Adaptive Divergence in Contiguous Populations of Darwin's Small
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands
Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands - including Sacha Lodge Extension Naturetrek Tour Report 29 January – 20 February 2018 Medium Ground-finch Blue-footed Booby Wire-tailed Manakin Galapagos Penguin Green Sea Turtle Report kindly compiled by Tour participants Sally Wearing, Rowena Tye, Debbie Hardie and Sue Swift Images courtesy of David Griffiths, Sue Swift, Debbie Hardie, Jenny Tynan, Rowena Tye, Nick Blake and Sally Wearing Naturetrek Mingledown Barn Wolf’s Lane Chawton Alton Hampshire GU34 3HJ UK T: +44 (0)1962 733051 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk Tour Report Ecuador & the Galapagos Islands - including Sacha Lodge Extension Tour Leader in the Galapagos: Juan Tapia with 13 Naturetrek Clients This report has kindly been compiled by tour participants Sally Wearing, Rowena Tye, Debbie Hardie and Sue Swift. Day 1 Monday 29th January UK to Quito People arrived in Quito via Amsterdam with KLM or via Madrid with Iberia, while Tony came separately from the USA. Everyone was met at the airport and taken to the Hotel Vieja Cuba; those who were awake enough went out to eat before a good night’s rest. Day 2 Tuesday 30th January Quito. Weather: Hot and mostly sunny. The early risers saw the first few birds of the trip outside the hotel: Rufous- collared Sparrow, Great Thrush and Eared Doves. After breakfast, an excellent guide took us on a bus and walking tour of Quito’s old town. This started with the Basilica del Voto Nacional, where everyone marvelled at the “grotesques” of native Ecuadorian animals such as frigatebirds, iguanas and tortoises. -
01 Grant 1-12.Qxd
COPYRIGHT NOTICE: Peter R. Grant & B. Rosemary Grant: How and Why Species Multiply is published by Princeton University Press and copyrighted, © 2007, by Princeton University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher, except for reading and browsing via the World Wide Web. Users are not permitted to mount this file on any network servers. Follow links for Class Use and other Permissions. For more information send email to: [email protected] CHAPTER ONE The Biodiversity Problem and Darwin’s Finches Now it is a well-known principle of zoological evolution that an isolated region, if large and sufficiently varied in topography, soil, climate and vegetation, will give rise to a diversified fauna according to the law of adaptive radiation from primitive and central types. Branches will spring off in all directions to take advantage of every possible opportunity of securing foods. (Osborn 1900, p. 563) I have stated that in the thirteen species of ground-finches, a nearly perfect gradation may be traced, from a beak extraordinarily thick, to one so fine, that it may be compared to that of a warbler. (Darwin 1839, p. 475) Biodiversity e live in a world so rich in species we do not know how many there are. Adding up every one we know, from influenza viruses Wto elephants, we reach a total of a million and a half (Wilson 1992, ch. 8). The real number is almost certainly at least five million, perhaps ten or even twenty, and although very large it is a small fraction of those that have ever existed; the vast majority has become extinct. -
Foraging Behavior and Habitat Selection of Insectivorous Migratory Songbirds at Gulf Coast Stopover Sites in Spring
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1996 Foraging Behavior and Habitat Selection of Insectivorous Migratory Songbirds at Gulf Coast Stopover Sites in Spring. Chao-chieh Chen Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Chen, Chao-chieh, "Foraging Behavior and Habitat Selection of Insectivorous Migratory Songbirds at Gulf Coast Stopover Sites in Spring." (1996). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 6323. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6323 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. -
The Role of Habitat Variability and Interactions Around Nesting Cavities in Shaping Urban Bird Communities
The role of habitat variability and interactions around nesting cavities in shaping urban bird communities Andrew Munro Rogers BSc, MSc Photo: A. Rogers A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2018 School of Biological Sciences Andrew Rogers PhD Thesis Thesis Abstract Inter-specific interactions around resources, such as nesting sites, are an important factor by which invasive species impact native communities. As resource availability varies across different environments, competition for resources and invasive species impacts around those resources change. In urban environments, changes in habitat structure and the addition of introduced species has led to significant changes in species composition and abundance, but the extent to which such changes have altered competition over resources is not well understood. Australia’s cities are relatively recent, many of them located in coastal and biodiversity-rich areas, where conservation efforts have the opportunity to benefit many species. Australia hosts a very large diversity of cavity-nesting species, across multiple families of birds and mammals. Of particular interest are cavity-breeding species that have been significantly impacted by the loss of available nesting resources in large, old, hollow- bearing trees. Cavity-breeding species have also been impacted by the addition of cavity- breeding invasive species, increasing the competition for the remaining nesting sites. The results of this additional competition have not been quantified in most cavity breeding communities in Australia. Our understanding of the importance of inter-specific interactions in shaping the outcomes of urbanization and invasion remains very limited across Australian communities. This has led to significant gaps in the understanding of the drivers of inter- specific interactions and how such interactions shape resource use in highly modified environments. -
The Galapagos Islands DAY by DAY ITINERARY D+A 8 Days – 7 Nights
The Galapagos Islands DAY BY DAY ITINERARY D+A 8 days – 7 nights D Our Galapagos itineraries offer unforgettable experiences, with our SOUTH weekly departures allowing you to experience 3, 4, 7, and up to 14 + nights tours including: full board, two daily guided excursions with optional activities such as snorkeling, kayaking, dinghy rides and our A NORTH - CENTRAL new feature daily diving tours for license-holding divers. 8 Days / 7 Nights Wednesday: San Cristobal Airport pm. Interpretation Center & Tijeretas (San Cristobal Island). Thursday: am. Cerro Brujo (San Cristobal Island) GENOVESA pm. Pitt Point (San Cristobal Island ) Darwin Bay Friday: El Barranco, am. Suarez Point (Española Island) Prince pm. Gardner Bay, Osborn or Gardner Islets Philip’s Steps (Española Island) Saturday: am. Cormorant Point, Devil’s Crown or Champion Islet (Floreana Island) pm.Post Office (Floreana Island) Sunday: am. Pit Craters (Santa Cruz) pm. Charles Darwin Research Station & Fausto Llerena Breeding Center (Santa Cruz Island) Monday: Buccaneer Cove am. Dragon Hill (Santa Cruz Island) pm. Bartolome Island Tuesday: am. Rabida Island pm. Buccaneer Cove & Espumilla Beach (Santiago Island) Wednesday: am. Back Turtle Cove (Santa Cruz Island) Baltra Airport Pit Craters Charles Darwin Research Station Kicker Rock Champion Islet Gardner Islets DAY 1 - WEDNESDAY am - San Cristobal Airport Departure from Quito or Guayaquil to San Cristobal (2 1/2 hours flight). Arriving in Galapagos, passengers are picked up at the airport by our naturalist guides and taken to the pier to board the M/Y Coral I or M/Y Coral II. pm – Interpretation Center & Tijeretas Hill (San Cristobal Island) Dry landing in Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, the capital of the Galapagos Islands. -
Appendix H: Birds Specialist Report
Report No: P WMA 19/G10/00/2413/3 Department of Water Affairs Directorate: Options Analysis PRE-FEASIBILITY AND FEASIBILITY STUDIES FOR AUGMENTATION OF THE WESTERN CAPE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM BY MEANS OF FURTHER SURFACE WATER DEVELOPMENTS REPORT No.1 – VOLUME 3 Berg Estuary Environmental Water Requirements APPENDIX No.H Specialist Report - Birds June 2012 STUDY REPORT LIST DWA REPORT VOLUME REPORT TITLE REPORT VOLUME TITLE No No. No. Riverine Environmental Water Requirements Appendix 1: EWR data for the Breede River Appendix 2: EWR data for the Palmiet River PWMA19 Vol 1 G10/00/2413/1 Appendix 3: EWR data for the Berg River Appendix 4: Task 3.1: Rapid Reserve assessments (quantity) for the Steenbras, Pombers and Kromme Rivers Appendix 5: Habitat Integrity Report – Breede River Rapid Determination of the Environmental Water Requirements of the Palmiet River Estuary Appendix A: Summary of data available for the RDM investigations PWMA19 Vol 2 undertaken during 2007 and 2008 G10/00/2413/2 Appendix B: Summary of baseline data requirements and the long- ECOLOGICAL term monitoring programme WATER 1 REQUIREMENT Appendix C: Abiotic Specialist Report ASSESSMENTS Berg Estuary Environmental Water Requirements Appendix A: Available information and data Appendix B: Measurement of streamflows in the Lower Berg downstream of Misverstand Dam Appendix C: Specialist Report – Physical dynamics and water quality PWMA19 Appendix D: Specialist Report – Modelling Vol 3 G10/00/2413/3 Appendix E: Specialist Report – Microalgae Appendix F: Specialist Report – Invertebrates -
The Galápagos Islands: Relatively Untouched, but Increa- Singly Endangered Las Islas Galápagos: Relativamente Intactas, Pero Cada Vez Más Amenaza- Das Markus P
284 CARTA AL EDITOR The Galápagos Islands: relatively untouched, but increa- singly endangered Las Islas Galápagos: relativamente intactas, pero cada vez más amenaza- das Markus P. Tellkamp DOI. 10.21931/RB/2017.02.02.2 Hardly any place on the planet evokes a sense of adaptive radiation. No matter which way one choo- mystique and wonder like the Galápagos Islands (Figu- ses to look at these birds, the Hawaiian honeycreeper re 1). They are the cradle of evolutionary thought. They (Fringillidae: Drepanidinae) radiation is by far the also are home to an unusual menagerie of animals, more spectacular: about 40 colorful species of birds, such as prehistoric-looking iguanas that feed on algae, some of which do (or did) not bear any resemblance giant tortoises, the only species of penguin to live on to a ‘typical’ finch, occupy a variety of niches, feeding the equator, a flightless cormorant, a group of unique on nectar, snails, insects, fruits, leaves or combinations an famous finches, furtive and shy rice rats, sea lions thereof1. Despite the magnificence of honeycreepers, and fur seals. Visitors have to be careful not to step on the more commonly known example of adaptive ra- the oxymoronically extremely tame wildlife. Endemic diation is that of the Galápagos finches (Thraupidae). plants, such as tree-like cacti, Scalesia trees and shrubs A look at the current conservation status of these two (relatives of sunflowers and daisies), and highland Mi- groups of birds may reveal why. Of the 35 species of ho- conia shrubs cover different island life zones. Around neycreeper listed by the IUCN, representing only the the world, people may not have heard much of Ecua- historically known species, 16 are extinct, 12 are criti- dor, the small South American country that proudly cally endangered, two endangered, and the remaining calls the islands its own, but they likely have heard of five vulnerable2. -
Bark-Foragers May Use Artificially Created Holes in Trees As a Foraging Cue Ruby L
Arizona Birds - Journal of Arizona Field Ornithologists Volume 2020 BARK-FORAGERS MAY USE ARTIFICIALLY CREATED HOLES IN TREES AS A FORAGING CUE RUBY L. HAMMOND, YAZHMIN A. DOZAL, AND TAD C. THEIMER, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY, FLAGSTAFF, AZ, 86011, [email protected] ABSTRACT: Little is known about cues used by insectivorous bark-foraging birds to locate prey. Because vision is thought to be the primary sensory system used by many avifauna to perceive the environment, we conducted an experiment to assess if insectivorous bark-foragers in northern Arizona forests used holes in trees as foraging cues. We set up 20 experimental stations, each consisting of a pair of equally sized ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) that had no previous holes created by foraging woodpeckers or emergent boring-beetles. For each pair of trees, we drilled holes into one of the trees (treatment tree) and did not drill holes into the other (control tree). We monitored trees using trail cameras and reviewed photographs to determine: 1) at each station, was the first landing by each bark-foraging species on a treatment or control tree; and 2) how much time did bark-foragers spend on treatment vs. control trees? The experiment supported our hypothesis that bark-foragers used holes in trees as foraging cues. Twelve of 16 first-landing events were on treatment trees (χ21 = 4.0, p < 0.05), and 28 of 43 total photographs of bark- foragers were on treatment trees (χ21 = 3.9, p < 0.05). This experimental assessment of a visual foraging cue used by bark-foraging birds in the wild suggested that this guild may use holes created by woodpeckers or boring-beetles and larvae as a foraging cue. -
Can Darwin's Finches and Their Native Ectoparasites Survive the Control of Th
Insect Conservation and Diversity (2017) 10, 193–199 doi: 10.1111/icad.12219 FORUM & POLICY Coextinction dilemma in the Galapagos Islands: Can Darwin’s finches and their native ectoparasites survive the control of the introduced fly Philornis downsi? 1 2 MARIANA BULGARELLA and RICARDO L. PALMA 1School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand and 2Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand Abstract. 1. The survival of parasites is threatened directly by environmental alter- ation and indirectly by all the threats acting upon their hosts, facing coextinction. 2. The fate of Darwin’s finches and their native ectoparasites in the Galapagos Islands is uncertain because of an introduced avian parasitic fly, Philornis downsi, which could potentially drive them to extinction. 3. We documented all known native ectoparasites of Darwin’s finches. Thir- teen species have been found: nine feather mites, three feather lice and one nest mite. No ticks or fleas have been recorded from them yet. 4. Management options being considered to control P. downsi include the use of the insecticide permethrin in bird nests which would not only kill the invasive fly larvae but the birds’ native ectoparasites too. 5. Parasites should be targeted for conservation in a manner equal to that of their hosts. We recommend steps to consider if permethrin-treated cotton sta- tions are to be deployed in the Galapagos archipelago to manage P. downsi. Key words. Chewing lice, coextinction, Darwin’s finches, dilemma, ectoparasites, feather mites, Galapagos Islands, permethrin, Philornis downsi. Introduction species have closely associated species which are also endangered (Dunn et al., 2009). -
MORPHOLOGICAL and ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTION in OLD and NEW WORLD FLYCATCHERS a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the College O
MORPHOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN OLD AND NEW WORLD FLYCATCHERS A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Clay E. Corbin August 2002 This dissertation entitled MORPHOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN OLD AND NEW WORLD FLYCATCHERS BY CLAY E. CORBIN has been approved for the Department of Biological Sciences and the College of Arts and Sciences by Donald B. Miles Associate Professor, Department of Biological Sciences Leslie A. Flemming Dean, College of Arts and Sciences CORBIN, C. E. Ph.D. August 2002. Biological Sciences. Morphological and Ecological Evolution in Old and New World Flycatchers (215pp.) Director of Dissertation: Donald B. Miles In both the Old and New Worlds, independent clades of sit-and-wait insectivorous birds have evolved. These independent radiations provide an excellent opportunity to test for convergent relationships between morphology and ecology at different ecological and phylogenetic levels. First, I test whether there is a significant adaptive relationship between ecology and morphology in North American and Southern African flycatcher communities. Second, using morphological traits and observations on foraging behavior, I test whether ecomorphological relationships are dependent upon locality. Third, using multivariate discrimination and cluster analysis on a morphological data set of five flycatcher clades, I address whether there is broad scale ecomorphological convergence among flycatcher clades and if morphology predicts a course measure of habitat preference. Finally, I test whether there is a common morphological axis of diversification and whether relative age of origin corresponds to the morphological variation exhibited by elaenia and tody-tyrant lineages. -
Bio 209 Course Title: Chordates
BIO 209 CHORDATES NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIO 209 COURSE TITLE: CHORDATES 136 BIO 209 MODULE 4 MAIN COURSE CONTENTS PAGE MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO CHORDATES…. 1 Unit 1 General Characteristics of Chordates………… 1 Unit 2 Classification of Chordates…………………... 6 Unit 3 Hemichordata………………………………… 12 Unit 4 Urochordata………………………………….. 18 Unit 5 Cephalochordata……………………………... 26 MODULE 2 VERTEBRATE CHORDATES (I)……... 31 Unit 1 Vertebrata…………………………………….. 31 Unit 2 Gnathostomata……………………………….. 39 Unit 3 Amphibia…………………………………….. 45 Unit 4 Reptilia……………………………………….. 53 Unit 5 Aves (I)………………………………………. 66 Unit 6 Aves (II)……………………………………… 76 MODULE 3 VERTEBRATE CHORDATES (II)……. 90 Unit 1 Mammalia……………………………………. 90 Unit 2 Eutherians: Proboscidea, Sirenia, Carnivora… 100 Unit 3 Eutherians: Edentata, Artiodactyla, Cetacea… 108 Unit 4 Eutherians: Perissodactyla, Chiroptera, Insectivora…………………………………… 116 Unit 5 Eutherians: Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Primata… 124 MODULE 4 EVOLUTION, ADAPTIVE RADIATION AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY………………. 136 Unit 1 Evolution of Chordates……………………… 136 Unit 2 Adaptive Radiation of Chordates……………. 144 Unit 3 Zoogeography of the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions………………………………………. 149 Unit 4 Zoogeography of the Palaearctic and Afrotropical Regions………………………………………. 155 Unit 5 Zoogeography of the Oriental and Australasian Regions………………………………………. 160 137 BIO 209 CHORDATES COURSE GUIDE BIO 209 CHORDATES Course Team Prof. Ishaya H. Nock (Course Developer/Writer) - ABU, Zaria Prof. T. O. L. Aken’Ova (Course -
Inbreeding in Darwin's Medium Ground Finches (Geospiza Fortis)
Evohaion, 43(6),1989, pp. 1273-1284 INBREEDING IN DARWIN'S MEDIUM GROUND FINCHES (GEOSPIZA FORTIS) H, LISLE GIBBS'" Museum ofZoology and Department ofBiology, The University ofMichigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109-1079 AND PETER R. GRANT Department ofBiology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1008 Abstract. - We studied the frequency and causes of inbreeding and its effect on reproductive success in a population of Darwin's Medium Ground Finches iGeospiza fortis) on Isla Daphne Major, Galapagos, during four breeding seasons (1981, 1983, 1984, and 1987). Pedigree analysis showed that levels of inbreeding were low but comparable with those observed in other passerine birds. For pairs with at least half of their grandparents known, approximately 20% of all pairings were between detectably related birds. The frequency ofpairings between closely related birds (coefficient of kinship [</>] ~ 0.250) among all pairs was 0.6%. We detected no effect of inbreeding on repro ductive success, although sample sizes were small. The observed reproductive output of related pairs was not significantly different from the output ofunrelated pairs, and there was no correlation between a pair's kinship coefficient and an estimate of the potential magnitude of inbreeding depression. Comparisons with a study ofGreat Tits (Parus major) by van Noordwijk and Scharloo (1981) suggest that, even if present, the fitness costs of inbreeding in this population of G. fortis would be low. Observed levels of inbreeding in each breeding episode were accurately predicted by simulations of random mating in which relatedness had no influence on pairing between in dividuals. This result suggests that levels ofinbreeding in this population are determined more by demographic factors than by behavioral avoidance of mating with kin.