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C. W. Cunningham 2009 This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Update Trends in Ecology and Evolution Vol.24 No.12 Book Review Ever since Gould Stephen Jay Gould: Reflections on His View of Life edited by Warren D. Allmon, Patricia Kelley and Robert Ross. Oxford University Press, 2008. £18.99, hbk (416 pages) ISBN: 978 0 19 537320 2 Clifford Cunningham Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA By my count, Stephen Jay Gould changed the successes and failures of Gould’s attempt to redirect the way that evolutionary biologists think this argument with his concept of non-overlapping magis- three times: (i) introducing punctuated teria. Allmon’s discussion of Gould as an educator is fol- equilibrium [1]; (ii) rescuing and jump- lowed up by Ross’ fascinating contribution that chronicles starting the long-discredited field of evol- Gould’s fall in popularity as an undergraduate lecturer at ution and development in Ontogeny and Harvard as his accelerating tendency to digress interacted Phylogeny [2]; and (iii) catalyzing a debate with a steep decline in student attention span. on contingency, determinism and morpho- Although it includes serious works of scholarship, the logical disparity in Wonderful Life [3]. personal angle taken by Reflections enabled informal and Gould’s death in 2002 prevented his final often delightful personal recollections and commentary work from changing the way we think for a fourth time. I from contributors as broad as a ‘hard rock’ geologist who doubt that a living Gould would have allowed two luke- TA’d for Gould (Schneiderman) to the intellectual giants warm but influential book reviews written by microevolu- who produced the must-read gem ‘What does it mean to be tionists [4,5] to give evolutionary biologists ‘permission’ to a radical’ (Lewontin and Levins). The volume intersperses avoid reading his admittedly long The Structure of Evol- such short pieces with comprehensive reviews of Gould’s utionary Theory [6]. As a direct result, our field is proceed- intellectual impact on assigned topics, including genetics ing without a widely accepted theoretical structure that and development (Dorit) and punctuated equilibrium (Lie- appropriately circumscribes neo-darwinism as a limited berman). and insufficient part of a larger theory. In my favorite chapter, Bambach reviews Gould’s Nowhere was Gould’s life and death felt more strongly empirical and theoretical contributions to paleontology than among his fellow paleontologists. Stephen Jay Gould: in some of the clearest prose I have encountered in some Reflections on his View of Life, a volume of 15 essays is time. As Phil Gingrich pointed out to me, ‘We [paleontol- written by former PhD students and a few close collabor- ogists] are the ones that can directly observe the sweep of ators. This book reviews the work and personality of a evolutionary history’. I was especially impressed by the scientist who would make anybody’s list of the top five temporal and spatial detail that Gould was able to discover evolutionary biologists of the second half of the 20th cen- in the fine-scale study of speciation in Bermudian land tury. This is the second major tribute to Gould, the first snails. He was able to identify multiple abortive origins of being a collection of 14 significant scholarly works in a pedomorphic types, but that these predictably arose in the volume of Paleobiology [7]. Reflections (which includes same kind of soil. I am truly humbled when I contrast this Allmon’s complete bibliography of Gould’s work) under- resolution to the arm-waving inferences that neontologists, takes a deliberately personal review of Gould as a human such as myself, make about the probable mode and location being and scientist, underscored by the consistent refer- of speciation events. ence to him as ‘Steve’ throughout the volume. I was struck by Allmon, Morris and Ivany’s thought- The lead manuscript is Allmon’s ‘The Structure of provoking investigation of the impact on Gould’s work of Gould’, a remarkably ambitious and complete attempt to his personal opinion that ecology had little to offer to intertwine Gould’s intellectual and personal biography macroevolution. I have often asked the opposite: would with assessments of the impact of his work on the field ecologists more actively incorporate evolutionary biology of paleontology. Allmon brings fresh biographical detail to into their thinking if they were broadly exposed to macro- the circumstances surrounding major events such as the evolution? The strong impression left by undergraduate birth of punctuated equilibrium. He also sketches the evolution courses is that selection is constantly and rapidly breadth of Gould’s larger-than-life scope of influence and moving morphologies around as conditions change. interests in society, reminding us of details such as his Instead, the world that ecologists encounter daily is one concern over the practice of propagating error when text- in which species are remarkably static wherever they are book authors copy from one another. Allmon introduces found across their range, under a variety of conditions. In every subject taken up by the other contributors to Reflec- fact, the best explanation I have seen for a mechanism tions. For example, his discussion of Gould’s battle with underlying stasis is not Futuyma’s [8] ‘ratchet’ idea that creationism is followed up by Kelley’s thoughtful piece on Gould himself champions, but a source–sink argument advanced by ecologists for conservatism of fundamental Corresponding author: Cunningham, C. ([email protected]). niches at the edges of geographical ranges [9]. 645 Author's personal copy Update Trends in Ecology and Evolution Vol.24 No.12 The failure of The Structure of Evolutionary Theory [6] areas. This will indeed require big science, and to carry this to make an impact casts a pall over most of the works in off we must think not only ambitiously, but also creatively, this volume. Although most biologists will agree that the as Gould has shown us how. directionality of mutation is not random, few recognize that this means that they must re-think what it means to References be a darwinist. You will enjoy Reflections, but please read 1 Eldredge, N. and Gould, S.J. (1972) Punctuated equilibria: an Part I of Structure. Require it of your students. Skip alternative to phyletic gradualism. In Models in Paleobiology through the sections of Part II that do not interest you, (Schopf, T.J.M., ed.), pp. 82–115, Freeman Cooper 2 Gould, S.J. (1977) Ontogeny and Phylogeny, Harvard University Press but I assure you that much of it will. 3 Gould, S.J. (1989) Wonderful Life, Norton For Gould to make a lasting impact, his ideas must 4 Orr, H.A. (2002) The descent of Gould: how a paleontologist sought to resonate in fields to which he paid little attention, which revolutionize evolution. The New Yorker 132–138 they do. For example, the great discovery of phylogeogra- 5 Stearns, S.C. (2002) Less would have been more. Evolution 56, 2339– phy has been the prevalence of cryptic species (often thou- 2345 6 Gould, S. (2002) The Structure of Evolutionary Theory, Harvard sands to millions of years old) in most multicellular University Press lineages (four cryptic species to every named species by 7 Vrba, E. and Eldridge, N., eds (2005) Macroevolution: Diversity, one early count in vertebrates [10]). What are morphologi- Disparity and Contingency, Paleobiology 2 (Suppl.), 1–210 cally indistinguishable cryptic species but living, exper- 8 Futuyma, D.J. (1987) On the role of species in anagenesis. Am. Nat. 130, imentally tractable cases of stasis whose relative frequency 465–473 9 Holt, R.D. and Gaines, M.S. (1992) Analysis of adaptation in vis a` vis morphological change can be assessed? In fact, the heterogeneous landscapes – implications for the evolution of most consistent theme of Structure is the future of evol- fundamental niches. Evol. Ecol. 6, 433–447 utionary biology, in that we must develop unbiased 10 Avise, J.C. and Walker, D. (1999) Species realities and numbers in researched programs to evaluate the relative frequency sexual vertebrates: perspectives from an asexually transmitted of evolutionary processes. To achieve unbiased estimates, genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96, 992–995 Gould proposes comprehensive studies of entire monophy- 0169-5347/$ – see front matter ß 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. letic groups, or all species in circumscribed biogeographic doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.010 Available online 11 September 2009 Book Review Pitting the boys against the girls The Genial Gene: Deconstructing Darwinian Selfishness by Joan Roughgarden. University of California Press, 2009. US$24.95, £14.95 hbk (272 pages) ISBN: 9 780 520 25826 6 Peter L. Hurd Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, Canada Mandatory reading in the subject of my Similar to that of Kropotkin, Roughgarden’s controver- first education (anarchist theory) is sial work is ideologically driven (Supplementary Infor- Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution,in mation §2). She believes that publicly disproving sexual which Petr Kropotkin asks ‘Who are the selection, and its proponents, is necessary for social justice fittest: those who are continually at war to be achieved (Supplementary Information §3).
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