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Stratigraphy of Inyan Kara Group and Localization of Uranium Deposits

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Stratigraphy of Inyan Kara Group and Localization of Uranium Deposits Stratigraphy of the Inyan Kara Group and Localization of Uranium Deposits, Southern Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 763 Prepared on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Stratigraphy of the Inyan Kara Group and Localization of Uranium Deposits, Southern Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming By GARLAND B. GOTT, DON E. WOLCOTT, and C. GILBERT BOWLES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 763 Prepared on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1974 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 73-600275 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Price $5.10 (paper cover) Stock No. 2401-02500 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract..................................................................................... 1 Structure Continued Introduction.............................................................................. 2 Structural interpretation................................................ 29 Stratigraphy of the Inyan Kara Group............................... 3 Precambrian structure............................................ 29 Lakota Formation............................................................ 3 Recurrent deformation............................................ 30 Chilson Member........................................................ 5 Deformational forces................ ............................ 31 Fluvial unit 1.................................................... 5 Subsidence structures...................................................... 31 Fluvial unit 2.................................................... 6 Ground water............................................................................ 33 Minnewaste Limestone Member............................. 7 Source of ground water in the Inyan Kara Group... 33 Fuson Member.......................................................... 7 Composition..................................................................... 35 Fluvial unit 3.................................................... 8 Flow (as indicated by tritium distribution)............... 36 Variegated mudstone....................................... 8 Reducing environment..................................................... 40 Fluvial unit 4.................................................... 9 Hydrogen sulfide. ................................................... 40 Fall River Formation...................................................... 9 Oxidation-reduction (redox) potential.... ...... 41 Lower unit................................................................. 10 Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH)........................ 41 Middle unit (fluvial unit 5)................................... 10 Carbon dioxide........................................................ ....... 43 Upper unit (includes fluvial unit 6).................... 11 Uranium deposition................................................................. 44 Petrography.............................................................................. 11 Effect of reducing environment..................................... 44 Composition....................................................................... 12 Effect of the "plumbing" system and the Inyan Grain size.......................................................................... 13 Kara stratigraphy on localization of uranium Heavy minerals................................................................ 21 deposits............................................................ .. 45 Source of sand and the influence of tectonic activity Mineralizing solutions..................................................... 46 upon deposition of Lower Cretaceous sedimentary Ore deposits as related to the "plumbing" system materials........................................................................ 23 and the stratigraphy.... ....................................;... 48 Structure................................................................................... 27 Effect of the Tertiary and Quaternary drainage Folds................................................................................. 27 systems on localization of uranium deposits......... 51 Faults........ .................................................................. 29 Exploration guides...................... ............. ............ 51 Joints.................................................................................. 29 References cited... ...................................... .................... 55 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in pocket] PLATE 1. Geologic and structure maps and restored cross section of part of the southern Black Hills. 2. Map of part of the southern Black Hills, showing Mesozoic and Cenozoic deformation along Precambrian struc­ tures. 3. Hydrochemical diagrams and map showing postulated evolution of artesian calcium sulfate type ground water from the Minnelusa Formation as it migrates through the Inyan Kara Group. 4. Map showing major tectonic elements, minor fault and solution collapse structures, springs, paleostreams, and uranium deposits in the southern Black Hills. Page FIGURE 1. Index map showing 7%-minute quadrangles mapped that contain rocks of the Inyan Kara Group in the southern Black Hills..............................................................................................---.-..-.-...-.------------------ - 2 2. Histograms showing average mineralogic composition of sandstone units in the Inyan Kara Group and the Unkpapa Sandstone............................................___.......... ......... ........ ... ..... -- - 12 3. Diagram showing variation in average mica content and ratio of potassium feldspar to plagioclase by flu­ vial unit...................... ...--....... ....--..... ........ ... .-...-.. .. ... -...-...-.-... ...... .. 16 4. Diagram showing variation in average percent feldspar and average mean grain size by fluvial unit .. 16 5. Histograms showing distributions of phi mean grain sizes of samples from each fluvial unit........................... 18 6. Correlation graphs of phi mean grain size measures plotted over phi standard deviation measures and over skewness measures of grain-size distributions of samples of sandstone and coarse siltstone from the Inyan Kara Group and the Unkpapa Sandstone. - - - 20 7. Histograms showing average percentage composition of heavy mineral suites in samples from sandstone units in the Inyan Kara Group and the Unkpapa Sandstone. 24 IV CONTENTS Page FIGURE 8. Diagram showing proportion of angular grains in combined zircon and tourmaline varieties for each of 76 samples from six sandstone units in the Inyan Kara Group and Unkpapa Sandstone........................... 24 9. Map showing probable minimum extent of Jurassic rocks in the Western Interior region at the end of the Jurassic Period................................-..................... ...................................................................................................... 26 10. Map showing average orientation of joint sets in the southern Black Hills........................................................... 30 11. Stratigraphic sections of the Minnelusa Formation, showing correlation of brecciated rocks in outcrop with anhydrite-bearing strata of the subsurface in Custer County, S. Dak.................................................... 32 12. Photograph of breccia pipe in the upper part of the Minnelusa Formation in Gettys Canyon, SE 1^ sec. 16, T. 3 S., R. 1 E., Custer County, S. Dak.................................................................................................................... 32 13. Graph showing variation in geothermal gradient with depth of well in the Inyan Kara Group.......................... 35 14. Graph showing average composition of calcium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and sodium bicarbonate ground water from the Minnelusa, Lakota, and Fall River Formations.......................................................................... 36 15. Isogram map showing tritium distribution in ground water of the Inyan Kara Group of the southern Black Hills, August 1967................................................................................................................................... 40 16. Isogram showing oxidation-reduction potential of ground water in the Inyan Kara Group of the southern Black Hills....................................................................................................................................................................... 42 17. Isogram showing hydrogen-ion concentration of ground water in the Inyan Kara Group of the southern Black Hills................................................................................................................................................................... 43 18. Diagram showing spatial relation of the uranium deposits to leaching of evaporites, brecciation, and pos­ tulated direction of ground-water movement------. ................................................................................................. 45 19. Isogram map showing uranium distribution in ground water of the Inyan Kara Group of the southern Black Hills...................................................... 47 20. Graph showing uranium in samples of three types of ground water from the Inyan Kara Group and from the Minnelusa
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