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Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of Lower Cretaceous Sykes Mountain Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming Hosny El-Desouky Ahmed Soliman Iowa State University

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Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of Lower Cretaceous Sykes Mountain Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming Hosny El-Desouky Ahmed Soliman Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1988 Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Lower Cretaceous Sykes Mountain Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming Hosny El-Desouky Ahmed Soliman Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Soliman, Hosny El-Desouky Ahmed, "Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Lower Cretaceous Sykes Mountain Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming " (1988). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8892. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8892 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. 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University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ivll 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 8909194 Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Lower Cretaceous Sykes Mountain Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming Soliman, Hosny El-Desoiiky Ahmed, Ph.D. Iowa State University, 1988 UMI SOON.ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 stratigraphy and sedimentology of Lower Cretaceous Sykes Mountain Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming by Hosny El-Desouky Ahmed Soliman A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Earth Sciences Major: Geology Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charg Work Signature was redacted for privacy. r the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1988 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose and Scope of Study 1 Field Work 3 Geologic Setting 6 CHAPTER I. STRATIGRAPHY 8 Previous Work 8 Stratigraphie Nomenclature 18 Stratigraphie Descriptions 22 Contacts 30 Basal contact 30 Upper contact 37 Regional Correlations 39 Summary 43 CHAPTER II. FACIES AND DEPOSITlONAL ENVIRONMENTS .... 46 Introduction 46 Description of Facies 48 Quartz Arenite Facies Association (QA) 49 Flat-Bedded and Parallel-Laminated Sandstone Facies (Sfl) 51 Planar Cross-stratified Sandstone Facies (Sp) ... 53 Trough Cross-stratified Sandstone Facies (St) ... 54 Hummocky Cross-stratified Sandstone Facies (She) 56 Convolute-Bedded Sandstone Facies (Scb) 58 Asymmetrical-Rippled Sandstone Facies (Sar) .... 59 Symmetrical-Rippled Sandstone Facies (Ssr) .... 61 Heterolithic Facies Association (SM) 63 Facies Sequence 65 Interpretation of the Depositional Environments ... 66 Comparison of Sedimentary Structures in Sykes Mountain Formation to Other Tidal Sediments .... 80 Summary 80 CHAPTER III. PALEOCURRENT ANALYSIS 85 Introduction - 85 Paleocurrent Measurement 86 Graphical presentation of data 91 Discussion 92 Summary 105 CHAPTER IV. PETROLOGY 107 Introduction 107 Petrology of Sandstones 108 Grain contacts 109 Cementation 110 i i i Sources of secondary silica 110 Sources of carbonate cement Ill Origin of iron oxide cement 112 Heavy minerals 113 Provenance 117 Mudrocks 120 Dahllite concretions 122 Summary 125 CHAPTER V. TECTONICS AND SEDIMENTATION OF LOWER CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 127 Tectonics 127 Sedimentation 133 Summary 140 GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 142 BIBLIOGRAPHY 144 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 165 iv LIST OF TABLES PAGE TABLE 1. Locations of measured sections 4 TABLE 2. Lithofacies characteristics and their probable depositional environments 50 TABLE 3. Sedimentary features in the Sykes Mountain Formation compared to other tidal sediments . 81 TABLE 4. Summary of ripple measurements at different locations 89 TABLE 5. Summary of cross-stratification measurements 90 TABLE 6. Summary of current oriented fossils measurements 90 TABLE 7. Summary of all paleocurrent measurements at different locations 91 V LIST OF FIGURES PAGE FIGURE 1. Location of Bighorn Basin, Wyoming (numbers refer to measured sections) 2 FIGURE 2. Development of nomenclature of the Lower Cretaceous rocks in the Bighorn Basin .... 19 FIGURE 3. Graphic section of Sykes Mountain Formation 29 FIGURE 4. Sykes Mountain Formation (SMF) above the Greybull Sandstone (GS) 32 FIGURE 5. Sykes Mountain Formation (SMF) above the Himes Member (HM) 33 FIGURE 6. Sharp erosional contact between Sykes Mountain and Cloverly formations 36 FIGURE 7. Thermopolis Shale (TS) above Sykes Mountain Formation (SMF) 38 FIGURE 8. Lithogenetic equivalents of the Sykes Mountain Formation and the adjacent formations 44 FIGURE 9. Flat bedding (FB) in the Sfl Facies underlying hummocky cross-stratification (HCS) in the She Facies 53 FIGURE 10. Large-scale planar cross-stratification (PCS) in the Sp Facies 55 FIGURE 11. Herringbone cross-stratification in the Sp Facies 56 FIGURE 12. Planar cross-stratified sandstone of the Sp Facies below the rippled sandstone of the Sar Facies 57 FIGURE 13. Sandwaves in the Sp Facies at Red Pryor Anticline 58 vi FIGURE 14. Large-scale trough cross-stratification in the St Facies 59 FIGURE 15. Convolute bedding in the sandstones of the Scb Facies 60 FIGURE 16. Biogenic structures including burrows and trails on Facies Sar and Ssr 61 FIGURE 17. Straight-crested symmetrical ripples in the Ssr Facies 62 FIGURE 18. Lenticular bedding (LB) and wavy bedding (WB) in the SM Facies Association 65 FIGURE 19. Examples of vertical sequences in Sykes Mountain Formation 67 FIGURE 20. Alternation between the QA and SM facies associations 68 FIGURE 21. Rose diagrams from ripple measurements .... 93 FIGURE 22. Regional distribution of dominant and subsidiary paleocurrent directions from ripple measurements 94 FIGURE 23. Rose diagrams from cross-stratification measurements 95 FIGURE 24. Regional distribution of dominant and subsidiary paleocurrent directions from cross-stratification measurements 96 FIGURE 25. Rose diagrams from current-oriented pelecypod fossil measurements 97 FIGURE 26. Regional distribution of dominant and subsidiary paleocurrent directions from current-oriented pelecypod fossil measurements 98 FIGURE 27. Rose diagrams from measurements obtained from all indicators combined 99 FIGURE 28. Regional distribution of dominant and subsidiary paleocurrent directions from all indicators combined 100 vi i FIGURE 29. Typical heavy mineral composition of the Sykes Mountain Formation (after Chisholm, 1963) 116 FIGURE 30. Distribution of the heavy mineral suites of Sykes Mountain Formation and Upper Lakota (after Chisholm, 1963) 118 FIGURE 31. Dahllite concretions from outside and inside 124 FIGURE 32. Map of portion of Wyoming province showing Laramide sedimentary basins and uplifts (modified from Dickinson et al., 1988) . 128 FIGURE 33. Major faults in the western overthrust belt (from Wiltschko and Dorr, 1983) .... 130 FIGURE 34. Diagrammatic map of the Wyoming foreland showing arcuate uplifts bounded by zones of thrusting or steep dip (thick curved lines) and deep basin areas (stippled), from Berg (1981) 134 FIGURE 35. Sedimentation on the overthrust belt and the adjacent foreland basin (modified from Wiltschko and Dorr, 1983) 139 1 INTRODUCTION Purpose and Scope of Study The present work is a detailed study of a sequence of clastic rocks which were deposited during the Early Cretaceous in tidal flat and shallow water marine environments and which record the initial transgression of the Early Cretaceous Sea in the Western Interior. This sequence was defined as the "Sykes Mountain Formation" by Moberly (1960), and was studied in detail by the writer along the margins of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming (Figure 1). The objectives of the present study include; 1. The measurement and description of critical exposures and the establishment of local correlations. 2. The establishment of facies and facies associations. 3. Paleocurrent measurement and analysis. 4. Pétrographie studies of
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