La Grande Guerra E La Polonia in Europa

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La Grande Guerra E La Polonia in Europa CONFERENZE 134 LA GRANDE GUERRA E LA POLONIA IN EUROPA Atti del convegno, Roma 12-13 novembre 2015 INDICE ACCADEMIA POLACCA DELLE SCIENZE BIBLIOTECA E CENTRO DI STUDI A ROMA CONFERENZE 134 LA GRANDE GUERRA E LA POLONIA IN EUROPA Atti del convegno, Roma 12-13 novembre 2015 a cura di AndreA CiAmpAni e piotr SAlwA ROMA 2016 Pubblicato da ACCAdemiA polacca delle SCienze BiBlioteCA e Centro di Studi A romA vicolo Doria, 2 (Palazzo Doria) 00187 Roma tel. +39 066792170 e-mail: [email protected] www.rzym.pan.pl Pubblicazione finanziata dall’Accademia Polacca delle Scienze Progetto grafico: ANNA WawRZYNIAK MAOLONI Revisione testi: LORENZO COSTANTINO (ITALIANO) JULIA TYLOR-KUCIA (INGLESE) Redazione tecnica: BEATA BRÓZDA Impaginazione e stampa: EDO – JAKUB Łoś ISSN 0239-8605 ISBN 978-83-63305-30-7 © Accademia Polacca delle Scienze Biblioteca e Centro di Studi a Roma INDICE PREMESSA 7 BOGDAN SZLACHTA POLISH POLITICAL THOUGHT IN THE TIME OF WORLD WAR I 11 GIOVANNA CIGLIANO LA “QUESTIONE POLACCA” NELL’IMPERO ZARISTA DURANTE LA PRIMA GUERRA MONDIALE 21 MAŁGORZATA KIWIOR-FILO LA GALIZIA POLACCA E LA PRIMA GUERRA MONDIALE 57 TOMASZ SCHRAMM WORLD WAR I IN THE MEMORY OF RESIDENTS OF GREATER POLAND 67 ANNA TYLUSIŃSKA-KOWALSKA UN (QUASI) LEGIONARIO FILOITALIANO: LE MEMORIE DI MICHAŁ LITYŃSKI DEGLI ANNI 1914-1915 75 JOANNA SONDEL-CEDARMAS I POLACCHI DELL’IMPERO AUSTRO-UNGARICO E IL FRONTE ITALIANO NELLE MEMORIE DEI LEGIONARI 87 CONFERENZE 134 CONFERENZE 5 ION CÂRJA “L’ULTIMO IMPERATORE”. CARLO I (IV), I ROMENI DELLA TRANSILVANIA E LA PRIMA GUERRA MONDIALE (1916-1918) 105 JANUSZ CISEK THE YEARS 1914-1918 FROM A POLISH PERSPECTIVE 125 CONFERENZE 134 CONFERENZE 6 PREMESSA ell’ambito dei recenti studi europei, rianimati dal centenario del primo conflitto mondiale, la memoria della Grande Guerra nelle terre polacche riemerge come una significativa questione storiografia per il dibattito pubblico dell’intero continente, che si Ndomanda in quale misura l’eredità di quei tragici eventi possano costituire un memento e un insegnamento per gli europei di oggi e di domani. Così, quando gli studiosi dei Gruppi esteri dell’Istituto per la storia del Risorgimento italiano hanno promosso per l’autunno 2015 un importante convegno internazionale coinvolgendo assieme a numerose istituzioni europee anche l’Accademia Polacca di Roma e l’Università Jagiellonica di Cracovia, si è segnalato il particolare caso del coinvolgimento della Polonia, allora nazione senza Stato, nel conflitto mondiale. E’ stato, dunque, in tale fervore di iniziative di studiosi europei che si è deciso di dedicare uno studio comune a quello specifico gioco tra ricordo e oblio che in relazione alla Grande Guerra caratterizza la memoria collettiva della Polonia. L’esperienza polacca, infatti, presenta in tale tensione tra sensibilità del presente e processi storici un profilo del tutto peculiare. Come è noto, i po- lacchi dopo le spartizioni dello Stato Polacco-Lituano alla fine del Settecento, sono diventati cittadini russi, prussiani ed austriaci, e come tali incorporati nelle forze armate direttamente opposte tra di loro nella drammatica guerra che ha segnato l’Europa nel 1914. Per molto tempo, tuttavia, le loro espe- rienze di guerra, assai divergenti tra loro, non potevano aggregarsi in una 134 CONFERENZE 7 PREMESSA visione comune. Peraltro, fare memoria della Grande Guerra per i polacchi ha voluto dire per lungo tempo richiamare soprattutto l’opportunità storica che ha consentito di riacquistare l’indipendenza politica, perduta più di un secolo prima. I contributi presentati in questo volume ci invitano ora a considerare con attenzione un affresco assai complesso rispetto ai dipinti isolati che hanno tratteggiato la partecipazione polacca ad un evento epocale, talora colorati di eroismo e di orgoglio nazionale (proiettati sulle future sorti del risorto Stato polacco), talora ripiegati sulla narrazione di sofferenze individuali (da consegnare a un passato da dimenticare). I saggi, infatti, ci forniscono alcuni approcci paradigmatici per ricomporre un puzzle che si presenta ancora frammentato: è di assoluto rilievo poter accostare le dinamiche del pensiero politico polacco al tempo della prima guerra mondiale (Szlachta) a quelle del dibattito pubblico sulla “questione polacca” nell’impero zarista (Cigliano); è certo necessario ricostruire e mettere a contatto i processi di coinvolgimento nel conflitto delle distinte aree polacche, come la Galizia e la Grande Polonia (Kiwior-Filo e Schramm); è ricco di suggestioni il convergente apporto di letterati e storici per comprendere l’esperienza composita dei soldati polacchi messa a confronto con quella di altre nazionalità che componevano eserciti di imperi multinazionali (Sondel-Cedarmas, Tylusińska-Kowalska, Cârja); così, da poter meglio comprendere, il formarsi di una prospettiva polacca circa gli anni 1914-1918 che travolsero l’Europa (Cisek). Gli studi presentati in questo volume, dunque, col loro contributo scienti- fico, ci consegnano alcuni spunti e chiavi di lettura per penetrare la presenza della Polonia nell’Europa contemporanea. Proprio la prospettiva europea, quale è quella suscitata dagli studi odierni sulla Grande Guerra, sembra facilitare il riconoscimento della complessità dell’esperienza nazionale polacca nella sua ricchezza, all’internodi un approccio di lungo periodo, in cui acquistano minor significato il dibattito tra filo-russi e filo-austriaci o le diatribe su Polonia etnografica e Polonia storica, spesso enfatizzate da questioni di legittimazione geopolitica dei dopoguerra novecenteschi. Piuttosto queste ricerche ci conducono a riconoscere la pluralità delle élites polacche (non solo quelle presenti nei territori occupati da austriaci, tedeschi e russi, ma anche quelle della Polonia in esilio) come parte rilevante del panorama delle élites europee del XIX e del XX secolo. Più in generale, peraltro, ripercorrendo queste pagine si coglie qualche ulteriore spunto di riflessione sulle “sorti della Grande Guerra” nella me- moria collettiva. La consapevolezza della condivisione polacca della tragedia europea, infatti, pare aver subito un processo di indebolimento, rispetto al CONFERENZE 134 CONFERENZE culto di eventi successivi sul piano storico e politico, dovuto a molteplici 8 PREMESSA fattori. Può aver avuto, certo, un suo rilievo quella sorta di “cacofonia” della memoria immediatamente seguente alla guerra nei diversi territori della nazione polacca (ben diverso dal racconto nazionale italiano). Una rilevazione, questa, che, probabilmente, ha influito anche su quella sorta di “oscuramento selettivo” che nel periodo tra le due guerre mondiali doveva facilitare la ricostruzione dell’identità nazionale dello Stato polacco. Un processo di costruzione identitario che, viceversa, dovrà pagare il suo tributo al tentativo totalitario comunista, che vedeva l’egemonia politico- militare sovietica sull’Europa centro-orientale investire la società polacca; se tuttavia, tale penetrazione non ha positivamente conquistato la cultura polacca, tuttavia, nella sua pars destruens ha perseguito una vera e propria “costruzione dell’oblio” del periodo precedente al secondo conflitto mon- diale (materiale e culturale) che ha comunque provocato molteplici rovine. Tra l’altro, ha anche provocato nella percezione europea occidentale una parallela semplificazione della complessa esperienza polacca attraverso le lenti degli eventi seguenti al 1945 e della nascita della Cortina di ferro. Dopo gli anni Ottanta e il crollo del Muro di Berlino, tuttavia, proprio il permanere del precedente oblio sembra consentire paradossalmente una fresca e non schematica ripresa d’attenzione alle profonde esperienze di condivisione del trauma collettivo europeo della prima guerra mondiale. Si tratta di respiri profondi della società, come quello che sorprende nel trovare all’improvviso nei boschi dei Laghi Masuri un piccolo cimitero di guerra, senza alcuna indicazione istituzionale, che accoglie le salme di soldati degli eserciti “tedesco” e “russo” dell’estate 1914, all’ombra di due croci di legno cattolica (o protestante) e ortodossa, con i visibili segni di una permanente pietà popolare verso i caduti e i loro familiari che non è stata piegata attraverso il tempo dal potere politico che l’ignorava. Forse, proprio la dimensione umana e il tessuto sociale europeo della guerra mondiale si può rintracciare in analoghe testimonianze polacche di immediate capacità di comprensione, di accoglienza, di governo delle differenze presenti nel teatro europeo scosso dalla tempesta della guerra mondiale. Forse, d’altra parte, proprio il riconoscimento della comune “compassione” può consentire di apprezzare meglio la vocazione europea della Polonia nella sfida che sta affrontando l’Unione europea. Andrea Ciampani, Piotr Salwa CONFERENZE 134 CONFERENZE 9 B OGD A N S ZL ac HT A POLISH POLITICAL THOUGHT IN THE TIME OF WORLD WAR I HE SITUATION OF THE POLES ON THE EVE OF WORLD WAR I waS PECULIAR, be- cause they did not have their own, independent state, and were living in three monarchies, the German, Austrian and Russian, so distinctly different in many respects. However, in each of them Tthey retained their national aspirations: conservatives and ultramontanes exposed – especially in the Russian and Prussian/German Partitions – the Polish Catholic character, consciously and openly seeking, as it is sometimes considered, to consolidate a model of a Catholic Pole who lived among the representatives of other Christian faiths; nationalists and socialists, in turn, pointed
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