Physical Study by Surface Characteriza4ons of Sarin Sensor on the Basis of Chem
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Nerve Agent - Lntellipedia Page 1 Of9 Doc ID : 6637155 (U) Nerve Agent
This document is made available through the declassification efforts and research of John Greenewald, Jr., creator of: The Black Vault The Black Vault is the largest online Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) document clearinghouse in the world. The research efforts here are responsible for the declassification of MILLIONS of pages released by the U.S. Government & Military. Discover the Truth at: http://www.theblackvault.com Nerve Agent - lntellipedia Page 1 of9 Doc ID : 6637155 (U) Nerve Agent UNCLASSIFIED From lntellipedia Nerve Agents (also known as nerve gases, though these chemicals are liquid at room temperature) are a class of phosphorus-containing organic chemicals (organophosphates) that disrupt the mechanism by which nerves transfer messages to organs. The disruption is caused by blocking acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that normally relaxes the activity of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. ...--------- --- -·---- - --- -·-- --- --- Contents • 1 Overview • 2 Biological Effects • 2.1 Mechanism of Action • 2.2 Antidotes • 3 Classes • 3.1 G-Series • 3.2 V-Series • 3.3 Novichok Agents • 3.4 Insecticides • 4 History • 4.1 The Discovery ofNerve Agents • 4.2 The Nazi Mass Production ofTabun • 4.3 Nerve Agents in Nazi Germany • 4.4 The Secret Gets Out • 4.5 Since World War II • 4.6 Ocean Disposal of Chemical Weapons • 5 Popular Culture • 6 References and External Links --------------- ----·-- - Overview As chemical weapons, they are classified as weapons of mass destruction by the United Nations according to UN Resolution 687, and their production and stockpiling was outlawed by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993; the Chemical Weapons Convention officially took effect on April 291997. Poisoning by a nerve agent leads to contraction of pupils, profuse salivation, convulsions, involuntary urination and defecation, and eventual death by asphyxiation as control is lost over respiratory muscles. -
Warning: the Following Lecture Contains Graphic Images
What the новичок (Novichok)? Why Chemical Warfare Agents Are More Relevant Than Ever Matt Sztajnkrycer, MD PHD Professor of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic Medical Toxicologist, Minnesota Poison Control System Medical Director, RFD Chemical Assessment Team @NoobieMatt #ITLS2018 Disclosures In accordance with the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) Standards, the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission (ANCC) and the Commission on Accreditation for Pre-Hospital Continuing Education (CAPCE), states presenters must disclose the existence of significant financial interests in or relationships with manufacturers or commercial products that may have a direct interest in the subject matter of the presentation, and relationships with the commercial supporter of this CME activity. The presenter does not consider that it will influence their presentation. Dr. Sztajnkrycer does not have a significant financial relationship to report. Dr. Sztajnkrycer is on the Editorial Board of International Trauma Life Support. Specific CW Agents Classes of Chemical Agents: The Big 5 The “A” List Pulmonary Agents Phosgene Oxime, Chlorine Vesicants Mustard, Phosgene Blood Agents CN Nerve Agents G, V, Novel, T Incapacitating Agents Thinking Outside the Box - An Abbreviated List Ammonia Fluorine Chlorine Acrylonitrile Hydrogen Sulfide Phosphine Methyl Isocyanate Dibotane Hydrogen Selenide Allyl Alcohol Sulfur Dioxide TDI Acrolein Nitric Acid Arsine Hydrazine Compound 1080/1081 Nitrogen Dioxide Tetramine (TETS) Ethylene Oxide Chlorine Leaks Phosphine Chlorine Common Toxic Industrial Chemical (“TIC”). Why use it in war/terror? Chlorine Density of 3.21 g/L. Heavier than air (1.28 g/L) sinks. Concentrates in low-lying areas. Like basements and underground bunkers. Reacts with water: Hypochlorous acid (HClO) Hydrochloric acid (HCl). -
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Accepted Manuscript This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the Royal Society of Chemistry peer review process and has been accepted for publication. Accepted Manuscripts are published online shortly after acceptance, before technical editing, formatting and proof reading. Using this free service, authors can make their results available to the community, in citable form, before we publish the edited article. We will replace this Accepted Manuscript with the edited and formatted Advance Article as soon as it is available. You can find more information about Accepted Manuscripts in the Information for Authors. Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal’s standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any consequences arising from the use of any information it contains. www.rsc.org/obc Page 1 of 7 Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Journal Name RSCPublishing ARTICLE Selective chromo-fluorogenic detection of DFP (a Sarin and Soman mimic) and DCNP (a Tabun mimic) Cite this: DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x with a unique probe based on a boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dye Manuscript Received 00th January 2012, Accepted 00th January 2012 Andrea Barba-Bon,a,b Ana M. Costero,a,b* Salvador Gil,a,b Ramón Martínez- a,c,d a,c,d DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x Máñez, * and Félix Sancenón www.rsc.org/ A novel colorimetric probe (P4) for the selective differential detection of DFP (a Sarin and Soman mimic) and DCNP (a Tabun mimic) was prepared. -
Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents the V Series Nerve Agents Are Highly Toxic Chemical Warfare Agents
CHEMICAL WARFARE NERVE AGENTS THE V SERIES NERVE AGENTS ARE HIGHLY TOXIC CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS. THE ‘V’ STANDS FOR ‘VENOMOUS’. THEY WERE DISCOVERED IN THE PART TWO: THE V SERIES UK IN THE 1950s, AND LATER VX WAS DEVELOPED FOR MILITARY USE BY THE UNITED STATES, THOUGH IT HAS NEVER BEEN USED IN WARFARE. O O O O N P N P O S N P O S N P O S O S O VX VE VG VM (O-Ethyl-S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate) O-Ethyl-S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] ethylphosphonothioate O,O-Diethyl-S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] phosphorothioate O-Ethyl-S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate (the compound known as ‘Russian VX’ is an isomer of this compound) SMELL & APPEARANCE DISCOVERY USAGE & FATALITIES LETHALITY FIGURES FOR VX Pure VX is a colourless liquid, but more As the V series agents exist primarily as low commonly it is an amber-coloured, – volatility liquids, they are designed for use median lethal concentration median lethal dose VX oily, odourless liquid. 1952 1955 as area-denial agents. UNITED KINGDOM The only recorded human fatality as a result 15 10 The other V series nerve agents are milligram-minutes per milligrams per person The V series nerve agents were discovered during of VX is in Japan in 1994, when a sect used it cubic metre (skin exposure) thought to be odourless, colourless work to synthesise pesticides and insecticides. to assassinate a former member. It may have VE liquids at room temperature (when also been used in Iraq by Saddam Hussein, Due to the scarcity of research on the V series VG was originally sold as a insecticide, under pure). -
Hot Runner Product Handbook V 18.1 1-1 Hot Runner System General Hot Runner Information
Hot Runner and Controllers Product Handbook Version 18.1 Table of Contents Section 1 General Hot Runner Information Section 2 Valve Gate Nozzle Stacks Section 3 UltraSync Section 4 Individual Servo Valve Gate (ISVG) Section 5 Hot Tip Nozzle Stacks Section 6 Ultra SideGate Section 7 PRONTO Section 8 Stack Hot Runners Section 9 UNIFY Section 10 Bolted Manifold System Section 11 Services Section 12 General Controller Information Section 13 Operator Interface Section 14 H-Series Card Section 15 Cables Section 16 Altanium Servo Control Section 17 Valve Gate Sequencer In this section: Page 1-1 ..................................................................................................Ultra Advantage 1-2 ............................................................................................ Hot Runner System 1-3 .......................................................................................................... Nozzle Sizes 1-4 ..............................................................................Melt Flow Index / Viscosity General Hot Runner Information Ultra Advantage UltraGuide Ultra Helix • Reduced gate and stem wear • Superior gate quality with precise Hot Runner Information General • Stem pre-aligned before gate stem alignment • Cylindrical shut-off • Industry leading gate longevity • Continuous valve stem guidance UltraSeal • Guaranteed leakproof operation • Less plate deflection Wear Resistant Tips • Preload nozzle to manifold • Improved longevity when processing abrasive materials Ease of Maintenance Wide Operating -
Detect and Identify Novichoks
CW HUNTER MODE: NOVICHOKS Detect and identify Novichoks Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) continue to evolve from Chlorine gas in World War I to G-series agents in the 1930s and novel agents used in the UK in 2018. Technology must evolve with these threats to ensure responders can quickly and safely act to protect the public. MX908 has expanded its CW Hunter Mode to include A-series agents, also known as Fourth Generation Agents (FGAs) or Novichoks. Developed to avoid existing detection technologies, Novichok agents are more persistent than other nerve agents and at least as toxic as VX; some estimate as high as 8 times as toxic. There is a significant risk of cross contamination, so secondary exposures can be just as deadly and difficult to identify. Potential delayed onset of symptoms makes early detection even more critical to minimize casualties, limit the spread of contamination, and conduct appropriate decontamination. MX908 ADVANTAGES • The only field-deployable tool for rapid trace detection and identification of A-230, A-232 and A-234 at low nanogram levels • Includes a wide range of other CWAs including GA, GB, GD, GF, HD, VX and additional V-series agents (VE, VM, VLX, VS, RVX/CVX and VX acid) MX908 is continually evolving to go beyond traditional threats by adressing emerging • Results in 60 seconds to expedite response and increase public and chemical threats such as FGAs and PBAs. responder safety • Independently tested by MRI Global; results available on request For more information: FOURTH GENERATION AGENTS: REFERENCE GUIDE Fourth Generation Agents: Reference Guide, January 2019 January 2019 This new fourth generation agent guidance from CHEMM makes clear the need for trace detection tools that are adaptable, reliable and ready. -
Nerve Agents (Ga, Gb, Gd, Vx) Tabun (Ga) Cas # 77-81-6 Sarin (Gb) Cas # 107-44-8 Soman (Gd) Cas # 96-64-0 Vx Cas # 50782-69-9
NERVE AGENTS (GA, GB, GD, VX) TABUN (GA) CAS # 77-81-6 SARIN (GB) CAS # 107-44-8 SOMAN (GD) CAS # 96-64-0 VX CAS # 50782-69-9 Division of Toxicology ToxFAQsTM April 2002 This fact sheet answers the most frequently asked health questions (FAQs) about nerve agents. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1-888-422-8737. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. It is important you understand this information because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. HIGHLIGHTS: Exposure to nerve agents can occur due to accidental release from a military storage facility. Nerve agents are highly toxic regardless of the route of exposure. Exposure to nerve agents can cause tightness of the chest, excessive salivation, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, blurred vision, tremors, and death. Nerve agents (GA, GB, GD, VX) have been identified at 5 of the 1,585 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). What are nerve agents GA, GB, GD, and VX? ‘ GA, GB, GD, and VX will be broken down in water quickly, but small amounts may evaporate. Nerve agents GA(tabun), GB (sarin), GD(soman), and VX are ‘ GA, GB, GD, and VX will be broken down in moist soil manufactured compounds. The G-type agents are clear, quickly. Small amounts may evaporate into air or travel colorless, tasteless liquids miscible in water and most below the soil surface and contaminate groundwater. -
Chemical Warfare Agents
Agent Reference Common Name Looks/State Dispersion Odour Symptoms GA TABUN Colourless or Brown Liquid Liquid/Gas Fruity Pinpoint pupils, runny nose, drooling, coughing, GB SARIN Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Odourless tightness in chest, muscle twitching, nausea GD SOMAN Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Camphor (Mothballs) convulsions, coma, death. V Series Nerve Agents GF CYCLOSARIN Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Sweet & Musty `Novichok Series´ Nerve Substance 33, A230, A232, VX VX Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Odourless A234 etc., agents that were designed NOT to be VE (VX) Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Odourless detected by conventional Detection, Identification VG AMITON or TETRAM Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Odourless and Monitoring (DIM) equipment. VM EDEMO Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Odourless CG PHOSGENE Colourless Gas Yellow Gas Strong smell of Wood/Hay Coughing, eye, nose, throat Liquid irritation shortness of breath, frothy secretions CHEMICAL DP DIPHOSGENE Colourless Liquid Vapour/Liquid Strong smell of Wood a feeling of suffocating or drowning, death CL CHLORINE Yellow/Green Gas Gas Bleach AMMONIA/AZANE Colourless Gas Liquid/Gas Strong Urine smell Choking WARFARE DISULPHUR DECAFLUORIDE Colourless Gas Liquid/Gas PERFLUOROISOBUTENE Colourless Gas Liquid/Gas ACROLEIN/PROPENAL Colourless Liquid Acrid smell of Burned Fat AGENTS DIPHENYLCYANOARSINE CX PHOSGENE OXIME Solid Aerosol Unpleasant Watery and itchy eyes, runny nose, hoarseness ED ETHYLDICLOROARSINE Liquid Liquid/Aerosol Fruity or hacking cough, initial redness of skin, followed The following descriptions include odour. HD DISTILLED MUSTARD Colourless or Yellow Liquid Liquid/Gas Mustard/Garlic by blisters. HL MUSTARD-LEWISITE Liquid Liquid Mustard/Garlic Mustard has NO immediate DO NOT and NEVER intentionally smell/sniff effect. unknown chemicals. -
Nerve Agents – Should We Pay Attention??
Nerve Agents – Should we pay attention?? Jocelyn Hover-Jeansonne Chemical Threat Response Team Lead Chemist V Emergency Preparedness Branch Texas Department of State Health Services Texas LRN Meeting – Bandera, TX January 27-29, 2016 Question….. • Nerve Agents are the most toxic of known chemical agents • Hazardous in both liquid and vapor states • Can cause death within minutes of exposure Should We Pay Attention???? A Brief History/Military Relevance • Developed in pre-WWII Germany • Germany stockpiled them but did not use them in WWII (why?) • The US and assorted allies found the stockpiles and made N.A. munitions • US’s published stockpile includes GB & VX • N.A.s are major military threat agents. • The only known, battlefield use, was in the Iraq- Iran Conflict • Analysts have indicated that lots of countries have the ability to manufacture them for munitions Characteristics & Families • G-Series {developed by the Germans} ▫ GA (tabun), GB (sarin), GD (soman), GF (cyclosarin) ▫ Developed from 1936 – 1949 ▫ Volatile Liquid at Rm Temperature ▫ GB evaporates at the same rate as Water, GD is the next most volatile, GF is the least volatile ▫ GB & GD are colorless, GA ranges from colorless to brown ▫ GB is odorless, GA & GD are fruity ▫ The Vapors are more dense than air People in low lying areas are at risk Underground shelters (enclosed spaces) are at risk Characteristics & Families • G-Series {developed by the Germans} ▫ GA (tabun), GB (sarin), GD (soman), GF (cyclosarin) ▫ Developed from 1936 – 1949 ▫ Volatile Liquid at Rm Temperature ▫ GB evaporates at the same rate as Water, GD is the next most volatile, GF is the least volatile ▫ GB & GD are colorless, GA ranges from colorless to brown ▫ GB is odorless, GA & GD are fruity ▫ The Vapors are more dense than air People in low lying areas are at risk Underground shelters (enclosed spaces) are at risk Characteristics & Families • V-Series {N.A. -
Catalytic Efficiencies of Directly Evolved Phosphotriesterase Variants with Structurally Different Organophosphorus Compounds in Vitro
Arch Toxicol DOI 10.1007/s00204-015-1626-2 MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY Catalytic efficiencies of directly evolved phosphotriesterase variants with structurally different organophosphorus compounds in vitro Moshe Goldsmith2 · Simone Eckstein1 · Yacov Ashani2 · Per Greisen Jr.3 · Haim Leader4 · Joel L. Sussman5 · Nidhi Aggarwal5 · Sergey Ovchinnikov3 · Dan S. Tawfik2 · David Baker3 · Horst Thiermann1 · Franz Worek1 Received: 27 July 2015 / Accepted: 22 October 2015 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 Abstract The nearly 200,000 fatalities following expo- catalytic efficiencies of V-agent hydrolysis by two newly sure to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides each year and selected PTE variants were determined. Moreover, in order the omnipresent danger of a terroristic attack with OP to establish trends in sequence–activity relationships along nerve agents emphasize the demand for the development of the pathway of PTE’s laboratory evolution, we examined effective OP antidotes. Standard treatments for intoxicated kcat/KM values of several variants with a number of V-type patients with a combination of atropine and an oxime are and G-type nerve agents as well as with different OP pes- limited in their efficacy. Thus, research focuses on develop- ticides. Although none of the new PTE variants exhibited 7 1 1 ing catalytic bioscavengers as an alternative approach using kcat/KM values >10 M− min− with V-type nerve agents, OP-hydrolyzing enzymes such as Brevundimonas diminuta which is required for effective prophylaxis, they were phosphotriesterase (PTE). Recently, a PTE mutant dubbed improved with VR relative to previously evolved variants. C23 was engineered, exhibiting reversed stereoselectivity The new variants detoxify a broad spectrum of OPs and and high catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) for the hydrolysis of provide insight into OP hydrolysis and sequence–activity the toxic enantiomers of VX, CVX, and VR. -
The Nerve Agent
SuggFeatureMarch2004.qxd 2/12/04 9:31 AM Page 32 SecuritySecurity The VX Nerve Agent Understanding the risks of a deadly threat By Geary Randall Sugg TERRORISM AFFECTS EVERYONE, everywhere, cameras were mounted inside and outside the mall every day. It is fast becoming part of the SH&E pro- area. The FBI reviewed the footage after the incident Tfessional’s job to recognize the vulnerability risk fac- to develop a more thorough sequence of events. tors associated with it. Many HazMat training Following is a summary of those events. programs and seminars now cover weapons of mass A man of medium height and build, with short destruction (WMD). Although there are four basic black hair and a mustache, walked up to a tall trash types of WMD—chemical, ordnance, biological and receptacle and dropped a large brown paper sack radiological (COBRA) [DOJ(a)]—this article primari- into it. A busboy noticed that part of the sack was ly focuses on one deadly chemical threat commonly hanging out of the dispenser. He removed the sack known as the VX nerve agent. Although all nerve and set it on top of the trash receptacle so he could agents are deadly, the VX nerve agent is the “bad- properly install a fresh plastic liner. Moments later, a dest of the bad.” In the wrong hands and with the sharp popping sound was heard followed by a hiss- right devices, it could possibly be disseminated to ing noise (like that of an aerosol can). An elderly murder millions. man eating at a table less than 10 feet away from the The case study presented is hypothetical and sim- trash can immediately started choking and fell out of ilar to many training scenarios studied by first his chair to the floor. -
Q-Ve-Oph, a Control Caspase Inhibitor for Analyzing Neuronal Death
Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2012 Q-ve-oph, A Control Caspase Inhibitor for Analyzing Neuronal Death Rebecca L. Bricker Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the Immunology and Infectious Disease Commons, and the Microbiology Commons Repository Citation Bricker, Rebecca L., "Q-ve-oph, A Control Caspase Inhibitor for Analyzing Neuronal Death" (2012). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 570. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/570 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Q-VE-OPh, a control caspase inhibitor for analyzing neuronal death A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science By REBECCA LYNN BRICKER B.S., Wright State University, 2010 2012 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL June 4, 2012 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Rebecca Lynn Bricker ENTITLED Q-VE-OPH, A CONTROL CASPASE INHIBITOR FOR ANALYZING NEURONAL DEATH BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science Thomas L. Brown, Ph.D. Thesis Director Barbara Hull, Ph.D. Program Director Committee on Final Examination Thomas L. Brown, Ph.D. David Cool, Ph.D. Courtney Sulentic, Ph.D. Andrew Hsu, Ph.D. Dean, Graduate School ABSTRACT Bricker, Rebecca Lynn.