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Taxon Index (Excluding Animals and Vascular Plants)

Taxon Index (Excluding Animals and Vascular Plants)

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87162-4 - Biology, Second Edition Edited by Thomas H. Nash Index More information

Taxon index (excluding animals and vascular plants)

Absconditella 347 Agyrium 345 Anaptychia 349 Acanthothecis 346 Agyrium rufum 330 Anaptychia ciliaris 50 Acarospora 42, 247, 345 Ahtia 348 Ancistrospora 344 Acarospora clauzadeana 238 Ahtiana 348 Anema 345 Acarospora smaragdula 247 Ahtiana pallidula 317 Anema nummularium 15, Acarospora rugulosa 247 Ainoa 347 43–4 Acarosporaceae 345 132, 332, 348 Anema progidulum 330 Acarosporales 28, 345 Alectoria nigricans 221, 321 Anisomeridium 351 Acarosporomycetidae 28, Alectoria ochroleuca 84 Anomalographis 346 341, 345 194–5 Anthracocarpon 351 Achaetomium 105 Alternaria 105 Anthracothecium 351 Acolium 349 Allantoparmelia 332, 348 Anzia 25, 334, 348 Acrasiomycota 339 Almbornia 348 Anzia opuntiella 73 Acrocordia 351 Allocetraria 330, Anzina 62, 345 Acrocordia conoidea 41 332, 348 Anzina carneonivea 63, 330 Acroscyphus 349 Amandinea 349 Aphanopsidaceae 350 Actinomycetes 4 Amandinea coniops 59 Aphanopsis 350 Actinoplaca 346 Amandinea decedens 327 Aphyllophorales 61 351 317 Aplanocalenia 346 Adelolecia 348 Amastigomycota 340 Arctocetraria 348 Aderkomyces 323, 346 Amazonomyces 343 Arctomia 347 29, Amphorothecium 346 Arctomiaceae 347 61, 352 Ampliotrema 346 Arctoparmelia 129, 332, 348 Agaricomycetidae 352 54, 350 Arctoparmelia centrifuga Agonimia 323, 351 Amylora 345 265 Agonimia pacifica 324 Anabaena 218 Arctopeltis 347 Agyriaceae 345 Anamylopsora 346 Argopsis 349 Agyriales 28, 345 Anamylopsoraceae 346 Argopsis megalospora 317

462

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87162-4 - Lichen Biology, Second Edition Edited by Thomas H. Nash Index More information

Taxon index 463

Arthonia 323, 343 Aulaxina 323, 346 Bogoriella 351 Arthonia peraffinis 321 Auriculora 350 Boreoplaca 350 Arthonia tasmanica 325 Australiena 349 Botrydina 352 Arthoniaceae 343 Austrella 347 Botrydina vulgaris 17 25, 28, 343 Austrella brunnea 318 Botryococcus braunii 21 Arthoniomycetidae 341, 343 Austroblastenia 349 Botryolepraria 350 Arthophacopsis 344 Austrolecia 349 Bouvetiella 350 Arthotheliopsis 346 Austropeltum 349 349 Arthothelium 343 Austropeltum glareosum 325 Brigantiaea ferruginea 18 Arthropyrenia 24, 57, 344 Awasthiella 351 Brigantiaea fuscolutea 321 Arthopyrenia halodytes 42, 44 Azotobacter 217 Brigantiaea lobulata 321 Arthopyrenia kelpii 18 Brigantiaea phaeomma 319 Arthopyreniaceae 25, 344 Bacidia 317, 348 349 Arthrorhaphidaceae 344, 347 Bacidina 348 Brodoa 332, 348 Arthrorhaphis 344, 347 Bacidiopsora 348 Bryocaulon 348 Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa Bactrospora 323, 344 Bryodina 347 258 Bactrospora arthonioides 325 Bryogomphus 348 Arthrorhaphis alpina 321–2 Bactrospora homalotropa 327 Bryonora 347 Arthrorhaphis citrinella Bactrospora metabola 321 Bryonora castanea 321 321–2 Badimia 348 Bryophagus 346 Arthrorhaphis citrinella var. Badimia pollilensis 62 Bryoria 48, 291, 348 catolechioides 325 Badimiella 348 Bryoria austromontana 319 Arthrosporum 348 Badimiella pteridophylla 319 349 Asahinea 332, 348 Baeomyces 46, 347 Buellia crystallifera 330 Ascomycetes 4, 29 Baeomyces rufus 75, 100 Buellia frigida 175 28, 150, 258, Baeomycetaceae 25, 347 Buellia griseovirens 317 339–40, 342, 352 Bagliettoa 351 Buellia leptocline 60 Ascomycotina 92 Bahianora 350 Buelliastrum 350 Aspergillus 30, 105 348 Bulborrhizina 348 Aspergillus nidulans 114–16 Bartlettiella 350 Bulbothrix 348 Aspergillus niger 114–15 Bartlettiella fragilis 319 Bunodophoron 325, 349 Aspergillus oryzae 114–15 Barubria 348 Bunodophoron flacidum 325 Aspergillus terreus 112 Basidiomycetes 4, 25, 65 Bunodophoron palmatum 318 Aspicilia 247, 346 28–9, Bunodophoron patagonicum Aspicilia desertorum 330 339–40, 351 319, 358 Aspiciliopsis 345 Bellemerea 350 Byssocaulon 344 Asterochloris 17, 82, 270 Bellemerea alpina 321 348 Asterochloris phycobiontica 21 Bellemerella 351 323, 348 Asterothyrium 323, 346 Belonia 346 Byssoloma adspersum 318 Astrothelium 351 Biatora 348 Byssoloma croceum 327 Athelia 39 Biatorella 350 Athelia arachnoidea 350 Calathaspis 348 38–9, 290 Biatoridium 350 Calenia 346 352 Biatoropsis usnearum 37, 39 Caleniopsis 346

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87162-4 - Lichen Biology, Second Edition Edited by Thomas H. Nash Index More information

464 Taxon index

Caliciaceae 39, 103, 349 Catillaria 317, 349 ‘‘Chlorella’’ trebouxioides 21 2, 25, 103 Catillaria contristans 321 Chlorella vulgaris 21 Calicium 317, 349 Catillariaceae 349 Chlorellales 21, 75 348 Catinaria 348 Chlorophyceae 17–19, 21–2 Calopadia subcoerulescens 349 Chlorophyta 9, 17, 21–2, 92 327 Cavernularia 348 Chondropsis (¼ ) Calopadiopsis 348 Cavernularia hultenii 330, semiviridis 46, 116 Caloplaca 42–3, 48, 90, 317, 334 Choricystis minor 21 349 350 Chromatochlamys 347 Caloplaca aurantia 263 Cenozosia 348 Chromatochlamys muscorum Caloplaca cirrochrooides 319 Cephaleuros 38, 70 330 Caloplaca cribrosa 319 Cephaleuros virescens 21 Chroococales 14 Caloplaca elegant´ısima 331 Cephalophysis 349 Chroococcidiopsis 10, 12–15, Caloplaca erecta 318 Cetradonia 348 25, 68, 217 Caloplaca isidiosa 330 Cetradoniaceae 348 Chroodiscus 323, 346 Caloplaca ochraceofulva 331 50, 98, 129, 263, Chroodiscus lamelliferus 325 Caloplaca rosei 327 332, 348 Chroodiscus macrocarpus 323 Caloplaca subunicolor 331 Cetraria ericetorum 221 Chrysothrix 344 Caloplaca thallincola 89–90 Cetraria islandica 50, 78, Chrysotrichaceae 344 Caloplaca tornoe¨nsis 321 90, 98, 130, 188–90, Chytridiomycota 339 Caloplaca volkii 176–7 210–11, 358 Cladia 46, 348 Calotrichopsis 345 Cetrariastrum 272, 348 Cladia aggregata 323 Calothrix 14, 202–3, 217 Cetrariella 348 Cladia retipora 47 Calothrix desertica 15 Cetrariella delisei 321 Cladidium 347 Calvitimela 348 Cetrariopsis 348 Cladina 51, 53, 188 Calycidiaceae 349 Cetrelia 126, 327, 330, 348 Cladonia 36, 46, 53, 63, 98, Calycidium 349 Chaenotheca 54, 62, 72, 126, 155–6, 221, 236, Calycidium cuneatum 325 317, 351 247–8, 256–8, 262–5, 317, Calycidium polycarpum 319 Chaenotheca chrysocephala 332, 333, 348 Camanchaca 344 39, 100 Cladonia alcicornis 165 Campylothelium 351 Chaenothecopsis 317 Cladonia alpestris Candelaria 345 Chaenothecopsis consociata 39 (¼ stellaris) 254, 264–5 Candelariaceae 345 Chaenothecopsis sanguinea Cladonia arbuscula 83 Candelariella 317, 345 327 Cladonia bellidiflora 102, Candelariella coralliza 221 351 358 Candelina 345 Cladonia chlorophaea 126, Canoparmelia 348 341, 351 128, 254–5, 260, 317, Capnodiales 344 Chamydomonas reinhardtii 202 332–3 Caprettia setifera 319 Chiodecton 344 Cladonia coccifera 47 Carbacanthographis 346 Chlorella 22, 24–5, 75 Cladonia convoluta 168, 170 Carbonea 347 Chlorella ellipsoidea 21 Cladonia cristatella 255, Catapyrenium 25, 42, 57, 351 Chlorella mirabilis 21 259, 267–8 Catarraphia 344 ‘‘Chlorella’’ saccharophila 21 Cladonia cucullata 325 Catarrhospora 350 ‘‘Chlorella’’ sphaerica 21 Cladonia cyanopora 325

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87162-4 - Lichen Biology, Second Edition Edited by Thomas H. Nash Index More information

Taxon index 465

Cladonia darwinii 325 Coccomyxa 17, 22, 25, 82, 191, Cryptolechia 346 Cladonia ecmocyna 321 201, 203, 219, 359 Cryptothecia 343 Cladonia furcata 98–9, 358 Coccomyxa dispar 30 Cryptothecia rubrocincta 42, Cladonia galindezii 96 Coccomyxa peltigerae 21 358 Cladonia glebosa 325 Coccomyxa subellipsoidea 17 Cryptothele 345 Cladonia mitis 174, 239, Coccotrema 346 Culbersonia nubile 330 272, 321 Coccotrema porinopsis 327 Cyanosarcinia 14 Cladonia nudicaulis 325 Coccotremataceae 346 Cyanotheca 15 Cladonia pocillum 266 Coelocaulon 332 Cyphelium 349 Cladonia portentosa 209, Coelopogon 348 Cyphelium inquinans 275, 236 Coelopogon epiphorellus 331 317 Cladonia pulchra 317 346 41, 352 Cladonia pyxidata 37 25, 41, 165, Cladonia [¼ Cladina] 323, 346 Dacampia 344 rangiferina 156, 194–5, Coenogonium subvirescens 35 Dacampiaceae 344 237, 253, 256, 305 Collema 3, 43, 48, 68, 229, Dactylina 348 Cladonia salmonea 358 232, 245, 317, 331, 347 Dactylospora 350 Cladonia [¼ Cladina] stellaris Collema 15 Dactylosporaceae 350 [¼ alpestris] 156, 188–90, Collema laeve 48 Dangemannia microcystis 21 209, 211, 230, 242, 246 Collema nigrescens 49, Degelia 347 Cladonia strepilis 330 310–11 Degelia atlantica 327 Cladonia subcervicornis 261, Collema tenax 296 Degelia gayana 319 270 Collemataceae 25, 283, 347 Degelia plumbea 160 Cladonia subtenuis 254, Collemopsidium 317, 344, 351 Degeliella 347 270–1 Combea 344 Degeliella rosulata 325 Cladonia turgida 265 Compsocladium 349 Degeliella versicolor 319 Cladonia vulcani 143, 150 Coniarthonia 343 Dendriscocaulon 87 83, 103, 273, Coniocybaceae 351 Dendrographa 344 323, 333, 348 Conotrema 347 Dendrographa leucophaea 317 Cladonineae 126 Coppinsia 345 Dendrographa minor 158, 346 Cornicularia 332, 348 196 Claurouxia 345, 347 Coronoplectrum 348 Dermatiscum 349 Clauzadea 350 Coriscium 352 Dermatocarpaceae 43 Clauzadeana 347 Corticiaceae 25 Dermatocarpon 25, 57, 267, Clauzadella 351 Corticifraga 350 351, 359 Clavariaceae 352 Corticiruptor 350 Dermatocarpon fluviatile 136 Clavascidium 351 Corynecystis 345 Dermatocarpon luridum 246 Claviceps purpurea 98 Coscinocladium 349 Dermatocarpon miniatum Cliostomum 349 Cratiria 349 202 Cliostomum leprosum 330 Cresponea 344 Dermiscellum 349 Coccobotrys 24 Crocynia 349–50 Dermocybe 105 Coccobotrys verrucariae 21 Crocyniaceae 350 Desmococcus 24–5, 80 Coccocarpia 323, 347 Crustospathula 349 Desmococcus olivaceus 21 Coccocarpiaceae 25, 347 Cryptodictyon 350 Deuteromycetes 4

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87162-4 - Lichen Biology, Second Edition Edited by Thomas H. Nash Index More information

466 Taxon index

Dibaeis 347 Dothiomycetes 28 28, 341, Dichosporidium 344 Dothiomycetidae 341, 344 350–1 Dichothrix 10–11, 14 Dyplolabia 346 Eurotiomycetidae 30, 341, Dictyochloropsis 22, 35, 72 351 Dictyochloropsis reticulata Echidnocymbium 349 132, 348 18, 21 Echinoplaca 346 Evernia divaricata 358 Dictyochloropsis Ectolechiaceae 348 Evernia mesomorpha 255, symbionbtica 21, 39 Edrudia 347 307 Dictyonema 61, 352 Edwardiella 345 Evernia prunastri 46, 242, Dictyonema glabratum 78–9, Eiglera 346, 350 309–10 155, 165–6, 173 Eigleraceae 350 348 Dictyonema moorei 327 Elixia 350 Exiliseptum 351 Dictyonema sericeum 10, 12 Elixiaceae 350 Dictyosteliomycota 339 Elliptochloris 22, 82 350 Digitothyrea 330, 345 Elliptochloris bilobata 18, Feigeana 318, 344 Digitothyrea rotundata 332 21, 75 323, 348 Dikaryomycota 340, 342 Embryophytes 21 Fellhanera nashii 317 Dilabifilium 24–5 351 348 Dilabifilium arthropyreniae Endocarpon pusillum 70 Ferraroa 346 18, 21 Enterodictyon 344 Finkia 345 Dimelaena 42, 349 Enterographa 344 Fischerella 14, 217 Dimerella 346 Enterographa bella 325 Fischerella muscicola 15 Dimerella lutea 37 Enterographa pallidela 323 Fissurina 323, 346 Diomedella 347 Entophysalis 14 Flavocetraria 332, 348 Diorygma 346 Ephebe 41, 58, 345 Flavoparmelia 129, 348 Diplogramma 344 Epichloe¨ 98 Flavoparmelia caperata 63, Diploicia 349 Epigloea 30, 345 65, 311, 317 Diploschistella 346 Epilichen 349 Flavoparmelia soredians 317 Diploschistes 25, 317, 346 Eremastrella 43, 348 Flavopunctelia 348 Diploschistes albescens 17 Erioderma 323, 330, 347 Follmanniella 344 Diploschistes diacapsis 330 Erioderma leylandii ssp. Friedmannia israelensis 19 Diploschistes hensseniae 332 leylandii 319 Frullania dilatata 37 Diploschistes muscorum 36–7 Erioderma pedicellatum 330 Frutidella 349 Diploschistes sticticus 327 Erioderma sorediatum 323 Frutidella caesioatra 321 Diplosphaera 22 Erythrodecton 344 Fulgensia 65, 349 Diplosphaera mucosa 21 Eschatogonia 350 Fulgensia desertorum 330 Diplotomma 349 Esslingeriana 348 Fusarium venenatum 114 Dirina 344 Esslingeriana idahoensis 317 Fuscidea 350 Dirina massiliensis 42, 282 Euascomyceta 342–3 350 Dirina mexicana 317 Euascomycetidae 56 Fuscoderma 347 Dirina neozelandica 318 Euascomycotina 341, 351 Fuscoderma amphibolum 319 Dirinaria 323, 349 Eumycota 339 Fuscoderma applanatum 318 Dolichocarpus 344 Euopsis 62, 345 Fuscoderma subimmixta 325, Dothideales 344 Euopsis granatina 72 326

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87162-4 - Lichen Biology, Second Edition Edited by Thomas H. Nash Index More information

Taxon index 467

Fuscopannaria 331, 347 Gypsoplacaceae 348 Holobasidiomycetidae 61 Fuscopannaria atlantica 327 Gyrocollema 345 Homobasidiomycetes 352 Fuscopannaria mediterranea Homothecium 347 330 Haematomma 348 Hubbsia 344 Haematomma nothofagi 319 Hubbsia californica 317 Gassicurtia 349 Haematomma ochroleucum Huea 349 Geosiphon pyriforme 69 255 Hueella 347 Glaucinaria 346 Haematomma persoonii 358 Hueidea 318, 350 Gloeobacter violacens 15 Haematomma stevensiae 358 Hyalococcus 191, 359 Gloeocapsa 3, 10, 12, 14–5, 68, Haematommaceae 348 Hydrothyria venosa 229, 283 217 Hafellia 349 Hyella 14 Gloeocapsa sanguinea 12, 72 Halecania 349 Hymenelia 346 Gloeoheppia 345 Haleomyces 351 Hymeneliaceae 346 Gloeoheppiaceae 345 Hapalosiphon 14 Hymenomycetes 29 Glomeromycota 69, 340 Haplodina 344 Hyperphyscia 74, 349 Glyphis 323, 346 Harpidium 345 Hyperphyscia adglutinata 317 Glypholecia 345 Helminthocarpon 343 Hypocoenomyce 43, 350 Glyphopeltis 348 Helocarpon 350 Hypocenomyce tideae 341, Gomphillaceae 346 Helvellaceae 343 344 Gomphillus 346 Hemithecium 346 Hypoflavia 349 Gomphillus calycioides 327 351 Hypogymnia 65, 129, 255, 348 Gonohymenia 58, 345 Heppia 62, 330, 345 Hypogymnia duplicata 317 Gorgadesia 344 Heppia lutosa 55 Hypogymnia enteromorpha Graphidaceae 346 Heppiaceae 25, 345 310–11 Graphidales 35, 346 Heppsora 349 Hypogymnia imshaugii Graphidastra 344 Herteliana 348 310–11 Graphis 25, 58, 317, 323, 346 Herteliana taylorii 327 Hypogymnia physodes 94–5, Graphis elegans 35 Hertelidea 348 191, 201, 209–11, 246 Graphis scripta 61, 261, 269 Hertelidea eucalypti 318 Hypogymnia pulverata 327 Gregorella 347 Hertelidea geophila 318 Hypogymnia tubulosa 280 Grimmia laevigata 202 Hertella 347 Hypomorpha 14 Gudelia 345 351 Hypotrachyna 323, 348 346 Heterococcus 9, 25 Hypotrachyna sinuosa 317 346 Heterodea 348 Hysteriales 56, 344 25, 28, 37, 346 Heterodea muelleri 358 Gyalectidium 323, 346 Heterodermia 53, 126, 323, 349 Icmadophila 347 Gyalidea 346 Heterodermia erinacea 317 Icmadophila ericetorum 321 Gyalideopsis 346 Heterodermia microphylla Icmadophila splachnirima 334 Gyalideopsis alnicola 330 327 Icmadophilaceae 347 Gyalideopsis anastomosans 65 Heterokontophyta 9 350 Gymnoderma 348 351 Imshaugia 348 Gymnographa 346 Heteromyces 348 Ingaderia 344 Gymnographopsis 346 Himantormia 348 Ingvariella 346 Gypsoplaca 348 Hippocrepidea 346 Inoperculata 341, 343

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87162-4 - Lichen Biology, Second Edition Edited by Thomas H. Nash Index More information

468 Taxon index

Ionaspis 346 austrooceanica 325 Leiorreuma 346 Ioplaca 349 Lecanora cavicola 321 Lemmopsis 345 Involucropyrenium 351 Lecanora cerebellina 117 Lempholemma 345 Lecanora conizaeoides 84, Leotiomycetes 341, 343 Jahnulales 344 246, 301 Lepidocollema 347 Jamesiella 346 Lecanora dispersa 268 Lepraria 41, 95, 317, 348 Japewia 347 Lecanora galactiniza 327 Lepraria umbricola 327 Japewia subaurifera 330 50, 168–71, Leprocaulon 95, 350 Jarmania 349 221, 240, 267, 271 Leprocaulon gracilescens 331 Jenmania 345 Lecanora rupicola 74, 358 Leprocollema 345 Josefpoeltia 349 Lecanora somervellii 126 Leproplaca chrysodeta 42 Lecanora vinetorum 247 347 Kaernefeltia 348 74, 103, 347 Leptogium 43, 54, 229, 232, Kaernefeltia californica 317 25, 29, 39, 82, 323, 347 Kaernefeltia merrillii 330 103, 342, 347, 350 Leptogium azureum 173 Kalbiana 351 126, 347 Leptogium biloculare 325 Kantvilasia 348 28, 341, Leptogium britannicum 321 Kantvilasia hians 319 344–5 Leptogium burgessii 327 Karoowia 348 29, 341, Leptogium cyanescens 232 347 347, 350 Leptogium hibernicum 327 330 Lecideineae 349 Leptogium phyllocarpon 173 350 Lecidea 247, 317, 349–50 Leptogium puberulum 175 Korfiomyces 350 Lecidea lactea 247 Leptogium saturinum 202 Krogia 349 Lecidea lygomma 319 Leptomitaceae 129 Kroswia 347 Lecidea russula 118 Leptomitales 129 Lecidea aff. sarcogynoides Leptosira obovata 18, 24 Labyrintha 350 41–2 Leptosira terrestris 21 Labyrintha implexa 318 Lecidea theiodes 247 74, 125, 254–5, 260, Lasallia 102, 129, 350 349 262, 269, 271, 348 Lasallia hispanica 167 Lecidella 25, 347 Letharia ‘‘rugosa’’ 270–1 Lasallia papulosa 265 Lecidella crystallina 176 Letharia vulpina 131, 271, Lasallia pustulata 89–90, Lecidella elaeochroma 74 310–11 192, 330 Lecidella laureri 330 Lethariella 348 Lasioloma 348 Lecidella wulfenii 321 Letrouitia 349 Laurera 351 350 Letrouitiaceae 349 Lauerera benguelensis 118 Lecidopyrenopsis 345 351 Laboulbeniomycetes Leciophysma 347 Lichenes 27, 337 341, 343 Leifidium 349 Lichina 5, 245, 317, 345 Lecanactis 344 Leifidium tenerum 319 Lichina pygmaea 202, 313 Lecania 349 Leightoniella 347 25, 30, 58, 73, Lecania cyrtella 74 Leioderma 347 217, 345 Lecanographa 344 Leioderma pycnophorum 319 Lichinella 10, 58, 345 Lecanora 43, 62, 74, 125, 247, Leioderma sorediatum 323, Lichinella intermedia 60 317, 347 327, 329 Lichinodium 345

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87162-4 - Lichen Biology, Second Edition Edited by Thomas H. Nash Index More information

Taxon index 469

Lichinomycetes 29 Mastigomycetes 4 Miriquidica 347 Lichinomycetideae 341, 345 Mastodia tesselata 327 Mischoblastia 349 Lithoglypha 345 Mawsonia 345 Mobergia 43, 349 Lithographa 345 Mazosia 323, 344 Mobergia calculiformis 44 Lithogyalideopsis 346 Megalaria 349 Moelleropsis 347 Lithothelium 351 Megaloblastenia 349 Monerolechia 349 Llimonaea 344 Megalospora 349 Monoblastia 350 Lobaca 348 Megalospora bartlettii 318 350 Lobaria 43, 54, 65, 87, 90, Megalosporaceae 349 Morchellaceae 343 217, 228, 245, 323, 347 Megaspora 346 Muhria urceolata 72 Lobaria amplissima 15 Megasporaceae 349 Multiclavula 61, 352 Lobaria asperula 318 Melampylidium 344 Mycobilimbia 349 Lobaria fendleri 358 Melanelia 65, 333, 348 Mycobilimbia australis 319 Lobaria linita 17 Melanelixia 348 Mycoblastaceae 348 Lobaria oregana 88, 90, 209, Melanohalea 348 Mycoblastus 348 227, 230, 232 Melanophloea 350 Mycoblastus caesius 330 Lobaria pulmonaria 31, 67, Menegazzia 43, 129, Mycocaliciales 28 88, 90, 94–5, 140, 147, 192, 318, 348 Mycocalicium subtile 317 209–11, 227, 232, 254, Menegazzia dielsii 318 Mycocaliciomycetidae 341, 261–2, 270–1, 278, 290 Menegazzia globulifera 319 351 Lobaria quercizans 232 Menegazzia pertusa 89–90 Mycoporopsis 344 Lobaria spathulata 358 Menegazzia terebrata 45 Myelochroa 323, 348 68, 129, 347 Mesostigma viride 21 Myeloconidaceae 346 Lobothallia 346 Metamelanea 345 Myeloconis 346 Loflammia 348 Metus 348 Myelorrhiza 348 Logilvia 348 25, 54, 348 Myrionora 347 Lopacidia 350 Micarea adnata 59, 62 Myriotrema 346 350 Micarea coppinsii 327 Myrmecia 22, 25, 191 Lopezaria 350 Micareaceae 348 Myrmecia biatorellae 17, 19, Loxospora 350 Micractinium pusillum 21 21–2 Loxospora septata 323 Microcaliciaceae 351 Myxobilimbia 349 Loxospora solenospora 325 Microcalicium 351 Myxomycota 339 Loxosporopsis 346 Microcalicium arenarium 317 Myxosarcina 10, 12, 14–15 Microcystis 72 Macentina 351 Microsporidia 340 Nadvornikia 346 Malcolmiella 323 Microthamniales 17–9, 24 344 Marchantia 202 Microthamnion kuetzingianum Naetrocymbe 344 Maronea 350 17, 19, 21 Namakwa 348 Maronella 350 Microtheliopsidaceae 344 Nannochloris 22 Maronina 347 Microtheliopsis 344 Neocatapyrenium 351 Maronina australiensis 318 Miltidea 350 Neoheppia 345 348 Miltidea ceroplasta 323 Neolectales 342 Massalongia 347 Miltideaceae 350 Neophyllis 349 Massalongiaceae 347 Minksia 318, 344 Neopsoromopsis 348

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87162-4 - Lichen Biology, Second Edition Edited by Thomas H. Nash Index More information

470 Taxon index

Nephroma 43, 209, 245, 347 Omphalina 61, 352, 359 Paratricharia 346 Nephroma arcticum 174, Omphalina ericetorum 35, 31, 43, 187–90, 198, 211, 213, 232 359 255, 348 Nephroma cellulosum 319 Omphalina hudsoniana 357, Parmelia (= Flavoparmelia) Nephroma occulatum 293, 359–60 caperata 168, 201 317 Omphalodiella 348 Parmelia (¼ Parmotrema) Nephroma resupinatum 50 Omphalodium 348 crinita 55 347 Omphalora 348 Parmelia cunninghamii 319 Nephromopsis 327, 348 Omphalora arizonica 17 Parmelia erumpens 327 Nephroselmis olivacea 21 Oomycetes 129 Parmelia kerguelensis 327 Nephroselmis pryriformis 21 Oomycota 339 Parmelia omphalodes 133, Nesolechia 348 Opegrapha 58, 344 255 Neuropogon 335 Opegrapha multipuncta 327 Parmelia (¼ Parmelina) Neuropogon sphacelatus 358 Operculata 341, 343 pastillifera 45 Neurospora crassa 131 350 Parmelia (¼ Flavopunctelia) Niebla 349 Ophioparma ventosa 102 praesignis 267 Niebla ceruchis 317 Orbiliomycetes 343 Parmelia saxatilis 25, 175 Niebla homalea 317 Orbillaceae 341 Parmelia sulcata 45, 54–5, Nimisia 348 Orceolina 345 73, 84, 95, 271, 191, 311, Nimisiostella 350 Oropogon 330, 348 317 Nodobryoria 348 350 Parmelia (¼ Parmelina) Normandina 351 Oscillatoria sancta 15 tiliacea 34, 59, 85, 95, 98, Normandina pulchella 317 25, 29, 347 126, 129 Nostoc 3, 9–12, 14–15, 74, 28, 341, 32, 43, 50, 53, 191–2, 196–7, 202–3, 217, 344–5 84, 95–6, 98, 126, 129, 219, 317, 359 323–3, 348 Nostoc commune 15, 219 Pachyascaceae 350 Parmelaria 327 Nostoc muscorum 15 Pachyascus 350 Parmeliella 323, 347 Nostoc punctiforme 15, 69 Pachyphiale 346 Parmeliella granulata 319 Nostocales 14 Pannaria 334, 347 Parmeliella rakiurae 318 Notocladonia 348 Pannaria centrifuga 325 Parmeliella subtilis 325 Notocladonia cochleata 325 Pannaria durietzii 319 Parmelina 50, 348 Notocladonia undulada 325 Pannaria fulvescens 323 Parmelinella 327 Notolecidea 350 Pannaria globuligera 327 swinscowii 323 Pannaria leproloma 319 Parmeliopsis 348 Ocellularia 346 Pannaria sphinctrina 319 Parmeliopsis ambigua 116 133, 346 Pannariaceae 25, 347 Parmeliopsis hyperopta 116 Ochrolechia androgyna 133 Pannoparmelia 348 Parmotrema 257, 311, 323, 348 Ochrolechia frigida 321 Pannoparmelia angustata 319 Parmotrema crinitum 67 Ochrolechia parella 255, 269 Pannoparmelia wilsonii 327 Parmotrema Ochrolechia tartarea 133 Parachlorella kessleri 21 endosulphureum 173 Ochrolechiaceae 346 Paradoxomyces 343 Parmotrema perlatum 317 Oitmannsiellopsis viridis 21 350 Parmotrema tinctorum 133 Oletheriostrigula 351 Parasiphula complanata 325 Parmotremopsis 348

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87162-4 - Lichen Biology, Second Edition Edited by Thomas H. Nash Index More information

Taxon index 471

Paulia 58, 345 Pentagenella 344 Phyllopsora 323, 349 Peccania 10, 345 Perigrapha nitida 325 Physcia 70, 74, 102, 116, 126, Peltigera 43, 53, 62, 77, 87, Pertusaria 62, 102, 122–3, 256, 349 99, 126, 209, 218–19, 229, 317, 346 Physcia adscendens 74, 317 231–2, 234, 245, 248, 257, Pertusaria bryontha 102 Physcia aipolia 97 310, 317, 323, 347, 354 Pertusaria pertusa 102 Physcia americana 311 Peltigera aphthosa 187–90, Pertusariaceae 126, 346 Physcia caesia 317 192, 198, 201–2, 210, 213, Pertusariales 29, 346 Physcia crispa 323 218–19, 228–9, 232, 358 Pestalotiopsis 258 Physcia poncinsii 323 Peltigera canina 11, 34, 101, Pestalotiopsis maculans 257 Physcia stellaris 100 130, 191–2, 202, 210–11, Petractis 347 43, 96, 98, 103, 218, 223, 226, 228, Petractis clausa 41 317, 349 232, 350 Petroderma 9, 25 Physcidia 349 Peltigera horizontalis 146, Pezizaceae 341 Physciella 349 245 343 Physciineae 349 Peltigera hydrothyria 5, 229, Pezizomycota 343, 351 Physconia 74, 333, 349 283 28–9, 31 Physconia detersa 311 Peltigera malacea 174 Phacopsis 348 Physconia distorta 115 Peltigera membranacea 15, Phaeographina 346 Physconia leucoleiptes 311 227 Phaeographis 346 Physconia musicgena 321 Peltigera polydactylon Phaeographis dendritica 261 Physconia perisidiosa 321 (¼ polydactyla) Phaeophyceae 9, 25, 71 Physconia venusta 330 139–40, 143, 148–9, Phaeophyscia 71, 311, 349 Phycopeltis 38, 70 191, 225, 228 Phaeophyscia cernohorskyi 43, 45, 347 Peltigera praetextata 202, 311 Piccolia 350 229 Phaeophyscia orbicularis 74, Pilocarpaceae 348 Peltigera rufescens 15, 50, 317 Pilophorus 348 52, 142, 163, 240 Phaeorrhiza 74, 349 Pilophorus acicularis 317 Peltigera tereziana 325 Phaeotrema 346 351 Peltigera venosa 89–90, 95 Phloeopeccania 345 351 25, 32, 103, 347 347 Placidium acarosporoides 331 29, 54 347 Placidium fingens 330 Peltigerineae 126, 347 Phycopeltis 70 Placidium squamulosum 296 Peltula 3, 42, 51, 345 Phylliscidiopsis 345 Placocarpus 351 Peltula clavata 331 Phylliscidium 345 Placolecis 349 Peltula euploca 12, 15, 42 Phyllisciella 345 Placomaronea 345 Peltula psammophila 330 Phyllisciella aotearoa 318 Placoparmelia 348 Peltula radicata 43, 53 Phylliscum 345 Placopsis 54, 318, 325, 345 Peltula tortuosa 67 Phyllobaeis 347 Placopsis bicolor 310 Peltulaceae 25, 345 Phyllobatheliaceae 352 Placopsis brevilobata 325 Peltularia 347 Phyllobathelium 352 Placopsis cribellans 327 Peltularia crassa 318 Phylloblastia 351 Placopsis durietziorum 318 Penicillium 30, 105 Phyllopeltula 345 Placopsis fusciduloides 323 Penicillium griseum 113 Phylloporis viridis 323 Placopsis gelida 55

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472 Taxon index

Placopsis (cont.) Polyporales 29, 352 Pseudocyphellaria filix 53 Placopsis microphylla 319 Polysporina 345 Pseudocyphellaria glabra Placopsis perrugosa 319 317, 323, 346 319–20 Placopsis rhodocarpa 319 Porina atlantica 327 Pseudocyphellaria lacerata Placopsis stenophylla 319 Porina corrugata 327 327 Placopyrenium 351 Porina exocha 323 Pseudocyphellaria mallota Placothelium 351 346 319 25, 347 Porocyphus 345 Pseudocyphellaria norvegica Placynthiella 345 Porocyphus coccodes 330 321 Placynthiopsis 347 Porpidia 247, 317, 349–50 Pseudocyphellaria pickeringii 42, 347 Porpidiaceae 349–50 323 Placynthium nigrum 11, 63 Prasiola crispa 21 Pseudocyphellaria Plasmodiophoromycota 339 Prasiolales 21 rufoviresens 318 126, 348 Protoblastenia 348 Pseudoheppia 345 Platismatia glauca 188–92, Protoliches 31, 315–16 Pseudolecanactis 344 209, 211, 213 Protomicarea 348 Pseudopannaria 350 Platismastia lacunosa 317 Protopannaria 347 Pseudopaulia 345 Platygramme 346 Protoparmelia 348 Pseudoparmelia 348 Platygrapha 346 Protoparmeliopsis 347 Pseudopleurococcus 24 Platythecium 346 Protothelenella 347 Pseudotrebouxia 20 Plectocarpon bunodophori 325 Protothelenellaceae 347 Pseudopyrenula 351 Plectocarpon gallowayi 325 Protousnea 348 Pseudoramonia 346 Pleopsidium 42, 345, 347 Protousnea magellanica 358 348 344 Pseudephebe 214, 348 Psiloparmelia 129, 348 Pleurastrales 17 Pseudevernia 332, 348 Psora 42, 348 Pleurastrophyceae 17, 19 Pseudevernia consocians 127 Psora cerebriformis 296 Pleurastrum terrestre 17, 19, 24 Pseudevernia furfuracea Psoraceae 348 Pleurocapsa 14–5 94–5, 127, 132, 308 Psorineae 348 Pleurocapsales 14 Pseudevernia intensa 310 Psorinia 347 Pleurosticta 348 Pseudobaeomyces 347 351 Pleurosticta acetabulum 86, Pseudochlorella 87 Psoroma 347 100, 255 Pseudocyphellaria 43, 54, 87, Psoroma geminatum 325 Pneumocystidiomycetes 342 126, 160, 164, 172, 230, Psoroma paleaceum 321 Podotara 350 232, 310, 318, 325, 334, Psoroma soccatum 319 Poeltiaria 350 347 Psoromella 348 Poeltidea 350 Pseudocyphellaria anthraspis Psoromidium 347 349 317 Psorotheciopsis 346 Polistroma 346 Pseudocyphellaria argyracea Psorotichiella 350 351 323 Psorotichia 10, 345 Polyblastia australis 318 Pseudocyphellaria clathrata Psorotichia columnaris 13 347 323–4 Psorula 348 Polycoccum crespoae 325 Pseudocyphellaria dissimilis 53 Pterygiopsis 345 Polycornum 346 Pseudocyphellaria faveolata Ptychographa 345 Polymeridim 351 319 Pulvinodecton 344

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Taxon index 473

Punctelia 348 peruviana 358 Rinodinella 349 Punctelia borreri 126 Ramalina pollinaria 47 Roccella 25, 133, 344 Punctelia subrudecta 73, Ramalina siliquosa 265, 269 Roccella montagnei 133 126, 317 96, 348 318, 344 Punctonora 347 Ramalinopsis 349 Roccellaria 344 Pycnora 345 Ramalinora 347 Roccellina 344 Pycnothelia 348 Ramalodium 347 Roccellinastrum 348 Pycnothelia papillaria 330 Ramboldia 347 Roccellographa 318, 344 Pyrenocarpon 345 Ramboldia stuartii 325 Rolfidium 349 Pyrenocollema 351 346 Ropalospora 350 Pyrenopsis 48, 345 Ravenelula 350 Rubrotricha 346 Pyrenopsis tasmanica 325 Redonia 349 Pyrenothricaceae 344 Reimnitza 346 Saccharomycotina 341–2 Pyrenothrix 344 Relicina 348 Sagema 347 Pyrenula 351 Relicina amphithrix 128 Sagenidiopsis 344 Pyrenula hibernicum 327 Relicina figiensis 128 Sagenidium 344 Pyrenulaceae 351 Relicina niuginiensis 128 346 28, 351 Relicina relicinula 128 Santessonia 349 Pyrgillus 351 Relicina samoensis 128 Santessoniella 347 Pyrrhospora 347 Relicina terricrocodila 128 Santessoniella pulchella 325 Pyrrhospora laeta 319 Relicinopsis 348 Sarcographa 346 Pyxine 65, 126, 323, 349 351 Sarcogyne 345 Pyxine caesiopruinosa 118 Rhabdopsora 351 Sarcopyrenia 352 Pyxine physciaeformis 60 Rhipidiaceae 129 Sarcosagium 350 Pyxine subcinerea 317 349 Sarrameana 350 Rhizocarpineae 349 Scenedesmus obliquus 202 Racodium 41, 352 42, 62, 99, 102, 349 Ramalea 348 214, 247, 317, 349 Schaereria 346 Ramalina 46, 63, 160, Schaereria fabispora 321 309–10, 349 100 Schaereriaceae 346 Ramalina celastri 143, 323 Rhizocarpon superficiale 122 Schismatomma 344 Ramalina cuspidata 268 Rhizocarpon timdalii 330 Schistophoron 351 Ramalina duriaei 309 Rhizoctonia carotae 39 Schizodiscus 350 Ramalina farinacea 309 Rhizolecia 350 Schizopelte 344 Ramalina fastigiata 95, 97 Rhizoplaca 347 Schizosaccharomycetes 342 Ramalina fraxinea 95 Rimelia (¼ Parmotrema) Schizoxylon 347 Ramalina inflexa 318 reticulata 311 Sclerophora 351 Ramalina lacera 143, 292 Rimularia 345 Sclerophyton 344 Ramalina maciformis 158, Rinodina 349 Scleropyrenium 351 161–3, 197 Rinodina bischoffii 317 Scoliciosporum 350 Ramalina menziesii (4), (5), Rinodina disjuncta 330 Scutula 349 (6) 48, 88, 90–1, 95, 164, Rinodina immersa 41 Scytonema 3, 10, 12, 14–15, 209, 230–1, 250, 286–7, Rinodina oxydata 74 87, 217, 359 306, 311, 317 Rinodina reagens 327 Scytonema hofmannii 15

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474 Taxon index

Segestria 346 polymorpha 318 Stirtoniella kelica 325 Seirophora 349 Steinera sorediata 319 Straminopila 339 Semigyalecta 346 Steinia 350 Strangospora 350 Sigridea 344 Steinia australis 318 Streimannia 344 Simonyella 318, 344 Stenhammarella 350 Streptophyta 22 Siphula 333, 347 Stephanocyclos 350 Strigula 323, 351 Siphulastrum 347 Stereocaulaceae 72, 348 Strigulaceae 351 Siphulella 318, 347 Stereocaulon 46, 54, 225, 230, Stromatella 345 Sipmania 344 232, 247, 256, 261, 263, Sulcaria 348 Solenographa 346 332, 348 Sulcopyrenula 351 Solenopsora 349 Stereocaulon corticatulum 319 Synalissa 10, 345 Solorina 56, 347 Stereocaulon dactylophyllum Synalissa symphorea 12 Solorina crocea 114, 321, 358 330 Synarthonia 344 Solorinella 346 Stereocualon delisei 323 Syncesia 344 Solorinellaceae 346 Stereocaulon paschale 225, Synechococcus 203 Sordariomycetes 341, 343 229–30, 232 Szczawinskia 348 Sordariomycetidae 341, 345 Stereocaulon ramulosum 87, Speerschneidera 349 358 Tania 344 Sphaeriales 25 Stereocaulon saxatile 268, 348 Sphaerophoraceae 103, 349 271–2 Taphrinomycotina 341–2 Sphaerophorineae 349 Stereocaulon tomentosum Teloschistaceae 74, 96, 98, Sphaerophoropsis 348 223–4, 228 102, 125, 349 Sphaerophorus 103, 349 Stereocaulon virgatum 225, 29, 92, 105, 147 Sphaerophorus globosus 46 227 Teloschistes 62, 95, 317, 349 Sphaerophorus melanocarpus Stereocaulon vulcani 227, Teloschistes capensis 46, 48, 46 232 143 Spheconisca 351 Streptophyta 21–2 Teloschistes chrysopthalmus Spilonema 347 Stichococcus 72, 202 89–90, 95 Spilonema dendroides 327 Stichococcus bacillaris 21 Teloschistes flavicans 137 Spilonemella 347 Sticta 43, 54, 87, 172, 217, Teloschistes velifer 323 Spongiophyton minutissimum 232, 245, 318, 323, 347 Teloschistineae 126, 349 67–8 Sticta caneriensis 327 Tephromela 348 Sporacestra 350 Sticta colinii 318 Tephromela atra 265 Sporastatia 349 Sticta latifrons 52 Tetramelas 349 Sporopodiopsis 348 Sticta weigelii 227 Tetramelas striata 21 348 Stictaceae 25 Texosporium 349 Sporostigma 343 (2), 347 Thalloloma 346 Squamacidia 349 Stictis 347 Thamnochrolechia 346 Squamarina 348 Stigmatochroma 349 Thamnolecania 349 Squamarinaceae 348 Stigonema 10, 14, 72, 217, 359 Thamnolia 317, 347 Squamella 348 Stigonema ocellatum 11, 15 Thamnolia subuliformis 243 Staurolemma 347 Stigonemales 14 Thamnolia vermicularis 95, 351 Stirtonia 343 174, 317 Steinera 347 Stirtoniella 349 Thecaria 346

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Taxon index 475

Thelenella 347 Trebouxia aggregata 72 Trimmatothele 351 Thelenellaceae 347 Trebouxia arboricola 17, 21, 351 Thelenidia 344 23, 25, 33, 70, 74, 80, 86, 92 Trypetheliaceae 351 Thelidiopsis 351 Trebouxia ‘‘angustiloba’’ 23 Trypetheliopsis 351 351 Trebouxia anticipata 23 Trypethelium 323, 351 Thelignya 345 Trebouxia asymmetrica 21, 23 Tuberaceae 343 Thelocarpella 345 Trebouxia corticola 19, 23 Tuckermanella 348 Thelocarpon 350 Trebouxia crenulata 19, 23 Tuckermanopsis 348 Thelocarpaceae 350 Trebouxia decolorans 23, 74 Tylophorella 344 Thelomma 349 Trebouxia erici 203, 272 Tylophoropsis 349 Thelopsis 347 Trebouxia flava 23 Tylothallia 347 Thelotrema 346 Trebouxia galapagensis 23 Thelotrema alboolivaceum 17 Trebouxia gelatinosa 17 Ulothrix zonata 21 Thelotrema isidioides 327 Trebouxia gigantea 16, 23 Ulva intestinalis 21 Thelotremataceae 346 Trebouxia higginsrae 23 Ulvophyceae 18–9, 22, 24, Thermutis 345 Trebouxia hypogymniae 23 38, 72 Thermutopsis 345 Trebouxia impressa 20–1, Umbilicaria (2) 63, 90, 102, 129, Tholurna 349 23, 74, 85, 86 252, 255–6, 263, 270, 350 Thrombiaceae 352 Trebouxia incrustata 23, 74 Umbilicaria antarctica 74 Thrombium 24, 347, 352 Trebouxia irregularis 19, 25, Umbilicaria aprina 53, 147, Thuidium delicatulum 202 36–7 155, 165 Thyrea 10, 58, 217, 345 Trebouxia jamesii 19, 23, 25, Umbilicaria cylindrica 174, Thysanothecium 348 74, 86, 272 258 Thysanothecium scutellatum Trebouxia ‘‘lethariae’’ 23 Umbilicaria deusta 201 327–8 Trebouxia magna 21 Umbilicaria grisea 321 Tibellia 349 Trebouxia potteri 23, 86 Umbilicaria haplocarpus 331 Timdalia 345 Trebouxia showmanii 23, Umbilicaria hyperborea 257 Tolypothrix 14–15 36, 86 Umbilicaria kappeni 74 Toninia 42–3, 349 Trebouxia simplex 23, 39, 86 Umbilicaria mammulata Toninia tristis 330 Trebouxia usneae 23 263, 271, 358 Toniniopsis 349 Trebouxiales 21, 75 Umbilicaria muhlenbergii Topelia 347 Trebouxiophyceae 22, 75 239, 265, 269–70 Topeliopsis 346 Tremolecia 247, 246 Umbilicaria murihikuana Topeliopsis decorticans 325 Tremolecia atrata 255 318 Tornabea 349 Tremotylium 346 Umbilicaria nylanderiana Tornabea scutellifera 330 Trentepohlia 3, 9, 18, 21, 24–5, 175 Trapelia 25, 345 35, 37, 70, 72, 191 Umbilicaria umbilicarioides Trapeliopsis 345 Trentepohliales 17, 24–5, 38 323 Trapeliopsis congregans 319 Tricharia 346 Umbilicaria zahlbruckneri Traponora 347 Tricholomataceae 352 319 Trebouxia 3, 9, 16–17, 19–20, Trichoramalina 349 43, 93, 129, 22, 25–6, 35, 50, 70, 72, Trichotheliales 29, 346 198, 350 73, 74, 82, 125, 191, 262, 323, 346 350 270, 308–9, 361 Trichothelium javanicum 323 Urospora penicilliformis 21

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476 Taxon index

Usnea 46, 48, 51, 54, 130, Winfrenatia 31 Xanthoparmelia semiviridis 132, 257, 302, 317, 323, Winfrenatia reticulata 30, 68 325 335, 348 Xanthoparmelia subimitatrix aurantiaco-atra 167, Xanthodactylon 349 332 174 Xanthomaculina 97, 348 Xanthoparmelia taractica Usnea cornuta 37 Xanthomaculina convoluta 46 323 Usnea filipendula 47, 261 Xanthomaculina hottentotta Xanthoparmelia tegeta 121, Usnea geissleriana 317 16 332 Usnea krogiana 317 Xanthomendoza 349 Xanthoparmelia terrestris 121 Usnea macaronesica 317 Xanthomendozaria mendozae Xanthoparmelia thamnoides Usnea rubicunda 35, 46, 48 331 325 Usnea sphacelata 317, 321 Xanthoparmelia 121, 129, Xanthoparmelia verdonii 325 Usnea trichodeoides 317, 323 318, 348 Xanthoparmelia waiporiensis Usnea xanthophana 46, 48 Xanthoparmelia 325 Usneaceae 291 alexandrensis 325 Xanthopeltis 349 Xanthoparmelia amplexula Xanthophyceae 9, 25, 71 Vainionora 347 325 Xanthopsorella 349 Varicellaria 346 Xanthoparmelia barbatica Xanthopyreniaceae 351 Vermilacina 349 121 Xanthoria 65, 70, 78–9, 96, Verrucaria 24–5, 57, 68, Xanthoparmelia cheelii 325 116, 126, 256, 263, 309, 317, 351 Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa 317, 349 Verrucaria baldensis 41 132 Xanthoria calcicola 95, 97 Verrucaria elaeina 67 Xanthoparmelia Xanthoria elegans 96–7, Verrucaria marmorea 41 cumberlandia 265 115–16, 261, 269, 321, Verrucaria maura 5 Xanthoparmelia digitiformis 359 Verrucaria rubrocincta 41 327 Xanthoria flammea 96–8 283, 351 Xanthoparmelia exillima 325 Xanthoria fulva 311 25, 28, Xanthoparmelia Xanthoria mawsonia 175 70, 351 flavescentireagens 359 Xanthoria parietina 33, 74, 347 Xanthoparmelia 76, 79–81, 83, 90, 92, 4, 24, 41, 350 hypoprotocetarica 121 95–6, 97–9, 140–1, Vezdaea aestivalis 61 Xanthoparmelia 147, 221–2, 240, Vezdaea rheocarpa 44 metastrigosa 121 261–2, 266–7, Vezdaeaceae 350 Xanthoparmelia mexicana 269, 309 Vulpicida 332, 348 310 Xanthoria polycarpa 96 Xanthoparmelia notata 121, Xenolecia 350 Wadeana 350 325 Xylographa 345 Waynea 349 Xanthoparmelia pertinax 121 Waynea californica 317 Xanthoparmelia pulla 317 Zahlbrucknerella 345 Wawea 347 Xanthoparmelia reptans 325 Zahlbrucknerella compacta Wawea fruticulosa 319 Xanthoparmelia scabrosa 318 Wegea 344 121 Zygomycota 339

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Subject index

acclimation 135, 200, 207, 211 mercury (HG) 243–4 paraphysoids 57 adaptiveness (adaptation) nitrogen oxides (NO, parathecium 57

135, 176–81 NO2) 221, 310 pseudoparaphyses 57 air pollutant(s) organopollutants 313–14 subhymenium 57

‘‘city’’ effect 285, 299 ozone (O3), oxidants perithecial (perithecioid) effects 310–13 hamathecium 57 acetylene reduction peroxyacetylnitrate ostiolum 57 activity 306 (PAN) 310 paraphyses 57

chlorophyll degradation sulfur dioxide (SO2) 237, subcellular 305 245, 299–310, concentric bodies 32, 34 enzyme polymorphism biochemical effects cyanophycin granules 218 271 307–10; inorganic pyrenoid 16, 17, 20, 22–3, fluorescence induction reactions 304; 85 kinetics 306 physiological thylakoids 9, 13, 135, 200 gas exchange response 305 responses to 305–7, thallus þ K leakage 305 271; 34S signature epicortex 50 reproductive 306 303; ultrastructure, epinecral layer 50 sources effects 307; uptake haustoria 81, 83, 85 aluminum smelters 313 kinetics 237, 303–5 heteromerous 41, 48–9 chloralkali plants 241 allelopathy 279–80 homiomerous 41, 48 fertilizer plants 313, 241 anamorph 56 lower cortex 33, 48, glass works 313 anatomy 53–4, 65 gold smelter 241 apothecial medulla 51 mining 241, 271 amphithecium 57 phenocortex 50, 64–5 nickel smelting 241, 273 development, angiocarp photobiont layer 51 power plant 241 57; gymnocarp prosoplectenchymatous wood pulp mill 241 57; hemiangiocarp 57 48 zinc smelter 241 epithecium 57 pruina 50 types hamathecium 57 pseudocorticate aldehydes 313 hymenium 57 structures 65 hydrogen fluoride (HF) hypothecium 57 pseudoparenchymatous 299, 313 paraphyses 57 48

477

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478 Subject index

anatomy (cont.) thallinocarpia 58 eastern North America – upper cortex 33, 41, 48, ascospores 73, 275 western European 50–4, 64, 84, 92, 117, ascosporogenesis 100–2 taxa 327 125, 147, 238 ascus (asci) 58, 61 endemic taxa 317–18 animal interactions 288–92 bitunicate 61 Mediterranean taxa 330 camouflage 290 fissitunicate 61 migrationist 333 invertebrates 288–90 prototunicate 58 neotropical taxa 323 bagworm 288–9 unitunicate 58 paleotropical taxa 321–3 barklice 277 nonfissitunicate 61 panbiogeography 333 lacewings 277 structure and function 102–3 pantropical taxa 323 mites 94, 277 types 62(Fig. 4.36), 338 phylogeography 334 moths 277 asexual propagules, whole South American–African slugs 94, 277 lichen 63–7 taxa 331 snails 277 blastidium 64 southern xeric taxa 332 springtails 277 bulbils 64–5 western North America – weevils 277 consoredia 64–5 western European taxa vertebrates 290–2 dactylidium 64 330 birds 277, 290–1 fragments 63–4 western Pacific taxa 327 deer 291 goniocysts 63–4 biosynthesis 105 elk 291 hormocyst 64 pathways, metabolic flying squirrels 290 isidia 64, 73 acetyl-polymalonyl 105–7 land tortoises 277 isidoid soredia 64–5 mevalonic acid 105–7 monkeys 291 parasoredia 64–5 shikimic acid 105–7 reindeer 287, 291–2 phyllidia 64–5 bryophilous 36–38 antiherbivore defense 289 polysidia 64–5 apoplastic space 78, 82, 266 pseudoisidia 64 13C discrimination values apothecial types schizidia 64 162–3 biatorine 57 soralia 65 14C techniques 153, 156 lecanorine 57 soredia 64–5, 73, 276, 290 calcium oxalate 118, 281 lecideine 57 thlasidia 64–5 camphor 133 lirelliform 35 carbon fixation 165, 170, 173 mazaedium 62 bacteria 69–70, 72, 85 carbonyl sulfide (COS) 251 zeorin 57 basidiocarp 352 cell wall(s) Arrhenius equation 205 biodeterioration 280–2 chitin 129, 339 ascocarp development 56 biogeography chitosan 129 ascolocular 56 American–Asian taxa 330 cellulose 129 ascohymenial 56–7 Atlantic taxa 327 galactomannan 129 ascomal ontogeny 100 austral taxa 318–19 glycopeptides 129 ascomatal types 56–61 australasian taxa 323–5 isolichenan 129–30 apothecia 57 bipolar taxa 320–1 lichenan 129–30 hysterothecia 58 boreal arctic–alpine taxa 332 melanin 343 perithecia 57–8 circum-Pacific taxa 327 pustulan 129 pseudothecia 56 cladistic 333 chemotypes, phenolic 254 pycnoascocarpia 58 cosmopolitan taxa 316–17 chitinous fungi 339

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Subject index 479

chlorophyll(s) water content dependence organics 244 fluorescence 154–5, 163, 157–9, 153–4 particulate entrapment 165, 174, 205, 305–6 community structure 282–5 237–8, 240–1 chloroplast types 19 conidiomata 61 polyaromatic hydrocarbons cineole 132 campylidia 62 (PAHs) 244 cladogram(s) 271 conidia 64, 73 polychlorinated biphenyls

CO2 gas exchange hypophores 62 (PCBs) 244

CO2 compensation point 168 macroconidia 98 sulfate 241, 244

CO2 concentrating microconidia 98–9 wet 237 mechanism (CCM) pycnidia 61, 99 development 162–3 sprodochium 62 angiocarp 57

CO2 response curves 167–8 thallospores 63–4 hemiangiocarp 57 diffusion conservation 293–5, 335 digitonin 218 Fick’s Law 159 culturing 353–63 dikaryon 342 resistance to 159–61 basidiolichens 359–60 formation 98–100 environmental variables DNA identification 355 spermatization 98–9 affecting 168–9 large scale 357–8 tricogyne 98–9

internal CO2 concentration mycobiont, single spore dispersal 275–8 161–2 isolation 356 diversity 4–5 light compensation point media for 362–3 164, 173, 175 sporelings 268 ecological niches 257 measurement techniques photobiont 25–6 ecosystem(s) 153–5 environmental biomass contribution 286 moisture dependence conditions 26 dynamics 286–8 157–61, 197–8 glucose 26 hydrological cycle 248–9 patterns media for 361–2 lichens as 7–8 in deserts 176–7 proteose peptone 26 litterfall 25 in polar and alpine whole lichen 354, 357 electron transport 154–5, 196, environments 174–6 Yamamoto method 354 199–200, 205 in temperate climate cyanide generation 267 elemental 169–71 cyanobacteria 1–4, 10–15, 26 compartmentalization in temperate rain forest hormogonia 63–4 intercellular 241–2 171–2 cytology intracellular 241–2 in tropical rain forests of mycobiont 31–2 ion exchange 241–2 172–3 endolichenic fungi 257

resistances to CO2 diffusion deposition 242–4 environmental monitoring 158–62, 168 dry 237, 240 295–8 temperature compensation hexachlorocyclohexane environmental parameters point 165–6, 173 (HCH) 244 dew 163, 170, 176, 178–9

temperature effects 6, 26, HNO3 221, 244 fog 155, 163, 170, 176, 178–9 51, 157, 160, 163, 165–8, ions 244 light 173–80, 201, 205–6 mercury 243–4 saturation 164, 200–1, water compensation point metals 242–3 204–5, 211 158, 161 nitrate 244 screens 125

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480 Subject index

environmental parameters zeaxanthin epoxidase 141 Cincinnati 311 (cont.) establishment (lichens) Go¨ttingen 26 pH requirements 282 278–80 Helsinki 241 ultraviolet light (UV, evolution, recent 271–3, 290 Los Angeles 310 UV-B) 125 Munich 299, 301 enzyme(s) fecal pellets 94 Paris 26, 299, 301 ascorbate peroxidase 264 forest management 292–3 Stockholm 300 ascorbate reductases 143 fossils 30–1, 67–8, 315–16 continents banding patterns 263 Africa 318, 321, 327, 330–2 catalase(s) 142–4 gene(s) Antarctica 42, 154, 163, cytochrome oxidase 261 bank 72 165–7, 174–6, 179–80, dehydrogenases 218, 263 Cox 1 261 186, 199, 206, 244, 256, electrophoretic separation of expression 75 317–21, 333 255, 263, 268, 270, 272 flow 269–70 Asia 330, 332 esterase 263 hydrophobin (H1) 78, 98, 261 Australia 318, 321, 323, glutamate dehydrogenase introns 261 325, 332 (GDH) 218 ITS 261, 355 Europe 214, 299, 327, glutamate synthase mating (MAT) 95–6 330, 332 (GOGAT) 217–18 PKS 113–14, 354 North America 257, 317, glutamine synthase (GS) rRNA 271 330, 332–3 217–18 genesis 69 South America 318, 321, glutathiamine reductase genetic(s) 323, 331 (GR) 142–4, 310 code 262 countries laccases 138 crossing experiments 94 Argentina 319 mannitol dehydrogenase DNA 9–10, 14–15, 20–1, Australia 319 (MDH) 263 23, 72, 75, 254–5, Canada 273 multiple forms 255 258–62, 267, 269, 273, Chile 319 nitrogenase 217, 220, 222, 339–40, 355 China 315 226, 228–9, 306 drift 262 Colombia 232 oxidases 138–9, 151, 261 exchange 267–71 England 299–301 peroxidases 138–9, 142–4 barriers to 269–71 France 26, 132 polyketide synthase genealogy 262, 337 Germany 26, 179, 247, 301 107–13, 354 genome 96, 254, 258, Iceland 232 polymorphism 262–4 261, 263 India 321, 327 superoxide dismutase genotype 85–8, 255, 260, 273 Israel 330 138, 142 markers 356 Italy 311, 330 tyrosinase 144 population 94, 259–61 Japan 327 urease 221 selection 271–3 Mexico 323 violaxanthin de-epoxidase somatic mutation 255 Morocco 132, 330 141 stability 94 Netherlands, the 301 variability variation 75, 254–5, 262–4 New Zealand 179, 232, Shannon–Weaver alleles 270 317–19, 321, 323, index 263 geography 325, 334 Simpson–Gini index 263 cities Norway 321

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Subject index 481

Panama 179 Gondwanaland 319, 325 growth patterns Scotland 133 Mesozoic 334 endolithic 5, 41, 288 South Africa Oligocene 319 endophloeodic 41 Sweden 195, Paleozoic 334 foliicolous 36–8 210–13, 232 Pleistocene 330 vagrant 276 Switzerland 311 Quaternary 327 longevity, of lichens 32, 90 Tunisia 330 global warming 282, 296–7 mechanistic investigations USA 26 Greeks 133 182, 209, 211 Vietnam 323 green algae 1–4, 16–26 relative growth rate 209 Yugoslavia 132 zoospore 64 transplantation other areas growth 88–93, 208–15 experiments 182–3 Alaska 179, 232 carbon sinks Alberta 303 cell walls 191–2 habitats Arabian Peninsula 321, 332 polyols 191–2 freshwater 283 Atacama Desert 249 respiration 189–90 gypsum 281 Baffin Island 214 secondary metabolites marine 283 Baja California 317, 330 191–3 haplotypes 260–1 British Isles 302, 327 translocation 190–1 helox, gas mixture 160 California 311, 330 environmental influences hydrogen cyanide (HCN) 267 Easter Island 214 light effects 183, 209–12, Florida 130 energy use efficiency individuals 252 Galapagos 327 210, 212–14; photo- Great Basin Desert 231 biont density effect lichenicolous fungi 38–9, 256 Greenland 257 212;quantumyield155 lichenization 27–30 Hawaii 232 nutrient effects 184, lichenometry 209, 214–15 Iberian Peninsula 330 nitrogen 185–9, archaeological Macaronesia 317, 327 204–5; phosphorous applications 214 Malesian Archipelago 321 214 geomorphological Namib Desert 179 summed irradiance applications 214

Negev Desert 179 when wet (Iwet) 209–12 New Mexico 232 temperature effects mating systems 95–8 North Carolina 232 183, 187, 193–6, cross fertilization 94 Ontario 270 199, 212 idiomorph 95 Oregon 217, 230 water effects 183, 193–8, MAT loci 95–7 Pennsylvania 245 209, water content and recombination 94

Scandinavia 327 CO2 exchange membrane integrity 135–7, Sonoran Desert 6 197–8; water potential 144–6 South Orkney Islands 321 relationships potassium leakage 135 Tasmania 319, 325 195–6; water use metal(s) Texas 26 efficiency 198 aluminum 235, 239–40, 243 Utah 232 growth forms antimony (Sb) 243, 247 geological ages cryptogamic (biological arsenic (As) 235, 239, 241 Cenozoic 334 soil) crusts 249, 296 cadmium (Cd) 235, 240, Cretaceous 319, 325 umbilicate lichens 43, 260 244–5, 248

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482 Subject index

metal(s) (cont.) foliose 43–6 exogenous N effects 228 cerium (Ce) 235, 241 fruticose 46–8 field example 222–4 chromium (Cr) 235, 240, 243 gelatinous 41 light effects 226–7 cobalt (Co) 235, 243, leprose 41 moisture effects 224–5

247, 272 placodioid 51 partial pressure of O2 copper (Cu) 235, 239–41, squamulose 42 227–8 245–7, 272–3 suffruticose 41, 43 phosphorous limitation ‘‘heavy’’ 235 umbilicate 43 228 iron (Fe) 235, 240, 243, 247, lichen chimerae 87 temperature effects 251, 361 thallus 225–6 lead (Pb) 235, 239–41, 243 arelate 42 heterocysts (¼ heterocytes) mercury (Hg) 241, 243–4 bullate squamules 43–4 10, 12, 14, 25, 64, nickel (Ni) 235, 240–1, 245–7 cephalodia 54–6, 87 217–20, 225, 228–9 photobiont response 272–3 cilia 54 inorganic forms 216 scandium (Sc) 235, 239, 243 cyphellae 54 leaching 231 sodium (Na) 235, 241–3 laciniate 43 litter 231, 250–1 titanium (Ti) 235, 239, 243 leprose 41 metabolism 217–19 tolerance 246–8 peltate 43 15N studies 218–19, 222, types podetia 46 231–3 borderline 235 prethallus naphthalene 133 Class A 235 prothallus 42, 54 nonmetals Class B 235 pseudocyphellae 54 chloride (Cl) 243 uranium (U) 241 pseudopodetium 46 fluorine (F) 241 vanadium (V) 235, 241, 243 tomentum 54 sulfur (S) 237, 241, 243 zinc (Zn) 235, 241, 244–5, morphotype(s) 73, 85, 268 nutrients 234–51 247–8 multivariate analyses accumulation 238–40 Michaelis–Menten kinetics nonmetric ion exchange 239–40 239–40 multidimensional intracellular uptake 240 mineral cycling 249–51 scaling (NMS) 284–5 particulate entrapment dry deposition 249–50 ordinations 284 240–1 þ wet deposition 250–1 principal component ammonium, NH4 monokaryon 342 analysis (PCA) 270 (ammonia) 216, morph 69 mycorrhiza 8, 27–9, 31, 218–22, 228, 230–1 morphogenesis 73, 76–84 69–70, 266, 340 calcium (Ca) 238–9, 242, primordia, of thalli 12, 42, 246, 250 46, 62, 80–1 nitrogen 185–9, 204–5, 216–33 magnesium (Mg) 235, 242, pseudomeristem 92 cephalodial relationship 246–7, 250 thallus initiation 360 219–20 manganese (Mn) 235, 240, morphology ecosystem inputs 229–33 246–7 attachment organs 53 excessive 220–2 nitrate 213, 216, 218, rhizines 53–4, 281 fixation of 222–33, 306 228–31, 250 growth forms acetylene reduction nitrogen (N) 185–9, 204–5, crustose 41–3 activity (ARA) 222 216–33, 235–7, 250–1, effigurate thallus 41 acidity effects 228 281

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Subject index 483

phosphorus (P) 214, 235–7, autosporangium 17–18 polymorphism 76, 259–63, 240, 246, 250, 281 zoospores 17–20, 24 266–7, 269, 271 potassium (K) 235, 242, 250 photosymbiodemes 54, 85–6, populations 259–62 requirements 236–7 154, 164, 172 ecotypes 248, 264 sources 237 photosynthesis (-tic) 152–3, physiological atmospheric 237 182, 198–206 polymorphism 267 substrate 237–8 capacity 155–7, 200–4 variation sulfur 237 enironmental effects electrophoretic evidence

sulfate 250 CO2 concentrations for 255, 263, 268, nutrition(al) 167–8, 199 270, 272 autotroph 4–5 light 164–5, 199–200, interpopulation 260–2 heterotroph, facultative 26 204–5 secondary product 264–6 heterotroph(s, ism) 7, temperature 165–7, 199, primary metabolites (-ism) 152, 339 205–6 (intracellular) 104 strategies 28–9 water 199 amino acids 106 photosynthetic rates 152–3, alanine 219 oxygen tension 227 155–7, 162, 165, 168, aspartate 219 170, 172, 175, 178, 180, glycine 146 parasitic lichens 36 185, 187, 196, 200–1, glutamate 219 PCR (polymerase chain 204–5 glutamine 219 reaction) 269, 355 photosynthetically active ATP 199–200, 217, 225, pedogenesis 280–1, 288 radiation (PAR) 199 227, 308 people, historical photosystem I (PS I) 199 carbohydrate(s) 7, 9, 104, Acharius 337 photosystem II (PS II) 199 184, 186, 190–2, 198, Asahina 118 RuBisCO 205–6 206–7, 305 Croizat 333 phytosociology carotenoids 104, 106, 111 Darwin 333, 337 classification types zeaxanthin 111 Haeckel 337 Acarosporetum sinopicae glucans 131 Hafellner 338 association 246 glucose 7, 26, 104 Hennig 337 Acarosporion sinopicae Krebs cycle 219, 226 Linnaeus 337 alliance 246 lysine biosynthesis 340 Menzies 317 Lecanoretum epanorae nonreducing sugars 145 Nylander 116 association 246 pathways Reinke 338 Lecideion inopis GDH 220 Santesson 338 association 246 pentose phosphate 191 Schwendener 337 Letharietum vulpinae 257 polyols 7, 104, 145, Vainio 338 Physcietum arabitol 208 Wallace 333 adscendenstis 70, 74 erythritol 104 Zahlbruckner 338 Xanthorion parietinae mannitol 191, 208 Zopf 116 alliance 220 mannosidomannitol 196 phenotype 33–6, community analysis 284 ribitol 104, 191 73. 85–8 poikilohydrism 5–6, 157, sorbitol 104, 191 photobiont 176, 178, 193–8, 200, polysaccharides 104,106,131 autospore 16–20, 22 210, 212 proteins 104

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484 Subject index

primary metabolites (-ism) respiration 152, 206–8 evosin, antiseptic 130 (intracellular) (cont.) environmental effects Harris tweeds 132 RNA 12–13, 19, 76, 254, N limitation 207 HIV suppression 131 260, 271 P limitation 207 litmus 133 vitamins 104 temperature 207–8 medicinal 130–1 productivity, and growth 93, photorespiration 155, perfumes 132–3 153, 169–70, 172, 162, 206 pharmacology 130–1 178–80, 194, 204, resaturation 208 Usno, antiseptic cream 130 212, 293 temperature effects 207 identification, techniques protein(s) 133 RNA 19, 76, 254, 271 energy-dispersive X-ray algal binding 5 spectrometry antifreeze 148 saprobes 28 (EDX) 117 dehydrins 146 scanning electron gas chromatography 124 glycoprotein 131 microscopy (SEM) 146 high performance liquid heme proteins 142 secondary metabolites chromatography hydrophobin(s) 77, 81, (products; (HPLC) 122–3; isocratic 84–5, 261 extracellular) and gradient elution isozymes 262 adverse effects 122; retention indices LEA (late embryogenesis allergic reactions 132 122–3 abundant) 136, 146 antiherbivore defense high performance thin lectins 76 50, 132 layer chromatography metalloproteins 142 dermatitis 132 (HPTLC) 120 mycotoxins 132 laser microprobe mass radionuclides 234 photosynthesizing 132 spectrometry 117 reciprocal transplants 259 poisons 131 lichen mass spectrometry rehydration 136 spasmolytic (LMS) 124 reproduction 10–24, 56–67, properties 130 mass spectrometry 122–3 70, 73, 94–103 spore germination, microchemical 106, 118 antheridia 98 inhibition 266 microcrystallization 118–9 ascogonia 95, 98 toxicity 131 nuclear magnetic reso- ascoma, ascomata 56 biomimetic syntheses 105 nance spectroscopy 123 basidioma 61 biosequential paper chromatography fusion 98 compounds 127 119 gametes 17, 24, 95, 98–9 cortical chemistry 124–6 spot tests, calcium heterothallism 97 economic uses 6–7 hypochlorite 116–17; homothallism 97, 99 anti-inflammatory iodine 116, hybrids 127 properties 131 129–30; potassium idiomorph 95 antibiotic properties 130–1 hydroxide 116–17; interbreeding 259, 269 antifungal properties 131 p-phylenediamine 117 parasexuality 260 antihistamine thin layer chromatogra- spermatia 95 properties 130 phy (TLC) 119–21; teleomorph 56 antitumor properties 131 densitometry 264 trichogynes 98 antiviral properties 130 X-ray diffraction 118, zygote 100 dyes 133 124, 237, 247

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Subject index 485

X-ray spectrometry 117 physodic acid 127 16a-hydroxykaurane 111 intrapopulation picrolichenic acid 109 major types differences 265 placodiolic acid 112 aliphatic acids 106, 108 individual metabolites polyporic acid 110 amino acid derivatise 110 alectorialic acid 109 protolichesterinic acid anthraquinones 102, arthothelin 123, 125 108, 130 106–8, 115, 124–5 asemone 123 psoromic acid 122 benzyl esters 106–7, 109 atranorin 125, 132 pulvinic dilactone 110 biphenyl(s) 109 averythrin 108 pustulan 129 chromones 106–8 babartic acid 121 rangiformic acid 264 depsides 107, 112, 117, bourgeanic acid 112 retigeranic acid 111 122 calycin 110, 126 rhizocarpic acid 122 depsidones 105–7, 109, chloroatranorin 125 roccellic acid 108 112, 116, 117, 122 conechinocarpic acid 128 russulone 118 depsones 105–7, 109 constictic acid 121–2 salazinic acid 121, 132–3 dibenzofurans 105–7, contorin 109 scabrosin 4,40-diacetate 109, 113, 122, 124 didymic acid 109 110 diphenyl ethers 105–7, echinocarpic acid 128 secalonic acids 132 109 ergosterol 111, 207 sekikaic acid 109 diterpenes 107, 111 erythrin 133 siphulin 108 fatty acids 114, 128 evernic acid 132 stictic acid 121–2, 132 meta-depside(s) 105–6, 109 fumarprotocetraric acid succinprotocetraric acid mononuclear phenolic 112, 121, 132 112, 121 compound 107 gyrophoric acid 109, 115, teloschistin 115 naphthaquinones 107–8 122, 126, 128 thelephoric acid 110 orcinol 133 haematommic acid 131 thiophanic acid 123 orsellinate esters 133 haemaventosin 108 usnic acid(s) 106, 109, 112, orsellinic acid(s) 106 hirtifructic acid 128 116, 121, 125–6, 130–2 para-depsides 105–6, 109 hypoconstictic acid 121 vinetorin 117–18 phenolic compounds, hypoprotocetraric virensic acid 109 derivatives 120, 264; acid 121 vulpinic acid 125, 131 mononuclear 107–8 isousnic acid 112 zeorin 111 polyketides 107. 113–16, lecanoric acid 105, 109, 3-O-methylasemone 123 354, 357–8 126–7, 133 4-chloronorlichexanthone polyphenolics 265–6 lichexanthone 108, 118 125 pulvinic acid derivatives loxodin 121 4,5-dichloronorlichexan- 106–7, 110, 124–5 micareic acid 109 thone 123, 125 sesterterpenes 107, norlobaridone 121 4-O-demethylbarbatic 111, 126 norstictic acid 121–2 acid 121 steroids 106–7, 111 notatic acid 121 4-O-methylcryptochloro- terpenes 106, 124 olivetoric acid 127 phaeic acid 131 terphenylquinones b-orsellinic acid 106, 108 4-O-methylhypoprotocet- 106–7, 110 parietin 115, 147 raric acid 121 tetradepsides 106–7 perlatolic acid 265 6-O-methylasemone 123 tridepsides 106, 109, 126

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486 Subject index

secondary metabolites (cont.) reducing ROS 139–45, history 337–9 triterpenes 107, 111 preventing formation natural group 339, xanthones 106–8, 139–42; scavenging 342, 349 124–5 142–5 phylogeny 339–41 medullary chemistry vitrification 145 cladistics 128 126–9 subfossil 258 monophyletic groups pentaketide succession(al) 266, 275, 337, 339 biosynthesis 343 285–6, 295 paraphyletic groups 337 UV interception 266 symbiosis 1–4, 27–36, parsimony analysis 340 SEM 33–5, 37, 79–80, 82–3, 91, 252–3, 340 polyphyletic groups 253, 257 acquisition of photobiont 337, 339 spindle apparatus 100 69–71 sister-group sterol, plant carbon transfer 7, 9, 104, relationships 14, 19, brassicasterol 105 184, 190–1 340, 342–3, 350 stress compatability 69–70 synapomorphies 337, 339 desiccation 7, 134–7, mutualistic 28 sibling species 128 139–40, 142–51, 158 parasitic 28 factors 134–5 phenotype 69, 71–3, 76, 80, 336 high light 134, 147 85–8 classification 336, temperature extremes, prethallus 73, 78–80, 82 341–52 high 134–7, 273; low recognition and specificity 342 136, 147–8 39, 71–6 nomenclature 336 harmful effects resynthesis experiments tissue culture 354 formation of ROS, singlet 73–6, 79–80, 354, 357, oxygen 138; 359–60 ultrastructure 13, 20, 307 superoxide anions secondary fungi 256–9 transmission electron 138; hydroxyl radicals specificity and selectivity 86 microscopy (TEM) 13, 138; hydrogen systematics 20, 84, 146 peroxide 139 chemistry 126 uptake of ions ice nucleation 147–8 accessory compounds 126 intracellular 240 photoinhibition acid-deficient strains intercellular 239, 241 155, 165 cell wall polysaccharides tolerance 135–7, 151 129–30, 339 variability, intrathalline cold adaptation 147 chemical races 127 255, 260 constitutive and chemosyndromes 126–8 vegetative fusion 88, 256 inducible 148 chemotypes 128–9 dehydrins 146 replacement compounds water potential 3, 6 evolution of 150–1 126–7 weathering 281–2 limits to 136–7 sibling species 128 solubilization 238 nonphotosynthetic classification 1, 4, 12, pigments 147 22, 38, 129, 336–52 xanthophyll cycle 141

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