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Festuca Pallescens Colliguaya Integerrima- Festuca Pallescens Zona de Pastizales Rolando Demanet Filippi Universidad de la Frontera Superficie de Praderas y Pasturas PRADERAS Y PASTURAS REGIÓN SEMBRADAS, PERMANENTES Y MEJORADAS NATURALES DE ROTACION * I 2,829 84 475,755 II 1,890 142 24,808 III 1,489 279 418,836 IV 43,412 10,999 3,070,887 V 14,587 13,232 782,081 VI 16,680 18,234 503,384 VII 49,116 89,070 811,014 VIII 51,157 75,746 733,471 IX 77,248 138,206 829,919 X 145,524 525,312 680,515 XI 14,969 29,324 662,616 XII 9,865 94,979 2,664,242 RM 23,840 14,193 264,694 Total País 452,606 1,009,801 11,922,222 Fuente: INE * No incluye Anuales Importancia del Almacenamiento del Agua Altitud Capacidad Año Tiempo de uso Nombre Categoría Región Ubicación m.s.n.m. (Mm3) Area km2 Inauguración (Años) Chungará Lago I 196 km NO Arica 4.750 msnm 4.750 21.000 Cotacotani Laguna I 190 km NO Arica. 600 Huasco Laguna I 174 km SE Arica Chaxa Laguna II 56 km San Pedro Atacama 18 km Sur Socaire 5.910 Miscanti y Miñiques Laguna II msnm 5.910 213 km SE Calama 4.260 Legía Laguna II msnm 4.260 8 Del Negro Francisco Laguna III 226 kms E Copiapó 4.126 860 Laguna Verde Laguna III 265 km NE Copiapó 4.325 Santa Rosa Laguna III Sur del salar de Maricunga Santa Juana Emabalse III 20 km E Vallenar. 160 410 1955 53 Lautaro Tranque III 96 km SE Copiapó 27 1930 78 Recoleta Embalse IV 25 km NO Ovalle 100 1934 74 La Paloma Embalse IV 27 km SE Ovalle 780 3.000 1974 34 La Laguna Embalse IV 3.350 msnm Elqui 3.350 40 5 Cogotí Embalse IV 19 km N Combarbalá 150 Peñuelas Lago V 13 km Valparaíso 8.000 1900 108 Rapel Lago VI 102 km O Rancagua 720 Zona Desértica ONA DE PASTIZALES DE CHILE Ubicación Límite con Perú y Norte de la Región de Coquimbo Límite Norte de Zona Desértica Límite Sur de Zona Desértica Esta conformado por tres Ecosistemas Sector Costero de Nieblas Sector Interior o Desierto de Atacama Desierto Andino Sector Costero de Nieblas Zona Desértica Sector Costero de Nieblas Arica Iquique Antofagasta Zona Desértica Sector Costero de Nieblas Arica Iquique Antofagasta Zona Desértica Sector Costero de Nieblas Antofagasta Clima Sector Costero de Nieblas Clima con nublados abundantes Temperatura promedio anual de 17 a 19°C Amplitud térmica 5,7° Geomorfología Sector Costero de Nieblas Planicies Marinas Llanos de Sedimentación Fluvial Suelos Sector Costero de Nieblas Rojos del Desierto Harpan Salino y Pardo Rojizo Costero Vegetación Sector Costero de Nieblas Desierto Costero Jaral Sector Costero de Nieblas Formaciones Vegetales • Desierto Costero • Herbáceas: Tetragonia sp, Cristaria sp. Alstromeria sp. • Nanofanerófitas: Baccharis marginalis, Bahia ambrosioides, Proustia tipia, Euphorbia lactiflua • Jaral • Terófitas: Tetragonia sp, Calandrinia grandiflora, Plantago sp., Hosakia sp., Adesmia sp. (Pizano, 1943) Distichlis spicata Saltgrass • Planta alófita • Se desarrollada en áreas con suelos de tipo salinos • Posee bajo crecimiento y sus hojas son muy finas • Tiene un sistema radical profundo Especie perenne que forma grandes comunidades en asociación con la "tola" Festuca orthophylla Parastrephia lepidophylla (los tolares). Las alpacas la utilizan como alimento. Reino Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Clase Liliopsida Subclase Commelinidae Superorden Poanae Orden Poales Familia Poaceae Subfamilia Pooideae Tribu Poeae Género Festuca Stipa frigida Poaceae (Gramineae). Stipa frigida (coirón), Forma parte de los pajonales más desérticos de la II y III Región. Sector Costero de Nieblas Bahia ambrosioides Baccharis marginalis Sector Costero de Nieblas Calandrinia grandiflora Sector Interior o Desierto de Atacama A comienzos de los 90, el escultor chileno Mario Irarrázaval inició la construcción de lo que muchos consideran su obra maestra: una mano de hierro y cemento semienterrada en el desierto de Atacama. Esta famosa "Mano del desierto" fue inaugurada el 28 de marzo de 1992. Ubicada a 1.100 metros sobre el nivel del mar a 75 kilómetros al Sur de Antofagasta. IGLESIA MOCHUCA Salar de Atacama Clima Desierto de Atacama Desértico Normal 250 días despejados Alta ocurrencia de niebla nocturna Evaporación 2.500 a 3.000 mm Temperatura promedio anual 16,7°C Geomorfología Desierto de Atacama Cordillera de la Costa Pampa Arida de Atacama Pampa del Tamarugal Vegetación Desierto de Atacama Tamarugal Pampa del Tamarugal Se localiza en un ambiente de desierto, en el que a partir de relictos de bosques nativos de tamarugo (Prosopis tamarugo) se obtuvo el germoplasma que permitió iniciar, por parte de la Corporación de Fomento de la Producción, un amplio programa de reforestación en la década del 60. Pampa del Tamarugal La Reserva Nacional Pampa del Tamarugal circundada por salares, envuelta en vientos permanentes y nítida luminosidad, tiene una superficie de 102.264 ha. Dividida en tres lotes: Lote Nº' 1, Sector Zapiga (17.650 ha.); Lote N° 2, Sector Bosque Nativo de La Tirana (5.225 há.) y Lote N° 3 Sector Pintados (79.289 ha.). Su principal acceso es la Ruta 5 Norte Pampa del Tamarugal Geomorfológicamente, es una gran depresión de dirección norte a sur, limitada por las Cordilleras de los Andes y de la Costa en sus costados este y oeste respectivamente. Rellena de materiales de aluvión, como limos, arenas, arcillas y gravas, provenientes de los acarreos fluviales de las cuencas de la Cordillera de los Andes. Los Salares están compuestos por sales de sulfato cálcico y cloruro sódico, producto de la evaporación del extenso lago que ocupó esta sección de la Pampa del Tamarugal. Vista panorámica de la localidad de Refresco en el Salar de Pintados, Pampa del Tamarugal. Plantación artificial de tamarugos realizada entre 1964 y 1969. En el primer plano se observan sectores demarcados con tamarugos a vía de cortinas cortaviento para futuras plantaciones. Pampa del Tamarugal La vegetación actual es relativamente homogénea en cuanto a la diversidad de especies. Existen 18.113 ha de plantaciones de tamarugo (Prosopis tamarugo); 1.950 ha de plantaciones de algarrobo (Prosopis chilensis); 420 ha de plantaciones mixtas y 2.500 ha de bosque nativo de tamarugo. Se asocian al tamarugo y Algarrobo: fortuna (Prosopis strombulifera), tamarugo argentino (Prosopis burkartii), grama salada (Distichlis spicata), retama (Cressa cretica), pillaya (Atriplex spp), brea (Tessaria absinthioides). Imagen tomada desde Satelite Landsat (2000), donde se observan los Tamarugos plantados en las décadas del 60 y parte del 70. Prosopis tamarugo Ph Prosopis tamarugo Phil. El tamarugo es una leguminosa, mimosácea, que suele alcanzar una altura de hasta 18 m. Sus hojas son caedizas, y el crecimiento del árbol ocurre durante todo el año. Como planta siempreverde es potencialmente apta, en los desiertos del mundo, para la producción de forraje durante todo el año, incluso en áreas cubiertas de sal. Produce hojas y frutos nutritivos y palatables. Prosopis tamarugo Phil Tamarugo Fruto de Prosopis tamarugo Phil “Forraje” compuesto de los frutos de Tamarugo (legumbre) y “heno de hojas” Prosopis chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz var. chilen Algarrobo Prosopis burkartii Muñoz Tamarugo argentino Prosopis strombulifera (Lam.) Ben Fortuna Fruto de Prosopis Alba Gris. Algarrobo blanco Distichlis spicata • Planta halophytica • Desarrollada en áreas salinas • Bajo crecimiento, hojas finas • Sistema radical profundo Cressa cretica L. Saltgrass Angiosperma, Dicotiledonea, perteneciente a la familia de las Convolvulaceae Se desarrolla en sustratos húmedos salinos Planta herbácea perenne y alófita Tessaria absinthioides (HOOK. ET ARN.) DC • Pertenece a la familia de las Compositae • Se adapta a suelos con alto y bajo contenido de salinidad • Presenta alta adaptabilidad (clima y suelo) • Propagación asexual por medio de raíces gemíferas y rizomas Desierto Andino Clima Desierto Andino Desértico de Altura Temperatura promedio anual de 11,3°C Precipitación 9 mm Invierno altiplánico (Verano astronómico) Precipitaciones de origen convectivo Geomorfología Desierto Andino Cordillera de los Andes Suelos Desierto Andino Suelos grises del desierto o litosoles Vegetación Desierto Andino Coironales o Pajonales Tolares verdes o Matorrales Bofedales o Unidades Hidromórficas Desierto Andino Formación Vegetal Estrata Especie Dominante Coironales Herbácea Festuca orthhophylla Stipa frigida Deyeuxia antoniana Tolares Matorral Parestrephia sp. Baccharis sp Fabianas sp Bofedal o Tundra altiplánica Especies acuáticas Azolla filiculoides Myriophyllum elatinoides Elodea potamogeton Contorno bofedal Distichia muscoides Oxychloe andina Deyeuxia curvula Deyeusia brebiaristata Distichlis humilis Géisers Del Tatio San Pedro De Atacama Altiplano, Vista desde el Desierto de Atacama Altiplano, Vista desde el Desierto de Atacama Coironal Lago Chungará Altiplano Camélidos en Bofedal del Lago Chungará Bofedal del Lago Chungara y Volcán Parinacota Bofedales en el Antiplano Chileno Llaretas y alpacas en el altiplano ZONA DE PASTIZALES DE CHILE Zona Esteparia Límite Sur de Zona Esteparia Ubicación Región de Coquimbo Zona Esteparia Estepa Costera Estepa Seca o Serranía Estepa Fría de Montaña Estepa Costera Clima Estepa Costera Estepa con nubosidad abundante Precipitación promedio anual: 128 mm Temperatura promedio: 14.8°C Humedad Relativa: 80 % Geomorfología Estepa Costera Planicie fluvio - marino y Planicie Litoral Llano central fluvio- glacio-volcánico Suelos Estepa Costera Transición, Pardo cálcico o Pardo no cálcico Vegetación Estepa Costera Matorral Costero Bosque Valdiviano Fray Jorge Vegetación de Estepa Costera Estepa Costera Formación Vegetal Estrata Especies Dominantes Matorral costero Herbácea Adesmia tenella Piptochaetium montevidense Aira
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