ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS 14:3 SOCIAL LIFE OF THE OWIKENO KWAKIUTL BY RONALD L. OLSON UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES 1954 SOCIAL LIFE OF THE OWIKENO KWAKIUTL BY RONALD L. OLSON ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Vol. 14, No. 3 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS EDITORS (BERKELEY): R. L. OLSON, R. F. HEIZER, T. D. MCCOWN, J.H. ROWE Volume 14, No. 3, PP. 2I3-260,4 figs., I map Submitted by editors January 21, 1954 Issued August 15, 1954 Price, 75 cents UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FOREWORD The data in the present paper were obtained in the course of two visits to the north- ern British Columbia coast. The first, made in 1935, aimed at a study of the social structure of the Haisla of Kitimat. At that time some information on the Owikeno was recorded at times when Haisla informants were not available. In 1949, a second visit to the area was made, with the purpose of securing materials on the Haihais (or Xai- xais) of Klemtu. However, I found that the only Haihais still living who might aid in reconstructing the past were too far gone in the twilight of life to be useful as inform- ants. Accordingly I returned to Rivers Inlet to record further information on the Owi- keno; and the greater part of the information of this report was obtained at that time. The title of this paper may seem misleading when its content is compared with the full reports of, say, Boas and McIlwraith on tribes of the same area. I can only plead that Boas worked in the region while the old culture still flourished; McIlwraith's Bella Coola are still numerous and a considerable number of able informants were available to him. Owikeno culture, on the other hand, has long since disintegrated. Only about fifty members of the "tribe" survive and none of these is old enough to remember back of about 1910. In 1935 there were still a few old men remaining, but all of these passed on before my 1949 visit. A disastrous fire in 1935 was the final blow to the old way of life, for the fire de- stroyed, not only the old-style houses, but all ceremonial regalia and other treasures and heirlooms. Only vestiges of the old culture remain and the potlatches, dances, and other overt features of the old life survive only in what are mere token observances. So I offer the materials which follow with a clear recognition that they are fragmentary and perhaps even somewhat inaccurate in part, but they represent most of what can be salvaged at the present time. Those of us who by choice or circumstance work among remnant groups can but envy our more fortunate colleagues whose good fortune allows them to do other than what could be called "social archaeology." I would like to express my thanks and appreciation to the maniy people of ti-e Briti6in Columbia coast whose kindness, hospitality, and aid made my stay in the field possible and pleasant: the staff of the R. W. Large Memorial Hospital at Bella Bella; the Rever- end Peter Kelly of the mission boat "Thomas Crosby"; Mr. and Mrs. Charles Lord, of Rivers Inlet Cannery; the managers and staffs of the canneries at Klemtu, Goose Bay, Namu, and Beaver. Thanks are also due my many Indian friends scattered from Kitimat to Alert Bay. My brief stay at Bella Coola was made enjoyable by the hospitality of Mr. and Mrs. Pruden, and of many members of the Native Brotherhood. I would like to ex- press special gratitude to Mr. David Bernard. Patient informant and interpreter, this study would have been quite impossible without his co6peration. INFORMANTS The greater part of my information was obtained from David Bernard. (DB in the following pages.) He also served as interpreter on some occasions. Older informants of 1935 included Joe Chamberlain (JC) and Cap'n Johnson (CJ). Jack Johnson (JJ) and Alfred Thompson (AT) were willing informants but available only for brief periods. Henry Hanuse served for a time but his information required careful checking and con- firmation from others before I felt that it should be used. His are the only data in which "editing" and selection were advisable. In some instances I have referred to persons by false initials, letters, or fictitious names in order to avoid possible embarrassment to individuals or families. PHONETIC KEY I have not had training in linguistics or phonetic transcription. In addition, my ear for native words is not particularly keen. My phonetic renditions therefore range from accurate to reasonable approximations. Where my renditions differ from Drucker's I think mine are nearer to accuracy. Vowels are long unless otherwise indicated and have the Continental (or Spanish) value. Capital letters in the body of a word indicate whispered sounds (as, PUKS). a as in hat ai as in English high e as in met au as in how 1 as in it explosive k or q ii as in put . glottal stop a obscure vowel of but or idea accented syllable g as in gig + prolonged sound L surd 1 (except as initial letter of proper name) CONTENTS Page Informants .......... iv Phonetic key .......... iv Introduction .................... 213 Villages, septs, crests, lineages, and council .............. 214 Wars and feuds .................................... 218 Social classes .220 Marriage and family relations ............................. 223 Miscellaneous practices .................................. 226 Death and mourning ..................................... 227 Inheritance and succession ................................ 229 Totem poles, house posts, and coppers ...... .............. 232 Potlatches . ..................................... 234 The winter ceremonials .................................. 239 The Tsaika series of dances ............................ 242 The Tanis (Hamatsa) dance ............................. 243 The Glualaxa dances ................................... 246 Religion ............................................ 250 Shamanism ..................................... 250 Magic .............................................,.251 Appendix A: The kinship system ........................... 253 Appendix B: Miscellaneous tales ......... ................. 256 The beginning of the Haisla ............................. 256 Cannibal woman ..................................... 257 The four brothers ..................................... 258 Bibliography . ..................................... 259 MAP Owikeno Territory and Settlements ..... .......... facing p. 213 FIGURES 1. Seating arrangement in gift-giving ...................... 236 2. Seating arrangement for the Cannibal dance .............. 244 3. Seating arrangement for the Glualaxa dances ............. 246 4. Genealogical chart .................................... 254 It~~~~~~~~~ 0 9~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 ~~~~~ Cr~~~~~~~~f ti~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~I~~ a I 6-~~~~ 0~~~~~~4 6 SOCIAL LIFE OF THE OWIKENO KWAKIUTL BY RONALD L. OLSON INTRODUCTION The material presented in the following pages is an The economic activities begin about March when the attempt to reconstruct, as far as is possible at this late eulachon run comes in. About a month or even two is in- date, something of the social structure and social life of volved in catching the fish (by conical traps and the long the people of the Rivers Inlet and Owikeno Lake area. eulachon nets) and rendering the oil. At this same time Although I refer to them as "the Owikeno" they do not some few persons may gather herring eggs in the area constitute a "tribe" in the usual meaning of the term. around the mouth of the inlet.' The first salmon are taken Common language, common culture, and a geographical in May. These are eaten fresh as they are too fat for dry- area alone dictate treating them as a tribe. In their own ing. May is also the time for gathering seaweed around view village and lineage (or family) loom largest. There Cape Calvert. June is the season for gathering and dry- was no over-all tribal organization and the term "Owi- ing the cambium layer of hemlock.2 Goats are hunted dur- keno" (Phonetically, u'ik! inuh) is used only for conven- ing July and August, since only during these months does ience. Actually it meant only the people of the house the very heavy snowfall melt away enough to permit hunt- clusters along the Wannock River. ing at the higher altitudes. This is also the berrying sea- Although only vestiges of the old culture survive, I son. Most of the salmon for drying are of the red (sock- have used the historical present tense in my account ex- eye) species and most are taken late in the season when cept where the past tense is used for the sake of clarity they spawn in the streams running into the lake. or to make a definite time-reference. I have used the But the Owikeno of today secure a livelihood chiefly in term "Owikeno Kwakiutl" in the title for the sake of geo- the fisheries industry. The men operate their own motor graphical reference. Technically the term "Kwakiutl" boats or work at the heavier tasks in the canneries; the (KwaguL) refers only to the people of the Fort Rupert women are hired during the fishing season as cannery area but in common usage it means the Kwakiutl-speaking hands, chiefly at cleaning the fish after the fish have gone (Wakashan) tribes in about the same sense that Tlingit, through the "iron chink." There is but little hunting or Haida, and Tsimshian are used to designate groups of trapping done. The netting of eulachon and rendering of tribes of the same linguistic affiliation. the oil has been nearly abandoned. Even the catching and The Owikeno were less maritime in their culture and processing of salmon in the old fashion has given way to their world view than many of the Northwest Coast tribes. dependence on supplies obtained at the stores maintained None of their villages was located on the salt water; all at the canneries. were on rivers or on the lake. The people of the upper lake, in particular, were almost "interior" in their out- ' It is believed that the herring meet the eulachon at the mouth of the look, perhaps making a salt water excursion only once inlet and say to them, "You may give your grease to them now.