Chemical Warfare Agents

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Agent Reference Common Name Looks/State Dispersion Odour Symptoms GA TABUN Colourless or Brown Liquid Liquid/Gas Fruity Pinpoint pupils, runny nose, drooling, coughing, GB SARIN Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Odourless tightness in chest, muscle twitching, nausea GD SOMAN Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Camphor (Mothballs) convulsions, coma, death. V Series Nerve Agents GF CYCLOSARIN Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Sweet & Musty `Novichok Series´ Nerve Substance 33, A230, A232, VX VX Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Odourless A234 etc., agents that were designed NOT to be VE (VX) Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Odourless detected by conventional Detection, Identification VG AMITON or TETRAM Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Odourless and Monitoring (DIM) equipment. VM EDEMO Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Odourless CG PHOSGENE Colourless Gas Yellow Gas Strong smell of Wood/Hay Coughing, eye, nose, throat Liquid irritation shortness of breath, frothy secretions CHEMICAL DP DIPHOSGENE Colourless Liquid Vapour/Liquid Strong smell of Wood a feeling of suffocating or drowning, death CL CHLORINE Yellow/Green Gas Gas Bleach AMMONIA/AZANE Colourless Gas Liquid/Gas Strong Urine smell Choking WARFARE DISULPHUR DECAFLUORIDE Colourless Gas Liquid/Gas PERFLUOROISOBUTENE Colourless Gas Liquid/Gas ACROLEIN/PROPENAL Colourless Liquid Acrid smell of Burned Fat AGENTS DIPHENYLCYANOARSINE CX PHOSGENE OXIME Solid Aerosol Unpleasant Watery and itchy eyes, runny nose, hoarseness ED ETHYLDICLOROARSINE Liquid Liquid/Aerosol Fruity or hacking cough, initial redness of skin, followed The following descriptions include odour. HD DISTILLED MUSTARD Colourless or Yellow Liquid Liquid/Gas Mustard/Garlic by blisters. HL MUSTARD-LEWISITE Liquid Liquid Mustard/Garlic Mustard has NO immediate DO NOT and NEVER intentionally smell/sniff effect. unknown chemicals. The descriptions are HN-1 NITROGEN MUSTARD ONE Oily Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Fish Lewisite leads to immediate pain. Blister HN-2 NITROGEN MUSTARD TWO Oily Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Fish recorded in case you become aware of a similar Skin effect varies with odour in your working environment indicating a HN-3 NITROGEN MUSTARD THREE Oily Colourless Liquid Liquid/Gas Fish & Soap agent. contaminate, or if wearing PPE a breach in your L LEWISITE Colourless or Amber Liquid Liquid Flowers MD METHYL-DICHLORO- Liquid Liquid/Aerosol Fruity respirator. Move upwind and away from the ARSNINE source as quickly as possible. PD PHENYL-DICHLORO-ARSINE Liquid Liquid/Aerosol None AC HYDROGEN-CYANIDE Colourless Liquid or Gas Gas Almonds Heavy breathing or breathlessness, A description of the odour is included to provide Blood CK CYANOGEN-CHLORIDE Colourless Liquid or Gas Gas Fish or Almonds unconsciousness convulsions, headache, early indication warning only. SA ARSINE Gas Gas Garlic death. BZ BZ, BUZZ or AGENT 15 White Crystals Gas Odourless Hallucinations; agitation, Incapacitant/ dilated pupils. This is NOT a definitive list of Chemical Warfare SN PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP) White Crystals Gas Odourless Hallucinogen Agents and is created to provide a basic guide. K LSD Liquid Gas Odourless.

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Chemical Threat Agents Call Poison Control 24/7 for Treatment Information 1.800.222.1222 Blood Nerve Blister Pulmonary Metals Toxins
CHEMICAL THREAT AGENTS CALL POISON CONTROL 24/7 FOR TREATMENT INFORMATION 1.800.222.1222 BLOOD NERVE BLISTER PULMONARY METALS TOXINS SYMPTOMS SYMPTOMS SYMPTOMS SYMPTOMS SYMPTOMS SYMPTOMS • Vertigo • Diarrhea, diaphoresis • Itching • Upper respiratory tract • Cough • Shock • Tachycardia • Urination • Erythema irritation • Metallic taste • Organ failure • Tachypnea • Miosis • Yellowish blisters • Rhinitis • CNS effects • Cyanosis • Bradycardia, bronchospasm • Flu-like symptoms • Coughing • Shortness of breath • Flu-like symptoms • Emesis • Delayed eye irritation • Choking • Flu-like symptoms • Nonspecific neurological • Lacrimation • Delayed pulmonary edema • Visual disturbances symptoms • Salivation, sweating INDICATIVE LAB TESTS INDICATIVE LAB TESTS INDICATIVE LAB TEST INDICATIVE LAB TESTS INDICATIVE LAB TESTS INDICATIVE LAB TESTS • Increased anion gap • Decreased cholinesterase • Thiodiglycol present in urine • Decreased pO2 • Proteinuria None Available • Metabolic acidosis • Increased anion gap • Decreased pCO2 • Renal assessment • Narrow pO2 difference • Metabolic acidosis • Arterial blood gas between arterial and venous • Chest radiography samples DEFINITIVE TEST DEFINITIVE TEST DEFINITIVE TEST DEFINITIVE TESTS DEFINITIVE TESTS • Blood cyanide levels • Urine nerve agent • Urine blister agent No definitive tests available • Blood metals panel • Urine ricinine metabolites metabolites • Urine metals panel • Urine abrine POTENTIAL AGENTS POTENTIAL AGENTS POTENTIAL AGENTS POTENTIAL AGENTS POTENTIAL AGENTS POTENTIAL AGENTS • Hydrogen Cyanide
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1 Historical Milieu 1.1 Organophosphorus Nerve Agents 2 1.2 Blister Agents 5 1.3 Sternutator Agents 11 1.4 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) 13 1.4.1 Schedule of Chemicals 14 1.4.2 Destruction of Chemical Weapons 14 References 16 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Analysis of Chemical Warfare Degradation Products, First Edition. Karolin K. Kroening, Renee N. Easter, Douglas D. Richardson, Stuart A. Willison and Joseph A. Caruso. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2 ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL WARFARE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS 1.1 ORGANOPHOSPHORUS NERVE AGENTS Organophosphorus (OP) type compounds, that is, deriva- tives containing the P=O moiety, were ﬁrst discovered in the 1800s when researchers were investigating useful applica- tions for insecticides/rodenticides. There are many derivatives of organophosphorus compounds, however, the OP deriva- tives that are typically known as ‘nerve agents’ were discov- ered accidentally in Germany in 1936 by a research team led by Dr. Gerhard Schrader at IG Farben [1–4]. Schrader had noticed the effects and lethality of these organophosphorus compounds towards insects and began developing a new class of insecticides. While working towards the goal of an improved insecticide, Schrader experimented with numerous phosphorus-containing compounds, leading to the discovery of the ﬁrst nerve agent, Tabun (or GA) (Figure 1.1). The potency of these insecticides towards humans was not realized until there was yet another accident, which involved a Tabun spill. Schrader and coworkers began experiencing symptoms, such as miosis (constriction of the pupils of the eyes), dizziness and severe shortness of breath, with numerous effects lasting several weeks [1, 4, 5].
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Technical Note 159 Chemical Warfare Agent Measurements By
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Health Aspects of Biological and Chemical Weapons
[cover] WHO guidance SECOND EDITION WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GENEVA DRAFT MAY 2003 [inside cover] PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSE TO BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL WEAPONS DRAFT MAY 2003 [Title page] WHO guidance SECOND EDITION Second edition of Health aspects of chemical and biological weapons: report of a WHO Group of Consultants, Geneva, World Health Organization, 1970 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GENEVA 2003 DRAFT MAY 2003 [Copyright, CIP data and ISBN/verso] WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data ISBN xxxxx First edition, 1970 Second edition, 2003 © World Health Organization 1970, 2003 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]).
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