Kingdom of Morocco
T 2 0 1 INRA 2010
A C T I V Y R E P O ACTIVITY REPORT
Avenue de la Victoire, BP. 415 Rabat Principal - Maroc Tél. : 00 212 537 770 955 / 772 642 Fax : 00 212 537 770 049 / 777 355 www.inra.org.ma
His Majesty the king Mohammed VI
SUMMARY
WORD FROM THE DIRECTOR 4
HIGHLIGHTS 6
VARIETIES CREATION 11
PLANT PROTECTION 19
AGRONOMY AND AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 31
ANIMAL PRODUCTION 35
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES 39
SOCIO-ECONOMICS & RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 45
COMMUNICATION, COOPERATION & FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 53 Communication 54 Cooperation 56 Financial and human resources management 58
ACRONYMS 61
3 INRA 2010 A WORD FROM THE DIRECTOR
uring the year 2010, the activities of Research and R&D carried out by INRA have been part of a logical continuation of the activities undertaken since the launching Dof the Green Morocco Plan in 2008. They have been realized by the accompaniment and the active support of our researchers to the Regional Agricultural Plans (PAR) implementation.
Our main objective, which we share with our partners in the national agricultural research system, is to provide concrete answers to the objectives of this new agriculture development strategy in Morocco.
The regionalization and decentralization of research activities is a major ongoing work. Indeed, the creation of new Regional Agricultural Research Centers (CRRA) is undertaken to promote proximity research and to cover the regional specificities and diversities through the valorization of the achievements and the potential of each region for the benefit of rural communities. It is illustrated by the creation of the in vitro culture laboratory in Errachidia CRRA, which will be a pole of excellence in the date palm field and the oasis space development in general.
To ensure a harmonizing of a INRA research choices in accordance with the PAR, mid-term evaluation of the Medium Term Research Program (PRMT) 2009-2012 was conducted. It is a moment of judgment, reflection and debate on the work progress for a readjustment to
INRA 2010 4 Activity Report better identify the regional priorities and redefine the fields of action in accordance with the requirements and socio-economic environment in a permanent evolution.
The human capital, cornerstone of our development strategy, is a top priority in building our institution, and for more scientific and technological production.
Without being exhaustive, the 2010 activity report will try as much as possible to track the highlights of our Institute and unveil the major technology and science breakthroughs in various agricultural sectors and disciplines in accordance with the needs of PAR.
Remaining on the same momentum, we will work tirelessly to accompany the major restructuring of Moroccan agriculture projects initiated by his Majesty the King Mohammed VI to meet the challenges for sustainable agriculture and for the benefit of the rural people in Morocco.
Prof. Mohamed Badraoui Director of INRA
5 INRA 2010 HIGHLIGHTS
HIGHLIGHTS
THE AGROPOLE OF NEW CRRA WITH MISSIONS BERKANE ADAPTED TO REGIONAL VOCATIONS
Through this policy, the INRA strengthens the research of proximity via the launching of new Regional Agricultural Research Centers. INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF AGRICULTURE IN MOROCCO Inaugurated by his Majesty The King SIAM 2010 Mohammed VI, the Agropole of Berkane, located in the commune of Madagh With the fifth edition of The International (province of Berkane) is a real mega- Exhibition of Agriculture in Morocco, project for valuing the acquirements and INRA participation focused on the potential of the Eastern region and technology offer and its support in the strengthening its strategic position in the achievement of the PMV objectives. sustainable agriculture development. The stand of the INRA is articulated around: (i) the research directions by region and their alignment with the agricultural regional Plans (PAR), (ii)
INRA 2010 8 Activity Report the research results made available fruit as well as a sample of processed to agricultural production sectors and products from the palm date fruit. A (iii) specific technologies to pillar II tasting session of those products was of the PMV in terms of conversion, organized in honor of the visitors. intensification, development of local products and capacity-building. FIRST SCIENTIFIC DAYS ON THE DATE PALM SIDATTES 2010 In the margin of the SIDATTES The city of Erfoud hosted the first edition exhibition were organized the first of the International exhibition of dates study days on the date palm. A panel (SIDATTES 2010). On this occasion, of national and international experts the INRA presented its medium term has been invited and offered the research strategy 2009-2012 on the oasis opportunity to learn and exchange the system and the date palm, in particular, latest experiences, technologies and tools and techniques of propagation innovations in technical managment and in vitro of the Palm tree illustrated by valorization of date palm to a numerous a Mini-Lab, new date palm varieties audience (farmers, operators, producers, resistant to Bayoud and good quality investors, teachers, researchers, extension, NGOs, etc.).
9 INRA 2010 Highlights HIGHLIGHTS
FAO AWARD OF MERIT NATIONAL INNOVATION COMPETITION Once again, INRA research teams obtained the FAO award of merit of In the 6th Edition of the National the year 2010. This prestigious prize Competition for Innovation organized was awarded to a multidisciplinary by the Moroccan Association for team of researchers led by Dr. Moulay Research and Development, Dr. Hassan SEDRA for their innovative and Mohamed Boujnah was awarded a prize promising research on the date palm for his research work relating to the and the backup and regeneration of the development of a cheese spread with a Moroccan Palm Grove. vegetable fat produced with completely skimmed milk and rich in soy protein with a fat matter content of 32%. This cheese is rich in omega-3 and fatty acids. HASSAN II ENVIRONMENT PRIZE
An INRA team of researchers and technicians led by Dr. El Faiz Chaouki has been honored with a Prix Hassan II Environment in the 2010 Edition for research on forage, pastoral, aromatic and medicinal plants aimed to reduce the loss of biodiversity and genetic erosion plants. Collections from thousands of kilometers will be exploited in selection programs and the domestication of these genetic resources which constitute a wealth for the improvement of the agricultural production in Morocco.
INRA 2010 10 Activity Report VARIETAL CREATION
11 INRA 2010 Highlights VARIETIES CREATION AND CONSERVATION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES
SIGNIFICANT ADVANCES IN THE VARIETIES CREATION Selection of 5 new olive varieties from crossing Variety Caracteristics Tassaout High productivity, rapid production entrance, more than 20% of oil content, 69% of oleic acid content, good fruit caliber, high auto- fertility (92%).
Mechkat High Productivity, rapid production entrance, more than 20% of oil content, 82% of oleic acid content, good fruit caliber, high auto- fertility (88%). Baraka High Productivity, rapid production entrance, more than 20% of oil content, 72% of oleic acid content, average fruit caliber, regularity of production (>45% compared to the «Picholine marocaine»). Agdal High Productivity, rapid production entrance, more than 20% of oil content, 77% of oleic acid content, average fruit caliber, regularity of production, high auto-fertility (80%), a regularity of production and low vigor. Dalia High Productivity, rapid production entrance, more than 20% of oil content, 68% of oleic acid content, a small fruit caliber, drooping growth habit and low vigor.
NEW CITRUS CULTIVARS
Protected variety Caracteristics Mandarine AL MAHDIA Maturity
Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Fev
Mandarine ALMAAMORA Maturity
Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Fev
Mandarine AL GHARNAOUIA Maturity
Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Fev
INRA 2010 12 Activity Report KHAROUBA, FIRST BREAD INTEGRATION OF THE WHEAT VARIETY FROM BIOTECHNOLOGY TOOLS THE DOUBLED HAPLOID IN GENETIC IMPROVEMENT METHOD PROGRAMS
Kharouba, the first Moroccan bread wheat Bread wheat variety from the anther culture in vitro, is registered in the official catalogue. It is a The HVA1 gene, known for its role semi late variety. It has a wide adaptation in drought tolerance, was introduced range. It is a productive variety and into several wheat varieties. Only resistant to the Hessian fly and the brown embryos from varieties Marchouch and and yellow rust (Photo 1). Raja were able to induce transformed plantlets. These plantlets were subjected to a confirmatory test of the HVA1 gene integration by the PCR technique using primers 35S and Bar. The results obtained have confirmed the presence of the introduced gene. These lines will serve to introduce this gene by conventional ways in the new varieties of bread wheat..
Durum wheat Photo 1: Variety Kharouba in yield trial
Improving quality is considered high The crops genetic improvement on the durum wheat breeding agenda. program has led to the registration or the This character, largely influenced by protection of 21 genetic lines (Table 1).
Species Number Durum wheat 3 Table 1: INRA Triticale 2 Varieties in registration or Bread wheat 2 protection in the Bean 1 official catalogue faba bean 1 Citrus 3 Date palm 9 Total 21
13 INRA 2010 Varieties Creation VARIETIES CREATION AND CONSERVATION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES
the environment, was analyzed in four The transfer of drought resistance locations for four variety groups (old, via genetic transformation allows the recent, current selection, and foreign overcoming of the constraints of the varieties known for their high quality). conventional way. The transformation Gluten strength seems satisfactory at all via Agrobacterium by introducing two sites without one. The yellow pigment plasmids HVA1 and LAE3 is tried for content is variable according to the sites, three varieties Isly Tomouh and Irden. but remains small compared to the millers The integration of the gene HVAI is requirements. The average vitreous confirmed in those three varieties. The aspect of all durum wheat varieties is transformed lines will be involved in important, including foreign ones. Lines the drought tolerance program of new in registration in the official catalog are durum wheat varieties. distinguished from commercial varieties for the majority of quality parameters at Bean ( Orobanche control) each site. This difference is especially Integration via three Agrobaterium marked for the yellow pigment and strains in explants of three bean gluten strength in which a significant varieties of plasmids containing difference was noted. These results the sarcotoxin and ALS gene was reflect the priority given to quality in the performed. Colonies of three strains durum wheat improvement program in of Agrobacterium integrating the two recent years. plasmids were selected. These varieties showed a good capacity for regeneration The application of molecular markers and transformation. The introduction SSR to the quality of breeding lines of Sarcotoxin and ALS genes was and commercial varieties of durum confirmed with the PCR technique by wheat has identified the first results. The amplifying the 35S gene associated with comparison of molecular data with the both genes ( Photo 2). data quality related to the yellow color of semolina allowed to observe five alleles profiles of the marker Xgwm 499 related to the yellow color. Profile 2 of this marker includes the lines of the Mediterranean collection selected for their good quality linked to the yellow color of semolina (GCP80, PAG 70, PAG 67, GCP37, GCP32, PAG 20, PAG 96). The marker Xgwm 499 can serve as Photo 2 : Regeneration of plants from a selection marker for the yellow color cotyledonary nodes and Plants transformed of durum wheat semolina. by sarco in medium containing hygromycin
INRA 2010 14 Activity Report Twenty populations were collected and qx/ha). Genotypes 2, 40 and 78 were characterized by 24 descriptors. The accepted for registration in the official characters analysis allowed to rank Catalogue. these populations in six distinct groups. And genetic relationships between Lupine populations helped to classify them as belonging group (Figure 1). These Synthesis made after four years of populations will be integrated in the advanced trials of lupine yield allowed to varietal creation program. determine three lines L27PS2, L22PS2, and L6 / 4 M, having realized yields
0 Pop 6 Pop 8 Pop 1 Pop 7 Pop 5 Pop 9 Pop 10 Pop 14 Pop 17 Pop 11 Pop 13 Pop 12 Pop 15 Pop 19 Pop 16 Pop 18 Pop 20 Pop 3 Pop 2 Pop 4 varying from 26 to 29 qx/ha. These lines
-10 will be presented for registration in the
-20 official Catalogue.
-30 y Apricot tree -40 Similarit -50 Ten genotypes of an apricot collection -60 were studied for their productivity in -70 the region of Saïss. The genotypes of
10 20 apricot fructify preferentially on the
Figure 1 : classification of populations in long shoots rather than on the flower belonging groups cluster. In general, the production on the long shoots is sought because of the fruit quality. The floral density informs on the Safflower number of floral buds supported by linear centimeter of fruiting shoots. The results Three safflower genotypes numbered, indicate that the best floral densities 2, 40 and 78 were followed since the varieties ‘canino’ and ‘outat 2’ have a intermediate trials. Genotype 4 is the high proportion of the flower cluster and earliest coming to first flowering in 104 flowering shoot. The genotypes Canino days followed by the control variety, and Outat 2 are selected as well for the Cartamar, with 107.5 days. Genotypes fruiting support density as for the floral 78 and 40 are the latest with a cycle density and the fruiting capacity. respectively of 116 and 113 days to flowering. The highest oil content (36.4%) was observed in genotype 78, Olive tree confirming the intermediate trial result. Its grain yield is average (13.5 qx/ha), A collection of 88 olive tree accessions giving it the third rank behind Cartamar collected in 9 regions of production (19.6 qx/ha) and the genotype 2 (16.8 (Figure 2) was characterized by its oil
15 INRA 2010 Varieties Creation VARIETIES CREATION AND CONSERVATION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES
12
10
Figure 2 : 8 Genotypes
distribution and 6 variability by region
Pairs of genotypes 4
2
content and the fruit weight average 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 and by the molecular analysis of SSRs Number of dissimilar alleles type. The results were compared to a Figure 3 : Number of non-similar alleles standard Picholine Moroccaine variety between the «Picholine Marocaine» and the 27 SSRs profiles and seven known local varieties. Oil content showed a very high variability Date palm between genotypes, growing regions,
and the years of observation. The In vitro multiplication of date palm richest oil genotypes are from Sefrou genotype was continued. To cover the and Taza areas. The molecular analysis needs of private laboratories, a total of has shown that the 88 accessions are 22.467 strains were produced during that distributed in 28 SSR profiles. Thus, year. The evolution of the multiplication 45 samples (51.1%) are similar to the is variable according to genotypes. It «Picholine Marocaine» and 43 samples is noted that the Mejhoul variety stems have different genetic profiles from the were subject to an early greening and «Picholine Marocaine». Variability is not elongation. homogeneous in all regions. In Moulay Idriss Zerhoun, 11% only are similar to The growth and development of the «Picholine Marocaine», while they plants belonging to the first clones are of 87% in Errachidia (Figure 3). from inflorescences four years after planting have continued without any In the prospected sample, there appears anomaly or aberration of growth up to a dominance of the variety «Picholine now. In addition, two vitroplants of the Marocaine» in more than 50%. INRA-B26 clone have flowered for the Despite the existence of a significant first time in the experimental field of Er- intra-varietal diversity, but on the 28 Rachidia. These plants began producing profiles, 22 samples differ only by 1 to four years after planting (Photos 3 and 4). 6 alleles which may be the result of the environment variability.
INRA 2010 16 Activity Report The best results in terms of production for Flhorag are given with the Valencia Late. The average fruits weight (265 g) and the juice percentage (43.4%) are higher than those given by the other rootstocks. The Brix degree is less than that of the Troyer citrange and citrange carrizo rootstocks but similar to that of Poncirus trifoliata (Photo 5). Photo 3 : Regeneration of Mejhoul plants The variant groups of Salustiana, Sanguinilli and Grosse sanguine have been tested for their behavior in the region of Souss. Three promising clones with good quality and ability in the conservation have been selected. These clones will be proposed for the official catalog inscription (Photo 6).
GENE BANK: Photo 4 : Young plants from inflorescence CONSERVATION came in production at 4 years of age OF PHYTOGENETIC Citrus RESOURCES
The introduction of new rootstocks 43.128 accessions of 256 species are renowned for being resistant to the conserved in the INRA gene bank. Five tristeza have been tested in local genuses (Triticum, Hordeum, Medicago, pedoclimatic conditions. Among the Avena, and Helianthus) represent more selected ones, Flhorag was tested for than 72% of the total accessions. these effects on the productivity of Valencia late, Clementine Sidi Aissa and The exploration organized this year the orange Salustiana. The behavior of allowed to collect 20 species of trees this rootstock on these varieties has been and shrubs and 9 other pastoral species. compared to other rootstocks on the In addition, 204 accessions have been same varieties. multiplied and characterized (Figure 4).
17 INRA 2010 Varieties Creation VARIETIES CREATION AND CONSERVATION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES
Photo 5 : Tree on Flhorag as rootstocks
Photo 6 : Orange tree variants selected in the Souss Massa region
Gossypium. 259 Aegilops. 106 Scorpiurus. 250 Lupinus. 302 Dactylis. 120 Cicer. 332
Lens. 365 Festuca. 125 Carthamus. 186 Trifolium. 513
Cucumis. 609 Astragalus. 139
Oryza. 750 Lathyrus. 140 Sorghum. 161 Figure 4 : Vicia. 782 Gene bank Triticum. 7651 Zea. 1105
Helianthus. 1223
Avena. 2133 Hordeum. 3743
INRA 2010 18 Activity Report PLANTS PROTECTION
Création Variétale PLANTS PROTECTION
CEREALS AND FOOD The net blotch (Pyrenophora teres LEGUMES PESTS AND Drechsler) has been the most important disease of barley with a severity of DISEASES SITUATION: A 70%. Note also, the scald resurgence YIELD LOSS OF OF 25-30% (Rhynchosporium secalis Oudem.). (Davis), because of the wet conditions The climate conditions of this crop in this crop year. year have been very favorable to the development of diseases, insects and A national plan of wheat rusts control bad weeds. Given the seriousness of the situation Rust and Septoria : the main causes of of wheat rust and to develop awareness wheat yield loss of these diseases, the INRA organized two international workshops whose The most prevalent wheat diseases are: recommendations have been taken Septoria (Mycosphaerella graminicola as the basis for the development and (Fuckel) Schroeter) (anamorph Septoria implementation of a National Plan for tritici (Desm.)), Phaeosphaerea Prevention and Control. nodorum (E.Müll.) Hedjar) (anamorph Stagonospora nodorum Berk.) Castell. Insect pests in wheat & Germano), Dreshlera tritici-repentis (anamorph Pyrenophora tritici- Among insect pests of wheat, the repentis)), brown rust (Puccinia triticina Hessian fly (Mayetiola spp.) was by far Eriks.), yellow rust (P. striiformis the most important problem particularly Westendorp. f.sp tritici) and to a lesser in the late- sown wheat fields with the degree root diseases. percentages of 40% infestation and a mean severity of 25%. Other pests of a The septoria epidemic level in infested lesser importance, especially the wheat fields was with a mean severity of 40%. bulb fly and different species of aphids Brown rust was the second important were also present. Large Wheat stem wheat disease with a mean severity of borer (Cephus spp.) attacks on straw 30%. Oidium and common bunt were were noted at the end of the wheat cycle. detected on durum and bread wheat, but to a lesser extent. Black rust (P. graminis Missed early weed control Pers. f. sp f.sp. tritici Eriks. E. Henn) was limited to a few fields of durum wheat. Because of the continuous and late rains, The Covered smut attacks have been fields’ weed invasion was very important identified in bread wheat fields (Figures because of the absence of early weed 5 and 6). control. These conditions have also
INRA 2010 20 Activity Report Blé tendre 100 ) 80 Figure 5 : 60 Prevalence of 40 major bread
Prévalence (% 20 wheat diseases in different regions 0 during the 2009- dla 2010 crop year Gharb Moyen Pré-Rif Sais Ta Zair Zemour Atlas Région
Maladies type Septorise Rouille brune Rouille jaune
Blé dur 100
) 80 Figure 6 : Prevalence of 60 major durum 40 wheat diseases in Prévalence (% 20 different regions during the 2009- 0 2010 crop year f dla Gharb Moyen Pré-Ri Sais Ta Zair Zemour Atlas Région Maladies type Septorise Rouille brune Rouille jaune
caused progressive weeds germination. arietini Grognot) Jacz. (& Boyd Grognot) The adventive flora was dominated by Jacz. (& Boyd) and alternaria (Alternaria species of brome with an average of alternata (Fr.) Keissl.) were also observed 71%. Note that in the region of Chaouia, on this culture. The Chocolate spot cereals yield losses are estimated at 15%. (Botrytis sp.), rust (Uromyces fabae j. Schröt.) and alternaria (Alternaria SP.) Diseases of food legumes are the most common diseases on Fava Bean crops. The first disease was the most In the case of the food legume widespread and destructive for these crops. diseases, Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta The pea culture was mainly affected by rabiei (Pass.) Lab) and Fusarium wilt anthracnose (Ascochyta sp.). Infestations (Fusarium oxysporum Link) were the without importance of powdery mildew main threats to the of chick peas culture, (Erysiphe polygoni (Vaňha) Weltzien) mainly in the Abda and Chaouia regions. and rust (Uromyces pisi-sativi (pers.) Infestations of a lesser importance Liro), were also observed on this culture. caused by rust (Uromyces ciceris- The presence of Ascochyta blight
21 INRA 2010 Plants Protection PLANTS PROTECTION
(Ascochyta fabae. fsp lentils Gossen, Selection for root rot resistance Sheard, C.J. Beach & Morrall), were observed in some lentils fields without Evaluation in root rots controlled real impact. conditions of a bread wheat collection has highlighted a genetic variability among lines and allowed to select 27 DEVELOPMENT OF PEST tolerant lines. MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR WHEAT Selection of doubled haploid resistant lines Resistance of wheat cultivars and breeding lines to Septoria Within the framework of the project “generation Challenge program”, the application of screening by 3 primers In controlled conditions of a nursery, to find resistance characters to yellow Evaluation of 89 wheat lines to Septoria rust, proteins with high molecular revealed a large genetic diversity in the weight and the presence of chromosome responses of these lines. 8 lines with 1R of rye on 500 haploid lines allowed total immunity were identified and could the selection of 67 double haploid lines be used as resistance sources against combining these three characteristics. several races of this pathogen. With a view of their future performance in real conditions, these lines will be Research on multiple disease considered as developed germplasm or resistance in wheat varieties to propose for registration.
Evaluation of resistance of two local Performance of chemical products for germplasm collections to brown and the control of wheat leaf diseases in yellow rust showed that bread wheat is the semi-arid zones far more sensitive than durum wheat. Among this material, 4 varieties were With regard to the fungicide treatment, completely immune to yellow rust and a study was conducted on the 20 to brown rust. performance of products composed by: Fluquinconazole, Flutriafol Moreover, evaluation of CIMMYT + Carbendazim, Epoxiconazole, wheat nursery to prevalent diseases Fluzilazole + Carbendazim, revealed a resistant line to Septoria Propiconazole for control of leaf diseases and yellow rust. This line will be put of wheat in semi-arid zones . In this forward for registration in the official framework, yield losses were estimated catalogue and/or its introduction in at 21% for durum wheat Karim and 23% crossing blocks. for bread wheat Achtar. The products
INRA 2010 22 Activity Report composed by Fluquinconazole and of the Rays gras resistance to ‘FOP’ Epoxiconazole were the most efficient herbicides in the Tadla in the first case while those composed In the Tadla region, the monitoring of by Fluquinconazole and Propiconazole infestations by rays gras ‘FOP’ herbicide have shown better efficiency for leaf in cereal and sugar beet plots has diseases control associated to Achtar. highlighted the presence of this weed Under these conditions, the leaf in several localities of the irrigated treatments have permitted a yield gain Tadla perimeter including plots treated up to 10 qs/ha (Table 2). with the FOP family herbicide such as clodinafop. Moreover, in Sidi el Aidi, the evaluation This observation was confirmed by of new herbicides effectiveness field trial, where a product of the fop highlighted better Bromus rigidus control family based on the fluazifop-butyl by a product composed of Pyroxsulam + in post-emergence has proved clearly Cloquintocet - mexyl. less effective that the herbicides belonging to other families, especially In Khemis Zmamra, the product the propyzamide (800 g/ha) in post- composed of Aminopyralyde + emergence, S-metolachlor (1440 g/ha) Florasulam (355 + 150 g/kg) has proved in pre-emergence, clethodim (120 g/ha) more effectivene in the control of weed and iodosulfuron sodium + mésosulfuron species of Scolymus maculatus l., sodium + mefenpyr diethyl (300 + 60 + Malva parviflora l., Cichorium endivia 900) g/ha in post emergence (photo 9). l., Sylibum marianum (L.) Convovulus Identification of resistance sources to arvensis l., Sonchus oleraceus l., Torilis Ascochyta blight of chickpea. nodosa (L.) Gaertn. Gaertn., Anagallis In experimental stations of Sidi El Aidi foemina Mill., Rumex pulcher l., Ridolfia and Merchouch, an evaluation of 62 segetum Moris, Sinapis arvensis l., chickpea entries for Ascochyta blight Papaver rohas l. and Emex spinosa (L.) resistance (a. rabiei) allowed to select one Campd. resistant line and 8 moderately resistant lines (Photo 7). Achtar Karim Yield Gain (%) Yield Gain (%) Table 2 : Yield (qx/ha) in grains Fluquinconazole 30.50 16.95 45.32 27.65 average (%) Epoxiconazole 34.94 27.50 43.05 23.83 of chemical Flutriafol + Carbendazime 31.97 20.77 41.19 20.39 treatements to control foliar Flutriazole + Carbendazime 33.52 24.43 38.05 13.82 diseases of durum Propiconazole 35.00 27.63 41.71 21.39 wheat Achtar and wheat Karim. Témoin 25.33 - 32.79 -
23 INRA 2010 Plants Protection PLANTS PROTECTION
Photo 7 : Assessement trial of the efficiency of treatments based on iodosulfuran sodium+ mesosulfuran Weed control in food legumes in the lentil fields without causing sodium+ phytotoxicity in contrast to the first year mefenpyr diethyl ( In the matter of chemical weed control 300+60+900 g/ experiment. However, pre emergence research on food legumes (fava bean, pea ha), for ray grass treatment based on bentazon, metribuzin and lentil), a pre-emergence treatment based control in Tadla. and prometryn ensured average to low on pendimethalin (1200 g/ha) confirmed efficiency, probably because of their for the second year its high efficiency late application, due mainly to the very level for weed control for a long duration frequent rains which plagued this season from 75 to 90 days after emergence. The (Photos 8, 9, 10, 11). metribuzin (350 g / ha) tested this year has given results comparable to those of the preceding crop year. The two treatments have proved effective
RESISTANT SENSITIVE
Photo 8 : Selection trials for chickpea Photo 9 : Effectiveness of the treatment resistance to Ascochyta blight. based on pendimethalin (1200 g/ha) in pre emergence for lentil weed control in Tadla
Photo 10 : Effectiveness of treatment Photo 11 : Effectiveness of the treatment based on pendimethalin (1200 g / ha) in pre based on metribuzin (350 g/ha) in pre emergence for peas weed control in Tadla. emergence for lentil weed control in Tadla
INRA 2010 24 Activity Report DEVELOPMENT OF A SPRAYER BY DIRECT PESTICIDES INJECTION WITH VARIABLE RATES
A small direct injection sprayer equipped with a five-metre ramp was designed to remedy the difficulties related to the manual sprayers use. This prototype has been performed to manage the applied dose in real time via an electronic regulator. The control system has been optimized according to the operator progress speed variation to have a better dynamic response (response time). Two control strategies have been implemented with control loops with a feedback effect adjusting the injected pesticide dose in the pressure pump upstream for operator speeds of around 1 m/s (±0.5). The prototype field evaluation trial is scheduled for 2010-2011. Model of electronic regulator developed on Matlab- Simulink
CONTROL OF CITRUS resistant in the same way as the bitter FRUITS ENEMIES orange. Furthermore, big aggressiveness variability between different Moroccan Evaluation of rootstock resistance to populations of P. citrophthora and P. Phytophthora spp. parasitica Dast was revealed by the RAMS technique (Random amplified The evaluation of 10 rootstocks resistance microsatellite) (Figure 7 and 8). to Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. SM. & E.H. Sm. Leonian) highlighted Leafhoppers on citrus fruit a variability of response depending on the strain and the inoculation technique. In Afourer, the monitoring of leafhoppers The results also showed a high resistance populations dynamism in three citrus level of the hybrid ‘Flying dragon X orchards (Moroc late, Clementine and Poncirus trifoliata’. The rootstocks Citrus Navel) indicates a beginning of similar volcameriana, Citrange troyer Citrange activity of these pests on the three carrizo, Citrumilo swingle 74-1, Citrumelo varieties from the end of flowering until swingle 57-98-506 were moderately mid-July. The infestation peak is reached
25 INRA 2010 Plants Protection PLANTS PROTECTION
in June. The maximum infestation is Research on Foa secreted toxins, the noted for the variety Navel with an Bayoud agent average of over 33 insects per trap. Research for the development of an in vitro test by inoculation of toxins Figure 7 :RAMS analysis extracted from Foa in detached Palm gel for 28 Phytophthora leaves, helped to identify new under citrophthora strains by primer fractions of toxins some of which 5’ATAGTGTGTGTGTGTGTG would be determinants for the parasite pathogenicity.
PHYTOSANITARY PROTECTION OF THE OLIVE TREE Figure 8 : RAMS analysis gel for 14 of Phytophthora Development of a biological control parasitica strains against verticillium wilt by primer ‘ AAGGTGTGTGTGTGTGTG Within the framework of research of the Verticillium dahliae (Kleb) antagonists, the characterization of a collection of Molecular markers for the identification 23 bacteria inhibiting this fungi growth and screening of Bayoud strains revealed the presence of 18 strains of the genus Pseudomonas and 5 others of The techniques of PCR ISSR, specific Bacillus. Among this collection, seven PCR, RAPD, have been tested to detect strains have demonstrated a marked the variability of 6 pathogen strains antagonistic power. The technique F. oxysporum f.sp. albedinis (TFA) of the PCR-RFLP has generated a isolated from Palm trees in Morocco, polymorphism to distinguish between Algeria and Mauritania and a non- these 7 strains. pathogen strain from Jordan. Results showed, on the one hand, important Development of a rapid test for the polymorphism evaluated at 89.9%, and assessment of olive varieties reaction on the other hand, a net discrimination between pathogens and non-pathogen The behavior assessment of 30 olive strains. Recombination between varieties, belonging to 12 Mediterranean the three PCR methods showed a countries, through the use of the culture complementarily for Foa screening. filtrate V. dahliae on leaves and loose twigs, showed variability in varietal
INRA 2010 26 Activity Report behavior. The variety Sayali (Tunisia) The bacterium incidence was very and Uljarica (Croatia) have expressed high. This year, the attacks were visible high resistance after 13 days of on almost Pear varieties especially experimentation. Passe crassane, Morettini, Dr. j. Guyot, William’s and Coscia. However, the The Olive parlatoria scale:an emerging disease incidence on apple and quince pest in Tadla was more moderate, in contrast to previous years when the quince was the The Study on the bio-ecology of most affected. olive parlatoria scale (Parlatoria oleae Colvée), an emerging olive tree pest Despite favorable climate conditions, in the Tadla perimeter, indicated the different varieties of apple have shown beginning of mobile forms since late significant tolerance levels. Moreover, May with a maximum pullulating in morphological and biochemical early July (Photo 12). A significant fruit, characteristics of new strains of Erwinia rather than leaves, infestation was also amylovora Burrill have confirmed the observed with the trend reversed during presence of this bacterium. These results the fruit maturity period. were reaffirmed by the RT PCR which gave a better diagnosis because of the Mapping and fire blight biological presence of the amsC and the aRN23S control genes in all strains (Figures 9 and 10).
The prospecting carried out in the Figure 9 : Result orchards of Azrou, El Hajeb, Immouzer of amsC gene amplification by and Sefrou, revealed a wide spread of PCR in real time on fire blight disease in these areas. a few strains of E. amylovora collected in 2010
Figure 10 : Electrophoresis Profiles of PCR product in real time during the aRN23S gene amplification on strains of E. amylovora collected in 2010 Furthermore, the aromatogram method Photos 12 : Symptom of Parlatoria oleae highlighted the bactericidal effect attack on leaves and fruit. of essential oils of 12 medicinal and
27 INRA 2010 Plants Protection PLANTS PROTECTION
aromatic plants (Mentha rotundifolia l., Lavandula angustifolia Mill, Mentha pulegium l., Mentha aquatica l., Thymus zygis Loefl., Origanum elongatum Emb., Salvia pratensis L.), (Rosmarinus officinalis l., chrysanthemum coronarium l., Cladanthus wrasse l., Pelargonium capitatum l., Citrus aurantium showed a significant resistance level L). Their secondary metabolites (carvacrol, thymol, and santoline) (Photo 14). showed a strong antibacterial activity Photo 14 : Apple attacked by the black (Photo 13). capnode
Detection of Agrobacterium vitis Conn on young vineyards Photo 13 : Aromatogramme of a few HE and The results of biochemical and streptomycin tested on E. amylovora biological analysis of 30 vine plant samples of Red glob and Muscat varieties from the region of Meknès- Hajeb-Saïss bearing tumors at grafting have revealed the presence of Agrobacterium vitis (formerly called A. tumefasciens, biovar 3) Evaluation of Rosaceae rootstock (Photos 15 and 16). These results for black Capnode resistance were confirmed by a molecular diagnosis of isolated strains by Bio The evaluation of resistance to the PCR, conventional PCR and real- black capnode (Capnodis tenebrionis time PCR. This last technique is a Linnaeus) of a collection of almond fast and reliable tool that can be used and apricot rootstocks showed for the diagnosis of healthy aspect different levels of sensitivity. plants. Myroboblon and GF677 rootstocks are highly sensitive to this pest. The Weeds in sesame fields and chemical varieties, Agdez and Delpatriarca control were less sensitive and much less appreciated by the capnode larvae. Among the INRA germplasm, O11, In the Tadla perimeter, a first inventory X13, D6 and Z8 almond rootstocks of weeds associated with the Sesame
INRA 2010 28 Activity Report Photo 15 : Plants of vine bearing tumors (1-4: Red Glob variety, 5 and 6: Muscat variety).
Photo 16 : Aspect of A. Vitis colonies on Roy and Sesser medium
culture allowed the identification of about 25 species mainly of spring and Under these conditions, the evaluation summer. Perennial monocotyledon test of three herbicides highlighted a weeds are represented mainly by significant effect of a product based on Sorghum halepense (L.). Cynodon alachlor (4 l/ha) while herbicides based dactylon (L.) Comm. While among the on Pendimethalin and S-Metolachlor annual dicotyledone weeds, Portulaca were phytotoxic at doses of 330 g / and oleracea l. and Amaranthus retroflexus l. 960 g/L (Photos 17, 18 and 19). are the most representative.
Photo 18 : Symptom of Sesame phytotoxicity following a Pendimethalin based treatment
Photo 17 : Untreated sesame plot invaded by weeds
Photo 19 : Good efficiency of alachlor without phytotoxicity for weed control of the sesame culture.
29 INRA 2010 Plants Protection
AGRONOMY AND AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AGRONOMY AND AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
IMPROVEMENT OF RAINFED as well as with spectral indices such AREAS OLIVE PRODUCTION as: the radiation use efficiency, the vegetation cover photosynthetic surface BY THE OPTIMIZATION indicator (RNDVI and GNDVI), and OF SUPPLEMENTAL the vegetation cover water condition IRRIGATION indicator.
Results of water intake at different stages of the olive tree growth and development, (the variety Picholine Marocaine in Meknes), shows that one irrigation after (a) fruit setting has the greatest positive impact on the fruit caliber with as a consequence on the yield improvement and the oil content by 47% compared to the control not irrigated. Compared to the results of previous years, irrigation (a) just before a floral differentiation (April) is required in dry years to increase the rate of flowering and fruit setting.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE (b) MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL CRITERIA OF ADAPTATION TO THE THERMAL AND WATER STRESSES OF
AUTUMN CEREALS CROPS (b)
Fifteen durum wheat varieties (Triticum durum L. var. durum) including 5 old, 5 intermediate and 5 recent have been studied at Sidi El Aidi (Settat) in irrigated conditions and Jemaa (b) Shaim (Safi) under rainfed conditions.
Significant relationships were found Figure 11 : Relationship between grain yield between grain yield and the temperature and vegetation cover temperature in March of the vegetation cover (Figure 11), (4a) and April (4 b).
INRA 2010 32 Activity Report POTATO YIELD AND TUBERS The results show the presence of four QUALITY IMPROVEMENT mushroom types according to their color (black, Brown, dark brown, yellow BY BIOFERTILIZER brown). The population density is 24 APPLICATION and 51 spores per 100 g of dry soil, respectively for a non-cultivated soil In the Larache region, Biofertilizer was and cultivated soil. These values are low applied on four season potato varieties: in comparison with the density of other Carnival, Simply red, and Margarita (red arid or semi arid soils (Avg = 300 spores varieties), Mondial (white variety). The per 100 g of dry soil). Moreover, the results show that the foliar treatment natural frequency of mycorrhization is based on amino acid, allow better potato important for Margarita and Simply red growth: 6.15% to 10.2% of stem height varieties, however it is average for the and 7 to 18 yield improvement depending Carnaval variety (Figure 13). on the variety (Figure 12). % 60 100 50 80 40 60 30 40
20 20 Rendement (T/ ha) 0 10 S1 0 S2 Margarita Mondial S red Carnaval NT 59 56,2 42,5 41,2 S3 T 57,5 60 50 45 Moy V3 Moy V2 V1 Figure 12: Yield gaining of potato varieties with treatment with biofertilizers (T: Treated; Figure 13 : Mycorrhization frequency of NT: Not Treated). potatoes varieties according to the different soil types: SOIL AND ROOTS S1: phosphorus enriched soil with peanut as ENDOMYCORRHIZAL previous crop); STATUS OF DIFFERENT S2: phosphorus enriched soil with potato as previous crop; POTATO VARIETIES S3: control in unfertilized fallow cropland; CULTIVATED IN THE V1: Carnaval; LARACHE REGION V2: Margarita; V3: Simply red). In the soils of Larache region, trials of endomycorrhizal spores isolation and enumeration were conducted for estimation of mycorrhization parameters of three potato varieties roots.
33 INRA 2010 Agronomy and Agricultural Machinery
ANIMAL PRODUCTION
35 INRA 2010 ANIMAL PRODUCTION
KNOWLEDGE OF progesterone dosage, has shown that REPRODUCTION APTITUDES the average sexual season duration is 6 months and 14 days. A high individual OF BOUJAAD LOCAL OVINE variability of 4 to 8 months was observed. RACE Similarly, the study of Boujâad ewes Within the framework of the puberty by progesterone profiles analysis characterizations of the race Boujad (P4), since the age of three months to 16 aptitudes, the parameters scrotal months, showed that the average age at circumference, height and testicular puberty is 200 ± 33 days (Figure 15). diameter and epididymal diameter of This age varies from 147 to 226 days for the rams were significantly influenced Ewe with 31 kg weight on average and 7 by the season. Indeed, the measure to 10 months old on average. values are high in the sexual season May-June, remain stable in July- August and become low in November- December. The radio-immunoassay dosage of testosterone confirms this trend (Figure 14). Indeed, the season has been a highly significant effect on the testosterone concentration. However, Figure 15 : Concentration profil of P4 in a a decrease in sexual activity was Boujaad ewe lamb. observed in August, due to excessive temperatures, because a revival was recorded in September. ASSESSMENT OF BODY CONDITION OF LOCAL RACE 900,00 B 800,00 EWES DURING LAMBS 700,00 600,00 BREASTFEEDING 500,00 400,00 300,00 The assessment of body reserves 200,00 100,00 mobilization of suckling ewes 0,00 i t Dec Jan Mars Avril Ma Juin Août Sep Timahdite, D’man and INRA 180 in Oct Nov Fév Juillet Oc two conditions was conducted. The (S1) Figure 14 : Plasmatic profil of P4 in a condition is where ewes are conducted Boujaad ewe lamb. on pasture without their lambs with night breastfeeding only, and (S2) The study of Boujaâd ewes seasonality, condition where sheep are on pasturage non pregnant during one year, by and breastfeeding lambs day and night. the analysis of ovarian activity and The ewes body condition was evaluated
INRA 2010 36 Activity Report by subjective measurements: body explained by the fact that the lambs condition marking (NEC) and objective started ingesting solid foods at the 2nd measurements: ewes weight evolution month: concentrated for the S1 and and echography measurements on the barley for the S2, in addition to the 13th ewes coast (The backfat thickness pasture improving this year. EGU, the Longissimus Dorsi muscle thickness EMU and the Longissimus In addition, ewes performance were Dorsi muscle surface SMU). consistently higher in the S2 conditions compared with the S2. And, the pre - The results showed that the breastfeeding weaning lambs growth was significantly ewes genotype and type of conduct had a influenced by the genotype, then the significant effect on the weight, the body food system S1 and S2 had no significant condition mark, the backfat thickness, effect. the Logissimus dorsi muscle thickness VALORIZATION OF GOAT’S and surface of the muscle.
55 D’man Timahdite INRA 180
The significant fall in weight has shown 50 Figure that the body reserves mobilization 16: Weight 45 evolution of during the 1st month of breastfeeding ewes according 40 (Figure 16), critical period when the Poids ( kg ) to genotype. milk is the only lambs food, resulted in 35 1 2 3 4 5 Agne important losses of ewes weight: 147, 95 Contrôles mensuels lage and 114 g/j, respectively for for D’man,
Timahdite and INRA180. 4,5 Dʼman Timahdite INRA 180
4 Figure 17: The averages of the NEC measurements Evolution of ewes’ were: 2.61, 3.19 and 2.70 respectively 3,5 corporal state for D’man, Timahdite and INRA180. 3 according to However, from the 2nd month of genotype. 2,5 breastfeeding, we observed a slight 0 1 2 3 4 5 reconstruction of ewes body reserves Contrôle mensuels (Figure 17). It resulted an improvement EGU (mm) EMU (mm) SMU (cm_) of the NEC from 2.61 to 3.21 for D’man, 24 22 Figure 18: 3.19 to 3.94 for Timahdite and 2.70 to 20 18 Evolution of 3,26 for INRA180. These results are 16 ultrasound 14 confirmed by the improvement of the 12 measures in 10 ewes all types echography measurements of EGU, 8 6 mixed up. EMU and EMS characters for three 4 2 genotypes (Figure 18). This can be 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Contrôle mensuels
37 INRA 2010 Animal Production ANIMAL PRODUCTION
MILK IN THE NORTH AND IN the Atlas goats carcasses characteristics THE SOUTHEAST OASES in the municipal slaughterhouse of Aït Bazza (province of Boulemane) showed The study on indigenous lactic bacteria that slaughtered goats present low of goat’s milk that have technological carcasses and bacteriological analysis characteristics that can be used as starters of meat revealed a very poor quality strains for the manufacture of semi pertaining to bad hygiene conditions refined cheese, allowed the selection when slaughtering and cutting and of 9 strains among 220 isolated strains the absence of cold chain in the meat for the ferments preparation. The results shelves. of physicochemical, microbiological and organoleptic analysis on three RANGELAND IMPROVEMENT cheese lots obtained from the lactic The Phyto-ecologic study of the pastoral ferments showed that the protein and fat area in the province of Rhamna showed composition is similar to other foreign that the vegetal cover is constituted cheeses. essentially of very degraded annual For the sensory analysis, it did not steppe. show major flaws as bitter or pungent In the Oriental, a hundred of pastoral taste, indicating a good global quality. species which can be used in the restoration However, the tasters have detected of degraded rangeland, the fight against a back taste with an intense acidity, desertification and for the improvement of probably due to excessive proteolysis the floristic biodiversity have been tested. and strong acidification. The results showed that the germination rate FIRST RESULTS OF THE varies from 0% (Agropyron cristatum and Scrophularai canina) and 100% (Oryzopsis CHARACTERIZATION OF miliacea cases). About 110 species and GOAT MEAT ecotypes sown, 90 could germinate. Some To assess the quality of goat meat in the seeds germinated after one week while North, pH controls, dry matter content, others did so after 3 months (the case of of ash, water retention capacity, proteins Phillyrea angustifolia). Plant issues from content, lipids and collagen content and fatty this germination were transplanted to our acid profile were performed on samples of pastoretum. Thus we have currently 80 the Longissimus Dorsi muscle. The results species in the INRA pastoretum of Oujda, showed that goat meat is 5.70 pH, 78.52% of thirty species in the El Aioune pastoretum humidity rate, 1.37% of total fat rate, 9.73% and ten species in a pastor from Maâtarka of protein and 38.55% of water retention to see ten species behavior in more arid capacity. Goat meat is characterized by the environments. dominance of fatty acids: oleic (C18: 1), palmic (C16: 0) and stearic (C18: 0). Moreover, the results of the study on
INRA 2010 38 Activity Report ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
PRODUCTION ANIMALE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
THE NATIONAL PROGRAM OF AGRICULTURAL LAND SUITABILITY MAPS
The National program of agricultural land suitability maps is a program of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Maritime fishing which has been performed since 1988 by the INRA with institutional Figure 20 : Agricultural land suitability map partners on all agricultural rainfed areas of Beni Ahmed (Settat) of the country. Currently, the program has made almost 6 million hectares of IMPACT OF CLIMATE maps of rainfed areas and the program is CHANGE ON MOROCCAN still expecting other extensions. This is a AGRICULTURE considerable effort undertaken by INRA knowing that the useful agricultural area Original studies of the impact of climate is approximately 8.7 million hectares. This change on Moroccan agriculture were year, the study concerned 214.000 ha in conducted for the first time in Morocco. El Hajeb (Figure 19) and 240.000 ha of The objective of these studies is to area in Settat (Ben Ahmed) (Figure 20). determine technical options for our agriculture adaptation with climate change and to avoid potential crisis situations. The interaction of climate change with the production mode and land use in the rural commune Lamzoudia (Chichaoua) is very instructive in this regard. The analysis shows that between 1960 and 2009, there was an increase in Figure 19: cereal crop area over the rangeland and Agricultural land suitability map of El a reduction in olive tree areas and fruit Hajeb tree species due to the reduction of water resources and the decline of the water table level (Figure 21). In this commune we moved from an extensive system and diversified farming to a semi intensive system based on sheep, cattle and sheep farming above ground, poultry farming (Chair chicken), and the implantation of collection and sale of milk cooperative.
INRA 2010 40 Activity Report Currently, this program published already two newsletters for the years 2008-2009 and 2009- 2010 (Figure 22). Early forecasts of cereal production for these two crop years have been very close to the official agricultural statistics.
Figure 21 : Modification of production Figure 22: Prediction Bulletin of crop systems and of land use due to climate change harvest for the 2009-2010 crop year at Lamzoudia rural area (Chichaoua). http://mars.jrc.it/mars/Bulletins- Publications/Joint-Bulletin-AGRI4CAST- INRA-Morocco-2010 PREDICTION OF CEREAL CROP THE CULTIVATED SOIL HARVEST FERTILITY MAP IN MOROCCO The prediction of cereal crop harvest provides an independent and complementary information source to the classic Within the framework of the agricultural statistics. INRA has started in cultivated soil fertility map 2007 a research program, in collaboration project, the INRA developed with the Joint Research Centre of the fertility mapping of cultivated soil European Commission, for the production in the national level: Potassium, of a newsletter of crops meteorological phosphorus and organic matter, monitoring and cereal crops harvest in addition to other classical soil forecasting. attributes.
41 INRA 2010 Environment and Natural Resources ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
This mapping will help to guide reasoned use of fertilizer for a better crops fertilization and the development of regional mean forms of fertilization for major crops. The first fertility maps are available on the computer (Figure 23). They concern the regions of Gharb - Chrarda, Rabat - Salé - Zemmour - Zaer, Chaouia - Ouardigha Figure 24 : Occupation of rangeland soil by pastoral zone (in 1000 ha) in Moroccan and Meknes - Tafilalet. To realize dry area these maps, about 8000 soil analysis data is undertaken by INRA to provide were conducted. A training program decision-makers with a suitable and on Geographical Information Systems operational tool of the temporal and and GPS was conducted for the benefit spatial monitoring of desertification of managers and technicians involved (Figure 25). in the convention. GLOBAL EVALUATION OF
Figure 23 : Web Portal for the consultation of the cultivated soil fertility map in Morocco THE ARID RANGELAND DESERTIFICATION IN MOROCCO
The analysis of arid rangeland desertification in Morocco by satellite Figure 25 : The land cover situation in the Oriental by the expert classification (Mahyou imagery shows that 82% of arid area et al., 2010). is occupied by rangeland which is Data Sources: MARA (19) and Globcover essentially dominated by classes: bare for North Africa (14). soil, herbaceous vegetation, deciduous MC: Coastal Meseta, MPC: the Mamora shrub vegetation and Savannah mosaic area and Central Plateau, RB: Rif area and its borders, MA: the Middle Atlas, ANP: / shrub or forest (Figure 24). The north Atlas plateau and Plains, HAC: High establishment of a global monitoring Central Atlas and Oriental, ZA: Zone of system based on space remote sensing, Argan tree, ZS: Sahelian Zone, SPS: pre- Saharan Areas, POM: plateau of the Oriental biophysical and socio-economic and the Moulouya Valley. (expert classification)
INRA 2010 42 Activity Report ESTABLISHMENT OF EFFECT OF FENCING A OF BIOLOGICAL ON REGENERATION AND WAKEFULNESS SYSTEM IN PRODUCTION OF AN THE ORIENTAL ENDANGERED SPECIES: MORICANDIA ARVENSIS The establishment of a biological wakefulness system in the «Hauts The study showed a highly significant Plateaux» has become one of the major effect of the Moricandia Arvensis concerns of the national programs protection on biomass, specific air of arid and semi-arid environments recovery and the density of this species management. The results show that in Ain Béni Mathar Oujda (Photo 20, the phenomenon of degradation Figure 27). threatens currently about 80% of this area. Grazing lands are in deprivation of their plant cover and the cultivated area is in extension on fragile lands. Photo 20 : The main indicators of this degradation Photos of are the vegetation cover reduction, Moricandia the appearance of degradation plants arvensis (Maatougui, indicator, and the high rate of silting 2010) areas and bare soil (Figure 26).
3 8
29 Steppes dégradées mixtes 11 Steppes alfatières Steppes désertiques Sol nu 13 Zone d’ensablement Intérieur de la mise en défens Extérieur de la mise en défens
13 23 1200 1200
1000
800
600 Figure 26 : Importance of the different 400 classes of land in the Highlands of the 223 200 Oriental (%) 90 25 20 2 0 Phytomasse (Kg MS/ha) Recouvrement aérien (%) Densité ( Plant/ha)
Figure 27 : Effect of fencing on vegetation parameters of Moricandia arvensis
43 INRA 2010 Environment and Natural Resources INRA 2010 44 Activity Report SOCIO-ECONOMICS & RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
45 INRA 2010 SOCIO-ECONOMICS & RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMY AND RURAL Aggregation, a challenge for the success SOCIOLOGY of the GMP
The Clementine of Berkane, a sector to In the region of Meknès-Tafilalet, a study on the perceptions of the olive oil sector promote stakeholders to aggregation, including their expectations and requirements In the Oriental, The diagnostic of the to adhere has been conducted. On the Berkane clementine sector shows that structural level, it is question of: (i) the this culture still suffers from several olive orchard minimum area that should constraints that limit its profitability exceed the mean of five hectares for the like: the orchards’ old age, the poor aggregate, (ii) right of the olive orchard technical conduct mastery, the propriety, (iii) the permanent irrigation technical supervising weakness and through an inexhaustible water source, the insufficiency of irrigation water (iv) facility access to the olive orchard valorization (in Dh/m3). In addition, and (v) non-practice associated cultures. the non control of fertilization and plant On the technical level, it is question of protection generate high charges and a expectations on tree pruning technique, negative impact on the environment and fertilizing, and harvesting storage on the production quality and quantity. conditions that constitute the key factors The absence of weather stations on the of olive oil quality. On the organization perimeter, the harvest sale on tree, the level, the potential aggregators consider very high labor costs and the absence that the aggregation is an organization of any farmers technical conduct data form based on the collective coordination archiving exacerbate the situation. effectiveness. Considering the existence of certain points of discord, public authorities are called to play their role as facilitator to find a consensus between the stakeholders of the aggregation contracts.
The socio-economic dimensions of the climate change effects
The results of the study on the mechanisms of adaptation to climate change in rural communnitie in two contrasting ecosystems : plain and
INRA 2010 46 Activity Report mountain (the rural commune of followed by those that combine dam Lamzoudia in Chichaoua and the rural water and pumping with a Dh/m3 1.36 commune of Tabant in Azilal) through index, then those using dam water with the evolution analysis of the plant and 1.09 Dh/m3 index (Figure 28). animal production systems, natural resources (water, soil and vegetation In addition, citrus valorize better cover), agricultural and non-agricultural irrigation water with an index of 3.47 activities, sources of income, rights to DH/m3, which is far higher than other land property, agricultural investment crops, followed by the sugar beet (1.76 and land price since independence have DH/m3) cereal crops (1.58 DH/m3), shown significant changes: alfalfa (1.45 DH/m3), Sesame (1.31 DH/ m3), Olive tree (1.23 DH/m3) and the Limited water availability; forage maize (1.21 DH/m3) (Figure 29). Vegetal cover completely changing, Modern agriculture replaces food On the other hand, citrus are also the agriculture; most profitable for the farmer because they realize a net margin of 15.709DH/ Extensive animal production system ha, followed by alfalfa and forage maize. eplaced by semi intensive system;
Out farm work has become practical VALORIZATION OF THE operation and non- agricultural income represents more than 50% of the total RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS income of the household; Valorization of cactus ecotypes Significant investment from other regions and land price increased from The results of trials installed at the 10 to 20 times according to location, farmers’ in the region of Souss for soil type and depth of the water table. the valorization of the cactus genetic material collected in the arboretum of the Agadir CRRA, have shown that Irrigation water, a rare resource to ecotypes MZ3, 149, 137, 105 and 36 better enhance are well adapted to the environment with high revival rate which exceed The research results on techno- 90%.The majority of ecotypes (MZ3, economic efficiency and water irrigation 36, 128, 172, 135, 142 and 149, 137, valorization in the perimeter of Tadla 105 and 41) showed a normal growth show that farms using pumping valorize and development despite the difficult better water with 2.04 Dh/m3 index, conditions, with an average number of 4
47 INRA 2010 Socio-Economics & Research and Development SOCIO-ECONOMICS & RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Indice de l’efficience Valorisation de l’eau Dhs/ M3 0,7 2,5 2,04 0,6 2 Figure 28 : 0,5 Efficience technique 1,36 1,5 water valorization 0,4 1,09 Efficience technique Efficience technique by Tadla farmers 0,3 1 Efficience technique 0,2 0,5 0,1 0 0 Pompage Barrage Pompage + Barrage
Valorisation de l’eau Dhs/ M3 Marge Nette 4,00 18 000 3,50 16 000 3,00 14 000 2,50 12 000 2,00 10 000 Figure 29 : 1,50 8 000 Water valorization 1,00 6 000 depending on crops 0,50 4 000 in Tadla 0,00 2 000 Olivier Céréales Sésame Betterave à Maïs Luzerne Agrumes sucre Fourrager Valorisation de l’eau moyenne Cultures Marge Nette
Reprise des différents écotype Effet des écotypes 10 sur la formation des raquettes 8 5
6 quettes 4 Figure 30 : ra
plant 3
4 r Valorization of 2
pa cactus in Souss 2 1 0
Nombre de 0 Nombre de plants repris 3 E36 E54 MZ3 E172 E142 E177 E36 E54 E137 MZ E137 E172 E142 E177 Ecotype Ecotype
rackets by plant (Figure 30). showed that the olive paste in these units is in permanent contact with the ambient Good practices for the extraction of air. olive oil This situation increases the oxidation risk and the loss of volatile compounds The results of the comparison of six that are important for the oil quality. In olive trituration units in Boulemane addition, the oils issue from the different through collection and analysis of olive units are of lampante type, except for unit oil samples, of margines and grignons n°6 which produces a virgin type with
INRA 2010 48 Activity Report 212 215 205 198 187 185
TH Acidité PT
16 17 18 17 18 20 2,9 1,8 3,8 2,9 1,5 0,8
U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6
231 225 231
Figure 32 : Comparison of the olive oil quality according to the harvesting date in TH Boulemane Acidité PT Optimal tillage sequences in heavy soils
22 21 22 0,2 0,2 0,2 In the Gharb (Sidi Allal Tazi) Tissaf Jorf Mellaha oil acidity not exceeding 0.8%, whereas pedoclimatic conditions, the results of the unit n°3 produce of very poor quality trial to determinate the optimal tools oil (3.7% acidity) (Figure31). combination for primar and second tillage to of the better bread wheat yield Figure 31 : Comparison of olives trituration practices in Boulemane (variety Arrehane) have shown that the It is also shown that optimal harvest tillage sequence that created the highest date on the site is situated around the stand (404 plant/m²) is S4 (Subsoiler first week of December. This date allows + Cover-Crop + Alternative harrow + good quality oil, with high oil content, seeder + roller) with the yield of 56.6 q/ ha. However, the highest yield (60.6 q/ ha) is obtained with a stand of 380 plant/ m² produced by sequence S6 (Subsoiler + Cover-Crop + Seeder + Roller). The difference between S4 and S6 is due to the decrease of 1000 grain weight in the S4 sequence. The superiority of the two sequences is due to the fact that the subsoiler helps water infiltration and storage and avoids its stagnation (figure 33). an important rate of total polyphenols CD = Disc plough, CC = Cover-Crop, and low acidity rate (Figure32). HA = Alternative harrow, S = Seeder, R = Roller, Rt = Rotavator, SS = Subsoiler, SP = Stubble Plow, SV = Broadcast seeding
49 INRA 2010 Socio-Economics & Research and Development SOCIO-ECONOMICS & RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
60,6 56,6 technical way) to improve and stabilize
45,3 the productivity, showed a significant 41,9 39,9 37 35,8 mean yield gain of 10 Qs/ha. The used varieties are Alinéa, Panama, DK 315, 20,3 13,4 Pollen, Surivan, Saxxoo, and the local variety. Thus, the first 3 varieties are
R R in importance order Alinéa, Pollen and
CD+CC+S+ CD+CC+S+ Surivan and produced respectively 44, CD+CC+HA+S+RCD+CC+Rt+S+R CD+CC+HA+S+RCD+CC+Rt+S+R SP2+CC2+S+RSP1+CC1+S+RCC2+SV+CC léger (Semis à la volée). 40 and 36 qs/ha, against an average of The numerals indicate the number of 30 Qs/ha for the other three varieties and crossing. 20 Qx/ha for the control (local variety).
Figure 33 : Yield of bread wheat according to the tillage sequence in the Gharb Fodder maize, a technical way for the farmer’s income improvement Improvement of arborist’s income by In the Tangerois region, the results of a good practices of the Apple culture real environment trial on the maize show that the INRA technological package In the Anougal and Azgour valleys (including the variety choice: the hybrid (mountainous regions of Marrakech), the pioneer vs. the local variety) allowed results of a real environment trial with yields at least two times higher than INRA technical way on good practices of those of local practice for cob and green the Apple culture, including the pruning, production (65.9 et 75.7 vs 32.5 ; 19.61 thinning, and plant protection, compared and 21.13 vs 9.25). Yields obtained with to the control based on the farmers thetillagel by animal traction are superior practices, showed an improvement of both quantitative and qualitative production. Thus, the yield increased by 50%. Apple selling price improved by 71% from 3.5 to 6 Dh/Kg with regard to apple quality improvement. Thus the income increased by 166% (Table 3).
An optimal maize crop management to the mechanic traction because of the difficulties of mechanization on rough sequence in the Western High Atlas land (Table 4). The adoption of the INRA In the High Western Atlas, the results technical ways helped to improve the of an irrigated real environment trial profit margin of 8.000 DH and 11.000 for the introduction of good practices DH respectively for the mechanized on the maize culture (new varieties and way and animal traction way as seen below (Table 5).
INRA 2010 50 Activity Report covering different INRA achievements. Synthesis of technologies transfer days These days were organized for the benefit of more than 4.000 people who In 2010, the INRA organized over 160 were executives and technicians from of technology transfer days, open days, administrations, associations, agricultural training, information, animation, and cooperatives, farmers, farmers sons and awareness on more than 70 themes rural women. Control Trial % improvement Table 3 : yield (Kg/tree) 10 15 50 Apple productivity Sale price (DH/Kg) 3,5 6 71 and income improvement in Production value (DH/tree) 35 90 157 the High Atlas Production charges (DH/tree) 20 50 - mountain zone Income (DH/arbre) 15 40 166
Technical ways Green Height Stem Stem Cob Total yield t/ha Avg/pl thikness number yield yield Table 4 : The cm /m2 qs/ha T/ha yield of forage maize according Trial with animal traction 90 2,06 2,68 18 75,7 21,13 to technical ways Trial with mecanization 87,5 1,9 2,56 15 65,9 19,61 tested in the Tangérois Control with farmer practice 53,7 1,25 1,70 31 32,5 9,25
Plot Production cost Grain yield Sale price Profit Table 5 : Profit DH qx/ha DH margin DH margin of forage maize according Control 2725 32,5 9750 7025 to the tillage Trial with mecanization 4750 65,9 19770 15020 sequence in the Trial with animal traction 4450 75,3 22590 18140 Gharb
The INRA director at the opening ceremony of INRA-AMPPC day
Golden Delicious Evaluation of apple yield
Training days at CRRA Agadir on olive breeding techniques
Red Delicious Appreciation of apple quality
51 INRA 2010 Socio-Economics & Research and Development COMMUNICATION, COOPERATION & HUMAIN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
INRA 2010 52 Activity Report COMMUNICATION, COOPERATION & HUMAIN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
53 INRA 2010 COMMUNICATION, COOPERATION & HUMAIN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
EDITION AND COMMUNICATION Procedings of the international workshop on date Communication & management of palm red weevil scientific and technical information An opening for the exchange of information and experiences
Visiteurs de 6 marque Date palm technical specifications in Délégations 24 étrangères arabic
Visiteurs de différents 34 profils
Active participation in scientific and technical events to learn more the research acquired AL AWAMIA N° 123-124 Salons 4
Foires et 20 festivals
Forums 12 Agenda 2011 « special date palm »
A fruitful collaboration with the press and media
Emissions de Radio et télévision 44
Interviews 8 INRA Activity report 2009 in Arabic, Couverture médiatique 10 French and English. Communiqués de presse 12
Scientific, technical and institutional publications: a capital tool for the promotion of knowledge
C ha p itre s L ivre s 5
A rticles Ac te s S ym p o sium 4 3
A rticles de V ulg a risa tio n 2 0
F iches et R a p p o rts Te chniq ues 6
O uvra ges S c ie ntifiq ues 3
R e vue s S c ie ntifiq ues 3
A rticles S c ie ntifiq ues 2 9
R a p p o rts e t E tud es 1 2
P o ste rs 5 4
C o m m unica tio ns S c ie ntifiq ues 8 8
INRA 2010 54 Activity Report COMMUNICATION, COOPERATION & HUMAIN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION Literature review and documents MANAGEMENT consultation in library More than 217 bibliographical research Acquisition and of Documentation studies have been made available to processing INRA researchers in different disciplines Subscription to 43 periodicals (the list of agricultural research and related is available on the INRA Website); fields. In support to INRA scientist The collection of the INRA Central projects, assistance and mentoring for Library was enriched by 67 books bibliographic research were provided purchased or obtained through national with more than 109 documents loans. and international inter-institutional Virtual library exchange. Local resources: Implementation of The Exchange management a virtual library are accessible on the Al Awamia 121-122 has been distributed local network of 10 INRA Regional to 36 organizations in 18 countries. centers and the Scientific Division. The installation, configuration, collection Information Awareness: Web news updating, tutorials preparation, post Relying on information research tools: installation were the subject of training rapid reporting services «alerts», the for the benefit of communication staff. RSS files, databases, news bulletins, Online resources this bulletin of awareness is now at the 71st edition. Online access via the network of academic research and teaching Local databases «Marwan» since May 2009 to: Documentary Databases with 6000 Scopus: www.scopus.com references on current literature non- INRA ScienceDirect: http://www.info. or published by INRA. INRA databases sciencedirect.com/content/ are accessible via the Web address Agora: www.aginternetwork.org. (http://webagris.inra.org.ma:120/agris) Internet network or the central web from the IST topic / Documentation / documentary data Base. INRA migration to the new MARWAN III system allowed more fluidity and International databases operationality for internet service More than 20 international databases access. (CABI, Tropag, Agris, Agricola, WEBSITE INRA (www.inra.org.ma) Sesame, Teeal) are available on CDROM and the list is available on the The new INRA Portal is reinforced by INRA Web site. an ambitious intranet platform dedicated
55 INRA 2010 Communication, Cooperation & Humain and Financial Resources Management COMMUNICATION, COOPERATION & HUMAIN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
exclusively to the institutional staff: COOPERATION policy makers, managers, researchers, technicians and technical clerks. A means of opening for information and The attendance number of this site expertise exchange increased by 29% between October 2008 to 2009 and October 2009 to At the international level, the INRA 2010 (Source: Google) continues to develop partnership with The number of visitors recorded organizations such as ICARDA, FAO, during 2010 reached 35.000 (Source: IAEA, UNIDO and the IOC. Google); The site has been visited from 117 At the regional level, successful countries around the world (source collaboration is underway particularly Google). with ACSAD, AOAD, AAAID, IDRC particularly. As for cooperation with the European Union, it is performed within the FPRD framework.
Concerning bilateral cooperation with European and American countries, INRA is trying open up more on and collaborate in a productive way with its partners.
Thus, with The USA, cooperation concerns INRA’s participation in MCA Maroc. With France, 15 PRAD relating to various research areas are ongoing.
With Spain, the collaboration area concerns especially goat farming. And with Belgium, Argan tree and goat farming in the north of Morocco are the mains cooperation fields.
At the South - South cooperation level, cooperation and collaboration concern especially the development of agriculture in the African continent.
INRA 2010 56 Activity Report COMMUNICATION, COOPERATION & HUMAIN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Cooperation with the MAPM and With the Rhamna Foundation for PROFERD relates to various research sustainable development, INRA will fields (plant protection, genetic assist the private sector and local improvement, product valorization, actors for the cactus development and water management, arboriculture, valorization in biotechnology, crop production, animal production, Aromatic and medicinal The Rhamna region. In addiction, INRA Plants and local products). continues to collaborate with nurseries for the multiplication of protected olive With ORMVAs, conventions relate to varieties and certified citrus plants. the realization of demonstration trials on different cultures for the introduction INRA has also held a number of of new crops, demonstrations on conventions with different organisms: good practices for the rehabilitation the Faculty of medicine and pharmacy of rangelands in mountainous areas, of Rabat, BIOPHARMA, ‘société in brief, strengthening decentralized agro-industrielle de Saïss’, the research and technical assistance. economic interest group «Tanmia Al Filahia», the Social Development Other conventions have been signed with Agency, the company Development the SPAD for scientific and technical Finance Consultants Morocco, assistance. PalmAgro-Morocco, Euro Consultants, Agriconsulting Morocco S.A. and INRA cooperates with other AFC Consultants International GmbH, organizations including the ’Agence du ARYSTA Life Science France. Sud’ for the sheep and goat productivity improvement in the South of Morocco, the LARATES laboratory of the Royal Gendarmerie for development of studies on industrial hemp exploitation.
In its Public-private collaboration framework, INRA signed several conventions especially with OCP group for the development of the map of fertility grown soil.
57 INRA 2010 Communication, Cooperation & Humain and Financial Resources Management COMMUNICATION, COOPERATION & HUMAIN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
FINANCIAL AND HUMAN Diploma trainings RESOURCES MANAGEMENT A31 follow training courses including 7 newly registered (Table 6). Note that Human resources 74% of these trainings are followed The staff number of the fiscal year 2009 in Morocco, 16% in Spain and 10% was 1.102, decreased by 32 positions in Belgium. Funding is done in (30 retirements by age limit, 1 death, inter-institutional collaboration and and 1 resignation). 30 new recruitments international cooperation. have been carried out (10 Researchers, Training abroad 18 technicians, 1 application engineer and 1 administrator), bringing the staff In total, 30 trainings were conducted number to 1.100 agents in the fiscal year for the benefit of 28 INRA members 2010. of staff including 26 researchers and 4 technicians. These trainings Promotions were conducted mainly in Europe The staff promotion under the fiscal year (approximately 64%), and are funded 2010 concerned 104 officers, including through bilateral or multilateral 101 own officers and 3 detached agents cooperation projects (Table 7). receiving promotions in their original Missions and participation in scientific frames. The number of promoted agents events represents 10% of the INRA staff number. In total, 166 missions abroad were The staff status achieved by 113 agents, researchers and researchers, to 35 countries. They The amendment No. 9/2010 of the provide a means for the exchange of special INRA staff status has been knowledge and experience , exploration, approved. It concerns the extension of and realization of various partnership provisions of Decree No. 2.10.061 of 30 rebia I 1431 (March 17, 2010) amending and cooperation links (Figure 34). and supplementing Decree No. 2.04.403 Development sessions of 29 Shawwal 1426 (December 2, 2005) The training targets different categories concerning the promotion conditions of of staff. It focused on themes such as state employees and those of the Decree the control of the Court of Auditors, No. 2.10.062 of 30 rebia I 1431 (March the liability of authorizing agents, 17, 2010)) establishing exceptional Geographic Information Systems, provisions of state employees promotion bioinformatics, biotechnology, foreign ranked at grades from 1 to 4. languages, computer science and accounting.
INRA 2010 58 Activity Report COMMUNICATION, COOPERATION & HUMAIN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Doctorat Master 1er Cycle Licence Total Funding In Morocco Table 6 : F.S. T. Marrakech 3 Free of charge Distribution of the F. Sc. Kénitra 8 1 1 1 Free of charge diploma courses in F. Sc. Meknès 1 Free of charge 2010 F. Droit Meknès 1 Free of charge F.S.T. Settat 1 Free of charge F.S. T. Tanger 1 Free of charge F. Sc. Ben M’Sik 1 Free of charge F. Sc. Agadir 3 Free of charge F. Droit Rabat 1 Free of charge Abroad Belgium 3 Belgian cooperation CIHEAM/IAMZ Spain 1 and others Total 26 6 1 3 31
Amérique du Sud 3% host country Training number
Afrique Amérique France 11 Subsaharienne du Nord Europe 5% 2% 33% Spain 4
Asie Syria 3 10% Table 7 : Tunisia 3 Distribution of Belgium 2 trainings by host Libya 2 country Netherlands 1
Moyen Sweden 1 Orient 18% Afrique Proche du Nord 15% Orient 14% Turkey 1 USA 1 Figure 34 : Distribution of missions by destination Kenya 1 Total 30
59 INRA 2010 Communication, Cooperation & Humain and Financial Resources Management COMMUNICATION, COOPERATION & HUMAIN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
FINANCIAL RESOURCES (figures 35 & 36)
The operating budget of INRA in the fiscal year 2010 has been 142.653.057,00 divided as follows:
Employee Expenses 139.846.969,00Dh Equipment Expenses 2.460.427,00 Dh Capital budget 103.600.000,00 Dh Mission support 30.182.840,00 Dh Headquarters 12.620.000,00 Dh Regional centers of agronomic research 51.197.160,00 Dh Maps of soil fertility projects 9.600.000,00 Dh
Dépenses de matériel 2%
Figure 35 : Distribution of capital budget
Dépenses personnel 98%
0% 2% 9% 0% 1% Aménagement constructions 24% Travaux d’équipement 9% Figure 36 : Information, formation et communication Distribution of Véhicules operating budget Matériel Agricole 2% Intrant et services Mat.Laboratoire
Mat.d’irrigation 10% Mat.météorologique Mat.Bureau
1% autres matériel 30% 3% Projet cartes de fértilités
INRA 2010 60 Activity Report COMMUNICATION, COOPERATION & HUMAIN AND ACRONYMS FINANCIAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
AAAID Arab Authority for Agricultural Investment and Development IAV Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II ACSAD Arab Centre for the Studies of Arid Zones and Drylands ICARDA International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas AIEA Agence Internationale de l’Energie Atomique INRA Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique CIHEAM Centre International des Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes MAPM Ministère de l’Agriculture et de la Pêche Maritime CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo MCGP Moroccan Collaborative Grant Program COMADER Confédération Marocaine de L’Agriculture et du Développement Rural OADA Organisation Arabe pour le Développement Agricole COI Conseil Oléicole International ONG Organisation Non Gouvernemental CRDI Le Centre de Recherches pour le Développement International ORMVA Office Régional de Mise en Valeur Agricole CRRA Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique PRAD Projets de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement CT Centre de Travaux PRMT Programme de Recherche à Moyen Terme DPA Direction Provinciale d’Agriculture
PROFERD Projets Fédérateurs de Recherche et Développement FAO Food and Agricultural Organization SIAM Salon International de l’Agriculture du Maroc
FST Faculté des Sciences et Techniques
61 INRA 2010 Acronyms Division de l’Information et de la Communication Editions 2011
N° dépôt légal : 2011 / MO 1414 Conception et suivi de fabrication : Nuances & Stratégies - Rabat
Kingdom of Morocco
T 2 0 1 INRA 2010
A C T I V Y R E P O ACTIVITY REPORT
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