Ipv6 Transition and Coexistence
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Ipv4 Address Sharing Mechanism Classification And
This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING 1 IPv4 Address Sharing Mechanism Classification and Tradeoff Analysis Nejc Škoberne, Olaf Maennel, Iain Phillips, Randy Bush, Jan Zorz, and Mojca Ciglaric Abstract—The growth of the Internet has made IPv4 addresses andonlyone/22prefix (1024 IPv4 addresses). Such allocations a scarce resource. Due to slow IPv6 deployment, IANA-level IPv4 are too small to satisfy current growth rates. address exhaustion was reached before the world could transition The only long-term solution to the IPv4 address exhaustion to an IPv6-only Internet. The continuing need for IPv4 reacha- bility will only be supported by IPv4 address sharing. This paper problem is transition to the IPv6 protocol, which enables ad- reviews ISP-level address sharing mechanisms, which allow In- dressing large numbers of Internet devices [2]. However, today ternet service providers to connect multiple customers who share we observe little IPv6 deployment. IPv6 penetration at content a single IPv4 address. Some mechanisms come with severe and un- providers (top 500 Web sites) is about 24% globally [3] as of predicted consequences, and all of them come with tradeoffs. We March 15, 2013, while is somethingmorethan1%attheuser propose a novel classification, which we apply to existing mech- anisms such as NAT444 and DS-Lite and proposals such as 4rd, side [4] as of the same date. As IPv4 and IPv6 are incompatible, MAP, etc. Our tradeoff analysis reveals insights into many prob- IPv6 designers envisioned a dual-stack deployment [5], with the lems including: abuse attribution, performance degradation, ad- aim that by the time the IPv4 address space became depleted, dress and port usage efficiency, direct intercustomer communica- IPv6 would be universally deployed. -
Mist Teleworker ME
MIST TELEWORKER GUIDE Experience the corporate network @ home DOCUMENT OWNERS: Robert Young – [email protected] Slava Dementyev – [email protected] Jan Van de Laer – [email protected] 1 Table of Contents Solution Overview 3 How it works 5 Configuration Steps 6 Setup Mist Edge 6 Configure and prepare the SSID 15 Enable Wired client connection via ETH1 / Module port of the AP 16 Enable Split Tunneling for the Corp SSID 17 Create a Site for Remote Office Workers 18 Claim an AP and ship it to Employee’s location 18 Troubleshooting 20 Packet Captures on the Mist Edge 23 2 Solution Overview Mist Teleworker solution leverages Mist Edge for extending a corporate network to remote office workers using an IPSEC secured L2TPv3 tunnel from a remote Mist AP. In addition, MistEdge provides an additional RadSec service to securely proxy authentication requests from remote APs to provide the same user experience as inside the office. WIth Mist Teleworker solution customers can extend their corporate WLAN to employee homes whenever they need to work remotely, providing the same level of security and access to corporate resources, while extending visibility into user network experience and streamlining IT operations even when employees are not in the office. What are the benefits of the Mist Teleworker solution with Mist Edge compared to all the other alternatives? Agility: ● Zero Touch Provisioning - no AP pre-staging required, support for flexible all home coverage with secure Mesh ● Exceptional support with minimal support - leverage Mist SLEs and Marvis Actions Security: ● Traffic Isolation - same level of traffic control as in the office. -
A Review and Qualitative Analysis of Ipv6 and Ipv4 Interoperability Technologies
A Review and Qualitative Analysis of IPv6 and IPv4 Interoperability Technologies Antti Maula Helsinki University of Technology [email protected] Abstract structured as follows: section 2 contains descriptions of ex- isting solutions and their main technical features. Section 3 Deployment of IPv6 has been delayed even though the stan- presents some discussion about the state of the technologies dard has existed for over ten years and the number of free and section 4 presents the required future work and the final IPv4 addresses is decreasing fast. Some obstacles in deploy- conclusions are drawn in section 5. ment are economic but also technical issues remain. The Internet cannot be converted to IPv6 overnight, thus a transi- tion period is required during which both protocols co-exist 2 Related technologies and work together seamlessly. There is a vast amount of in- teroperability technologies available and this paper presents This section presents the existing IPv6 and IPv4 interop- proposed solutions to operate IPv6-only network segments erability technologies and their technical details. Interop- in cooperation with IPv4-only network segments. erability technologies include techniques which allow use of isolated IPv6 subnets in mostly IPv4 based Internet and KEYWORDS: IPv6, IPv4, interoperability, technology re- all of these technologies are intended to be used only dur- view, qualitative analysis ing the transition period and they should automatically stop working when underlying network infrastructure has imple- mented full IPv6 support. Some of the methods presented 1 Introduction here are implemented only by software while others re- quire additional hardware to function. These two models IP protocol version 4 (IPv4), which is currently used in most are namely “End-host” and “Middlebox” architectures, in parts of the internet, is becoming outdated. -
Performance Analysis and Comparison of 6To4 Relay Implementations
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 9, 2013 Performance Analysis and Comparison of 6to4 Relay Implementations Gábor Lencse Sándor Répás Department of Telecommunications Department of Telecommunications Széchenyi István University Széchenyi István University Győr, Hungary Győr, Hungary Abstract—the depletion of the public IPv4 address pool may delegated the last five “/8” IPv4 address blocks to the five speed up the deployment of IPv6. The coexistence of the two Regional Internet Registries in 2011 [3]. Therefore an versions of IP requires some transition mechanisms. One of them important upcoming coexistence issue is the problem of an is 6to4 which provides a solution for the problem of an IPv6 IPv6 only client and an IPv4 only server, because internet capable device in an IPv4 only environment. From among the service providers (ISPs) can still supply the relatively small several 6to4 relay implementations, the following ones were number of new servers with IPv4 addresses from their own selected for testing: sit under Linux, stf under FreeBSD and stf pool but the huge number of new clients can get IPv6 addresses under NetBSD. Their stability and performance were investigat- only. DNS64 [4] and NAT64 [5] are the best available ed in a test network. The increasing measure of the load of the techniques that make it possible for an IPv6 only client to 6to4 relay implementations was set by incrementing the number communicate with an IPv4 only server. Another very important of the client computers that provided the traffic. The packet loss and the response time of the 6to4 relay as well as the CPU coexistence issue comes from the case when the ISP does not utilization and the memory consumption of the computer support IPv6 but the clients do and they would like to running the tested 6to4 relay implementations were measured. -
Routing Loop Attacks Using Ipv6 Tunnels
Routing Loop Attacks using IPv6 Tunnels Gabi Nakibly Michael Arov National EW Research & Simulation Center Rafael – Advanced Defense Systems Haifa, Israel {gabin,marov}@rafael.co.il Abstract—IPv6 is the future network layer protocol for A tunnel in which the end points’ routing tables need the Internet. Since it is not compatible with its prede- to be explicitly configured is called a configured tunnel. cessor, some interoperability mechanisms were designed. Tunnels of this type do not scale well, since every end An important category of these mechanisms is automatic tunnels, which enable IPv6 communication over an IPv4 point must be reconfigured as peers join or leave the tun- network without prior configuration. This category includes nel. To alleviate this scalability problem, another type of ISATAP, 6to4 and Teredo. We present a novel class of tunnels was introduced – automatic tunnels. In automatic attacks that exploit vulnerabilities in these tunnels. These tunnels the egress entity’s IPv4 address is computationally attacks take advantage of inconsistencies between a tunnel’s derived from the destination IPv6 address. This feature overlay IPv6 routing state and the native IPv6 routing state. The attacks form routing loops which can be abused as a eliminates the need to keep an explicit routing table at vehicle for traffic amplification to facilitate DoS attacks. the tunnel’s end points. In particular, the end points do We exhibit five attacks of this class. One of the presented not have to be updated as peers join and leave the tunnel. attacks can DoS a Teredo server using a single packet. The In fact, the end points of an automatic tunnel do not exploited vulnerabilities are embedded in the design of the know which other end points are currently part of the tunnels; hence any implementation of these tunnels may be vulnerable. -
Spirent Testcenter™
DATASHEET Spirent TestCenter™ L2TPv2 / L2TPv3 Base Packages Convergence is creating a new generation of integrated network Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is used to support Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) devices and services that are or as part of the delivery of services by ISPs. Spirent TestCenter L2TP Base Package much more complex than ever enables Service Providers and network equipment manufacturers to quickly validate before. Service Providers need subscriber scalability. While L2TPv2 is all about PPPoE subscriber sessions being the ability to deploy networks tunneled to domains, L2TPv3 is more about multi-protocol tunneling. L2TPv3 Base quickly that get Quality of Package provides additional security features, improved encapsulation, and the Experience (QoE) right the first ability to carry data links other than simply Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) over an time. IP network. L2TPv3 is emerging as a core tunneling and VPN technology for next- generation networks. L2TPv3 provides the flexibility and scalability of IP with the Benefits privacy of Frame Relay and ATM. L2TPv3 will allow network services to be delivered over routed IP networks. Stability and performance of L2TP is critical to many Service • L2TP Tunnel capacity testing Providers and data services. • Session per tunnel testing Spirent can help you address this challenge with Spirent TestCenter with its innovative design. Now you can create and execute more complex test cases in less time with the • Data forwarding across all L2TP same resources—and scale tests higher while debugging problems faster. The results: tunnels lower CAPEX and OPEX, faster time to market, greater market share and higher • L2TP Tunnel stability test profitability, the ability to tunnel thousands of subscribers to thousands of tunnels with authentication and verify data forwarding and receive rates per subscriber. -
VRF-Aware Ipv6 Rapid Deployment Tunnel
VRF-Aware IPv6 Rapid Deployment Tunnel Virtual Routing and Forwarding - aware tunnels are used to connect customer networks separated by untrusted core networks or core networks with different infrastructures (IPv4 or IPv6). The VRF-Aware IPv6 Rapid Deployment Tunnel feature extends Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) awareness to IPv6 rapid deployment tunnels. • Finding Feature Information, on page 1 • Restrictions for the VRF-Aware IPv6 Rapid Deployment Tunnel, on page 1 • Information About the VRF-Aware IPv6 Rapid Deployment Tunnel, on page 2 • How to Configure the VRF-Aware IPv6 Rapid Deployment Tunnel, on page 2 • Feature Information for the VRF-Aware IPv6 Rapid Deployment Tunnel , on page 10 Finding Feature Information Your software release may not support all the features documented in this module. For the latest feature information and caveats, see the release notes for your platform and software release. To find information about the features documented in this module, and to see a list of the releases in which each feature is supported, see the feature information table at the end of this module. Use Cisco Feature Navigator to find information about platform support and software image support. To access Cisco Feature Navigator, go to http://www.cisco.com/go/cfn. An account on Cisco.com is not required. Restrictions for the VRF-Aware IPv6 Rapid Deployment Tunnel The VRF- Aware IPv6 Rapid Deployment Tunnel feature has the following restrictions: • The incoming physical interface, and the tunnel interface should have the same VRF instance defined. • The tunnel transport VRF and the egress physical interface, through which the traffic leaves should have the same VRF instance defined. -
Best Practices for Deploying Ipv6 Over Broadband Access
WHITE PAPER Best Practices for Deploying IPv6 over Broadband Access www.ixiacom.com 915-0123-01 Rev. D, January 2016 2 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................. 4 IPv6 Solutions for Broadband Access......................................................... 4 Translation ................................................................................................... 5 Tunneling ..................................................................................................... 5 Dual-Stack Lite (DS-Lite) ............................................................................ 5 IPv6 Rapid Deployment (6rd) ...................................................................... 6 Dual-Stack ................................................................................................... 8 How Dual-Stack PPP works ....................................................................... 8 Test Requirements ....................................................................................... 9 Testing Tunneling ......................................................................................... 9 Testing Dual-Stack PPP ............................................................................. 11 Conclusion ..................................................................................................12 3 Introduction Service Providers: The IPv6 Bell Tolls for Thee! After more than a decade of forewarning, the IPv4 to IPv6 transition has -
Empirical Analysis of the Effects and the Mitigation of Ipv4 Address Exhaustion
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN FAKULTÄT FÜR ELEKTROTECHNIK UND INFORMATIK LEHRSTUHL FÜR INTELLIGENTE NETZE UND MANAGEMENT VERTEILTER SYSTEME Empirical Analysis of the Effects and the Mitigation of IPv4 Address Exhaustion vorgelegt von M.Sc. Philipp Richter geboren in Berlin von der Fakultät IV – Elektrotechnik und Informatik der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades DOKTOR DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN -DR. RER. NAT.- genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sebastian Möller, Technische Universität Berlin Gutachterin: Prof. Anja Feldmann, Ph.D., Technische Universität Berlin Gutachter: Prof. Vern Paxson, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley Gutachter: Prof. Steve Uhlig, Ph.D., Queen Mary University of London Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 2. August 2017 Berlin 2017 Abstract IP addresses are essential resources for communication over the Internet. In IP version 4, an address is represented by 32 bits in the IPv4 header; hence there is a finite pool of roughly 4B addresses available. The Internet now faces a fundamental resource scarcity problem: The exhaustion of the available IPv4 address space. In 2011, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) depleted its pool of available IPv4 addresses. IPv4 scarcity is now reality. In the subsequent years, IPv4 address scarcity has started to put substantial economic pressure on the networks that form the Internet. The pools of available IPv4 addresses are mostly depleted and today network operators have to find new ways to satisfy their ongoing demand for IPv4 addresses. Mitigating IPv4 scarcity is not optional, but mandatory: Networks facing address shortage have to take action in order to be able to accommodate additional subscribers and customers. Thus, if not confronted, IPv4 scarcity has the potential to hinder further growth of the Internet. -
Ipv6 – from Assessment to Pilot
IPv6 – From Assessment to Pilot James Small CDW Advanced Technology Services Session Objectives State of Things Business Case Plan Design Implement Security & Operations Current Trends Depletion replaced by Growth Population penetration Geoff Huston’s IPv4 Address Report Multiple mobile device penetration The Internet of Things – M2M The Internet of Everything Current Trends Global growth: Penetration doubling every 9 months US penetration: IPv6 Deployment: 24.76% Prefixes: 40.78% Transit AS: 59.48% Content: 47.72% Google’s global IPv6 statistics graph Users: 3.92% Relative Index: 6.2 out of 10 Global IPv6 growth Graphs from Cisco Live Orlando 2013 – PSOSPG 1330 • US Growth/Penetration is Double the Global Rate • Critical mass in US next year (10% penetration) Opinions on Action Gartner – Enterprises must start upgrading their Internet presence to IPv6 now Deloitte – In short, we recommend starting (v6 deployment) now “Starting sooner can give organizations enough lead-time for a deliberate, phased roll-out, while waiting could lead to a costly, risky fire drill.” Roadmap State of things Business Case Plan Design Implement Security & Operations New Trends IPv6-Only Data Centers and Networks (especially mobile ones) on the rise Internet-of-Things – many key protocols are IPv6 only (IPv4 doesn’t have necessary scale) Many new trends are IPv6-Only (e.g. IoT) Smart Factories/Buildings/Cities/Grid Intelligent Transportation System General Business Case 65% of Cisco Enterprise Technology Advisory Board members will have IPv6 web sites by the end of this year (2013) Top drivers for IPv6 BYOD Globalization Internet Evolution/Internet Business Continuity (B2B/B2C) Legal Business Cases Mobile (Tablets/Smartphones) LTE/4G an IPv6 technology Multinational Firms – Europe far down the IPv6 path, where are you compared to your counterparts? Federal – Goal for full IPv6 deployment by 2014 with some trying to eliminate IPv4 by years end (VA) Legal Business Cases IPv6 Critical mass is coming next year (2014) – B2B, B2C, M2M, and other innovation will follow. -
Deploying Ipv6 in Fixed and Mobile Broadband Access Networks
Deploying IPv6 in Fixed and Mobile Broadband Access Networks Tomás Lynch – Ericsson Jordi Palet Mar8nez – Consulintel Ariel Weher – LACNOG Agenda (1/2) • IPv6 in Broadband Networks – Where are we? • IPv6 TransiHon Mechanisms for Broadband Networks • IPv6 Prefix Assignment • Deployment of IPv6 in Mobile Broadband Networks • Deployment of IPv6 in PPPoE & IPoE Networks • Deployment of IPv6 in Cable Networks Agenda (2/2) • Current IPv6 Deployments in Broadband Access Networks • Other Systems Involved in IPv6 Deployment • IPv6 TransiHon Planning • Useful Documents • Conclusions IPv6 in Broadband Networks Where Are We? IPv4 Yes, the IPv4 pool IPv4 with NAT But we can use IPv4 and NAT!!! Yeah, right … IPv6 Why IPv6? Move to IPv6 Now! New Business Operaonal OpportuniHes Needs Allows continuous growth Simplify service of Internet business providers operations Ready for Cloud and M2M IPv4 Address (moving towards 50 billion) Depletion Increasing government New business models regulations requiring IPv6 deployment IPv6 Readiness – No Excuses! › Laptops, pads, mobile phones, dongles, CPEs: Ready! – OS: 90% of all Operating systems are IPv6 capable – Browsers are ready! – Mobile devices: Android, IOS6, LTE devices are ready! – Mobile Apps: More than 85% with IPv6 support – CPEs: More than 45% support IPv6 IPv6 Traffic is Growing – No Excuses! In LACNIC23, May 2015 • Peru 13% • World 6% Source: Google IPv6 StasHcs - 8/16/2015 So ISP what are you doing? • You may have IPv6 in your backbone: – Dual stack backbone, 6PE, 6VPE – Easy stuff! • Loopbacks, IGP (yes, ISIS is great), we love to configure BGP! – If not, what are you waiHng for? • What about your customers? – Mobile broadband: customers change their phone more quickly than their clothes, easy stuff but those GGSN licenses are killing me. -
Ipv6 AAAA DNS Whitelisting a BROADBAND INTERNET TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP REPORT
IPv6 AAAA DNS Whitelisting A BROADBAND INTERNET TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP REPORT A Near-Uniform Agreement Report (100% Consensus Achieved) Issued: September 2011 Copyright / Legal NotiCe Copyright © Broadband Internet Technical Advisory Group, Inc. 2011. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced and distributed to others so long as such reproduction or distribution complies with Broadband Internet Technical Advisory Group, Inc.’s Intellectual Property Rights Policy, available at www.bitag.org, and any such reproduction contains the above copyright notice and the other notices contained in this section. This document may not be modified in any way without the express written consent of the Broadband Internet Technical Advisory Group, Inc. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an “AS IS” basis and BITAG AND THE CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS REPORT MAKE NO (AND HEREBY EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY) WARRANTIES (EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR OTHERWISE), INCLUDING IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR TITLE, RELATED TO THIS REPORT, AND THE ENTIRE RISK OF RELYING UPON THIS REPORT OR IMPLEMENTING OR USING THE TECHNOLOGY DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT IS ASSUMED BY THE USER OR IMPLEMENTER. The information contained in this Report was made available from contributions from various sources, including members of Broadband Internet Technical Advisory Group, Inc.’s Technical Working Group and others. Broadband Internet Technical Advisory Group, Inc. takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any intellectual property rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this Report or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights.