 132–138 they do. For example, the great discovery of phylogeogra- 5 Stearns, S.C. (2002) Less would have been more. Evolution 56, 2339– phy has been the prevalence of cryptic species (often thou- 2345 6 Gould, S. (2002) The Structure of Evolutionary Theory, Harvard sands to millions of years old) in most multicellular University Press lineages (four cryptic species to every named species by 7 Vrba, E. and Eldridge, N., eds (2005) Macroevolution: Diversity, one early count in vertebrates [10]). What are morphologi- Disparity and Contingency, Paleobiology 2 (Suppl.), 1–210 cally indistinguishable cryptic species but living, exper- 8 Futuyma, D.J. (1987) On the role of species in anagenesis. Am. Nat. 130, imentally tractable cases of stasis whose relative frequency 465–473 9 Holt, R.D. and Gaines, M.S. (1992) Analysis of adaptation in vis a` vis morphological change can be assessed? In fact, the heterogeneous landscapes – implications for the evolution of most consistent theme of Structure is the future of evol- fundamental niches. Evol. Ecol. 6, 433–447 utionary biology, in that we must develop unbiased 10 Avise, J.C. and Walker, D. (1999) Species realities and numbers in researched programs to evaluate the relative frequency sexual vertebrates: perspectives from an asexually transmitted of evolutionary processes. To achieve unbiased estimates, genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96, 992–995 Gould proposes comprehensive studies of entire monophy- 0169-5347/$ – see front matter ß 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. letic groups, or all species in circumscribed biogeographic doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.010 Available online 11 September 2009 Book Review Pitting the boys against the girls The Genial Gene: Deconstructing Darwinian Selfishness by Joan Roughgarden. University of California Press, 2009. US$24.95, £14.95 hbk (272 pages) ISBN: 9 780 520 25826 6 Peter L. Hurd Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, Canada Mandatory reading in the subject of my Similar to that of Kropotkin, Roughgarden’s controver- first education (anarchist theory) is sial work is ideologically driven (Supplementary Infor- Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution,in mation §2). She believes that publicly disproving sexual which Petr Kropotkin asks ‘Who are the selection, and its proponents, is necessary for social justice fittest: those who are continually at war to be achieved (Supplementary Information §3).
Recommended publications
  • Current Perspectives on Sexual Selection History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences Volume 9
    Current Perspectives on Sexual Selection History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences Volume 9 Editors: Charles T. Wolfe, Ghent University, Belgium Philippe Huneman, IHPST (CNRS/Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne), France Thomas A.C. Reydon, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany Editorial Board: Editors Charles T. Wolfe, Ghent University, Belgium Philippe Huneman, IHPST (CNRS/Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne), France Thomas A.C. Reydon, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany Editorial Board Marshall Abrams (University of Alabama at Birmingham) Andre Ariew (Missouri) Minus van Baalen (UPMC, Paris) Domenico Bertoloni Meli (Indiana) Richard Burian (Virginia Tech) Pietro Corsi (EHESS, Paris) François Duchesneau (Université de Montréal) John Dupré (Exeter) Paul Farber (Oregon State) Lisa Gannett (Saint Mary’s University, Halifax) Andy Gardner (Oxford) Paul Griffi ths (Sydney) Jean Gayon (IHPST, Paris) Guido Giglioni (Warburg Institute, London) Thomas Heams (INRA, AgroParisTech, Paris) James Lennox (Pittsburgh) Annick Lesne (CNRS, UPMC, Paris) Tim Lewens (Cambridge) Edouard Machery (Pittsburgh) Alexandre Métraux (Archives Poincaré, Nancy) Hans Metz (Leiden) Roberta Millstein (Davis) Staffan Müller-Wille (Exeter) Dominic Murphy (Sydney) François Munoz (Université Montpellier 2) Stuart Newman (New York Medical College) Frederik Nijhout (Duke) Samir Okasha (Bristol) Susan Oyama (CUNY) Kevin Padian (Berkeley) David Queller (Washington University, St Louis) Stéphane Schmitt (SPHERE, CNRS, Paris) Phillip Sloan (Notre Dame) Jacqueline Sullivan
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Selection in Females
    Animal Behaviour 77 (2009) 3–11 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Animal Behaviour journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yanbe Reviews Sexual selection in females Tim Clutton-Brock* Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge article info Darwin developed the theory of sexual selection to account for the evolution of weaponry, ornamen- Article history: tation and other secondary sexual characters that are commonly more developed in males and which Received 28 April 2008 appeared unlikely to contribute to survival. He argued that these traits had evolved either through Initial acceptance 25 May 2008 intrasexual competition between males to monopolize access to females or through consistent female Final acceptance 27 August 2008 preferences for mating with superior partners. Since 1871, a substantial body of research has confirmed Published online 31 October 2008 his explanation of the evolution of secondary sexual characters in males, although sex differences in MS. number: 08-00267 reproductive behaviour are more diverse and the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for them are more complex than was initially recognized. However, secondary sexual characters are also widespread Keywords: in females but, as yet, their evolution and distribution have received relatively little attention from gender differences evolutionary biologists. Here, I suggest that the mechanisms responsible for the evolution of secondary intrasexual competition sexual characters in females are similar to those operating in males and include intrasexual competition mate choice sex roles between females for breeding opportunities, male mating preferences and female competition to attract sexual selection mates. Unlike males, females often compete more intensely for resources necessary for successful reproduction than for access to mating partners and the development of secondary sexual characters in females may be limited by costs to fecundity rather than to survival.
    [Show full text]
  • Finding Shared Values in a Diverse Society: Lessons from the Intelligent Design Controversy
    FINDING SHARED VALUES IN A DIVERSE SOCIETY: LESSONS FROM THE INTELLIGENT DESIGN CONTROVERSY Alan E. Garfield∗† If we are to be as a shining city upon a hill, it will be because of our ceaseless pursuit of the constitutional ideal of human dignity.1 INTRODUCTION American society is destined to become dramatically more diverse over the course of this century. The Census Bureau estimates that non- Hispanic Whites will constitute less than half the population by mid- century2 and that foreign-born residents already outnumber the entire population of Canada.3 Although the Census Bureau does not track people’s religious affiliation,4 other surveys indicate that America is also ∗. Professor of Law, Widener University School of Law. This Article is a product of my work as the 2005–2007 H. Albert Young Fellow in Constitutional Law and was originally presented as the 2007 H. Albert Young Lecture at Widener University School of Law on April 25, 2007. †. I am grateful to the Young Foundation for its generous support of my scholarship, and to Erin Daly, Michael Goldberg, Stephen Henderson, Patrick Kelly, Laura Ray, and John Wladis for their valuable comments on earlier versions of this work. 1. Justice William J. Brennan, Jr., Address at the Georgetown University Text and Teaching Symposium (Oct. 12, 1985), in THE GREAT DEBATE: INTERPRETING OUR WRITTEN CONSTITUTION 11, 25 (2005 ed.), available at http://www.fed-soc.org/resources/id.50/default.asp. 2. Press Release, U.S. Census Bureau, An Older and More Diverse Nation by Midcentury (Aug. 14, 2008), available at http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/012496.html.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Sociobiology: Inclusive Fitness and the Core Genome Herbert Gintis
    An Introduction to Sociobiology: Inclusive Fitness and the Core Genome Herbert Gintis June 29, 2013 The besetting danger is ...mistaking part of the truth for the whole...in every one of the leading controversies...both sides were in the right in what they affirmed, though wrong in what they denied John Stuart Mill, On Coleridge, 1867 A Mendelian populationhas a common gene pool, whichis itscollective or corporate genotype. Theodosius Dobzhansky, Cold Springs Harbor Symposium, 1953. The interaction between regulator and structural genes... [reinforces] the concept that the genotype of the individual is a whole. Ernst Mayr, Populations, Species and Evolution, 1970 Abstract This paper develops inclusive fitness theory with the aim of clarifying its appropriate place in sociobiological theory and specifying the associated principles that render it powerful. The paper introduces one new concept, that of the core genome. Treating the core genome as a unit of selection solves problems concerning levels of selection in evolution. 1 Summary Sociobiology is the study of biological interaction, both intragenomic, among loci in the genome, and intergenomic, among individuals in a reproductive popula- tion (Gardner et al. 2007). William Hamilton (1964) extended the theory of gene frequencies developed in the first half of the Twentieth century (Crow and I would like to thank Samuel Bowles, Eric Charnov, Steven Frank, Michael Ghiselin, Peter Godfrey-Smith, David Haig, David Queller, Laurent Lehmann, Samir Okasha, Peter Richerson, Joan Roughgarden, Elliot Sober, David Van Dyken, Mattijs van Veelen and Edward O. Wilson for advice in preparing this paper. 1 Kimura 1970, B¨urger 2000, Provine 2001) to deal with such behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION Is Nature Selfish?
    INTRODUCTION Is Nature Selfish? This book is about whether selfishness and individuality, rather than kindness and cooperation, are basic to biological nature. Darwinism has come to be identified with selfishness and individuality. I criticize this evolutionary perspective by showing it misrepresents the facts of life as we now know them. I focus on social behavior related to sex, gender, and family where the reality of universal selfishness and sexual conflict is supposedly most evident. I show that writings in the professional bio- logical literature advocating a picture of universal selfishness, as well as similar writings in books and articles aimed at the general public, are mistaken. I present my laboratory’s alternative evolutionary theories for social behavior that emphasize cooperation and teamwork and that rely on the mathematics of cooperative games. 1 2 INTRODUCTION: IS NATURE SELFISH? In a previous book, Evolution’s Rainbow,1 I offered a survey of diver- sity in gender and sexuality focusing on animals, together with a brief mention of humans across cultures and history. As I was writing Evolu- tion’s Rainbow, I became increasingly critical of how this diversity is ig- nored in biology curricula worldwide and critical of the language and theories purporting to describe and explain this diversity. The theory to account for sexual behavior in evolutionary biology is called “sexual se- lection,” a topic that originates with Darwin’s writings in 1871.2 I con- cluded that Darwin’s sexual-selection theory was completely false and needed to be replaced by some new and equally expansive theoretical system. I termed the replacement theory social selection but did little more than sketch a few points that such a new theoretical system might contain.
    [Show full text]
  • Holobionts As Units of Selection and a Model of Their Population Dynamics and Evolution
    Biological Theory https://doi.org/10.1007/s13752-017-0287-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Holobionts as Units of Selection and a Model of Their Population Dynamics and Evolution Joan Roughgarden1,6 · Scott F. Gilbert2 · Eugene Rosenberg3 · Ilana Zilber‑Rosenberg4 · Elisabeth A. Lloyd5 Received: 15 January 2017 / Accepted: 5 September 2017 © Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research 2017 Abstract Holobionts, consisting of a host and diverse microbial symbionts, function as distinct biological entities anatomically, metabolically, immunologically, and developmentally. Symbionts can be transmitted from parent to offspring by a variety of vertical and horizontal methods. Holobionts can be considered levels of selection in evolution because they are well- defined interactors, replicators/reproducers, and manifestors of adaptation. An initial mathematical model is presented to help understand how holobionts evolve. The model offered combines the processes of horizontal symbiont transfer, within-host symbiont proliferation, vertical symbiont transmission, and holobiont selection. The model offers equations for the popula- tion dynamics and evolution of holobionts whose hologenomes differ in gene copy number, not in allelic or loci identity. The model may readily be extended to include variation among holobionts in the gene identities of both symbionts and host. Keywords Holobiont · Holobiont model · Hologenome · Level of selection · Microbiome · Microbiota · Symbiont Introduction also provides a model for the evolution of a holobiont that combines microbe and host population processes. This article discusses the concept of a holobiont—an ani- Following Lederberg and McCray (2001), a microbiome mal or plant host together with all the microbes living on or refers to an “ecological community of commensal, symbi- in it, exosymbionts and endosymbionts, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Views Expressed Are Those of the Publication Date of the Issue
    Dædalus coming up in Dædalus: Dædalus on capitalism Joyce Appleby, John C. Bogle, Lucian Bebchuk, Robert W. Fogel, & democracy Jerry Z. Muller, Richard Epstein, Benjamin M. Friedman, John Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Dunn, Robin Blackburn, and Gerhard Loewenberg Spring 2007 on the public interest William Galston, E. J. Dionne, Jr., Seyla Benhabib, Jagdish Bhagwati, Adam Wolfson, Lance Taylor, Gary Hart, Nathan Glazer, Robert N. Bellah, Nancy Rosenblum, Amy Gutmann, and Christine Todd Spring 2007: on sex Whitman comment Paul Ehrlich & Marcus W. Feldman The fallacy of genetic reductionism 5 on life Anthony Kenny, Thomas Laqueur, Shai Lavi, Lorraine Daston, Paul Rabinow, Robert P. George, Robert J. Richards, Nikolas Rose, John on Tim Birkhead Promiscuity 13 sex Broome, Jeff McMahan, and Adrian Woolfson Joan Roughgarden Challenging Darwin 23 Brian Charlesworth Why bother? The evolutionary function of sex 37 on nature Leo Marx, William Cronon, Cass Sunstein, Daniel Kevles, Bill McKibben, Harriet Ritvo, Gordon Orians, Camille Parmesan, Anne Fausto-Sterling Frameworks of desire 47 Margaret Schabas, and Philip Tetlock & Michael Oppenheimer Elizabeth Benedict On the Internet 58 Wendy Doniger In the Kamasutra 66 on cosmopolitanism Martha C. Nussbaum, Stanley Hoffmann, Margaret C. Jacob, A. A. Stanley Corngold Franz Kafka & sex 79 Long, Pheng Cheah, Darrin McMahon, Helena Rosenblatt, Samuel Terry Castle The lesbianism of Philip Larkin 88 Scheffler, Arjun Appadurai, Rogers Smith, Peter Brooks, and Craig Lawrence Cohen Homosexuality & hope in India 103 Calhoun annals Greil Marcus A trip to Hibbing High 116 plus poetry by Lawrence Dugan, Molly McQuade, Ted Richer, C. D. Wright &c.; ½ction by Chris Abani, Nadine Gordimer &c.; and poetry Charles Simic Darkened Chessboard & Secret History 125 notes by Keith T.
    [Show full text]
  • Darwinism and the Meaning of Life
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Center for the Study of Ethics in Society Papers Center for the Study of Ethics in Society 6-2007 Darwinism and the Meaning of Life Arthur Falk Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/ethics_papers Part of the Bioethics and Medical Ethics Commons, Business Law, Public Responsibility, and Ethics Commons, Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, Ethics in Religion Commons, and the Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility Commons WMU ScholarWorks Citation Falk, Arthur, "Darwinism and the Meaning of Life" (2007). Center for the Study of Ethics in Society Papers. 79. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/ethics_papers/79 This Complete Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for the Study of Ethics in Society at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Center for the Study of Ethics in Society Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact wmu- [email protected]. Center for the Study of Ethics in Society Papers published by the Center Vol. XVI No. 4 June 2007 Darwinism and the Meaning ofLife Arthur Falk Western Michigan University Professor Emeritus of Philosophy Center for the Study of Ethics in Society Founded 1985 Western Michigan University 3024 Moore Hall 1903 West Michigan Avenue Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5328 The purpose of WMU's Center for the Study of Ethics is to encourage and support research, teaching, and service to the university and community in areas of applied and professional ethics. These areas include, but are not restricted to: business, education, engineering, government, health and human services, law, media, medicine, science and technology.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction
    1 Sexual Selection Studies: 2 Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions 3 Final Report from a NESCent Catalyst Meeting 4 Durham NC, July 15{17, 2013 5 Revision 1.1, December 11, 2013 6 Joan Roughgarden, (Organizer), University of Hawaii, [email protected] 7 Elizabeth Adkins-Regan, Cornell University, [email protected] 8 Erol Akay, University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] 9 Suzanne Alonzo, Yale University, [email protected] 10 Nathan Bailey, University of St. Andrews, [email protected] 11 Jeremy Crawford, UC Berkeley, [email protected] 12 Sasha Dall, University of Exeter, [email protected] 13 Sumit Dhole,University of North Carolina, [email protected] 14 James Fearon, Stanford University, [email protected] 15 Courtney Fitzpatrick, NESCent, clynfi[email protected] 16 Raghavendra Gadagkar, Indian Institute of Science, [email protected] 17 Simon Griffith, Macquarie University, simon.griffi[email protected] 18 Shoshana Grossbard, San Diego State University, [email protected] 19 Camilla Hinde, Wageningen University, [email protected] 20 Thierry Hoquet, Universit Jean Moulin Lyon 3, [email protected] 21 Priya Iyer, Indian Inst. of Science Education and Research, [email protected] 22 Erika Milam, Princeton University, [email protected] 23 Cailin O'Connor, UC Irvine, [email protected] 24 Zofia Prokop, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, zofi[email protected] 25 Richard Prum, Yale University, [email protected] 26 Sarah Richardson, Harvard University, [email protected] 27 Mike Ritchie, University of St. Andrews, [email protected] 28 Kimberly Rosvall, Indiana University, [email protected] 29 Dustin Rubenstein, Columbia University, [email protected] 30 Rebecca Safran, University of Colorado, [email protected] 31 Gustavo Requena Santos, Yale University, [email protected] 32 Maria Servedio, University of North Carolina, [email protected] 33 Sharoni Shafir, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, shafi[email protected] 34 David Shuker, University of St.
    [Show full text]
  • Joan Roughgarden
    EVOLUTION’S RAINBOW Evolution’s Rainbow Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People Joan Roughgarden UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2004 by Joan Roughgarden Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roughgarden, Joan. Evolution’s rainbow : diversity, gender, and sexuality in nature and people / Joan Roughgarden. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-520-24073-1 1. Biological diversity. 2. Sexual behavior in animals. 3. Gender identity. 4. Sexual orientation. I. Title. qh541.15.b56.r68 2004 305.3—dc22 2003024512 Manufactured in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 10987654 321 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992(R 1997) (Per- manence of Paper). To my sisters on the street To my sisters everywhere To people everywhere Contents Introduction: Diversity Denied / 1 PART ONE ANIMAL RAINBOWS 1 Sex and Diversity / 13 2 Sex versus Gender / 22 3 Sex within Bodies / 30 4 Sex Roles / 43 5 Two-Gender Families / 49 6 Multiple-Gender Families / 75 7 Female Choice / 106 8 Same-Sex Sexuality / 127 9 The Theory of Evolution / 159 PART TWO HUMAN RAINBOWS 10 An Embryonic Narrative / 185 11 Sex Determination / 196 12 Sex Differences / 207 13 Gender Identity / 238 14 Sexual Orientation / 245 15 Psychological Perspectives / 262 16 Disease versus Diversity / 280 17 Genetic Engineering versus Diversity / 306 PART THREE CULTURAL RAINBOWS 18 Two-Spirits, Mahu, and Hijras / 329 19 Transgender in Historical Europe and the Middle East / 352 20 Sexual Relations in Antiquity / 367 21 Tomboi, Vestidas, and Guevedoche / 377 22 Trans Politics in the United States / 387 Appendix: Policy Recommendations / 401 Notes / 409 Index / 461 INTRODUCTION Diversity Denied On a hot, sunny day in June of 1997, I attended my first gay pride pa- rade, in San Francisco.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Anolis Lizards of the Caribbean : Ecology, Evolution, And
    Anolis Lizards of the Caribbean : Ecology, Evolution, and Plate Tectonics: Ecology, Evolution, and Plate Tectonics, Jonathan Roughgarden Professor of Biological Sciences Stanford University, Oxford University Press, 1995, 0195361911, 9780195361919, 226 pages. The Anolis lizards of the Caribbean are ideally suited for the study of evolutionary ecology. Offering fascinating insights into the more than 150 species dispersed throughout the Caribbean islands, Jonathan Roughgarden details the differences between species in a wide range of behavioral and physical characteristics, including foraging behaviors, body size, and habitat use, resulting from evolutionary divergences concurrent with the plate-tectonic origins of the region. This book will be of interest to students and researchers--ecology and theoretical, tropical, and population biology.. DOWNLOAD HERE Food Webs and Niche Space , Joel E. Cohen, Jan 1, 1978, Science, 189 pages. What is the minimum dimension of a niche space necessary to represent the overlaps among observed niches? This book presents a new technique for obtaining a partial answer to .... The reptiles and amphibians of the Dutch Caribbean St. Eustatius, Saba, and St. Maarten, Robert Powell, Robert William Henderson, John S. Jr Parmerlee, 2005, Nature, 192 pages. Anoles , W. P. Mara, Oct 1, 1996, , 48 pages. Describes the physical characteristics, habitat, and behavior of the anole lizard.. Reptiles & amphibians of the Eastern Caribbean , Anita Malhotra, Roger S. Thorpe, Dec 1, 1999, Nature, 134 pages. This book is intended primarily as a filed guide to the one hundred or so species of reptiles and amphibians that occur on the islands of the Eastern Caribbean, from Anguilla .... Biogeography of the West Indies past, present, and future, Charles Arthur Woods, Jan 1, 1990, Nature, 878 pages.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents 1
    Angela Potochnik Materials for External Review Table of Contents 1. Curriculum Vitae 2. Research Summary Publications 3. “Feminist Implications of Model-Based Science,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, forthcoming. 4. “Modeling Social and Evolutionary Games,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 2012, 43(1): 202-208. 5. “The Limitations of Hierarchical Thinking,” with Brian McGill, Philosophy of Science, 2012, 79(1): 120-140. Primary authorship. 6. Essay Review of Roughgarden’s The Genial Gene, in “Sex and Sensibility: The Role of Social Selection,” Erika Milam, Roberta Millstein, Angela Potochnik, and Joan Roughgarden, Metascience, 2011, 20(2), 253-277. 7. “A Neurathian Conception of the Unity of Science,” Erkenntnis, 2011, 34(3): 305–319. 8. “Explanation and Understanding: An Alternative to Strevens’ Depth,” The European Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 2011, 1(1): 29-38. 9. “Explanatory Independence and Epistemic Interdependence: A Case Study of the Optimality Approach,” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 2010, 61(1): 213–233. 10.“Levels of Explanation Reconceived,” Philosophy of Science, 2010, 77(1): 59–72. 11.“Optimality Modeling in a Suboptimal World,” Biology and Philosophy, 2009, 24(2): 183– 197. 12.“Optimality Modeling and Explanatory Generality,” Philosophy of Science, 2007, 74(5): 680– 691. 13.“Revisiting Galison’s ‘Aufbau/Bauhaus’ in Light of Neurath’s Philosophical Projects,” with Audrey Yap, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 2006, 37(3): 469–488. Equal authorship. Works in Progress 14."Biological Explanation," invited contribution to Philosophical Issues in Biology Education, Springer, in revision. 15. "Non-Causal Features of Causal Explanations," revise and resubmit from Australasian Journal of Philosophy.
    [Show full text]