General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

Species at Risk

Original Online Report: 2005; Archived: Mar 31, 2011 PDF Version Created: Feb 25, 2013

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

Preface General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

Alberta has long enjoyed the legacy of abundant wild species. These same species are important environmental indicators. Their populations reflect the health and diversity of the environment.

Alberta Sustainable Resource Development has designated the promotion of fish and wildlife conservation as one of its core business goals. The status of wild species is one of the performance measures against which the department determines the effectiveness of its policies and service delivery.

Central to achieving this goal is the accurate determination of the general status of wild species in the province. This exercise, which is conducted every five years, assists the provincial government in determining the need for, and direction of, sound management and habitat conservation programs. In 1996 and 2000, the provincial government published reports on the general status of wild species in Alberta. The 2005 general status assessments are now available through this online searchable database.

The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 uses a system for evaluating the general status of all wild species in Alberta—one that is identical to that used in the General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2000. It is also identical to that used by other provinces and territories throughout Canada.

General status determination is the first step in a continuing process of evaluating and reporting on the biological status of Alberta’s wild species. Those species that “May Be At Risk” receive a detailed status assessment and will go on to receive much more detailed evaluation.

The general status exercise, and the resulting species status listing, is designed to achieve four objectives:

1. To provide information on, and raise awareness of, the current status of wild species in Alberta

2. To stimulate broad public input in more clearly defining the status of individual species

3. To produce a list of candidate species for more detailed status evaluations

4. To provide a reference for provincial government agencies in the development of wild species conservation and management programs

The 2005 edition of the General Status of Alberta Wild Species represents a substantial improvement in the knowledge base of wild species in Alberta.

Status assessments were prepared for 2,814 species of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, freshwater fish, gastropods, bivalves, odonates (dragonflies and damselflies), butterflies, and vascular plants in the province.

Alberta, along with all other provinces and territories, agreed to assist Environment Canada in preparing national general status ranks for species in several of these groups (see Background of the Present General Status Evaluation Exercise). These groups include the birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, freshwater fish, butterflies, odonates, freshwater mussels, and vascular plants.

Alberta Sustainable Resource Development will continue to evaluate the status of wild species on an ongoing basis. In the future, the general status of other species groups will be included. The status evaluation process may be refined and improved, but it will continue to be compatible with

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 that used by other provinces and territories. If all jurisdictions continue to use the same method of evaluation, it will be possible to compare status ranks among provinces and territories, and between years, to gain a national perspective of how well any particular species is doing.

Thank you for your interest in Alberta’s wild species.

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

Table of Contents General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

Acknowledgements 5

Introduction 8

Past Status 9

Background 10

Status Ranks 16

Related Information and Resources 96

Figure Index

Figure 1: The Status Designation Process in Alberta 8

Figure 2: The Proportion of Alberta’s Birds in Each Status Category 16

Figure 3: The Proportion of Alberta’s Mammals in Each Status Category 17

Figure 4: The Proportion of Alberta’s Amphibians in Each Status Category 17

Figure 5: The Proportion of Alberta’s Reptiles in Each Status Category 17

Figure 6: The Proportion of Alberta’s Freshwater Fish in Each Status Category 18

Figure 7: The Proportion of Alberta’s Gastropods in Each Status Category 18

Figure 8: The Proportion of Alberta’s Bivalves in Each Status Category 18

Figure 9: The Proportion of Alberta’s Odonates in Each Status Category 19

Figure 10: The Proportion of Alberta’s Butterflies in Each Status Category 19

Figure 11: The Proportion of Alberta’s Vascular Plants in Each Status Category 19

Table Index

Table 1: Definitions of General Status Categories 10

Table 2: Criteria and Rating Scale for Ranking the General Status of All Wild Species 13

Table 3: Summary of Criteria 13

Table 4: Alberta Wild Species General Status Listing 2005 20

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Acknowledgements General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

The Alberta general status exercise has been refined since it was launched in 1996, and is now the same as that done by other provinces and territories in Canada. Using methods that were standardized in 2000, the 2005 status evaluations were carried out on 2,811 species from 10 taxonomic groups, including birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, freshwater fish, gastropods, bivalves, odonates, butterflies, and vascular plants.

Draft status scores were compiled by the staff of the Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, in Edmonton; data and expertise for status scores for vascular plants were provided to Alberta Fish and Wildlife by the Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre, Parks and Protected Areas, Alberta Community Development, also in Edmonton.

For the purposes of this assessment, draft documents were sent to professional biologists from academia, government, and industry, along with wild species experts from the natural history community. The comments and suggestions made by these individuals were compiled and discussed. The final scores and rankings, however, remain the sole responsibility of the Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. The Division is grateful to the following individuals who participated in the process:

Sean Abbott John Acorn Cameron Aldridge Jim Allen Paul Anderson Marilyn Anions Mairi Babey Ursula Banasch Reid Barcaly Robert Barclay Lloyd Bennett Carita Bergman Dave Berry Matt Besko Gerard Beyersbergen C. D. Bird Dawn Birn Ron Bjorge Rick Bonar Kerry Brewin Ernie Brodo Eldon Bruns Vance Buchwald Kathleen Capels Harold Carr Jim Case Richard Casey Richard Chabaylo P. Chakravarty Terry Clayton Hugh Clifford Doug Collister Beth Cornish D. Coxon Gavin Craig Ray Cromie Brenda Dale Jennifer Doubt Brian Eaton Gary Erickson Ernie Ewaschuk Dorothy Fabijan Dan Farr Jan Ficht Chris Fisher Lorne Fitch John Folinsbee Robert Forsyth Sandra Foss Christine Found Sherri Fownes Bill Glasgow Joanne Golden Trevor Goward Bruce Greenfield Graeme Greenlee Dave Gummer Grant Gunderson Robin Gutsell Kevin Hannah Su san Hannon Roxanne Hastings Mark Heckbert Margot Hervieux Dave Hervieux L.V. Hills Dave Hobson Ed Hofman Geoff Holroyd Phil Horch Janice James Edgar Jones Jon Jorgenson Kris Kendall Joan Kerr Richard Klauke Norbert Kondla Floyd Kunnas Jane Lancaster Rick Lauzon Olivia Lee Jacquie Lee Dwayne Lepitzki Trevor Lumley Ken Lungle Beth MacCallum Bill MacKay Dick Mann Pat Marklevitz Janet Marsh Pam Martin Dave Mayhood Murray McKay Dave Moore Richard Moses Dave Moyles Andy Murphy Joe Nelson Layla Neufeld

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Joel Nicholson Mike Norton Myrna Pearman Sue Peters Harold Pinel Eva Pip Hardy Pletz Jim Potter Larry Powell Dave Prescott Paul Pryor Margo Pybus Richard Quinlan Andy Raniseth Larry Rhude Christine Rice Blair Rippin Brian Ritchie Wayne Roberts Petra Rowell Anthony Russel Jeff Saarela Tom Sadler Jim Schieck Roy Schmelzeisen Chris Schmidt Fiona Schmiegelow Tim Schowalter Mike Shchepanek J. Sheard Landon Shepherd Dave Sheppard Allen Shostak Bonnie Smith Galen Smith Hugh Smith Jeanne Smith Wayne Smith Samantha Song Mark Steinhilber Jim Stelfox Dave Stepnisky George Sterling Lisa Takats-Priestley John Thomson Arlen Todd Marc-André Villard Marten Vonhof Drajs Vujnovic Cliff Wallis Brian Walsh Robin Walsh Cleve Wershler C. Wetmore Trevor Wiens John H. Wiersema Bill Wishart Hugh Wollis Lisa Wilkinson

Organizations

The Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, is grateful to the following organizations for providing input from their members or staff, and/or access to their collections:

Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Lethbridge Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Ottawa Alberta Community Development Alberta Conservation Association Alberta Environment Alberta Fish and Game Association Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre Alberta Research Council Athabasca University Axys Environmental Consulting Calgary Field Naturalists Devonian Botanic Garden Ducks Unlimited Edmonton Nature Club Ellis Bird Farm Environmental Training Centre, Hinton Environment Canada - Canadian Wildlife Service Federation of Alberta Naturalists Grassland Naturalists Inglewood Bird Sanctuary Intermountain Herbarium, Utah State University National Herbarium of Canada, Canadian Museum of Nature National Museum, Ottawa Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton Parks Canada Peace Parkland Naturalists Red Deer River Naturalists

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Royal Alberta Museum Herbarium Sweetgrass Consultants University of Alberta Vascular Plant Herbarium University of British Columbia Herbarium University of Calgary University of Lethbridge University of Winnipeg URSUS Ecosystem Management Ltd. Westwater Research

Within the Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, the general status assessment was coordinated by staff of the Species at Risk program, including Gordon Court, Steve Brechtel, Sherry Feser, Robin Gutsell, Sue Cotterill, Sue Peters, Dawn Birn, Lisa Matthias, and Cindy Platt. Within Parks and Protected Areas Division, Alberta Community Development, species assessments were coordinated and reviewed by Joyce Gould and Beth Cornish.

A special thanks to Lance Engley and Lisa Monsees of the Alberta Conservation Association (ACA). The ACA also contributed resources and staff throughout the exercise.

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

Introduction General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

Why Rank the General Status of All Wild Species?

This exercise is part of the process that evaluates the well-being, or soundness, of wild species populations in Alberta. A clear understanding of status for individual species is a key element in species conservation. It permits sound planning and decision-making for conservation and protection programs, and it provides a critical step in setting wild species management priorities. Moreover, this initial general status determination acts as an important first step in determining which species "May Be At Risk" and therefore need detailed status evaluations (see Figure 1).

These detailed status evaluations provide the information necessary for the Alberta Endangered Species Conservation Committee (ESCC) to make recommendations to the Minister of Alberta Sustainable Resource Development regarding whether a species should be legally designated as "Endangered" or "Threatened" under Alberta’s Wildlife Act (see Figure 1).

FIGURE 1 | THE STATUS DESIGNATION PROCESS IN ALBERTA

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Past Status General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

Past Status Evaluation Exercises

Throughout the history of wildlife management in Alberta, information on population status and trends has been used to manage game species. More recently, the identification and restoration of species at risk has been based largely on understanding and attempting to improve population status. As interest in wildlife has grown, and our understanding of the value and need to maintain undisrupted and diverse ecosystems has increased, the need to understand the biological status of all wild species has become essential. Determining status is the first step in the process of effective management. It provides the base from which management and other conservation initiatives can be planned and assessed.

The Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta government, began a status evaluation process in 1985 with A Policy for the Management of Threatened Wildlife in Alberta. This document provided a summary of the status of selected high priority species and initiated the use of an objective evaluation system with which to summarize and compare status information. However, only a portion of Alberta’s wild species was reviewed.

In 1991 and 1996, the Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta government, produced The Status of Alberta Wildlife reports that evaluated the biological status of all non-fish vertebrate wildlife species that occur in Alberta. This document implemented a system that was used to evaluate the current and projected status of populations and their habitats, sort species into lists based on similar status, and provide a brief summary of current status and background information for species at risk and for those species that may require special management.

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

Background General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

Background of the General Status Evaluation Exercise: 2000 - Present

The Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk in Canada was signed in 1996 by most provincial, territorial, and federal government Ministers responsible for wildlife (including Alberta’s). The Accord commits signatories to preventing species in Canada from becoming extinct as a consequence of human activity. As a fundamental first step in species protection, the Accord also requires that all provincial and territorial signatories have a general status evaluation system that is similar and comparable. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development was a lead agency in developing the procedure that has been a national standard since 2000.

The general status evaluation process that is used in Alberta provides an initial assessment of wild species as to whether they are

“At Risk” of extinction “May Be At Risk” of extinction “Sensitive” to human activities or natural events considered “Secure”

The process also has other categories under which species can be classified, as follows (see Table 1):

“Undetermined” “Not Assessed” “Exotic/Alien,” “Extirpated/Extinct” “Accidental/Vagrant”

Refining the status rankings for each species is an ongoing task for the Fish and Wildlife Division. The status document is updated every five years. As our knowledge base improves and wild species populations change, status lists will also change.

TABLE 1 | DEFINITIONS OF GENERAL STATUS CATEGORIES

Rank Definitions

At Risk Any species known to be “At Risk” after formal detailed status assessment and legal designation as “Endangered” or “Threatened” in Alberta.

May Be At Risk Any species that “May Be At Risk” of extinction or extirpation, and is therefore a candidate for detailed risk assessment.

Sensitive Any species that is not at risk of extinction or extirpation but may require special attention or protection to prevent it from becoming at risk.

Secure A species that is not “At Risk,” “May Be At Risk” or “Sensitive.”

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Undetermined Any species for which insufficient information, knowledge or data is available to reliably evaluate its general status.

Not Assessed Any species that has not been examined during this exercise.

Exotic/Allen Any species that has been introduced as a result of human activities.

Extirpated/Extinct Any species no longer thought to be present in Alberta (“Extirpated”) or no longer believed to be present anywhere in the world (“Extinct”).

Accidental/Vagrant Any species occurring infrequently and unpredictably in Alberta, i.e., outside its usual range.

These species may be in Alberta due to unusual weather occurrences, an accident during migration, or unusual breeding behaviour by a small number of individuals. If a species appears in Alberta with increasing predictability and more frequently, it may eventually be given a different rank.

Changes in “Accidental/Vagrant” species may be a good indicator of general ecosystem or climatic changes.

Updating and improving the general status exercise will require that existing information from both knowledgeable individuals and published sources is utilized fully each time status determinations are re-assessed. This process will continue to highlight information needs for species whose status currently cannot be determined. Filling the data gaps will require a concerted effort by government agencies, non-governmental groups, and committed individuals.

It should be recognized that wild species populations can change relatively rapidly, particularly in areas affected by human land use. There is a continuing need to monitor these changes to ensure populations remain viable and to anticipate the effects of changing habitat conditions.

The General Status Evaluation System

As noted earlier, the general status evaluation system provides an initial assessment of the status of a species within a jurisdiction. An evaluated species may be put into one of nine status categories (see Table 1).

The evaluation process involves three steps:

1. Compiling and assessing the biological attributes and indicators of each species; 2. Considering the status of the species elsewhere; and 3. Assigning a general status category.

These steps are described in greater detail below.

After provincial ranks are assigned, each province or territory submits their ranks and comments to be compiled into a single national rank as agreed to by the National General Status Working Group.

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

1 | Compiling and Assessing the Biological Attributes and Indicators

In this evaluation, all relevant current data, information, and knowledge available were summarized for vertebrate, selected invertebrate, and vascular plant species in Alberta using seven criteria (see Table 2 and Table 3). Sources included: published books and journal articles; unpublished government and industry reports; databases such as the FWMIS (Fisheries and Wildlife Management Information System), the BBS (Breeding Bird Survey), and ANHIC (Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre); and observations and opinions of species specialists (both contract review and personal communications). The same criteria were used to rank all the species examined.

The seven key criteria are as follows: population size, number of occurrences, distribution, trend in population size, trend in distribution, threats to population, and threats to habitat (see Table 2 and Table 3). Each criterion was rated on a scale of “A” to “D,” in which “A” is of the most concern and “D” the least (see Table 2).

An example of a species ranking form is provided below. The “Comments” provided with each letter code on these data sheets were important in the decision-making process because they provided information on actual numbers, levels of confidence, search intensity, actual types and levels of threats, actual types and levels of protection, and the reference citations in the literature. Such ranking forms were completed for each species listed in this database.

2 | Considering the Status of Wild Species Elsewhere

The biological status of a species outside of Alberta, especially in neighbouring jurisdictions, was also reviewed. This information helped to determine the proportion of the North American population for which Alberta is responsible, and may have affected the status of a species. Status categories used included those from the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) and various provinces or states, as well as those prepared by Conservation Data Centres (CDCs; for more information on CDCs, see Links).

It is important to identify species whose range extends only a short distance into Alberta but which have large, secure populations elsewhere. These are called “peripheral species.” Peripheral species are often only at risk in the province because of small population size. In such cases, if the Alberta population receives a high level of immigration from a healthy population in a neighbouring jurisdiction, the level of risk in Alberta may actually be lower than it appears based on population size alone.

3 | Assigning a General Status Category

Preliminary Assessment Process

All seven criteria in Table 2 (see Table 3 for definitions) were considered in order to place the species in one of nine status categories (see Table 1). Species with a large number of “A” scores were at the highest risk of extinction or extirpation, and species with a large number of “D” scores were demonstrably secure.

All seven criteria are important, but depending on the species being assessed and the circumstances involved, some criteria were given greater weight than others in the final ranking. If necessary, the status category assigned to a species was modified by consideration of the “Status Elsewhere” section. For example, a peripheral species with large, healthy populations outside

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Alberta may have been moved from the “May Be At Risk” to the “Sensitive” category (see “B” above).

Final Assessment Process

Preliminary status assessments, including letter scores, comments and general status ranks were sent out for review by species specialists in the province. These experts included professional biologists, university researchers, naturalists, and consultants (see Acknowledgements). The status assessment group consulted with these specialists, and their comments and suggestions were compiled. These comments were added to the summaries, and a final status category was assigned to a species.

TABLE 2 | CRITERIA AND RATING SCALE FOR RANKING THE GENERAL STATUS OF ALL WILD SPECIES

Criteria Rating Scale

A B C D

Population Very small Small Medium Large

Abundance & Size (< 1,000) (1,001 - 3,000) (3,001 – 10,000) (> 10,000)

Distribution Number of Very small Small Medium Large

Occurrences (< 5) (6 – 20) (21 – 100) (> 100)

Distribution Very restricted Restricted Regional Widespread (< 3% of (< 3 – 10 % of (11 – 50% of (> 50% of

jurisdiction) jurisdiction) jurisdiction) jurisdiction)

Trend in Rapid decline Decline Stable Increasing

Trend Population (> 50% in 10 (> 20% in 10 (natural fluctuations

years) years) included)

Trend in Rapid decline Decline Stable Increasing

Distribution (> 50% in 20 (> 20% in 20 (natural fluctuations

years) years) included)

Threats Threats to Extreme Moderate Limited None Populations

Threats to Extreme Moderate Limited None

Habitat

TABLE 3 | SUMMARY OF CRITERIA

Criteria Definitions

Population Size The current estimate of the total number of mature individuals capable of reproduction. In cases in which populations are characterized by natural fluctuations, the minimum number is used. Likewise, if the population is characterized by biased breeding sex ratios, lower estimates are used for the number of mature individuals to take this into account.

For many species, a figure of fewer than 1 000 individuals is an appropriate guideline for what constitutes a small population. The figures in Table 2 are presented as general guidelines because it is

impossible to give numerical values that can be applied to all species.

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Number of Occurrences Estimated sites where the species currently persists. Ecologically, a site occurrence is a habitat that sustains or otherwise contributes to the survival of a population. It will be defined differently for different species depending on their natural history.

When a species’ distribution is extremely limited and there are very few site occurrences, the species is very susceptible to any number of ecological disturbances, both predictable and unpredictable. This criterion is, therefore, the single most important factor influencing overall rank when the number of occurrences is few.

More information on element occurrences can be found on the NatureServe website: http://www.natureserve.org/prodServices/heritagemethodolo

gy.jsp

Distribution The current range; the area within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary drawn to encompass all known, inferred or projected sites of occurrence, not including cases of vagrancy and significant areas where the species does not occur.

For migratory animals, the geographic distribution is the smallest area

essential at any stage for the survival of the species.

Population Trend An estimate of the change in the number of mature individuals over time. See Table 2 for how trends are ranked.

Natural fluctuations are not normally counted as part of a decline, and an observed decline is not considered a natural fluctuation unless there

is evidence for it.

Distribution Trend An estimate of the changes in geographic distribution of a species over

time. See Table 2 for how distribution trends are ranked.

Threats to Population Observed, inferred or projected factors affecting individuals or populations (e.g., direct exploitation, harassment, ecological interactions with predators, competitors, pathogens or parasites) that may result in population declines. See Table 2 for rankings of Threats to Population.

“Extreme” threats are significant, affect more than half the population and are unmitigated.

“Moderate” threats are also serious but affect less than half the population or are mitigated by some level of human protection.

“Limited” threats are less significant to population viability or are being mitigated through protective measures.

Threats to Habitat Observed, inferred or projected habitat alterations (e.g., loss, conversion, degradation or fragmentation) that may result in population declines. See Table 2 for rankings of Threats to Habitat.

“Extreme” threats are significant, affect more than half the population and are unmitigated.

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 “Moderate” threats are also serious but affect less than half the population or are mitigated by some level of human protection.

“Limited” threats are less significant to population viability or are being mitigated through protective measures.

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

Status Ranks General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

The assessment process results in lists of species with status ranks (see Table 4). Contained within the table are the ranks of all the species examined within the ten groupings:

Amphibians Gastropods Birds Mammals Bivalves Odonates Butterflies Reptiles Freshwater fish Vascular plants

For each species, the species grouping, common name, and scientific name are given, along with status ranks for 2005. For species ranked as “At Risk”, “May Be at Risk”, or “Sensitive” in 2005, a brief explanation is provided.

Common names in the list match those used in the national general status database. Before listing the individual species with their status rank, it is important to have some sense of the proportion of Alberta’s species in each status category. This information is summarized in Figures 2 through 11 below.

FIGURE 2 | THE PROPORTION OF ALBERTA’S BIRDS IN EACH STATUS CATEGORY

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

FIGURE 3 | THE PROPORTION OF ALBERTA’S MAMMALS IN EACH STATUS CATEGORY

FIGURE 4 | THE PROPORTION OF ALBERTA’S AMPHIBIANS IN EACH STATUS CATEGORY

FIGURE 5 | THE PROPORTION OF ALBERTA’S REPTILES IN EACH STATUS CATEGORY

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

FIGURE 6 | THE PROPORTION OF ALBERTA’S FRESHWATER FISH IN EACH STATUS CATEGORY

FIGURE 7 | THE PROPORTION OF ALBERTA’S GASTROPODS IN EACH STATUS CATEGORY

FIGURE 8 | THE PROPORTION OF ALBERTA’S BIVALVES IN EACH STATUS CATEGORY

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

FIGURE 9 | THE PROPORTION OF ALBERTA’S ODONATES IN EACH STATUS CATEGORY

FIGURE 10 | THE PROPORTION OF ALBERTA’S BUTTERFLIES IN EACH STATUS CATEGORY

FIGURE 11 | THE PROPORTION OF ALBERTA’S VASCULAR PLANTS IN EACH STATUS CATEGORY

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

TABLE 4 | Alberta Wild Species General Status Listing 2005

Species Scientific Name Common Name 2005 Status Explanation Grouping Ranking

Amphibians Ambystoma macrodactylum Long-toed Salamander Sensitive Few patchy, disjunct populations in mountain riparian areas. Distribution may be declining. Vulnerable to habitat destruction/alteration associated with industrial, recreational and transportation development. A "Species of Special Concern" in Alberta. Amphibians Ambystoma tigrinum Tiger Salamander Secure - Amphibians Bufo boreas Western Toad Sensitive Population declining elsewhere and possibly within Alberta. Concentrated mainly in northern and western Alberta. Population requires long-term monitoring. Pollution and pesticides are threats in other parts of range, while drought poses a local threat. Amphibians Bufo cognatus Great Plains Toad May Be at Risk Population size unknown but apparently decreasing; critical breeding habitat declining because of drought, cultivation, and oil and gas activity. Clean water, required for breeding, can be compromised by intensive livestock use of breeding area ponds. Amphibians Bufo hemiophrys Canadian Toad May Be at Risk Once common in boreal and parkland habitats. Dramatic declines in population and distribution, but population monitoring ongoing. Habitat threatened by drought, conversion, agricultural chemicals, and oil and gas activities. Amphibians Pseudacris maculata Boreal Chorus Frog Secure - Amphibians Spea bombifrons Plains Spadefoot May Be at Risk Population highly variable, related to annual availability of breeding ponds. Range larger than previously thought, but wetland drainage and cultivation, pesticide and herbicide use, and oil and gas activity have decreased habitat availability. Amphibians Rana pipiens Northern Leopard Frog At Risk Has severely declined since the late 1970s. Previously common and widespread but has disappeared from most of its Alberta and Canadian range. Protection of remnant breeding areas essential. Designated as "Threatened" under the Wildlife Act. Amphibians Rana sylvatica Wood Frog Secure - Amphibians Rana luteiventris Columbia Spotted Frog Sensitive Population status unknown. Extremely limited distribution; possible population decline since the 1970s requires investigation. Threatened by introduced fish, and naturally low maturation and reproduction rates may impede recovery. Birds Gavia stellata Red-throated Loon Secure - Birds Gavia immer Common Loon Secure - Birds Gavia adamsii Yellow-billed Loon Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Gavia pacifica Pacific Loon Secure - Birds Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed Grebe Sensitive Threatened by degradation and loss of wetland habitat. Breeding Bird Survey data from Alberta suggest a population decline over the last four decades. Birds Podiceps auritus Horned Grebe Sensitive Has declined across most of its range since 1966. Drought-related

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 disappearance of small ponds and other forms of wetland degradation affect this species. Birds Podiceps grisegena Red-necked Grebe Secure - Birds Podiceps nigricollis Eared Grebe Secure - Birds Aechmophorus occidentalis Western Grebe Sensitive Locally distributed in the province; their gregarious nature make them vulnerable to nest disturbance, and other disturbances such as oil spills. Birds Tyrannus verticalis Western Kingbird Secure - Birds Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern Kingbird Secure - Birds Tyrannus forficatus Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Eremophila alpestris Horned Lark Secure - Birds Progne subis Purple Martin Sensitive Concern over loss of nest sites and competition from House Sparrows and European Starlings. Neotropical wintering grounds under threat. Birds Tachycineta bicolor Tree Swallow Secure - Birds Tachycineta thalassina Violet-green Swallow Secure - Birds Stelgidopteryx serripennis Northern Rough-winged Secure - Swallow Birds Riparia riparia Bank Swallow Secure - Birds Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cliff Swallow Secure - Birds Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Secure A common species that is declining in Alberta and all surrounding jurisdictions. Birds Perisoreus canadensis Gray Jay Secure - Birds Cyanocitta stelleri Steller's Jay Secure - Birds Cyanocitta cristata Blue Jay Secure - Birds Nucifraga columbiana Clark's Nutcracker Secure The Clark’s nutcracker has a restricted distribution within the province’s mountain parks. Its dependency on declining species such as limber pine and whitebark pine may cause population declines. It may also be susceptible to the West Nile Virus. Birds Pica hudsonia Black-billed Magpie Secure - Birds Corvus brachyrhynchos American Crow Secure - Birds Corvus corax Common Raven Secure - Birds Poecile atricapilla Black-capped Chickadee Secure - Birds Poecile gambeli Mountain Chickadee Secure - Birds Poecile hudsonica Boreal Chickadee Secure - Birds Poecile rufescens Chestnut-backed Chickadee Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Sitta canadensis Red-breasted Nuthatch Secure - Birds Sitta carolinensis White-breasted Nuthatch Secure - Birds Sitta pygmaea Pygmy Nuthatch Not Assessed - Birds Certhia americana Brown Creeper Undetermined A mature forest-dependent species that is vulnerable to forest fragmentation, and certain forest management practices. Birds Salpinctes obsoletus Rock Wren Secure - Birds Thryothorus ludovicianus Carolina Wren Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Troglodytes aedon House Wren Secure - Birds Troglodytes troglodytes Winter Wren Secure - Birds Cistothorus platensis Sedge Wren Sensitive Likely between 2 000-10 000 individuals in the province. Drought conditions combined with drainage of wetlands have degraded nesting habitats. Populations thought to have decreased across its entire Alberta range since 1966. Birds Cistothorus palustris Marsh Wren Secure - Birds Cinclus mexicanus American Dipper Secure - Birds Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned Kinglet Secure - Birds Regulus calendula Ruby-crowned Kinglet Secure - Birds Polioptila caerulea Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Oenanthe oenanthe Northern Wheatear Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Sialia sialis Eastern Bluebird Secure - Birds Sialia mexicana Western Bluebird Secure - Birds Sialia currucoides Mountain Bluebird Secure - Birds Myadestes townsendi Townsend's Solitaire Secure - Birds Catharus fuscescens Veery Secure - Birds Catharus minimus Gray-cheeked Thrush Undetermined - Birds Catharus ustulatus Swainson's Thrush Secure - Birds Catharus guttatus Hermit Thrush Secure - Birds Hylocichla mustelina Wood Thrush Accidental/Vagrant -

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Birds Aechmophorus clarkii Clark's Grebe Sensitive Likely fewer than 20 breeding pairs in province. Small populations of this peripheral species are important for the biodiversity of the province. Vulnerable to disturbance of nesting colonies, and susceptible to oiling mortality in wintering areas. Birds Pelecanus erythrorhynchos American White Pelican Sensitive Population increasing but number of active colonies decreasing, leading to concerns about disease, predation, and pesticide contamination. Comprehensive colony protection essential. Drought elsewhere may have contributed to increase in Alberta. Birds Phalacrocorax auritus Double-crested Cormorant Secure - Birds Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern Sensitive Little is known about populations because of its secretive nature and inaccessible habitats. Appears to be declining both in Alberta and in surrounding jurisdictions. Drainage, consolidation and cultivation of wetlands are continuing threats. Birds Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron Sensitive Overall trend for this species may be decreasing. Entire Alberta population dependent on fewer than 100 known nesting colonies. Management of these key habitats and protection from human disturbance is essential. Birds Casmerodius albus Great Egret Accidental/Vagrant Birds Egretta thula Snowy Egret Accidental/Vagrant Birds Egretta caerulea Little Blue Heron Accidental/Vagrant Birds Egretta tricolor Tricolored Heron Accidental/Vagrant Birds Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Accidental/Vagrant Birds Butorides virescens Green Heron Accidental/Vagrant Birds Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night-heron Sensitive An uncommon, locally distributed species with a decreasing population. Moderate threats to habitat include wetland conversion and human disturbance of nesting colonies. Birds Nyctanassa violacea Yellow-crowned Night-heron Accidental/Vagrant Birds Plegadis chihi White-faced Ibis Sensitive Peripheral species in Alberta. Population disjunct from those to the south. A relatively new and important addition to Alberta’s biodiversity. Susceptible to threats on both breeding and wintering grounds. Birds Dendrocygna bicolor Fulvous Whistling Duck Not Assessed Birds Cygnus columbianus Tundra Swan Secure Birds Cygnus buccinator Trumpeter Swan At Risk An estimated 166 breeding pairs occur in Alberta. Critical shortage of key winter habitat limits population growth. Breeding habitat relatively secure. Efforts underway to expand wintering areas. Designated as “Threatened” under the Wildlife Act. Birds Anser albifrons Greater White-fronted Goose Secure Birds Chen caerulescens Snow Goose Secure Birds Chen rossii Ross's Goose Secure Birds Branta bernicla Brant Accidental/Vagrant Birds Branta canadensis Canada Goose Secure Birds Branta hutchinsii Cackling Goose Not Assessed Birds Aix sponsa Wood Duck Secure Birds Anas crecca American Green-winged Teal Secure A common, widespread species with no known threats but is rapidly decreasing in Alberta, Canada, and North America. Birds Anas rubripes American Black Duck Secure Birds Anas platyrhynchos Mallard Secure Birds Anas acuta Northern Pintail Secure Widespread species with severe population declines across North America in last 40 years. Wetland habitat threatened by drought and drainage. Conservation of

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 temporary wetlands in native habitats essential. Birds Anas querquedula Garganey Accidental/Vagrant Birds Anas discors Blue-winged Teal Secure Birds Anas cyanoptera Cinnamon Teal Secure Birds Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler Secure Birds Anas strepera Gadwall Secure Birds Anas penelope Eurasian Wigeon Accidental/Vagrant Birds Anas americana American Wigeon Secure Birds Aythya valisineria Canvasback Secure Birds Aythya americana Redhead Secure Birds Aythya collaris Ring-necked Duck Secure Birds Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck Accidental/Vagrant Birds Aythya marila Greater Scaup Secure Birds Aythya affinis Lesser Scaup Secure Surveys show a long-term decline in populations within Alberta and surrounding jurisdictions. Alteration and loss of suitable habitat may pose threats. Birds Somateria mollissima Common Eider Accidental/Vagrant Birds Somateria spectabilis King Eider Accidental/Vagrant Birds Histrionicus histrionicus Harlequin Duck Sensitive Provincial population estimated at 2 000- 4000 individuals. Habitat integrity may be threatened by logging, mining, grazing and recreational activities. Site-specific mitigation of disturbances may be necessary. Birds Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed Duck Secure Birds Melanitta nigra Black Scoter Accidental/Vagrant Birds Melanitta perspicillata Surf Scoter Secure Birds Melanitta fusca White-winged Scoter Sensitive Waterfowl breeding population surveys indicate a long-term decline. Species is vulnerable to nesting disturbance, heavy metal contamination of winter food supply, and, because of gregarious nature during non-breeding season, oil spills. Birds Bucephala clangula Common Goldeneye Secure Birds Bucephala islandica Barrow's Goldeneye Secure Birds Bucephala albeola Bufflehead Secure Birds Lophodytes cucullatus Hooded Merganser Secure Birds Mergus merganser Common Merganser Secure Birds Mergus serrator Red-breasted Merganser Secure Birds Oxyura jamaicensis Ruddy Duck Secure Birds Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture Secure While numbers may be increasing in Alberta, populations are very small and there are relatively few breeding occurrences in the province. Birds Pandion haliaetus Osprey Sensitive This species is uncommon, but widespread, and faces limited threats to population and habitat, including threats to nesting sites. Continued monitoring and protection of specific nest sites desirable. Birds Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald Eagle Sensitive A species once at risk throughout much of its North American range, but now recovering; low density in Alberta. Nests vulnerable to human disturbance, and as such, require protection. Birds Circus cyaneus Northern Harrier Secure Appears to be declining in Alberta and across much of its North American range. Several threats to population and habitat identified. Maintenance and preservation of wetlands for waterfowl is beneficial to the Northern Harrier. Birds Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned Hawk Secure Birds Accipiter cooperii Cooper's Hawk Secure Birds Accipiter gentilis Northern Goshawk Sensitive Logging, industrial development, and human encroachment on nesting habitat may reduce populations in the boreal forest. Maintenance of mature forest

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 breeding habitat needs to be incorporated into forest planning on both public and private lands. Birds Buteo platypterus Broad-winged Hawk Sensitive May be experiencing major population declines as breeding habitat disappears. Requires large stands of mature to old-growth forest in the parkland and southern boreal forest. Careful woodlot management by essential to maintain breeding habitat. Birds Buteo swainsoni Swainson's Hawk Sensitive Adult population recently subjected to mass poisoning on winter range. Dependent on healthy ground squirrel population. Birds Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk Secure Birds Buteo regalis Ferruginous Hawk At Risk Fewer than 700 pairs estimated in Alberta. Dramatic declines and range reduction have occurred as a result of human disturbance and habitat alteration. Research on ground squirrel prey base required. Designated as “Threatened” under the Wildlife Act. Birds Buteo lagopus Rough-legged Hawk Secure Birds Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle Sensitive Most recent estimate suggests 100- 250 breeding pairs in Alberta. Disturbance from human related activities is greatest threat. Because of its low population and dispersal over a large area, nest site inventory and protection are necessary. Birds Falco sparverius American Kestrel Secure Birds Falco columbarius Merlin Secure Birds Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon At Risk 50-60 pairs in Alberta. Recovery of species is fueled by declining pesticide levels in prey. Susceptible to nest disturbance and environmental contamination. Protection of wetland areas important. Designated as “Threatened” under the Wildlife Act. Birds Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon Secure Birds Falco mexicanus Prairie Falcon Sensitive Core range in southern Alberta dependent on availability of secure nest sites and adequate ground squirrel prey base. Birds Perdix perdix Gray Partridge Exotic/Alien Birds Alectoris chukar Chukar Not Assessed Birds Phasianus colchicus Ring-necked Pheasant Exotic/Alien Birds Falcipennis canadensis Spruce Grouse Secure Birds Dendragapus obscurus Blue Grouse Secure Birds Lagopus lagopus Willow Ptarmigan Secure Birds Lagopus leucurus White-tailed Ptarmigan Secure Birds Bonasa umbellus Ruffed Grouse Secure Birds Centrocercus urophasianus Greater Sage-grouse At Risk Alberta population estimated at 350-400 individuals. Drastic reduction in population and distribution; recovery depends on availability of sage brush-grassland habitat. Many threats identified. Designated as “Endangered” under the Wildlife Act. Birds Tympanuchus cupido Greater Prairie Chicken Extirpated/Extinct Birds Tympanuchus phasianellus Sharp-tailed Grouse Sensitive A common, widespread species; however, population appears to be declining, and farming intensification has decreased habitat availability in central Alberta. Birds Meleagris gallopavo Wild Turkey Exotic/Alien Birds Colinus virginianus Northern Bobwhite Not Assessed Birds Coturnicops noveboracensis Yellow Rail Undetermined Birds Rallus limicola Virginia Rail Undetermined Birds Porzana carolina Sora Secure Large (>50%) declines have occurred in Alberta and all surrounding jurisdictions since

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 1994. Species threatened by loss of wetland habitat. Birds Fulica americana American Coot Secure Birds Grus canadensis Sandhill Crane Sensitive Sparsely distributed through boreal and foothill bogs and marshes. Vulnerable to wetland loss; sensitive to human disturbance. Land use planning needs to incorporate the maintenance of breeding habitat. Birds Grus grus Common Crane Accidental/Vagrant Birds Grus americana Whooping Crane At Risk Entire wild population estimated at 344 individuals. Wetland degradation and loss may continue to pose threats. Conservation of migratory habitats and potential breeding habitats in Alberta required. Designated as “Endangered” under the Wildlife Act. Birds Pluvialis squatarola Black-bellied Plover Secure Birds Pluvialis dominica American Golden-plover Secure Birds Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden-plover Accidental/Vagrant Birds Charadrius mongolus Mongolian Plover Accidental/Vagrant Birds Charadrius alexandrinus Snowy Plover Accidental/Vagrant Birds Charadrius semipalmatus Semipalmated Plover Secure Birds Charadrius melodus Piping Plover At Risk Current population estimate is 206 individuals. Recovery requires protection from human disturbance and management of key shoreline nesting habitats. Designated as “Endangered” under Alberta’s Wildlife Act. Birds Charadrius vociferus Killdeer Secure Birds Charadrius montanus Mountain Plover Sensitive Very small, sporadic populations within a limited distribution in Alberta. Requires native grassland management to provide preferred open nest sites. Soon to be listed as “Endangered” under the Wildlife Act. Birds Himantopus mexicanus Black-necked Stilt Sensitive While this species appears to be expanding northward, its very localized distribution makes small populations vulnerable to wetland disturbances or loss. Birds Recurvirostra americana American Avocet Secure Birds Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs Secure Birds Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs Secure Birds Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank Accidental/Vagrant Birds Tringa solitaria Solitary Sandpiper Secure Birds Catoptrophorus Willet Secure semipalmatus Birds Heteroscelus incanus Wandering Tattler Accidental/Vagrant Birds Actitis macularia Spotted Sandpiper Secure Birds Bartramia longicauda Upland Sandpiper Sensitive Multiple threats to populations and habitat identified. Population has likely declined with loss of native prairie grassland nesting areas. Appears to have relatively narrow habitat requirements. Birds Numenius borealis Eskimo Curlew Extirpated/Extinct Birds Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Secure Birds Numenius americanus Long-billed Curlew May Be at Risk Populations believed to be declining throughout Canada and the central United States. Moderate threats to habitat identified, along with limited threats to population. Designated as a “Species of Special Concern” in Alberta. Birds Limosa haemastica Hudsonian Godwit Secure Birds Limosa fedoa Marbled Godwit Secure Birds Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone Secure Birds Arenaria melanocephala Black Turnstone Accidental/Vagrant Birds Aphriza virgata Surfbird Accidental/Vagrant Birds Calidris canutus Red Knot Secure Populations decimated (reduced by 90%) in Canada over past 30 years. Some simulation models predict a

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 complete extinction within 7 years. Birds Calidris alba Sanderling Secure Birds Calidris pusilla Semipalmated Sandpiper Secure Birds Calidris mauri Western Sandpiper Secure Birds Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint Accidental/Vagrant Birds Calidris minuta Little Stint Accidental/Vagrant Birds Calidris minutilla Least Sandpiper Secure Birds Calidris fuscicollis White-rumped Sandpiper Secure Birds Calidris bairdii Baird's Sandpiper Secure Birds Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper Secure Birds Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Accidental/Vagrant Birds Calidris alpina Dunlin Secure Birds Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper Accidental/Vagrant Birds Calidris himantopus Stilt Sandpiper Secure Birds Eurynorhynchus pygmeus Spoonbill Sandpiper Accidental/Vagrant Birds Tryngites subruficollis Buff-breasted Sandpiper Secure Birds Philomachus pugnax Ruff Accidental/Vagrant Birds Limnodromus griseus Short-billed Dowitcher Undetermined Birds Limnodromus scolopaceus Long-billed Dowitcher Secure Birds Gallinago delicata Wilson's Snipe Secure Birds Phalaropus tricolor Wilson's Phalarope Secure Birds Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked Phalarope Secure Birds Phalaropus fulicarius Red Phalarope Accidental/Vagrant Birds Stercorarius pomarinus Pomarine Jaeger Accidental/Vagrant Birds Stercorarius parasiticus Parasitic Jaeger Accidental/Vagrant Birds Stercorarius longicaudus Long-tailed Jaeger Accidental/Vagrant Birds Larus pipixcan Franklin's Gull Secure Birds Larus minutus Little Gull Accidental/Vagrant Birds Larus philadelphia Bonaparte's Gull Secure Birds Larus canus Mew Gull Secure Birds Larus delawarensis Ring-billed Gull Secure Birds Larus californicus California Gull Secure Birds Larus argentatus Herring Gull Secure Birds Larus thayeri Thayer's Gull Secure Birds Larus glaucoides Iceland Gull Accidental/Vagrant Birds Larus fuscus Lesser Black-backed Gull Accidental/Vagrant Birds Larus schistisagus Slaty-backed Gull Accidental/Vagrant Birds Larus glaucescens Glaucous-winged Gull Accidental/Vagrant Birds Larus hyperboreus Glaucous Gull Secure Birds Larus marinus Great Black-backed Gull Accidental/Vagrant Birds Rissa tridactyla Black-legged Kittiwake Accidental/Vagrant Birds Xema sabini Sabine's Gull Secure Birds Pagophila eburnea Ivory Gull Accidental/Vagrant Birds Sterna caspia Caspian Tern Sensitive Last available surveys found 91 pairs in 6 nesting locations in the province. Colonies sensitive to disturbance and fluctuating water levels. Protection of breeding sites necessary to ensure viable population. Birds Sterna hirundo Common Tern Secure Birds Sterna paradisaea Arctic Tern Secure Birds Sterna forsteri Forster's Tern Sensitive Long-term declines noted within its Alberta range, likely due to habitat degradation and loss. Protection of breeding sites important. Birds Chlidonias niger Black Tern Sensitive Wetland habitat vulnerable to alteration; species declining across its North American range, likely a result of habitat loss on both breeding and wintering grounds. Birds Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot Accidental/Vagrant Birds Brachyramphus perdix Long-billed Murrelet Accidental/Vagrant Birds Synthliboramphus antiquus Ancient Murrelet Accidental/Vagrant Birds Columba livia Rock Pigeon Exotic/Alien Birds Columba fasciata Band-tailed Pigeon Accidental/Vagrant Birds Streptopelia decaocto Eurasian Collared-dove Not Assessed Birds Zenaida asiatica White-winged Dove Accidental/Vagrant Birds Zenaida macroura Mourning Dove Secure Birds Ectopistes migratorius Passenger Pigeon Extirpated/Extinct Birds Coccyzus erythropthalmus Black-billed Cuckoo Undetermined Birds Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo Accidental/Vagrant Birds Tyto alba Barn Owl Accidental/Vagrant Birds Otus flammeolus Flammulated Owl Accidental/Vagrant Birds Otus asio Eastern Screech-owl Accidental/Vagrant Birds Otus kennicottii Western Screech-owl Accidental/Vagrant

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Birds Bubo virginianus Great Horned Owl Secure Birds Nyctea scandiaca Snowy Owl Secure Birds Surnia ulula Northern Hawk Owl Secure A widely distributed, but uncommon species. Natural fluctuations make determining population trends difficult. Requires stands of mature forest for nesting and also uses burns extensively, and as such is vulnerable to certain forestry practices. Birds Glaucidium gnoma Northern Pygmy-owl Sensitive Local populations in boreal forest, foothills and Rocky Mountains. Forest management plans need to ensure breeding habitat maintained. Birds Athene cunicularia Burrowing Owl At Risk Estimated 200-400 breeding pairs in Alberta in 2004. Populations declining dramatically across Canada. Threats include destruction of prairie habitat and loss of ground squirrels. Designated as “Threatened” under Alberta’s Wildlife Act. Birds Strix varia Barred Owl Sensitive Likely fewer than 2000 breeding birds in the province. This interior forest species requires larger blocks of mature dense woodland. Forest fragmentation detrimental. Forest management plans need to ensure breeding habitat retained. Birds Strix nebulosa Great Gray Owl Sensitive A naturally scarce species, widely distributed in foothill and boreal habitats. Requires stands of mature forest for nesting,thus is vulnerable to harvest. Birds Asio otus Long-eared Owl Secure Birds Asio flammeus Short-eared Owl May Be at Risk Causes of population decline unknown. Multiple threats relating to cultivation of natural habitat exist. Population size unknown; irruptive nature of population makes population trend assessments extremely difficult. Birds Aegolius funereus Boreal Owl Secure Birds Aegolius acadicus Northern Saw-whet Owl Secure Birds Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk Sensitive Species has declined across most of its North American range since 1966, and has even disappeared from some parts of Canada. Declines require investigation. Food supply may be affected by pesticide use in urban and suburban areas. Birds Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Common Poorwill Undetermined Birds Cypseloides niger Black Swift Undetermined Birds Chaetura pelagica Chimney Swift Not Assessed Birds Chaetura vauxi Vaux's Swift Accidental/Vagrant Birds Aeronautes saxatalis White-throated Swift Accidental/Vagrant Birds Colibri thalassinus Green Violet-ear Accidental/Vagrant Birds Archilochus colubris Ruby-throated Hummingbird Secure Birds Archilochus alexandri Black-chinned Hummingbird Accidental/Vagrant Birds Calypte anna Anna's Hummingbird Accidental/Vagrant Birds Calypte costae Costa's Hummingbird Accidental/Vagrant Birds Stellula calliope Calliope Hummingbird Secure Birds Selasphorus rufus Rufous Hummingbird Secure Birds Ceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher Secure Birds Melanerpes lewis Lewis's Woodpecker Secure Species was once common in the Crowsnest Pass; currently, only occurs as a rare vagrant. Fire suppression and current forestry practices threatens breeding habitat. Birds Melanerpes erythrocephalus Red-headed Woodpecker Accidental/Vagrant Birds Sphyrapicus varius Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Secure Birds Sphyrapicus ruber Red-breasted Sapsucker Accidental/Vagrant Birds Sphyrapicus thyroideus Williamson's Sapsucker Accidental/Vagrant Birds Sphyrapicus nuchalis Red-naped Sapsucker Undetermined Birds Picoides pubescens Downy Woodpecker Secure Birds Picoides villosus Hairy Woodpecker Secure Birds Picoides arcticus Black-backed Woodpecker Sensitive Maintenance of mature coniferous

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 forests important. Standing dead trees (snags) required for nesting. Forestry and fire suppression practices may decrease the availability of these stand types. Birds Picoides dorsalis Three-toed Woodpecker Secure Birds Colaptes auratus Northern Flicker Secure Birds Dryocopus pileatus Pileated Woodpecker Sensitive Requires mature to old-growth trees for nesting. Essential to incorporate maintenance of breeding habitat into management plans on both public and private lands. Some threats to populations identified. Birds Contopus cooperi Olive-sided Flycatcher Secure Birds Contopus sordidulus Western Wood-pewee Secure Birds Empidonax flaviventris Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Undetermined Birds Empidonax alnorum Alder Flycatcher Secure Birds Empidonax traillii Willow Flycatcher Secure Birds Empidonax minimus Least Flycatcher Secure Species has been declining in Alberta and surrounding jurisdictions. May be threatened by habitat changes on wintering range. Birds Empidonax hammondii Hammond's Flycatcher Secure Birds Empidonax oberholseri Dusky Flycatcher Secure Birds Empidonax wrightii Gray Flycatcher Accidental/Vagrant Birds Empidonax difficilis Pacific-slope Flycatcher Undetermined Birds Empidonax occidentalis Cordilleran Flycatcher Undetermined Birds Sayornis phoebe Eastern Phoebe Secure Populations are declining in Alberta and across parts of North America, possibly due to loss of habitat on wintering range. Birds Sayornis saya Say's Phoebe Secure Birds Myiarchus crinitus Great-crested Flycatcher Secure Probably fewer than 300 breeding pairs in the province. Species may be vulnerable to habitat loss or deterioration by various land uses. It is unclear what effect habitat fragmentation has on this species. Birds Turdus migratorius American Robin Secure Birds Ixoreus naevius Varied Thrush Secure Birds Dumetella carolinensis Gray Catbird Secure Birds Mimus polyglottos Northern Mockingbird Secure Birds Oreoscoptes montanus Sage Thrasher Undetermined Birds Toxostoma rufum Brown Thrasher Secure Birds Toxostoma bendirei Bendire's Thrasher Accidental/Vagrant Birds Toxostoma curvirostre Curve-billed Thrasher Accidental/Vagrant Birds Prunella montanella Siberian Accentor Accidental/Vagrant Birds Anthus rubescens American Pipit Secure Birds Anthus spragueii Sprague's Pipit Sensitive This grassland-dependent species has declined in all of Alberta range and most of North American range since 1966. Primary threat is habitat alteration. Designated a “Species of Special Concern” in Alberta. Birds Bombycilla garrulus Bohemian Waxwing Secure Birds Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar Waxwing Secure Birds Lanius excubitor Northern Shrike Secure Birds Lanius ludovicianus Loggerhead Shrike Sensitive The Alberta population is estimated at approximately 3000 pairs. Designated a “Species of Special Concern” in Alberta. Numerous threats to populations and habitat identified. Birds Sturnus vulgaris European Starling Exotic/Alien Birds Vireo solitarius Blue-headed Vireo Secure Birds Vireo gilvus Warbling Vireo Secure Birds Vireo philadelphicus Philadelphia Vireo Secure Birds Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo Secure Birds Vireo cassinii Cassin's Vireo Undetermined Birds Vermivora pinus Blue-winged Warbler Accidental/Vagrant Birds Vermivora chrysoptera Golden-winged Warbler Accidental/Vagrant Birds Vermivora peregrina Tennessee Warbler Secure Birds Vermivora celata Orange-crowned Warbler Secure Birds Vermivora ruficapilla Nashville Warbler Secure Birds Parula americana Northern Parula Accidental/Vagrant

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Birds Dendroica petechia Yellow Warbler Secure Birds Dendroica pensylvanica Chestnut-sided Warbler Secure Birds Dendroica magnolia Magnolia Warbler Secure Birds Dendroica tigrina Cape May Warbler Sensitive Current forestry practices may decrease availability of breeding habitat (old-growth forest). Species is an obligate neotropical migrant, and there has been severe loss of its wintering habitat. Birds Dendroica caerulescens Black-throated Blue Warbler Accidental/Vagrant Birds Dendroica coronata Yellow-rumped Warbler Secure Birds Dendroica nigrescens Black-throated Gray Warbler Accidental/Vagrant Birds Dendroica townsendi Townsend's Warbler Secure Birds Dendroica occidentalis Hermit Warbler Accidental/Vagrant Birds Dendroica virens Black-throated Green Warbler Sensitive Over 10 000 individuals in the province. Designated a “Species of Special Concern” in Alberta. Habitat loss and fragmentation resulting from industrial development threaten this old-growth dependent species. Birds Dendroica fusca Blackburnian Warbler Sensitive Considered peripheral with a very restricted distribution in Alberta. Preference for mature mixedwood forests suggests it may be vulnerable to forestry operations. Birds Dendroica pinus Pine Warbler Accidental/Vagrant Birds Dendroica palmarum Palm Warbler Secure Birds Dendroica castanea Bay-breasted Warbler Sensitive Dependent on old-growth forest. Forest management plans need to ensure retention of breeding habitat. Birds Dendroica striata Blackpoll Warbler Secure Birds Mniotilta varia Black-and-white Warbler Secure Birds Setophaga ruticilla American Redstart Secure Birds Seiurus aurocapillus Ovenbird Secure Birds Seiurus noveboracensis Northern Waterthrush Secure Birds Oporornis formosus Kentucky Warbler Accidental/Vagrant Birds Oporornis agilis Connecticut Warbler Secure Birds Oporornis philadelphia Mourning Warbler Secure Birds Oporornis tolmiei MacGillivray's Warbler Secure Birds Geothlypis trichas Common Yellowthroat Secure A common, widespread species with a declining population in Alberta and surrounding jurisdictions. Threats to habitat identified. Birds Wilsonia citrina Hooded Warbler Accidental/Vagrant Birds Wilsonia pusilla Wilson's Warbler Secure Birds Wilsonia canadensis Canada Warbler Sensitive Population in Alberta estimated at 2 000-10 000 individuals. Species has declined throughout entire Alberta range since 1966. May be vulnerable to habitat loss or deterioration by various forecast land uses. Birds Icteria virens Yellow-breasted Chat Secure Birds Piranga rubra Summer Tanager Accidental/Vagrant Birds Piranga olivacea Scarlet Tanager Accidental/Vagrant Birds Piranga ludoviciana Western Tanager Sensitive Prefers old coniferous and mixedwood forest; obligate neotropical migrant. Species may be vulnerable to habitat loss or deterioration by various forecast land uses, mainly timber harvest. Birds Cardinalis cardinalis Northern Cardinal Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose-breasted Grosbeak Secure - Birds Pheucticus melanocephalus Black-headed Grosbeak Secure - Birds Passerina amoena Lazuli Bunting Secure - Birds Passerina cyanea Indigo Bunting Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Passerina ciris Painted Bunting Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Spiza americana Dickcissel Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Pipilo chlorurus Green-tailed Towhee Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Pipilo erythrophthalmus Eastern Towhee Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Pipilo maculatus Spotted Towhee Secure - Birds Aimophila cassinii Cassin's Sparrow Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Spizella arborea American Tree Sparrow Secure - Birds Spizella passerina Chipping Sparrow Secure - Birds Spizella pallida Clay-colored Sparrow Secure -

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Birds Spizella breweri Brewer's Sparrow Sensitive Steep population decline in Alberta since 1994. Prairie population of the species relies on availability of natural sage brush. Thought to be declining because of its specific habitat requirements. Birds Spizella pusilla Field Sparrow Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Pooecetes gramineus Vesper Sparrow Secure - Birds Chondestes grammacus Lark Sparrow Secure - Birds Amphispiza bilineata Black-throated Sparrow Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Calamospiza melanocorys Lark Bunting Sensitive - Birds Passerculus sandwichensis Savannah Sparrow Secure - Birds Ammodramus bairdii Baird's Sparrow Sensitive Large decline in Alberta since 1994. Grassland habitats with high potential for Baird’s Sparrows may be deteriorating because of cultivation, heavy grazing, as well as other land uses. It is important to conserve key areas of native habitat. Birds Ammodramus savannarum Grasshopper Sparrow Sensitive One population estimate is <10 000 birds in Alberta. Species may be declining in Alberta and has declined in North America since 1994. Threatened by land conversion and associated activities. Birds Ammodramus leconteii Le Conte's Sparrow Secure - Birds Ammodramus nelsoni Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow Secure - Birds Passerella iliaca Fox Sparrow Secure - Birds Melospiza melodia Song Sparrow Secure - Birds Melospiza lincolnii Lincoln's Sparrow Secure - Birds Melospiza georgiana Swamp Sparrow Secure - Birds Zonotrichia albicollis White-throated Sparrow Secure - Birds Zonotrichia atricapilla Golden-crowned Sparrow Secure - Birds Zonotrichia leucophrys White-crowned Sparrow Secure - Birds Zonotrichia querula Harris's Sparrow Secure - Birds Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed Junco Secure - Birds Calcarius mccownii McCown's Longspur Secure - Birds Calcarius lapponicus Lapland Longspur Secure - Birds Calcarius pictus Smith's Longspur Secure - Birds Calcarius ornatus Chestnut-collared Longspur Secure - Birds Plectrophenax nivalis Snow Bunting Secure - Birds Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink Sensitive Dependent on tall-grass meadows. Population very small (likely fewer than 500 pairs) and irruptive; localized distribution. Some threats to population and habitat exist. Birds Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged Blackbird Secure - Birds Sturnella magna Eastern Meadowlark Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Sturnella neglecta Western Meadowlark Secure - Birds Xanthocephalus Yellow-headed Blackbird Secure - xanthocephalus Birds Euphagus carolinus Rusty Blackbird Secure An uncommon but widespread species that has undergone steep declines across its range since 1966, and occupies a threatened habitat. Birds Euphagus cyanocephalus Brewer's Blackbird Secure - Birds Quiscalus quiscula Common Grackle Secure - Birds Molothrus ater Brown-headed Cowbird Secure - Birds Icterus galbula Baltimore Oriole Secure Species has largely declined within Alberta and surrounding jurisdictions since 1994. Parkland habitat threatened by cultivation. Birds Icterus bullockii Bullock's Oriole Secure - Birds Fringilla montifringilla Brambling Accidental/Vagrant - Birds Leucosticte tephrocotis Gray-crowned Rosy-finch Secure - Birds Pinicola enucleator Pine Grosbeak Secure - Birds Carpodacus purpureus Purple Finch Secure - Birds Carpodacus cassinii Cassin's Finch Secure - Birds Carpodacus mexicanus House Finch Secure - Birds Loxia curvirostra Red Crossbill Secure - Birds Loxia leucoptera White-winged Crossbill Secure - Birds Carduelis flammea Common Redpoll Secure - Birds Carduelis hornemanni Hoary Redpoll Secure - Birds Carduelis pinus Pine Siskin Secure - Birds Carduelis tristis American Goldfinch Secure -

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Birds Coccothraustes vespertinus Evening Grosbeak Secure - Birds Passer domesticus House Sparrow Exotic/Alien - Bivalves Anodonta kennerlyi Western Floater Not Assessed Only two verified records in the province. Potential threats include illegal harvesting of shells, and predation by fish and muskrats. Habitat potentially threatened by impoundments, dredging, and changes in sediment regimes, and pollution. Bivalves Lampsilis siliquoidea Fat Mucket Not Assessed Trends in population and distribution unknown. Potential threats include illegal harvesting of shells, and predation by fish and muskrats. Habitat potentially threatened by impoundments, dredging, and changes in sediment regimes, and pollution. Bivalves Lasmigona complanata White Heelsplitter Not Assessed Trends in population and distribution unknown. Potential threats include illegal harvesting of shells, and predation by fish and muskrats. Habitat potentially threatened by impoundments, dredging, and changes in sediment regimes, and pollution. Bivalves Lasmigona compressa Creek Heelsplitter Not Assessed Small populations, and found only within the Battle River system. Impoundments along this river pose substantial threats to habitat. Other potential threats include pollution, predation, and invasion of exotic species. Bivalves Pyganodon grandis Giant Floater Not Assessed Little known about trends in population and distribution. Potential threats include illegal harvesting of shells, and predation by fish and muskrats. Habitat potentially threatened by impoundments, dredging, and changes in sediment regimes, and pollution. Bivalves Anodontoides ferussacianus Cylindrical Papershell Not Assessed Bivalves Musculium lacustre Lake Fingernailclam Not Assessed Bivalves Musculium securis Pond Fingernailclam Not Assessed Few occurrences; no information available on population size and trends. Bivalves Musculium transversum Long Fingernailclam Not Assessed Bivalves Pisidium casertanum Ubiquitous Peaclam Not Assessed Bivalves Pisidium compressum Ridged-beak Peaclam Not Assessed Bivalves Pisidium conventus Alpine Peaclam Not Assessed Very little information available on population size and trend, distribution trend, or threats to this species or its habitat. Bivalves Pisidium fallax River Peaclam Not Assessed Few occurrences; Very little information available on population size and trend, distribution trend, or threats to this species or its habitat. Bivalves Pisidium ferrugineum Rusty Peaclam Not Assessed - Bivalves Pisidium idahoense Giant Northern Peaclam Not Assessed - Bivalves Pisidium lilljeborgi Lilljeborg Peaclam Not Assessed - Bivalves Pisidium milium Quadrangular Peaclam Not Assessed - Bivalves Pisidium nitidum Shiny Peaclam Not Assessed - Bivalves Pisidium simplex Perforated Peaclam Not Assessed - Bivalves Pisidium rotundatum Fat Peaclam Not Assessed - Bivalves Pisidium subtruncatum Short-ended Peaclam Not Assessed - Bivalves Pisidium variabile Triangular Peaclam Not Assessed - Bivalves Pisidium ventricosum Globular Peaclam Not Assessed - Bivalves Pisidium walkeri Walker Peaclam Not Assessed - Bivalves Sphaerium nitidum Arctic Fingernailclam Not Assessed - Bivalves Sphaerium rhomboideum Rhomboid Fingernailclam Not Assessed Few occurrences; no information available on population size and trends. Bivalves Sphaerium simile Grooved Fingernailclam Not Assessed - Bivalves Sphaerium striatinum Striated Fingernailclam Not Assessed - Butterflies Chlosyne whitneyi Rockslide Checkerspot Secure Butterflies Phyciodes tharos Pearl Crescent Secure Butterflies Phyciodes cocyta Northern Crescent Secure

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Butterflies Phyciodes pratensis Field Crescent Secure Butterflies Phyciodes batesii Tawny Crescent Secure Butterflies Euphydryas gillettii Gillette's Checkerspot Sensitive Restricted range and small, isolated populations. While most of its mountainous habitat is protected in parks and recreation areas, fire suppression may adversely affect this butterfly by reducing the amount of early succession forest. Butterflies Euphydryas chalcedona Variable Checkerspot Secure Butterflies Euphydryas editha Edith's Checkerspot Secure Butterflies Polygonia interrogationis Question Mark Accidental/Vagrant Butterflies Polygonia satyrus Satyr Comma Secure Butterflies Polygonia faunus Green Comma Secure Butterflies Polygonia gracilis Hoary Comma Secure Butterflies Polygonia oreas Oreas Comma Undetermined Butterflies Polygonia progne Grey Comma Secure Butterflies Nymphalis vaualbum Compton Tortoiseshell Secure Butterflies Nymphalis californica California Tortoiseshell Undetermined Butterflies Nymphalis antiopa Mourning Cloak Secure Butterflies Nymphalis milberti Milbert's Tortoiseshell Secure Butterflies Vanessa virginiensis American Lady Secure Butterflies Vanessa cardui Painted Lady Secure Butterflies Vanessa annabella West Coast Lady Secure Butterflies Vanessa atalanta Red Admiral Secure Butterflies Limenitis arthemis White Admiral Secure Butterflies Limenitis archippus Viceroy Secure Butterflies Limenitis weidemeyerii Weidemeyer's Admiral May be at Risk Restricted distribution. Population size estimated at 3 200 individuals; eleven known records in southern Alberta. Cattle grazing may adversely affect the quality of its habitat in riparian forests and coulee bottoms. Some habitat protected. Butterflies Limenitis lorquini Lorquin's Admiral Sensitive Population size unknown. There are 12 records in southwestern Alberta. Some habitat is protected, however, forestry operations will likely impact its habitat in elsewhere. This species may be able to tolerate low levels of human-caused disturbance. Butterflies Enodia anthedon Northern Pearly-eye Undetermined Butterflies Satyrodes eurydice Eyed Brown Undetermined Butterflies Coenonympha tullia Prairie Ringlet Secure Butterflies Cercyonis pegala Common Wood-nymph Secure Butterflies Cercyonis oetus Small Wood-nymph Secure Butterflies Erebia mancinus Taiga Alpine Secure Butterflies Erebia magdalena Magdalena Alpine Undetermined Butterflies Erebia discoidalis Red-disked Alpine Secure Butterflies Erebia rossii Ross's Alpine Undetermined Butterflies Erebia epipsodea Freeman's Alpine Secure Butterflies Neominois ridingsii Ridings' Satyr Sensitive Population size unknown. There are 48 records in southern Alberta. Habitats include fescue, mixed- and shortgrass prairie, which are threatened by agricultural activities. The range of this species has contracted in the prairie provinces. Butterflies Oeneis macounii Macoun's Arctic Secure Butterflies Oeneis chryxus Chryxus Arctic Secure Butterflies Oeneis uhleri Uhler's Arctic Secure Butterflies Oeneis alberta Alberta Arctic Sensitive Population size unknown. There are approximately 10 records in northwestern Alberta. The distribution of this butterfly is restricted to native grasslands in the Peace River area, where human activities modify its habitat. Butterflies Oeneis bore White-veined Arctic Undetermined Butterflies Oeneis jutta Jutta Arctic Secure Butterflies Oeneis mellisa Melissa Arctic Secure Butterflies Oeneis polixenes Polixenes Arctic Secure Butterflies Danaus plexippus Monarch Sensitive Population size unknown; few occurrences. Species’ habitat threatened by agriculture, forestry

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 and oil and gas exploration; however, some research indicates that the Monarch may not be adversely affected by disturbance. Some mountain habitat is protected. Butterflies Celastrina neglecta Summer Azure Undetermined Butterflies Satyrium sylvinum Sylvan Hairstreak Undetermined Butterflies Epargyreus clarus Silver-spotted Skipper Undetermined Butterflies Thorybes pylades Northern Cloudywing Secure Butterflies Erynnis icelus Dreamy Duskywing Secure Butterflies Erynnis afranius Afranius Duskywing Sensitive Population size unknown; approximately 61 occurrences have been noted in southern Alberta. Restricted to grassland habitat; some threats to habitat exist from agricultural and oil and gas activity. Butterflies Erynnis persius Persius Duskywing Secure Butterflies Pyrgus centaureae Grizzled Skipper Secure Butterflies Pyrgus ruralis Two-banded Checkered Undetermined Skipper Butterflies Pyrgus scriptura Small Checkered Skipper Undetermined Butterflies Pyrgus communis Common Checkered Skipper Secure Butterflies Carterocephalus palaemon Arctic Skipper Secure Butterflies Ancyloxypha numitor Least Skipper Undetermined Butterflies Oarisma garita Garita Skipperling Secure Butterflies Thymelicus lineola European Skipper Exotic/Alien Butterflies Polites rhesus Rhesus Skipper Undetermined Butterflies Hesperia uncas Uncas Skipper Sensitive Population size unknown. Agriculture, development and oil and gas activity may threaten habitat. Canadian range may be shrinking in the shortgrass prairie region. Butterflies Hesperia comma Common Branded Skipper Secure Butterflies Hesperia assiniboia Assiniboine Skipper Secure Butterflies Hesperia nevada Nevada Skipper Sensitive Population size unknown; approximately 33 occurrences known in southern Alberta. Agriculture and oil and gas activities may threaten its habitat in the grasslands and foothills. Butterflies Polites peckius Peck’s Skipper Secure Butterflies Polites draco Draco Skipper Secure Butterflies Polites themistocles Tawny-edged Skipper Undetermined Butterflies Polites mystic Long Dash Skipper Secure Butterflies Anatrytone logan Delaware Skipper Undetermined Butterflies Ochlodes sylvanoides Woodland Skipper Undetermined Butterflies Poanes hobomok Hobomok Skipper Undetermined Butterflies Amblyscirtes oslari Oslar’s Roadside Skipper Undetermined Butterflies Amblyscirtes vialis Common Roadside Skipper Secure Butterflies Parnassius clodius Clodius Parnassian Secure Butterflies Parnassius smintheus Smintheus Parnassian Secure Butterflies Papilio machaon Old World Swallowtail Sensitive Population size unknown. Some subspecies with limited distributions and host plant specialization may be particularly sensitive to human disturbances. However, deforestation may increase habitat for boreal subpopulations. Butterflies Papilio zelicaon Anise Swallowtail Secure Butterflies Papilio multicaudatus Two-tailed Swallowtail Undetermined Butterflies Papilio eurymedon Pale Swallowtail Undetermined Butterflies Papilio canadensis Canadian Tiger Swallowtail Secure Butterflies Neophasia menapia Pine White Undetermined Butterflies Pontia sisymbrii Spring White Undetermined Butterflies Pontia protodice Checkered White Secure Butterflies Pontia occidentalis Western White Secure Butterflies Pieris rapae Cabbage White Exotic/Alien Butterflies Pieris marginalis Margined White Secure Butterflies Pieris oleracea Mustard White Undetermined Butterflies Euchloe ausinodes Large Marble Secure Butterflies Euchloe creusa Northern Marble Secure Butterflies Euchloe olympia Olympia Marble Secure Butterflies Anthocharis stella Stella Orangetip Undetermined Butterflies Colias philodice Clouded Sulphur Secure Butterflies Colias eurytheme Alfalfa Butterfly Secure

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Butterflies Colias alexandra Queen Alexandra’s Sulphur Undetermined Butterflies Colias christina Christina Sulphur Secure Butterflies Colias meadii Mead’s Sulphur Secure Butterflies Colias nastes Labrador Sulphur Secure Butterflies Colias gigantea Giant Sulphur Secure Butterflies Colias pelidne Pelidne Sulphur Secure Butterflies Colias canadensis Canadan Sulphur Undetermined Butterflies Colias interior Pink-edged Sulphur Secure Butterflies Colias palaeno Palaeno Sulphur Undetermined Butterflies Zerene cesonia Southern Dogface Accidental/Vagrant Butterflies Lycaena phlaeas American Copper Secure Butterflies Lycaena cuprea Lustrous Copper Secure Butterflies Lycaena dione Gray Copper Sensitive Population size unknown. There are approximately 65 records in the southern half of the province. Found in moist areas of grassland, parkland and southern foothills; availability of host plants may be affected by alteration of grasslands for agriculture. Butterflies Lycaena hyllus Bronze Copper Secure Butterflies Lycaena rubidus Ruddy Copper Undetermined Butterflies Lycaena heteronea Blue Copper Undetermined Butterflies Lycaena dorcas Dorcas Copper Secure Butterflies Lycaena helloides Purplish Copper Secure Butterflies Lycaena mariposa Mariposa Copper Secure Butterflies Satyrium fuliginosum Sooty Hairstreak Secure Butterflies Satyrium acadicum Acadian Hairstreak Undetermined Butterflies Satyrium liparops Striped Hairstreak Undetermined Butterflies Satyrium titus Coral Hairstreak Secure Butterflies Callophrys sheridanii Sheridan’s Hairstreak Sensitive Population size unknown; few occurrences. Species’ habitat within Waterton Lakes National Park is protected; however, habitat in outlying areas may be threatened by agriculture and forestry. Butterflies Callophrys spinetorum Thicket Hairstreak Undetermined Butterflies Callophrys augustinus Brown Elfin Secure Butterflies Callophrys mossii Moss' Elfin Sensitive Population size unknown. Three records known from one location in southwestern Alberta. It is at the northern limit of its range in Alberta. Larval host plant specialization restricts its distribution to subalpine areas, where disturbances are unlikely. Butterflies Callphrys polia Hoary Elfin Secure Butterflies Callophrys niphon Eastern Pine Elfin Secure Butterflies Callophrys eryphon Western Pine Elfin Secure Butterflies Strymon melinus Gray Hairstreak Secure Butterflies Everes amyntula Western Tailed Blue Secure Butterflies Celastrina ladon Spring Azure Secure Butterflies Euphilotes ancilla Rocky Mountain Dotted Blue Sensitive Population size unknown. There are approximately 10 records in southern Alberta. Part of this species’ habitat is protected in the Cypress Hills; however, outlying areas are subject to human pressures. There are few occurrences within a small range. Butterflies Glaucopsyche piasus Arrowhead Blue Sensitive Population size unknown. There are approximately 20 records of this species in southern Alberta, which is found in very localized colonies. This butterfly is at the northern edge of its range in Alberta. Agriculture and grazing may adversely affect its grassland habitat. Butterflies Glaucopsyche lygdamus Silvery Blue Secure Butterflies Lycaeides idas Northern Blue Secure Butterflies Lycaeides melissa Melissa Blue Secure Butterflies Agriades glandon Arctic Blue Secure Butterflies Plebejus saepiolus Greenish Blue Secure Butterflies Icaricia lupini Lupine Blue Secure Butterflies Icaricia icarioides Biosduval's Blue Sensitive Population size unknown. Found in localized colonies in southwestern

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Alberta and the Cypress Hills. Human disturbance to grassland habitat, host plant specialization, and factors altering dispersal between colonies may render populations vulnerable. Butterflies Icaricia shasta Shasta Blue Sensitive Population size unknown. Subalpine and alpine habitat is protected by national parks, but its prairie habitat may be adversely affected by agricultural activities. Maintaining connections between colonies may be important for survival of this butterfly. Butterflies Vaccinia optilete Cranberry Blue Undetermined Butterflies Euptoieta claudia Variegated Fritillary Secure Butterflies Speyeria cybele Great Spangled Fritillary Secure Butterflies Speyeria aphrodite Aphrodite Fritillary Secure Butterflies Speyeria edwardsii Edwards' Fritillary Sensitive Population size unknown. There are 38 records in southern Alberta. Habitat in grasslands is under threat from agriculture. However, parks and natural areas protect habitat in the Cypress Hills and areas in the foothills region. Butterflies Speyeria zerene Zerene Fritillary Secure Butterflies Speyeria callippe Callippe Fritillary Secure Butterflies Speyeria atlantis Atlantis Fritillary Secure Butterflies Speyeria hesperis Northwestern Fritillary Secure Butterflies Speyeria hydaspe Hydaspe Fritillary Secure Butterflies Speyeria mormonia Mormon Fritillary Secure Butterflies Boloria napaea Mountain Fritillary Sensitive Population size unknown. There are 10 records in west-central Alberta. Has a small distribution in the northern Rocky Mountains, where habitat may be affected by forestry, oil and gas operations. Some habitat is protected within Provincial Parks. Butterflies Boloria eunomia Bog Fritillary Secure Butterflies Boloria selene Silver-bordered Fritillary Secure Butterflies Boloria bellona Meadow Fritillary Secure Butterflies Boloria frigga Frigga Fritillary Secure Butterflies Boloria improba Dingy Fritillary Undetermined Butterflies Boloria epithore Western Meadow Fritillary Undetermined Butterflies Boloria freija Freija Fritillary Secure Butterflies Boloria alberta Alberta Fritillary Secure Butterflies Boloria astarte Astarte Fritillary Secure Butterflies Boloria chariclea Arctic Fritillary Secure Butterflies Chlosyne gorgone Gorgone Checkerspot Sensitive Population size unknown. There are 35 records within Alberta. Habitat in the grasslands and parklands of southern Alberta threatened by agriculture. Dam building, grazing and farming may threaten habitat in the Peace River lowlands. Butterflies Chlosyne palla Northern Checkerspot Secure Butterflies Chlosyne acastus Sagebrush Checkerspot Sensitive Population size unknown. Thirty- four records are known in southern Alberta. This species and its potential host plants have a small distribution in Alberta. Some of the badlands habitat protected; however, agricultural activity may threaten habitat elsewhere. Fish Lampetra japonica Arctic Lamprey Secure Fish Cottus asper Prickly Sculpin Not Assessed Fish Cottus cognatus Slimy Sculpin Secure Fish Cottus bairdi St. Mary Shorthead Sculpin May Be at Risk *Refers to C. b. punctulatus, the only subspecies of mottled sculpin that occurs in Alberta. It has a very localized distribution and occurs in low abundance in the province. Threatened by altered water flow resulting from impoundent and other uses. In process of being legally designated as "Threatened" under the Wildlife Act.

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Fish Cottus ricei Spoonhead Sculpin May Be at Risk Occurs in small populations. Species has declined in one area downstream of the Dickson Dam on the Red Deer River, presumably the result of habitat degradation. Data are lacking on other populations. Fish Myoxocephalus thompsoni Deepwater Sculpin Undetermined Fish Acipenser fulvescens Lake Sturgeon Undetermined Populations are at or below critical levels for sustainability. Threats include habitat degradation and fragmentation, and over-harvesting. Inherent biological characteristics make recovery difficult. In process of being listed as "Threatened" under the Wildlife Act. Fish Hiodon alosoides Goldeye Secure Fish Hiodon tergisus Mooneye Secure Fish Coregonus artedi Cisco Secure Fish Coregonus clupeaformis Lake Whitefish Secure Fish Coregonus zenithicus Shortjaw Cisco May Be at Risk This species has only been confirmed in low density within one Alberta lake. Trends in population and distribution unknown. In process of being listed as "Threatened" under the Wildlife Act. Fish Oncorhynchus nerka Sockeye Salmon Exotic/Alien Fish Oncorhynchus clarki Cutthroat Trout Secure Native stocks of O. clarkii lewisi over its historical range in Alberta declining as a result of introgression with non-native cutthroat trout, and rainbow trout. The stock is considered Threatened by COSEWIC. Introduced Cutthroat Trout populations in Alberta are Secure. Fish Oncorhynchus mykiss Rainbow Trout Secure Native stocks of Rainbow Trout within the historical distribution in Alberta (Athabasca River) have suffered introgression from introduced trout. This native form is considered May Be At Risk pending a status review in Alberta. Introduced stocks of Rainbow Trout in Alberta are Secure. Fish Oncorhynchus aguabonita Golden Trout Exotic/Alien Fish Prosopium coulteri Pygmy Whitefish May Be at Risk Only 8 pygmy whitefish have ever been collected in Alberta. No information is available on trends in population or distribution. Their habitat in the upper Athabasca River may be deteriorating because of industrial activities. Fish Prosopium cylindraceum Round Whitefish Undetermined Fish Prosopium williamsoni Mountain Whitefish Secure Fish Salmo trutta Brown Trout Exotic/Alien Fish Salvelinus confluentus Bull Trout Sensitive Over-harvesting led to a decline in population. Protection from angling may result in recovery, but that may be countered by habitat degradation, and competition from introduced species. Considered a “Species of Special Concern” in Alberta. Fish Salvelinus fontinalis Brook Trout Exotic/Alien Fish Salvelinus malma Dolly Varden Exotic/Alien Fish Salvelinus namaycush Lake Trout Sensitive Species somewhat limited by the small number of deep, cold lakes in Alberta. The main threat to populations is over-harvest, however angling is now regulated. Fish Thymallus arcticus Arctic Grayling Sensitive Populations have decreased in the past few decades. Threats include increased harvest pressure from improved road accessibility, and blocked migration routes and altered stream flow resulting from improperly placed culverts in newly constructed roads. Fish Esox lucius Northern Pike Secure Original Online Report: 2005 Species at Risk – General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Page 36 of 97 PDF version created: Feb 25, 2013 © 2013 Government of Alberta

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Fish Couesius plumbeus Lake Chub Secure Fish Hybognathus argyritis Western Silvery Minnow May Be at Risk Small population, few occurrences. Distribution in Alberta restricted to the Milk River system. Species is vulnerable to extreme climatic fluctuations and highly variable water levels. In process of being listed as "Threatened" under the Wildlife Act. Fish Hybognathus hankinsoni Brassy Minnow Undetermined Fish Notropis atherinoides Emerald Shiner Secure Fish Notropis blennius River Shiner Undetermined Fish Notropis hudsonius Spottail Shiner Secure Fish Phoxinus eos Northern Redbelly Dace Sensitive Clustered distribution; trends in population and abundance unknown. Local populations could be affected by habitat changes brought about by human activity. Fish Phoxinus neogaeus Finescale Dace Undetermined Fish Pimephales promelas Fathead Minnow Secure Fish Ptychocheilus oregonensis Northern Pikeminnow Sensitive Few occurrences, restricted distribution. Habitat within the Peace River is likely marginal for this typical lake species. Success of the northern pikeminnow may be affected by the Bennett dam and the subsequent fluctuating river flow. Fish Rhinichthys cataractae Longnose Dace Secure Fish Richardsonius balteatus Redside Shiner Secure Fish Margariscus margarita Pearl Dace Undetermined Fish Platygobio gracilis Flathead Chub Secure Fish Carpiodes cyprinus Quillback Undetermined Fish Catostomus catostomus Longnose Sucker Secure Fish Catostomus commersoni White Sucker Secure Fish Catostomus macrocheilus Largescale Sucker Sensitive Low abundance, and few occurrences restricted to the Peace River drainage. No information is available on trends in population or distribution. Fish Catostomus platyrhynchus Mountain Sucker Secure Fish Moxostoma anisurum Silver Redhorse Undetermined Fish Moxostoma macrolepidotum Shorthead Redhorse Secure Fish Noturus flavus Stonecat Undetermined Species occurs in low abundance within an extremely limited distribution. At the limit of its natural range, it is thus sensitive to water level fluctuations stemming from both natural and anthropomorphic sources.In process of being listed as "Threatened" under the Wildlife Act. Fish Percopsis omiscomaycus Trout-perch Secure Fish Lota lota Burbot Secure Fish Gambusia affinis Western Mosquitofish Exotic/Alien Fish Poecilia latipinna Sailfin Molly Exotic/Alien Fish Culaea inconstans Brook Stickleback Secure Fish Gasterosteus aculeatus Threespine Stickleback Exotic/Alien Fish Pungitius pungitius Ninespine Stickleback Undetermined Fish Micropterus dolomieu Smallmouth Bass Exotic/Alien Fish Etheostoma exile Iowa Darter Secure Fish Percina caprodes Logperch Undetermined Fish Perca flavescens Yellow Perch Secure Fish Sander canadensis Sauger Sensitive Few occurrences; sauger are found in slow moving rivers and may be vulnerable to habitat degradation in these systems. Little is known about this species. Fish Stizostedion vitreum Walleye Secure Fish Hemichromis bimaculatus African Jewelfish Exotic/Alien Gastropods Cionella lubrica Glossy Pillar Secure Gastropods Columella columella Mellow Column Sensitive Few occurrences and limited distribution. More information needed on distribution trend, and population size and trend. Gastropods Columella edentula Toothless Column Secure Gastropods Gastrocopta armifera Armed Snaggletooth Undetermined

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Gastropods Gastrocopta holzingeri Lambda Snaggletooth Undetermined Gastropods Gastrocopta pentodon Comb Snaggletooth Undetermined Gastropods Gastrocopta tappaniana White Snaggletooth Undetermined Gastropods Pupilla blandi Rocky Mountain Column Undetermined Gastropods Pupilla muscorum Widespread Column Undetermined Gastropods Pupisoma sp. Undetermined Gastropods Vertigo arthuri Undetermined Gastropods Vertigo cristata Crested Vertigo Undetermined Gastropods Vertigo elatior Tapered Vertigo Undetermined Gastropods Vertigo gouldi Variable Vertigo Secure Gastropods Vertigo modesta Cross Vertigo Secure Gastropods Vertigo ovata Ovate Vertigo Secure Gastropods Vertigo paradoxa Undetermined Gastropods Vallonia sp. Undetermined Gastropods Vallonia costata Costate Vallonia Undetermined Gastropods Vallonia cyclophorella Silky Vallonia Undetermined Gastropods Vallionia gracilicosta Multirib Vallonia Secure The subspecies V. G. albula also occurs in Alberta. Gastropods Vallonia parvula Trumpet Vallonia Undetermined Gastropods Vallonia pulchella Lovely Vallonia Undetermined Gastropods Zoogenetes harpa Boreal Top Sensitive Few occurrences and limited distribution. More information needed on trends in population and distribution. Gastropods Punctum minutissimum Small Spot Secure Gastropods Discus shimekii Striate Disc Sensitive Few occurrences and limited distribution. More information needed on population and distribution. Gastropods Discus whitneyi Forest Disc Secure Gastropods Oreohelix strigosa Rocky Mountainsnail Undetermined Gastropods Oreohelix subrudis Subalpine Mountainsnail Undetermined Gastropods Euconulus fulvus Brown Hive Secure Gastropods Euconulus polygyratus Fat Hive Undetermined Gastropods Nesovitrea binneyana Blue Glass Secure The subspecies N. b. occidentalis occurs in Alberta. Gastropods Nesovitrea electrina Amber Glass Secure Gastropods Striatura ferrea Black Striate Undetermined Gastropods Zonitoides arboreus Quick Gloss Secure Gastropods Zonitoides nitidus Black Gloss Undetermined Gastropods Vitrina angelicae Eastern Glass-snail Undetermined Gastropods Vitrina pellucida Western Glass-snail Secure Gastropods Deroceras laeve Meadow Slug Secure Gastropods Catinella sp. Undetermined Gastropods Catinella vermeta Suboval Ambersnail Undetermined Gastropods Oxyloma sp. Undetermined Gastropods Oxyloma gouldi Undetermined Gastropods Oxyloma hawkinsi Boundary Ambersnail Undetermined Gastropods Oxyloma haydeni Niobrara Ambersnail Undetermined Gastropods Oxyloma kanabense Kanab Ambersnail Undetermined Gastropods Oxyloma retusum Blunt Ambersnail Undetermined Gastropods Succinea sp. Undetermined Gastropods Succinea grosvenori Santa Rita Ambersnail Undetermined Gastropods Carychium exile Ice Thorn Undetermined Gastropods Carychium exiguum Obese Thorn Undetermined Gastropods Acroloxus coloradensis Rocky Mountain Capshell May Be at Risk Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. No information on the trends in population and distribution. Habitat is threatened by shoreline developments. Gastropods Ferrissia rivularis Creeping Ancylid Undetermined Gastropods Ferrissia parallelus Oblong Ancylid Undetermined Gastropods Fossaria bulimoides Prairie Fossaria Sensitive Few occurrences; population size and trend unknown. Permanent drainage of wetlands threatens habitat. Gastropods Fossaria dalli Dusky Fossaria Sensitive Few occurrences; habitat is threatened by wetland drainage and shoreline development. Gastropods Fossaria alberta Undetermined Gastropods Fossaria galbana Boreal Fossaria Sensitive Few occurrences; no information available on trends in population and distribution. Habitat is threatened by thermal pollution and shoreline development. Gastropods Fossaria modicella Rock Fossaria Secure Original Online Report: 2005 Species at Risk – General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Page 38 of 97 PDF version created: Feb 25, 2013 © 2013 Government of Alberta

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Gastropods Fossaria obrussa Golden Fossaria Undetermined Gastropods Fossaria parva Pygmy Fossaria Secure Gastropods Fossaria rustica Undetermined Gastropods Lymnaea stagnalis Swamp Lymnaea Secure The subspecies L. s. appressa occurs in Alberta. Gastropods Pseudosuccinea columella Mimic Lymnaea Exotic/Alien Gastropods Radix auricularia Big-eared Radix Exotic/Alien Gastropods Stagnicola caperata Wrinkled Marshsnail Secure Gastropods Stagnicola montanensis Mountain Marshsnaiil Undetermined Gastropods Stagnicola arctica Arctic Pondsnail Undetermined Gastropods Stagnicola catascopium Woodland Pondsnail Secure The subspecies S. c. catascopium and S. c. preblei occur in Alberta. Gastropods Stagnicola elodes Marsh Pondsnail Secure Gastropods Stagnicola traski Widelip Pondsnail Sensitive This species may be declining in distribution. More information is needed on population size and trend. Shoreline developments and wetland drainage threaten habitat. Gastropods Stagnicola exilis Flat-whorled Pondsnail Undetermined Gastropods Aplexa elongata Lance Aplexa Secure Gastropods Physa skinneri Glass Physa Undetermined Gastropods Physella gyrina Tadpole Physa Secure The subspecies P. g. ampulacea, as well as the highly endemic P. g. athearni occur in Alberta. Gastropods Physella johnsoni Banff Springs Snail At Risk Occurs in small populations; Endemic to Banff National Park, this species is only found in 5 of 9 historic locations. Species and its habitat are threatened by vandalism and other illegal activities. Gastropods Physella lordi Twisted Physa Undetermined Gastropods Gyraulus crista Star Gyro Sensitive Few occurrences; more information needed on population size and trend. Shoreline developments, aquatic vegetation removal, and permanent drainage of wetlands could destroy habitat. Gastropods Gyraulus circumstriatus Disc Gyro Secure Gastropods Gyraulus deflectus Flexed Gyro Secure Gastropods Gyraulus parvus Ash Gyro Secure Gastropods Gyraulus vermicularis Pacific Coast Gyraulus Undetermined Gastropods Helisoma anceps Two-ridge Rams-horn Sensitive The subspecies H. a. anceps occurs in Alberta. Few occurrences; more information needed on population size and trend. Shoreline developments, aquatic vegetation removal, and permanent drainage of wetlands could destroy habitat. Gastropods Planorbella pilsbryi Greater Carinate Rams-horn Undetermined The subspecies P. p. infracarinatum occurs in Alberta. Gastropods Planorbella binneyi Coarse Rams-horn Undetermined Gastropods Planorbella subcrenatum Rough Rams-horn Secure Gastropods Planorbella trivolvis Marsh Rams-horn Undetermined The subspecies P. t. trivolvis occurs in Alberta. Gastropods Menetus opercularis Button Sprite May Be at Risk Few occurrences and limited distribution. Population size and trend unknown. Habitat is threatened by wetland drainage and shoreline development. Gastropods Planorbula armigera Thicklip Rams-horn Sensitive Few occurrences; trends in population and distribution unknown. Habitat threatened by shoreline developments and wetland drainage. Gastropods Planorbula campestris Meadow Rams-horn Sensitive Few occurrences; trends in population and distribution unknown. Habitat threatened by shoreline developments and wetland drainage. Gastropods Promenetus exacuous Sharp Sprite Secure The subspecies P. e. exacuous and P. e. megas occur in Alberta. Gastropods Promenetus umbilicatellus Umbilicate Sprite Sensitive Few occurrences; trends in population and distribution unknown. Habitat threatened by shoreline developments and wetland drainage. Gastropods Amnicola limosus Mud Amnicola Undetermined Gastropods Probythinella emarginata Delta Hydrobe May Be at Risk Few occurrences. No information on

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 population size and trend. Species’ habitat is threatened by shoreline developments, thermal pollution, and wetland drainage. Gastropods Valvata sincera Mossy Valvata Sensitive The subspecies V. s. helicoidea and V. s. sincera occur in Alberta. Gastropods Valvata tricarinata Threeridge Valvata Sensitive Few occurrences; trends in population and distribution unknown. Habitat threatened by shoreline developments and wetland drainage. Gastropods Juga plicifera Pleated Juga Undetermined Gastropods Cionella lubrica Glossy Pillar Secure Gastropods Columella columella Mellow Column Sensitive Few occurrences and limited distribution. More information needed on distribution trend, and population size and trend. Gastropods Columella edentula Toothless Column Secure Gastropods Gastrocopta armifera Armed Snaggletooth Undetermined Gastropods Gastrocopta holzingeri Lambda Snaggletooth Undetermined Gastropods Gastrocopta pentodon Comb Snaggletooth Undetermined Gastropods Gastrocopta tappaniana White Snaggletooth Undetermined Gastropods Pupilla blandi Rocky Mountain Column Undetermined Gastropods Pupilla muscorum Widespread Column Undetermined Gastropods Pupisoma sp. Undetermined Gastropods Vertigo arthuri Undetermined Gastropods Vertigo cristata Crested Vertigo Undetermined Gastropods Vertigo elatior Tapered Vertigo Undetermined Gastropods Vertigo gouldi Variable Vertigo Secure Gastropods Vertigo modesta Cross Vertigo Secure Gastropods Vertigo ovata Ovate Vertigo Secure Gastropods Vertigo paradoxa Undetermined Gastropods Vallonia sp. Undetermined Gastropods Vallonia costata Costate Vallonia Undetermined Gastropods Vallonia cyclophorella Silky Vallonia Undetermined Gastropods Vallionia gracilicosta Multirib Vallonia Secure The subspecies V. G. albula also occurs in Alberta. Gastropods Vallonia parvula Trumpet Vallonia Undetermined Gastropods Vallonia pulchella Lovely Vallonia Undetermined Gastropods Zoogenetes harpa Boreal Top Sensitive Few occurrences and limited distribution. More information needed on trends in population and distribution. Gastropods Punctum minutissimum Small Spot Secure Gastropods Discus shimekii Striate Disc Sensitive Few occurrences and limited distribution. More information needed on population and distribution. Gastropods Discus whitneyi Forest Disc Secure Gastropods Oreohelix strigosa Rocky Mountainsnail Undetermined Gastropods Oreohelix subrudis Subalpine Mountainsnail Undetermined Gastropods Euconulus fulvus Brown Hive Secure Gastropods Euconulus polygyratus Fat Hive Undetermined Gastropods Nesovitrea binneyana Blue Glass Secure The subspecies N. b. occidentalis occurs in Alberta. Gastropods Nesovitrea electrina Amber Glass Secure Gastropods Striatura ferrea Black Striate Undetermined Gastropods Zonitoides arboreus Quick Gloss Secure Gastropods Zonitoides nitidus Black Gloss Undetermined Gastropods Vitrina angelicae Eastern Glass-snail Undetermined Gastropods Vitrina pellucida Western Glass-snail Secure Gastropods Deroceras laeve Meadow Slug Secure Gastropods Catinella sp. Undetermined Gastropods Catinella vermeta Suboval Ambersnail Undetermined Gastropods Oxyloma sp. Undetermined Gastropods Oxyloma gouldi Undetermined Gastropods Oxyloma hawkinsi Boundary Ambersnail Undetermined Gastropods Oxyloma haydeni Niobrara Ambersnail Undetermined Gastropods Oxyloma kanabense Kanab Ambersnail Undetermined Gastropods Oxyloma retusum Blunt Ambersnail Undetermined Gastropods Succinea sp. Undetermined Gastropods Succinea grosvenori Santa Rita Ambersnail Undetermined Gastropods Carychium exile Ice Thorn Undetermined Gastropods Carychium exiguum Obese Thorn Undetermined Gastropods Acroloxus coloradensis Rocky Mountain Capshell May Be at Risk Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. No information on the trends in Original Online Report: 2005 Species at Risk – General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Page 40 of 97 PDF version created: Feb 25, 2013 © 2013 Government of Alberta

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 population and distribution. Habitat is threatened by shoreline developments. Gastropods Ferrissia rivularis Creeping Ancylid Undetermined Gastropods Ferrissia parallelus Oblong Ancylid Undetermined Gastropods Fossaria bulimoides Prairie Fossaria Sensitive Few occurrences; population size and trend unknown. Permanent drainage of wetlands threatens habitat. Gastropods Fossaria dalli Dusky Fossaria Sensitive Few occurrences; habitat is threatened by wetland drainage and shoreline development. Gastropods Fossaria alberta Undetermined Gastropods Fossaria galbana Boreal Fossaria Sensitive Few occurrences; no information available on trends in population and distribution. Habitat is threatened by thermal pollution and shoreline development. Gastropods Fossaria modicella Rock Fossaria Secure Gastropods Fossaria obrussa Golden Fossaria Undetermined Gastropods Fossaria parva Pygmy Fossaria Secure Gastropods Fossaria rustica Undetermined Gastropods Lymnaea stagnalis Swamp Lymnaea Secure The subspecies L. s. appressa occurs in Alberta. Gastropods Pseudosuccinea columella Mimic Lymnaea Exotic/Alien Gastropods Radix auricularia Big-eared Radix Exotic/Alien Gastropods Stagnicola caperata Wrinkled Marshsnail Secure Gastropods Stagnicola montanensis Mountain Marshsnaiil Undetermined Gastropods Stagnicola arctica Arctic Pondsnail Undetermined Gastropods Stagnicola catascopium Woodland Pondsnail Secure The subspecies S. c. catascopium and S. c. preblei occur in Alberta. Gastropods Stagnicola elodes Marsh Pondsnail Secure Gastropods Stagnicola traski Widelip Pondsnail Sensitive This species may be declining in distribution. More information is needed on population size and trend. Shoreline developments and wetland drainage threaten habitat. Gastropods Stagnicola exilis Flat-whorled Pondsnail Undetermined Gastropods Aplexa elongata Lance Aplexa Secure Gastropods Physa skinneri Glass Physa Undetermined Gastropods Physella gyrina Tadpole Physa Secure The subspecies P. g. ampulacea, as well as the highly endemic P. g. athearni occur in Alberta. Gastropods Physella johnsoni Banff Springs Snail At Risk Occurs in small populations; Endemic to Banff National Park, this species is only found in 5 of 9 historic locations. Species and its habitat are threatened by vandalism and other illegal activities. Gastropods Physella lordi Twisted Physa Undetermined Gastropods Gyraulus crista Star Gyro Sensitive Few occurrences; more information needed on population size and trend. Shoreline developments, aquatic vegetation removal, and permanent drainage of wetlands could destroy habitat. Gastropods Gyraulus circumstriatus Disc Gyro Secure Gastropods Gyraulus deflectus Flexed Gyro Secure Gastropods Gyraulus parvus Ash Gyro Secure Gastropods Gyraulus vermicularis Pacific Coast Gyraulus Undetermined Gastropods Helisoma anceps Two-ridge Rams-horn Sensitive The subspecies H. a. anceps occurs in Alberta. Few occurrences; more information needed on population size and trend. Shoreline developments, aquatic vegetation removal, and permanent drainage of wetlands could destroy habitat. Gastropods Planorbella pilsbryi Greater Carinate Rams-horn Undetermined The subspecies P. p. infracarinatum occurs in Alberta. Gastropods Planorbella binneyi Coarse Rams-horn Undetermined Gastropods Planorbella subcrenatum Rough Rams-horn Secure Gastropods Planorbella trivolvis Marsh Rams-horn Undetermined The subspecies P. t. trivolvis occurs in Alberta. Gastropods Menetus opercularis Button Sprite May Be at Risk Few occurrences and limited distribution. Population size and trend unknown. Habitat is threatened by wetland drainage and shoreline development. Original Online Report: 2005 Species at Risk – General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Page 41 of 97 PDF version created: Feb 25, 2013 © 2013 Government of Alberta

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Gastropods Planorbula armigera Thicklip Rams-horn Sensitive Few occurrences; trends in population and distribution unknown. Habitat threatened by shoreline developments and wetland drainage. Gastropods Planorbula campestris Meadow Rams-horn Sensitive Few occurrences; trends in population and distribution unknown. Habitat threatened by shoreline developments and wetland drainage. Gastropods Promenetus exacuous Sharp Sprite Secure The subspecies P. e. exacuous and P. e. megas occur in Alberta. Gastropods Promenetus umbilicatellus Umbilicate Sprite Sensitive Few occurrences; trends in population and distribution unknown. Habitat threatened by shoreline developments and wetland drainage. Gastropods Amnicola limosus Mud Amnicola Undetermined Gastropods Probythinella emarginata Delta Hydrobe May Be at Risk Few occurrences. No information on population size and trend. Species’ habitat is threatened by shoreline developments, thermal pollution, and wetland drainage. Gastropods Valvata sincera Mossy Valvata Sensitive The subspecies V. s. helicoidea and V. s. sincera occur in Alberta. Gastropods Valvata tricarinata Threeridge Valvata Sensitive Few occurrences; trends in population and distribution unknown. Habitat threatened by shoreline developments and wetland drainage. Gastropods Juga plicifera Pleated Juga Undetermined Mammals Sorex cinereus Masked Shrew Secure Mammals Sorex vagrans Vagrant Shrew May Be at Risk Extremely rare. Population size unknown but estimated at fewer than 100 breeding individuals. Known from only seven verified records in West Castle area. Timber harvest, petroleum exploration, and recreational development threaten the population. Mammals Sorex monticolus Dusky Shrew Secure Mammals Sorex palustris Water Shrew Secure Mammals Sorex arcticus Arctic Shrew Secure Mammals Sorex hoyi Pygmy Shrew Secure Mammals Sorex haydeni Prairie Shrew Secure Mammals Myotis lucifugus Little Brown Bat Secure Mammals Myotis evotis Long-eared Bat Secure Mammals Myotis volans Long-legged Bat Undetermined Mammals Myotis ciliolabrum Western Small-footed Bat Sensitive Localized distribution and little known about population. Concern for habitat security because of clumped, disjunct populations. Found only in prairie riverine habitats (cottonwoods and cliffs). Mammals Myotis septentrionalis Northern Long-eared Bat May Be at Risk Population size unknown, but uncommon over known range. Current forestry practices threaten habitat, as it relies on large, early decay trees for roosting. Need to incorporate habitat requirements into forest management. Mammals Lasionycteris noctivagans Silver-haired Bat Secure Species is sensitive to mortality at current and (potentially) future wind energy projects. More research necessary to determine population size. Mammals Eptesicus fuscus Big Brown Bat Secure Mammals Lasiurus borealis Red Bat Accidental/Vagrant Species is rare in province, and sensitive to mortality at current and (potentially) future wind energy projects. Mammals Lasiurus cinereus Hoary Bat Secure Species is sensitive to mortality at current and (potentially) future wind energy projects. More research necessary to determine population size. Mammals Ochotona princeps Pika Secure Mammals Sylvilagus nuttallii Nuttall's Cottontail Secure

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Mammals Lepus americanus Snowshoe Hare Secure Mammals Lepus townsendii White-tailed Jack Rabbit Secure Mammals Tamias minimus Least Chipmunk Secure Mammals Tamias amoenus Yellow-pine Chipmunk Secure Mammals Tamias ruficaudus Red-tailed Chipmunk Sensitive Population size and trend unknown. Population extremely localized in Waterton-West Castle area and is vulnerable to habitat loss. Fire suppression may degrade habitat in the long-term. Mammals Marmota monax Woodchuck Secure Mammals Marmota flaviventris Yellow-bellied Marmot Secure Mammals Marmota caligata Hoary Marmot Secure Mammals Spermophilus richardsonii Richardson's Ground Squirrel Secure Mammals Spermophilus columbianus Columbian Ground Squirrel Secure Mammals Spermophilus Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel Undetermined tridecemlineatus Mammals Spermophilus franklinii Franklin's Ground Squirrel Undetermined Mammals Spermophilus lateralis Golden-mantled Ground Secure Squirrel Mammals Sciurus carolinensis Gray Squirrel Exotic/Alien Mammals Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Red Squirrel Secure Mammals Glaucomys sabrinus Northern Flying Squirrel Secure Mammals Thomomys talpoides Northern Pocket Gopher Secure Mammals Perognathus fasciatus Olive-backed Pocket Mouse Sensitive Likely a relatively large and stable population. Restricted to the grasslands of southeastern Alberta. Observations of a few dense local populations in secure habitat are not sufficient to justify “Secure” classification. Mammals Dipodomys ordii Ord's Kangaroo Rat May Be at Risk Extremely localized in sand dune habitat of southeast Alberta. Geographically isolated from United States population. Habitat threatened by increases of dense vegetation resulting from fire suppression. Designated as “Endangered” under the Wildlife Act. Mammals Castor canadensis Beaver Secure Mammals Reithrodontomys megalotis Western Harvest Mouse Undetermined Mammals Peromyscus maniculatus Deer Mouse Secure Mammals Onychomys leucogaster Northern Grasshopper Mouse Secure Mammals Neotoma cinerea Bushy-tailed Woodrat Secure Mammals Clethrionomys gapperi Southern Red-backed Vole Secure Mammals Phenacomys intermedius Heather Vole Secure Mammals Microtus pennsylvanicus Meadow Vole Secure Mammals Microtus longicaudus Long-tailed Vole Secure Mammals Microtus xanthognathus Taiga Vole Undetermined Mammals Microtus ochrogaster Prairie Vole Undetermined Mammals Microtus richardsoni Water Vole Sensitive Relatively low population size; trend unknown. Extremely restricted range with most specimen records from the Bow River to Turner Valley region and Waterton area. Mammals Lemmiscus curtatus Sagebrush Vole Secure Mammals Ondatra zibethicus Muskrat Secure Mammals Lemmus sibiricus Brown Lemming Undetermined Mammals Synaptomys borealis Northern Bog Lemming Secure Mammals Rattus rattus Black Rat Exotic/Alien Mammals Rattus norvegicus Norway Rat Exotic/Alien Mammals Mus musculus House Mouse Exotic/Alien Mammals Zapus hudsonius Meadow Jumping Mouse Secure Mammals Zapus princeps Western Jumping Mouse Secure Mammals Erethizon dorsatum Common Porcupine Secure Mammals Canis latrans Coyote Secure Mammals Canis lupus Gray Wolf Secure Mammals Alopex lagopus Arctic Fox Accidental/Vagrant Mammals Vulpes vulpes Red Fox Secure Mammals Vulpes velox Swift Fox At Risk Was extirpated, but populations surveyed in 2000-2001 had recently tripled because of the re- introduction program. Ability to maintain population is uncertain, but recent census data are encouraging. Designated as

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 “Endangered” under the Wildlife Act. Mammals Urocyon cinereoargenteus Gray Fox Accidental/Vagrant Mammals Ursus americanus Black Bear Secure Mammals Ursus arctos Grizzly Bear May Be at Risk Population estimates are currently underway. Currently sustaining its population under a very restrictive sport hunting regime. Greatest threat is loss and degradation of wilderness habitats through resource extraction and recreational development. Mammals Procyon lotor Common Raccoon Secure Mammals Martes americana Marten Secure Mammals Martes pennanti Fisher Sensitive Species considered uncommon to rare. Population status is unknown, and trends in population and distribution uncertain. Current forestry practices may reduce availability of preferred habitat. Fisher harvest has declined since 1985. Mammals Mustela erminea Ermine Secure Mammals Mustela nivalis Least Weasel Secure Mammals Mustela frenata Long-tailed Weasel May Be at Risk Has experienced dramatic declines and even disappearance from some areas, but the cause is uncertain. Habitat lost through some agriculturally induced fragmentation, pesticide use, and wetland drainage. Population trend extremely difficult to monitor. Mammals Mustela nigripes Black-footed Ferret Extirpated/Extinct Mammals Mustela vison Mink Secure Mammals Gulo gulo Wolverine May Be at Risk An uncertain provincial estimate of less than 1000 has been proposed. Trends in distribution and population unknown, but populations may be declining. Human disturbance and associated habitat fragmentation may negatively affect this secretive animal. Mammals Taxidea taxus American Badger Sensitive Dependent on fluctuating ground squirrel populations. Badgers have likely declined on a provincial scale, but increased at smaller scales around the province. Badger burrows provide a key habitat element for burrowing owls and swift fox. Mammals Mephitis mephitis Striped Skunk Secure Mammals Lutra canadensis River Otter Secure Mammals Felis concolor Cougar Sensitive Mammals Lynx canadensis Canada Lynx Sensitive Cyclic species. Estimated less than 8 000 individuals at the bottom of the cycle. Population has decreased in recent years, and some concern exists over habitat loss and fragmentation. Harvest is now set by quota. Mammals Lynx rufus Bobcat Sensitive Perhaps fewer than 1 000 individuals. Harvest of bobcats is very low, but population is presumed to be stable. Mammals Cervus elaphus Wapiti (Elk) Secure Mammals Odocoileus hemionus Mule Deer Secure Mammals Odocoileus virginianus White-tailed Deer Secure Mammals Alces alces Moose Secure Mammals Rangifer tarandus tarandus Barren-ground Caribou Accidental/Vagrant Mammals Rangifer tarandus caribou Woodland Caribou At Risk Most populations declining, with some at immediate risk of extirpation. Primary threat is increased predation by wolves in response to human activity. Maintenance of old-growth forest habitat is critical. Designated as “Threatened” under the Wildlife Act.

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Mammals Antilocapra americana Pronghorn Sensitive Populations are highly susceptable to extreme climatic conditions. Found mainly in the southeastern portion of the province. Cultivation of native prairie threatens habitat. Mammals Bos bison bison Plains Bison Extirpated/Extinct Mammals Bos bison athabascae Wood Bison At Risk Free-ranging animals in Alberta exist only in the Hay-Zama area, and in Wood Buffalo National Park. Restoration in Alberta depends on resolution of disease concerns in northern Canada. Wood bison are designated as “Endangered” under the Wildlife Act. Mammals Oreamnos americanus Mountain Goat Secure Mammals Ovis canadensis Bighorn Sheep Secure Odonates Aeshna canadensis Canada Darner Not Assessed Odonates Aeshna constricta Lance-tipped Darner Not Assessed Odonates Aeshna eremita Lake Darner Not Assessed Odonates Aeshna interrupta Variable Darner Not Assessed Odonates Aeshna juncea Rush Darner Not Assessed Odonates Aeshna multicolor Blue-eyed Darner Not Assessed Odonates Aeshna palmata Paddle-tailed Darner Not Assessed Odonates Aeshna septentrionalis Azure Darner Not Assessed Odonates Aeshna sitchensis Zigzag Darner Not Assessed Odonates Aeshna subarctica Subarctic Darner Not Assessed Odonates Aeshna tuberculifera Black-tipped Darner Not Assessed Odonates Aeshna umbrosa Shadow Darner Not Assessed Odonates Anax junius Common Green Darner Not Assessed Odonates Gomphus graslinellus Pronghorn Clubtail Not Assessed Odonates Ophiogomphus colubrinus Boreal Snaketail Not Assessed Odonates Ophiogomphus severus Pale Snaketail Not Assessed Odonates Stylurus intricatus Brimstone Clubtail Not Assessed Only one occurrence in the province. Habitat is threatened by oil and gas development. Alberta contains a significant proportion of this species’ Canadian distribution. Odonates Cordulia shurtleffi American Emerald Not Assessed Odonates Epitheca spinigera Spiny Baskettail Not Assessed Odonates Epitheca canis Beaverpond Baskettail Not Assessed Odonates Somatochlora albicincta Ringed Emerald Not Assessed Odonates Somatochlora cingulata Lake Emerald Not Assessed Odonates Somatochlora forcipata Forcipate Emerald Not Assessed Odonates Somatochlora franklini Delicate Emerald Not Assessed Odonates Somatochlora hudsonica Hudsonian Emerald Not Assessed Odonates Somatochlora kennedyi Kennedy’s Emerald Not Assessed Odonates Somatochlora minor Ocellated Emerald Not Assessed Odonates Somatochlora semicircularis Mountain Emerald Not Assessed Odonates Somatochlora Muskeg Emerald Not Assessed septentrionalis Odonates Somatochlora walshii Brush-tipped Emerald Not Assessed Only one known occurrence in the province. Population size, and trends in population and distribution unknown. Odonates Somatochlora whitehousei Whitehouse’s Emerald Not Assessed Odonates Leucorrhinia borealis Boreal Whiteface Not Assessed Odonates Leucorrhinia glacialis Crimson-ringed Whiteface Not Assessed Odonates Leucorrhinia hudsonica Hudsonian Whiteface Not Assessed Odonates Leucorrhinia intacta Dot-tailed Whiteface Not Assessed Odonates Leucorrhinia proxima Red-waisted Whiteface Not Assessed Odonates Libellula julia Chalk-fronted Skimmer Not Assessed Odonates Libellula pulchella Twelve-spotted Skimmer Not Assessed Odonates Libellula quadrimaculata Four-spotted Skimmer Not Assessed Odonates Pachydiplax longipennis Blue Dasher Not Assessed Odonates Pantala flavescens Wandering Glider Not Assessed Odonates Sympetrum corruptum Variegated Meadowhawk Not Assessed Odonates Sympetrum costiferum Saffron Winged Meadowhawk Not Assessed Odonates Sympetrum danae Black Meadowhawk Not Assessed Odonates Sympetrum internum Cherry-faced Meadowhawk Not Assessed Odonates Sympetrum madidum Red-veined Meadowhawk Not Assessed Odonates Sympetrum obtrusum White-faced Meadowhawk Not Assessed Odonates Sympetrum occidentale Western Meadowhawk Not Assessed Odonates Sympetrum pallipes Striped Meadowhawk Not Assessed Odonates Calopteryx aequabilis River Jewelwing Not Assessed Odonates Lestes congener Spotted Spreadwing Not Assessed Odonates Lestes disjunctus Common Spreadwing Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Odonates Lestes dryas Emerald Spreadwing Not Assessed Odonates Lestes forcipatus Sweetflag Spreadwing Not Assessed Odonates Lestes unguiculatus Lyre-tipped Spreadwing Not Assessed Odonates Amphiagrion abbreviatum Western Red Damselfly Not Assessed Few occurrences within Alberta. Population size, and trends in population and distribution unknown. Naturally rare habitat within the grasslands is threatened by oil and gas activities. Odonates Argia vivida Vivid Dancer Not Assessed Few occurrences; restricted to Banff National Park. Alberta is responsible for the welfare of the majority of A. vivida found in Canada. Habitat (outflow of hot springs) is vulnerable to human disturbance. Odonates Coenagrion angulatum Prairie Bluet Not Assessed Odonates Coenagrion interrogatum Subarctic Bluet Not Assessed Odonates Coenagrion resolutum Taiga Bluet Not Assessed Odonates Enallagma anna River Bluet Not Assessed Odonates Enallagma boreale Boreal Bluet Not Assessed Odonates Enallagma carunculatum Tule Bluet Not Assessed Odonates Enallagma clausum Alkali Bluet Not Assessed Odonates Enallagma cyathigerum Northern Bluet Not Assessed Odonates Enallagma ebrium Marsh Bluet Not Assessed Odonates Enallagma hageni Hagen’s Bluet Not Assessed Odonates Ischnura cervula Pacific Forktail Not Assessed Odonates Ischnura damula Plains Forktail Not Assessed Odonates Ischnura perparva Western Forktail Not Assessed Odonates Ischnura verticalis Eastern Forktail Not Assessed Odonates Nehalennia irene Sedge Sprite Not Assessed Plants Ceanothus velutinus Tobacco Ceanothus Not Assessed Small populations where found. Restricted distribution within southwest Alberta. Montane slopes habitat is under threat; populations vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Centaurea biebersteinii Spotted Knapweed Not Assessed Plants Centaurea cyanus Garden Cornflower Not Assessed Plants Centaurea diffusa White Knapweed Not Assessed Plants Centaurea solstitialis Yellow Knapweed Not Assessed Plants Cerastium arvense Mouse-ear Chickweed Not Assessed Plants Cerastium beeringianum Bering Sea Chickweed Not Assessed Plants Cerastium brachypodum Short-stalked Chickweed Not Assessed Only five known occurrences. Plants Cerastium fontanum Common Chickweed Not Assessed Plants Cerastium nutans Nodding Chickweed Not Assessed Plants Ceratophyllum demersum Common Coontail Not Assessed Plants Chaenorhinum minus Dwarf Snapdragon Not Assessed Plants Chamaedaphne calyculata Leatherleaf Not Assessed Plants Chamaerhodos erecta Rose Chamaehodos Not Assessed Plants Chamaesyce glyptosperma Ridged-seeded Spurge Not Assessed Plants Chamaesyce serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Spurge Not Assessed Plants Chamerion angustifolium Fireweed Not Assessed Plants Chamerion latifolium River Beauty Not Assessed Plants Cheilanthes feei Slender Lip Fern Sensitive Plants Cheilanthes gracillima Lace Fern May Be at Risk Peripheral species known from only one location in the southwest corner of the province. Montane habitat under threat from development. Population threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Chenopodium album Lamb's Quarters Not Assessed Plants Chenopodium atrovirens Dark Lamb's Quarters Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and found only in the Foothills Natural Region. Plants Chenopodium berlandieri Berlandier's Goosefoot Not Assessed Small populations expected; habitat threatened by cultivation; populations susceptible to livestock grazing. Plants Chenopodium bonus- Good King Henry Not Assessed henricus Plants Chenopodium capitatum Strawberry-blite Not Assessed Plants Chenopodium desiccatum Narrow-leaved Goosefoot Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and very restricted range in southeast Alberta. Population vulnerable to livestock grazing and trampling; habitat threatened by cultivation. Plants Chenopodium fremontii Fremont's Goosefoot Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Chenopodium glaucum Oak-leaved Goosefoot Not Assessed Plants Chenopodium incanum Mealy Goosefoot Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and very restricted range in southeast Alberta. Population vulnerable to livestock grazing and trampling. Plants Chenopodium leptophyllum Slim-leaved Goosefoot Not Assessed Plants Chenopodium pratericola Desert Goosefoot Not Assessed Plants Chenopodium rubrum Red Pigweed Not Assessed Plants Chenopodium simplex Maple-leaved Goosefoot Not Assessed Plants Chenopodium subglabrum Smooth Goosefoot Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Designated Special Concern by COSEWIC (1992) - being re- assessed in 2006; threats include cultivation of native habitat, stabilization of sand dunes, and livestock grazing. Plants Chenopodium watsonii Watson's Goosefoot Not Assessed Small population, few occurrences, and species restricted to eastern grasslands. Moderate threat from livestock grazing. Plants Chimaphila umbellata Pipsissewa Not Assessed Plants Chrysosplenium iowense Iowa Golden Saxifrage Not Assessed Small populations where found; population and distribution trends declining. Moderate threats to habitat include deforestation and wetland desiccation. Plants Chrysosplenium tetrandrum Northern Golden Saxifrage Not Assessed Plants Chrysothamnus nauseosus Rabbit Bush Not Assessed Plants Cichorium endivia Endive Not Assessed Plants Cichorium intybus Wild Chicory Not Assessed Plants Cicuta bulbifera Bulbous Water-hemlock Not Assessed Plants Cicuta maculata Spotted Water-hemlock Not Assessed Plants Cicuta virosa Mackenzie's Water-hemlock Not Assessed Plants Cinna latifolia Slender Wood-reed Grass Not Assessed Plants Circaea alpina Small Enchanter's Nightshade Not Assessed Plants Lomatium cous Cous-Root Desert Parsley Not Assessed Found only in Cypress Hills. May be vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Lomatium dissectum Fern-leaved Desert Parsley Not Assessed Presumed population decline. Distribution restricted to open montane woods and rocky slopes. Habitat and population threatened by logging, off-highway vehicle use, oil and gas activity, livestock grazing, and conversion of natural habitat. Plants Lomatium foeniculaceum Carrot-leaved Desert Parsley Not Assessed Plants Lomatium macrocarpum Large-Fruit Desert Parsley Not Assessed Very small populations where found. Habitat threatened by conversion of natural grasslands to cropland. Population threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Lomatium sandbergii Sandberg's Desert Parsley Not Assessed Plants Lomatium triternatum Ternate Desert Parsley Not Assessed This species has a restricted distribution within the grasslands. It is vulnerable to conversion of its natural habitat, and subsequent livestock grazing. Plants Lomatogonium rotatum Marsh Felwort Not Assessed Species appears to be declining in population and distribution. Habitat lost through wetland conversion and climate change-induced wetland desiccation. Plants Lonicera caerulea Western Honeysuckle Not Assessed Plants Lonicera dioica Mountain Honeysuckle Not Assessed Plants Lonicera involucrata Fly Honeysuckle Not Assessed Plants Lonicera tatarica Tartarian Honeysuckle Not Assessed Plants Lonicera utahensis Utah Honeysuckle Not Assessed Plants Lonicera villosa Mountain Fly Honeysuckle Not Assessed Plants Luetkea pectinata Segmented Luetke Not Assessed Plants Lupinus arcticus Arctic Lupine Not Assessed Plants Lupinus argenteus Silvery Lupine Not Assessed Plants Lupinus minimus Kettle Falls Lupine Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences; species restricted to southwest Alberta; livestock grazing may threaten population. Plants Lupinus nootkatensis Nootka Lupine Not Assessed Original Online Report: 2005 Species at Risk – General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Page 47 of 97 PDF version created: Feb 25, 2013 © 2013 Government of Alberta

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Lupinus polyphyllus Large-leaved Lupine Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and distribution restricted to mountains and foothills. Species threatened by livestock grazing; habitat threats include logging and off-highway vehicle use. Plants Lupinus pusillus Small Lupine Not Assessed Plants Lupinus sericeus Pursh's Lupine Not Assessed Plants Lupinus wyethii Wyeth Lupine Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Species threatened by considerable human activity within its range. Natural habitat vulnerable to land conversion. Plants Luzula acuminata Hairy Woodrush Not Assessed Few occurrences within a very restricted range (Swan Hills area). Threats to habitat include logging, oil and gas development, and off- highway vehicle use. Plants Abies balsamea Balsam Fir Not Assessed Plants Abies bifolia Rocky Mountain Alpine Fir Not Assessed Plants Abutilon theophrasti Velvet-leaf Not Assessed Plants Acer glabrum Rocky Mountain Maple Not Assessed Plants Acer negundo Manitoba Maple Not Assessed Plants Achillea millefolium Common Yarrow Not Assessed Plants Achillea ptarmica Sneezeweed Not Assessed Plants Achillea sibirica Siberian Yarrow Not Assessed Plants Achnatherum hymenoides Indian Mountain Rice Not Assessed Plants Achnatherum nelsonii A Needle Grass Not Assessed Plants Achnatherum richardsonii Canada Needle Grass Not Assessed Plants Aconitum delphiniifolium Mountain Monkshood Not Assessed Plants Acorus americanus Sweetflag Not Assessed Plants Acroptilon repens Russion Knapweed Not Assessed Plants Actaea rubra Red Baneberry Not Assessed Plants Adenocaulon bicolor American Trailplant Not Assessed Few occurrences restricted to the southwest corner of Alberta. Montane woods habitat threatened by logging, oil and gas development, and off-highway vehicle use. Population vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Adiantum aleuticum Aleutian Maidenhair Fern May Be at Risk Few occurrences, small populations and restricted distribution. However, no threats to population or habitat known and trends in population and distribution are listed as stable. Plants Adoxa moschatellina Muskroot Not Assessed Plants Agastache foeniculum Blue Giant Hyssop Not Assessed Plants Agoseris aurantiaca Orange False Dandelion Not Assessed Plants Agoseris glauca Pale False Dandelion Not Assessed Plants Agoseris lackschewitzii Pink False Dandelion Not Assessed Few occurrences and small populations. Restricted to mountains, but no known threats in alpine meadows where this species is found. Plants Agrimonia striata Woodland Agrimony Not Assessed Plants Agropyron cristatum Crested Wheat Grass Not Assessed Plants Agropyron fragile Siberian Wheat Grass Not Assessed Plants Agrostis exarata Spiked Bent Grass Not Assessed Small number of occurrences found only within mountains and foothills. Habitat under threat from cultivation, oil and gas development, and off-highway vehicle use. Populations susceptible to livestock grazing. Plants Agrostis gigantea Black Bent Grass Not Assessed Plants Agrostis humilis Mountain Bent Grass Not Assessed Species occurs in few locations and presumably, in small populations; distribution restricted to mountains and foothills. Plants Agrostis idahoensis Idaho Bent Grass Not Assessed Plants Agrostis mertensii Northern Bent Grass Not Assessed Only six known occurrences within the province, restricted to a very narrow distribution within the mountains and foothills of Jasper. Populations may be vulnerable to stochastic events.

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Agrostis scabra Rough Bent Grass Not Assessed Plants Agrostis stolonifera Spreading Bent Grass Not Assessed Plants Agrostis variabilis Alpine Bent Grass Not Assessed Plants Alisma gramineum Grass-leaved Water-plantain Not Assessed Plants Alisma triviale Northern Water-plantain Not Assessed Plants Allium cernuum Nodding Onion Not Assessed Plants Allium geyeri Geyer's Onion Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted to mountains and foothills of southwest Alberta. Habitat under threat of development; populations threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Allium schoenoprasum Wild Chives Not Assessed Plants Allium textile White Wild Onion Not Assessed Plants Almutaster pauciflorus Marsh Alkali Aster Not Assessed 29 occurrences as of 2005. Possible impact from dry conditions - dessication of wetlands as a result of climate change; occur on saline flats. Grazing in springs and shores a potential threat to population. Plants Alnus incana Speckled Alder Not Assessed Plants Alnus viridis Green Alder Not Assessed Plants Alopecurus aequalis Short-awned Foxtail Not Assessed Plants Alopecurus borealis Alpine Meadow Foxtail Not Assessed Small populations where found, few occurrences, and small range (mountains/parkland of southwestern Alberta). Possible threats to population include livestock grazing; threats to habitat include conversion of natural habitats (shores and open woodland) to cropland. Plants Alopecurus carolinianus Tufted Meadow Foxtail Not Assessed Plants Alopecurus geniculatus Meadow Foxtail Not Assessed Plants Alopecurus pratensis Field Meadow Foxtail Not Assessed Plants Alyssum alyssoides Pale Alyssum Not Assessed Plants Alyssum desertorum Desert Alyssum Not Assessed Plants Alyssum murale Yellowtuft Not Assessed Plants Amaranthus albus White Tumbleweed Not Assessed Plants Amaranthus californicus California Amaranth Not Assessed Few occurrences and restricted distribution; moderate threat to population from livestock grazing. Habitat jeopardized by conversion to cropland. Plants Amaranthus powellii Powell's Amaranth Not Assessed Plants Amaranthus retroflexus Green Amaranth Not Assessed Plants Ambrosia acanthicarpa Flat-spined Burr Ragweed Not Assessed Few occurrences within a small portion of grasslands in southeast Alberta. Habitat threats include stabilization of sand dunes and conversion of natural habitats to cropland. Livestock grazing may pose threat to population. Plants Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common Ragweed Not Assessed Plants Ambrosia psilostachya Perennial Ragweed Not Assessed Plants Ambrosia trifida Great Ragweed Not Assessed Plants Amelanchier alnifolia Saskatoon Not Assessed Plants Amerorchis rotundifolia Small Round-leaved Orchis Secure Plants Amphiscirpus nevadensis Nevada Bulrush Not Assessed Plants Amsinckia menziesii Small-flowered Fiddleneck Not Assessed Plants Anagallis minima Chaffweed Not Assessed Small number of occurrences; distribution limited to the Grasslands Natural Region. Wetland habitat threatened by desiccation resulting from climate change; populations susceptible to livestock grazing in ephemeral wetlands. Plants Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly Everlasting Not Assessed Plants Anchusa arvensis Small Bugloss Not Assessed Plants Andromeda polifolia Bog Rosemary Not Assessed Plants Androsace chamaejasme Sweet-flowered Rock Jasmine Not Assessed Plants Androsace occidentalis Western Rock Jasmine Not Assessed Plants Androsace septentrionalis Pygmy-flowered Rock Jasmine Not Assessed Plants Anemone canadensis Canada Anemone Not Assessed Plants Anemone cylindrica Long-headed Anemone Not Assessed Plants Anemone drummondii Alpine Anemone Not Assessed Plants Anemone multifida Cut-leaved Anemone Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Anemone occidentalis Western Pasqueflower Not Assessed Plants Anemone parviflora Small-flowered Anemone Not Assessed Plants Anemone patens Prairie Crocus Not Assessed Plants Anemone quinquefolia Wood Anemone Not Assessed Only known extant population is within an area to be logged within the next 5-10 years. Plants Anemone richardsonii Yellow Anemone Not Assessed Plants Anemone virginiana Thimbleweed Not Assessed Plants Anethum graveolens Dill Not Assessed Plants Angelica arguta Lyall's Angelica Not Assessed Very restricted distribution and presumed population decline. Habitat and population threatened by logging, off-highway vehicle and mineral development activities and livestock grazing. Plants Angelica dawsonii Dawson's Angelica Not Assessed Medium number of occurrences and restricted distribution. Habitat and population threatened by off- highway vehicle use, oil and gas activity, and livestock grazing. Plants Angelica genuflexa Kneeling Angelica Not Assessed Plants Antennaria alpina Alpine Pussytoes Not Assessed Plants Antennaria anaphaloides Tall Pussytoes Not Assessed Plants Antennaria aprica Small-leaved Pussytoes Not Assessed Plants Antennaria aromatica Scented Pussytoes Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted to southwest Alberta. Plants Antennaria corymbosa Flat-topped Pussytoes Not Assessed Few occurrences. Restricted to montane habitat, which is under threat of development. May be vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Antennaria dimorpha Cushion Pussytoes Not Assessed Plants Antennaria howellii Howell's Pussytoes Not Assessed Plants Antennaria lanata Woolly Pussytoes Not Assessed Plants Antennaria luzuloides Silvery-brown Pussytoes Not Assessed Found in few locations within southwest Alberta. Population likely very small. Plants Antennaria media Rocky Mountain Pussytoes Not Assessed Plants Antennaria microphylla Small-leaved Pussytoes Not Assessed Plants Antennaria monocephala Pygmy Pussytoes Not Assessed Few occurrences and restricted to the northern mountains and foothills. Plants Antennaria neglecta Field Pussytoes Not Assessed Plants Antennaria parvifolia Small-leaved Pussytoes Not Assessed Plants Antennaria pulcherrima Showy Pussytoes Not Assessed Plants Antennaria racemosa Hooker's Pussytoes Not Assessed Plants Antennaria rosea Rosy Pussytoes Not Assessed Plants Antennaria umbrinella Umber Pussytoes Not Assessed Plants Anthemis cotula Mayweed Chamomile Not Assessed Plants Anthemis tinctoria Yellow Chamomile Not Assessed Plants Apocynum Spreading Dogbane Not Assessed androsaemifolium Plants Apocynum cannabinum Indian Hemp Not Assessed Plants Aquilegia brevistyla Blue Columbine Not Assessed Plants Aquilegia flavescens Yellow Columbine Not Assessed Plants Aquilegia formosa Sitka Columbine Not Assessed Few occurrences, populations likely small, and only found in Jasper area. Plants Aquilegia jonesii Jones' Columbine Not Assessed Few occurrences; restricted to mountains and foothills of southwest Alberta. Plants Arabidopsis salsuginea Saltwater Cress Not Assessed Very small populations in few locations; distribution restricted to the grasslands and Wood Buffalo National Park. Habitat threatened by climate change and subsequent wetland desiccation, and grazing along saline springs and shores. Plants Arabis calderi Calder's Rockcress Not Assessed Plants Arabis drummondii Drummond's Rockcress Not Assessed Plants Arabis glabra Tower Mustard Not Assessed Plants Arabis hirsuta Western Hairy Rockcress Not Assessed Plants Arabis holboellii Holboell's Rockcress Not Assessed Plants Arabis lemmonii Lemmon's Rockcress Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and range limited to mountains and foothills. Plants Arabis lyrata Lyre-leaved Rockcress Not Assessed Plants Arabis murrayi Murry's Rockcress Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Arabis nuttallii Nuttall's Rockcress Not Assessed Plants Aralia nudicaulis Wild Sarsaparilla Not Assessed Plants Arceuthobium americanum American Dwarf Mistletoe Not Assessed Plants Arctagrostis latifolia Broad-leaved Arctagrostis Not Assessed Only three known occurrences in the province. Plants Arctium lappa Greater Burdock Not Assessed Plants Arctium minus Common Burdock Not Assessed Plants Arctium tomentosum Woolly Burdock Not Assessed Plants Arctostaphylos rubra Red Bearberry Not Assessed Plants Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Common Bearberry Not Assessed Plants Arenaria capillaris FESCUE SANDWORT Not Assessed Plants Arenaria congesta CAPITATE SANDWORT Not Assessed Plants Arenaria humifusa Creeping Sandwort Not Assessed Plants Arenaria longipedunculata Low Sandwort Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution; threatened by highway construction and other development in montane areas where it occurs. Plants Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Sandwort Not Assessed Plants Argentina anserina Silverweed Not Assessed Plants Aristida purpurea Purple Three-awned Grass Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and narrow distribution. Much of species’ range is currently being subjected to intensive oil and gas exploration. Effects of livestock grazing on population unknown. Plants Armoracia rusticana Horse Radish Not Assessed Plants Arnica amplexicaulis Streambank Arnica Not Assessed Species occurs in small populations in few locations. Habitat threatened by logging and oil and gas activities. Plants Arnica angustifolia Narrow-leaved Arnica Not Assessed Plants Arnica chamissonis Leafy Arnica Not Assessed Plants Arnica cordifolia Heart-leaved Arnica Not Assessed Plants Arnica diversifolia Sticky-leaved Arnica Not Assessed Plants Arnica fulgens Hillside Arnica Not Assessed Plants Arnica gracilis Arnica Not Assessed Plants Arnica latifolia Mountain Arnica Not Assessed Plants Arnica lonchophylla Long-leaved Arnica Not Assessed Plants Arnica longifolia Long-leaved Arnica Not Assessed Low population, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Plants Arnica louiseana Lake Louise Arnica Not Assessed Plants Arnica mollis Hairy Arnica Not Assessed Plants Arnica parryi Nodding Arnica Not Assessed Few occurrences. Multiple threats to montane habitat include logging, oil and gas activities, cultivation, and off-highway vehicle use. Population threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Arnica rydbergii Subalpine Arnica Not Assessed Plants Arnica sororia Twin Arnica Not Assessed Rank based on trends, and moderate threats to habitat including conversion of native grasslands to cropland, and livestock grazing. Plants Artemisia abrotanum Southern Wormwood Not Assessed Plants Artemisia absinthium Absinthe Not Assessed Plants Artemisia arctica Arctic Wormwood Not Assessed Plants Artemisia biennis Biennal Wormwood Not Assessed Plants Artemisia campestris Field Wormwood Not Assessed Plants Artemisia cana Hoary Wormwood Not Assessed Plants Artemisia dracunculus Dragon Wormwood Not Assessed Plants Artemisia frigida Prairie Sagebrush Not Assessed Plants Artemisia furcata Three-forked Wormwood Not Assessed Known from only one location in the province. Plants Artemisia longifolia Long-leaved Wormwood Not Assessed Plants Artemisia ludoviciana White Wormwood Not Assessed Plants Artemisia michauxiana Michaux's Wormwood Not Assessed Plants Artemisia tilesii Tilesius Wormwood Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences. Plants Artemisia tridentata Big Sagebrush Not Assessed Few occurrences within a restricted distribution; threats include off- highway vehicle use and grazing by livestock. Plants Aruncus dioicus Common Goats-beard Not Assessed Plants Asclepias ovalifolia Dwarf Milkweed Not Assessed Population and distribution are likely in decline. Moderate threats include habitat conversion and

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 livestock grazing. Plants Asclepias speciosa Showy Milkweed Not Assessed Plants Asclepias viridiflora Green Comet Milkweed Not Assessed Very small population and few occurrences. Found only in the extreme southern grasslands. Livestock grazing may pose threat to population. Plants Asparagus officinalis Garden Asparagus Not Assessed Plants Asperugo procumbens German Madwort Not Assessed Plants Asperula arvensis Blue Woodruff Not Assessed Few occurrences. Plants Asplenium trichomanes- Green Spleenwort Sensitive ramosum Plants Aster alpinus Alpine Aster Not Assessed Plants Astragalus adsurgens Rattle Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus agrestis Meadow Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus alpinus Alpine Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus americanus American Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus australis Indian Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus bisulcatus Two-grooved Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus bodinii Bodin's Milk-vetch Not Assessed Few occurrences; threats include conversion to cropland and livestock grazing. Plants Astragalus bourgovii Bourgov's Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus canadensis Canadian Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus cicer Chickpea Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus crassicarpus Ground-plum Not Assessed Plants Astragalus drummondii Drummond's Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus eucosmus Elegant Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus flexuosus Flexible Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus gilviflorus Three-leaved Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus kentrophyta Spiny Milk-vetch Not Assessed Few occurrences and range restricted to extreme southern grasslands. Livestock grazing may be a threat. Plants Astragalus lotiflorus Lotus Milk-vetch Not Assessed Very small populations; threats to habitat include cultivation of native prairie, and oil and gas development. Effects of livestock grazing on populations unknown. Plants Astragalus miser A Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus missouriensis Missouri Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus pectinatus Narrow-leaved Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus purshii Pursh's Milk-vetch Not Assessed Small populations and number of occurrences; range restricted to grasslands of southeast Alberta. Cultivation of dry prairies and oil and gas development threaten habitat. Populations vulnerable to livestock grazing, but effects unknown. Plants Astragalus robbinsii Robbins' Milkvetch Not Assessed Small populations; sensitive based on threats and presumed population trend. Many threats to habitat and population include logging, cultivation, oil and gas activity, off- highway vehicle use, and livestock grazing. Plants Astragalus spatulatus Tufted Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus tenellus Loose-flowered Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Astragalus vexilliflexus Bent-flowered Milk-vetch Not Assessed Plants Athyrium alpestre Alpine Lady Fern May Be at Risk Very small population size and number of occurrences. Distribution restricted to the mountains. Plants Athyrium filix-femina Lady Fern Not Assessed Plants Atriplex argentea Silvery Orache Not Assessed Plants Atriplex canescens Four-wing Saltbush Not Assessed Plants Atriplex dioica Thick-leaved Orache Not Assessed Plants Atriplex gardneri Gardner's Saltbush Not Assessed Plants Atriplex heterosperma Russian Atriplex Not Assessed Plants Atriplex hortensis Garden Orache Not Assessed Plants Atriplex oblongifolia Oblong-leaved Orache Not Assessed Plants Atriplex patula Spreading Orache Not Assessed Plants Atriplex powellii Powell's Orache Not Assessed Very small populations; few occurrences. Plants Atriplex prostrata Thin-leaved Orache Not Assessed Plants Atriplex rosea Red Orache Not Assessed Plants Atriplex suckleyi Suckley's Orache Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Atriplex truncata Wedge Orache Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and found only in southeast Alberta. Habitat threatened by oil and gas activity, while the effects of livestock grazing on the population may be detrimental. Plants Avena fatua Wild Oat Not Assessed Plants Avena sativa Cultivated Oat Not Assessed Plants Avenula hookeri Hooker's Alpine Oat Grass Not Assessed Plants Axyris amaranthoides Russian Pigweed Not Assessed Plants Bacopa rotundifolia Round-leaved Water Hyssop Not Assessed Only one known occurrence in the province. Trends in population and distribution may be declining. Wetland habitat lost through land conversion and desiccation. Considerable human activity in this species' range. Plants Balsamorhiza sagittata Arrow-leaved Balsamroot Not Assessed Plants Barbarea orthoceras American Yellow Rocket Not Assessed Few occurrences and scattered distribution. Moderate threats to habitat include logging, oil and gas development, and wetland loss through drainage and desiccation. Plants Barbarea vulgaris Yellow Rocket Not Assessed Plants Bassia hyssopifolia Five-hooked Bassia Not Assessed Plants Beckmannia syzigachne American Slough Grass Not Assessed Plants Berberis repens Creeping Oregon-Grape Not Assessed Plants Berteroa incana Hoary False-alyssum Not Assessed Plants Besseya wyomingensis Wyoming Coraldrops Not Assessed Plants Betula glandulosa Glandular Birch Not Assessed Plants Betula nana Arctic Dwarf Birch Not Assessed Plants Betula neoalaskana Alaska Paper Birch Not Assessed Plants Betula occidentalis Water Birch Not Assessed Plants Betula papyrifera Paper Birch Not Assessed Plants Betula pumila Bog Birch Not Assessed Plants Bidens cernua Nodding Beggarticks Not Assessed Plants Bidens frondosa Devil's Beggarticks Not Assessed Very small populations at few locations; restricted to southeast Alberta. Populations at risk of livestock grazing. Plants Bidens tripartita Three-lobed Beggarticks Not Assessed Plants Bistorta bistortoides American Bistort Not Assessed Many occurrences but distribution limited, and trends expected to be declining. Moderate threats to both population and habitat. Plants Bistorta vivipara Alpine Bistort Not Assessed Plants Blysmopsis rufa Red Clubrush Not Assessed Three occurrences, very small population and restricted range. No known threats. Plants Boisduvalia glabella Smooth Willowherb Not Assessed Few occurrences within grasslands of southeast Alberta. Threats include oil and gas development, and livestock grazing. Plants Bolboschoenus fluviatilis River Bulrush Not Assessed Very few occurrences, populations likely small. Considerable human activity and conversion of habitats to other uses is ongoing in this species' range. Plants Bolboschoenus maritimus Saltmarsh Bulrush Not Assessed Plants Borago officinalis Common Borage Not Assessed Plants Boschniakia rossica Northern Groundcone Not Assessed Few occurrences; distribution restricted to the Caribou Mountains, a region undergoing much logging and oil and gas development. Plants Botrychium ascendens Upswept Moonwort May Be at Risk Very localized distribution (known from only one location in the province), small population size, and few occurrences. Plants Botrychium boreale Boreal Moonwort May Be at Risk Plants Botrychium campestre Prairie Moonwort May Be at Risk Only one occurrence known in Alberta, in an area under significant threat of habitat conversion through land development. Also threatened by livestock grazing and invasive species (particularly smooth brome). Plants Botrychium crenulatum Dainty Moonwort May Be at Risk Population size of this species unknown but apparently very small,

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 as it is known only from one location (Banff). Livestock grazing poses threat, and the impacts of disturbance events is not yet clear. Plants Botrychium hesperium Western Moonwort May Be at Risk Plants Botrychium lanceolatum Triangle Moonwort May Be at Risk Small number of occurrences and restricted distribution. Occurs in low numbers where found. Plants Botrychium lineare Narrow-leaved Moonwort Not Assessed Only one occurrence known in Alberta. Any road work in area could destroy the only known population. Plants Botrychium lunaria Common Moonwort Secure Plants Botrychium minganense Mingan Moonwort May Be at Risk Plants Botrychium multifidum Leathery Moonwort May Be at Risk There are few sporadic occurrences of this species, and small population sizes where it is found. Threats include conversion of natural habitat to monocultures. The effect of livestock grazing on this species is unknown. Plants Botrychium pallidum Pale Moonwort Not Assessed Locally common in Elk Island National Park (where it is one of the two most common species of Botrychium), but not found anywhere else in Alberta thus far. Plants Botrychium paradoxum Paradox Moonwort May Be at Risk Extremely small population and very few occurrences. Distribution restricted to southwest Alberta. It may be subject to livestock grazing outside of Waterton Lakes National Park. The importance of disturbance events is not clear. Plants Botrychium pedunculosum Stalked Moonwort May Be at Risk Population size unknown but presumed very small. Only known from one location in Alberta (Waterton Lakes National Park). If this species occurs outside the park boundary, it is likely threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Botrychium pinnatum Northwestern Moonwort May Be at Risk Small number of occurrences in Alberta; population size is unknown but presumed to be very small. Distribution limited to the western part of the province. Plants Botrychium simplex Least Moonwort May Be at Risk Small population size, few occurrences, and distribution limited to southwest Alberta and the area surrounding Elk Island National Park. No known threats to population, but habitat is threatened by conversion of natural grasslands to cropland. Plants Botrychium spathulatum Spatulate Moonwort May Be at Risk Very small populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Montane areas in which it occurs face substantial threats from new developments. Plants Botrychium virginianum Rattlesnake Fern Secure Plants Bouteloua gracilis Blue Grama Not Assessed Plants Brasenia schreberi Water-shield Not Assessed Only two known occurrences in the province. Plants Brassica juncea Chinese Mustard Not Assessed Plants Brassica napus Turnip Not Assessed Plants Brassica rapa Bird's Rape Not Assessed Plants Braya glabella Purple Rockcress Not Assessed Plants Braya humilis Alpine Northern Rockcress Not Assessed Few occurrences; restricted to mountains and foothills. Threats to habitat include logging, oil and gas activity, and off-highway vehicle use. Plants Brickellia grandiflora Tasseled-flowered Brickelbush Not Assessed Very small populations and restricted to the southwest corner of the province. Plants Bromus anomalus Nodding Brome Not Assessed Plants Bromus carinatus California Brome Not Assessed Plants Bromus ciliatus Fringed Brome Not Assessed Plants Bromus commutatus Meadow Brome Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Bromus hordeaceus Soft Brome Not Assessed Plants Bromus inermis Awnless Brome Not Assessed Plants Bromus japonicus Japanese Brome Not Assessed Plants Bromus latiglumis Early-leaved Brome Not Assessed Very small populations where found; habitat threatened by conversion of native grassland to cropland. Populations vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Bromus marginatus Large Mountain Brome Not Assessed Plants Bromus pumpellianus Pumpelly Brome Not Assessed Plants Bromus richardsonii Richardson's Fringed Brome Not Assessed Plants Bromus secalinus Rye Brome Not Assessed Plants Bromus squarrosus Corn Brome Not Assessed Plants Bromus tectorum Cheat Grass Not Assessed Plants Bromus vulgaris Colombian Brome Not Assessed Small number of occurrences within a restricted distribution. Species’ habitat is compromised by logging, oil and gas development, and cultivation. Populations susceptible to livestock grazing. Plants Bupleurum americanum American Thorow-wax Not Assessed Plants Butomus umbellatus Flowering-rush Not Assessed Plants Calamagrostis canadensis Blue-jointed Reed Grass Not Assessed Plants Calamagrostis lapponica Lapland Reed Grass Not Assessed Species is neither abundant nor widespread, and restricted to the northern foothills. Plants Calamagrostis montanensis Plains Reed Grass Not Assessed Plants Calamagrostis purpurascens Purple Reed Grass Not Assessed Plants Calamagrostis rubescens Pine Reed Grass Not Assessed Plants Calamagrostis stricta Slim-stemmed Small Reed Not Assessed Grass Plants Calamovilfa longifolia Sand Reed Grass Not Assessed Plants Calla palustris Wild Calla Not Assessed Plants Callitriche hermaphroditica Northern Water-starwort Not Assessed Plants Callitriche verna Vernal Water-starwort Not Assessed Plants Calochortus apiculatus Baker Mariposa Lily Not Assessed Plants Caltha leptosepala White Marsh Marigold Not Assessed Plants Caltha natans Floating Marsh Marigold Not Assessed Plants Caltha palustris Marsh Marigold Not Assessed Plants Calylophus serrulatus Yellow Sundrops Not Assessed Few occurrences; sand dune habitat under threat of cultivation; effects of livestock grazing on population unknown. Plants Calypso bulbosa Calypso Secure Plants Calystegia sepium Hedge Bindweed Not Assessed Plants Camassia quamash Common Camas Not Assessed Small number of occurrences within a very narrow distribution; much of habitat lost through cultivation and development. Livestock poses threat to populations. Plants Camelina microcarpa Little-seeded False-flax Not Assessed Plants Camelina parodii False-flax Not Assessed Plants Camelina sativa Large-seeded False-flax Not Assessed Plants Camissonia andina Blackfoot River Suncup Not Assessed Small populations in few locations; restricted distribution. Habitat under threat of cultivation. Effects of livestock grazing on population unknown. Plants Camissonia breviflora Short-flowered Suncup Not Assessed Cultivation threatens the few locations where this species exists. Effects of livestock grazing on populations unknown. Plants Campanula aparinoides Marsh Bellflower Not Assessed Only known location is within an oil and gas lease. Plants Campanula lasiocarpa Alaska Bellflower Not Assessed Plants Campanula rapunculoides Creeping Bellflower Not Assessed Plants Campanula rotundifolia Harebell Not Assessed Plants Campanula uniflora Arctic Harebell Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and distribution is restricted to the mountains and foothills. Plants Canadanthus modestus Great Northern Aster Not Assessed Plants Cannabis sativa Hemp Not Assessed Plants Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's Purse Not Assessed Plants Caragana arborescens Siberian Pea-tree Not Assessed Plants Cardamine bellidifolia Alpine Bittercress Not Assessed Few occurrences, small population, and range restricted to mountains and foothills.

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Cardamine oligosperma Few-seeded Bittercress Not Assessed Few occurrences, small population, and restricted distribution. Plants Cardamine parviflora Small-flowered Bittercress Not Assessed Small population, few occurrences; range restricted to Peace River area. Considerable human activity in this species' range in Alberta but specific threats and species' response are unknown. Climate change threatens desiccation of wetlands. Plants Cardamine pensylvanica Pennsylvania Bittercress Not Assessed Plants Cardamine pratensis Cuckoo Flower Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences. Habitat desiccation threatened by climate change and deforestation in watershed. Plants Cardaria draba Heart-podded Hoarycress Not Assessed Plants Cardaria pubescens Globe-podded Hoarycress Not Assessed Plants Carduus nutans Musk Thistle Not Assessed Plants Carex adusta Lesser Brown Sedge Not Assessed Small populations where found, few occurrences, and habitat threatened by extensive logging. Plants Carex albonigra Black-and-white Scale Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex aperta Columbian Sedge Not Assessed Few occurrences, populations presumed small, and range restricted to mountains and foothills. Plants Carex aquatilis Water Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex arcta Northern Clustered Sedge Not Assessed Small number of occurrences and populations presumed small. Habitat under threat of logging and oil and gas development. Plants Carex atherodes Wheat Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex athrostachya Slender-beaked Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex atratiformis Scabrous Black Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex atrosquama Lesser Black-scaled Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex aurea Golden Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex backii Back's Sedge Not Assessed Small populations and number of occurrences. Habitat moderately threatened by logging. Plants Carex bebbii Bebb's Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex bicolor Two-coloured Sedge Not Assessed Small number of occurrences. More information needed about trends in population and distribution. Plants Carex brevior Short-beaked Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex brunnescens Brownish Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex buxbaumii Buxbaum's Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex canescens Silvery Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex capillaris Hairlike Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex capitata Capitate Sedge Not Assessed Very small populations, few occurrences, and narrow distribution within mountains and foothills. Plants Carex chordorrhiza Creeping Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex concinna Low Northern Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex concinnoides Northwestern Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex cordillerana Cordilleran Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex crawei Crawe's Sedge Not Assessed Few occurrences, likely declining population. Intensive human activity in part of this species’ habitat but specific effects unknown. Population threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Carex crawfordii Crawford's Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex deflexa Northern Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex deweyana Dewey's Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex diandra Lesser Panicled Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex disperma Soft-leaved Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex douglasii Douglas' Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex duriuscula Needle-leaved Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex eburnea Bristle-leaved Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex echinata Little Prickly Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex epapillosa Blackened Sedge Not Assessed No known threats, but two occurrences, population and range both very limited. Plants Carex filifolia Thread-leaved Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex flava Yellow Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex foenea Hay Sedge Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Carex fuliginosa Short-leaved Sedge Not Assessed Few occurrences and small populations where found, limited distribution. Threats to habitat (dry alpine slopes) include mineral development and off highway vehicles. Plants Carex garberi Garber's Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex geyeri Elk Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex glacialis Glacier Sedge Not Assessed Small number of occurrences, abundance presumed low; found only in the mountains. Plants Carex gynocrates Northern Bog Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex haydeniana Cloud Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex heleonastes Hudson Bay Sedge Not Assessed Very small populations found in few locations; wetland habitat under threat of desiccation resulting from climate change. Plants Carex hoodii Hood's Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex hookerana Hooker's Sedge Not Assessed Few known occurrences within a narrow distribution. Species occurs in areas of intensive human activity, but specific effects unknown. Population susceptible to livestock grazing. Plants Carex houghtoniana Houghton's Sedge Not Assessed Small, declining population and few occurrences. Current threats include conversion of natural habitats to cropland, oil and gas development, and livestock grazing. Plants Carex hystericina Porcupine Sedge Not Assessed Very small populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Populations vulnerable to livestock grazing in springs. Habitat at risk of climate change- induced desiccation. Plants Carex illota Sheep Sedge Not Assessed Only four known occurrences within the mountains. Abundance unknown but expected to be very low; thus population likely susceptible to stochastic events. Plants Carex incurviformis Coastal Sand Sedge Not Assessed Population size unknown but presumed small; few occurrences within a narrow range. Plants Carex infirminervia A Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex inops Long Stolon Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex interior Inland Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex lachenalii Arctic Harefoot Sedge Not Assessed Small number of occurrences found only within mountains and foothills; small populations expected. Plants Carex lacustris Lakebank Sedge Not Assessed Small populations and number of occurrences; wetland habitat under threat of desiccation from climate change and conversion to other uses. Plants Carex lapponica Lapland Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex lasiocarpa Slender Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex lenticularis Shore Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex leptalea Bristly-stalked Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex leptopoda Taper-fruited Short-scaled Not Assessed Only three known occurrences from Sedge extreme southwest Alberta; more information needed on threats to population and habitat. Plants Carex limosa Mud Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex livida Livid Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex loliacea Rye-grass Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex macloviana Falkland Island Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex magellanica Boreal Bog Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex maritima Seaside Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex media A Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex mertensii Mertens' Sedge Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and limited range. Potential threats to habitat from logging and oil and gas development, but species’ response unknown. More information needed to assess trends in population and distribution. Plants Carex microglochin False Uncinia Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex micropoda A Sedge Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Carex microptera Small-winged Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex muricata Muricate Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex nardina Nard Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex nebrascensis Nebraska Sedge Not Assessed Small number of occurrences within a very restricted distribution. Threats include habitat drainage and livestock grazing. Plants Carex nigricans Black Alpine Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex obtusata Blunt Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex oligosperma Few-seeded Sedge Not Assessed Few known occurrences within a very restricted range, thus populations vulnerable to stochastic events. Habitat threatened by desiccation of wetlands as a result of climate change. Plants Carex pachystachya Thick-headed Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex parryana Parry Sedge Not Assessed Very small populations and few occurrences. Threats to habitat (conversion of wetlands, logging, and oil and gas activities) and population (livestock grazing) persist. Plants Carex pauciflora Few-flowered Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex paysonis Payson's Sedge Not Assessed Species occurs rarely within a narrow distribution; population size unknown but presumed small. Plants Carex peckii Peck's Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex pedunculata Long-stalked Sedge Not Assessed Only two known occurrences; population likely declining. Considerable human activity within habitat, but specific effects unknown. Plants Carex pellita Woolly Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex pensylvanica Pennsylvania Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex petasata Liddon Sedge Not Assessed Small number of occurrences within a limited range. Considerable human activity in this species' habitat; livestock grazing threatens populations. Plants Carex petricosa Rock Dwelling Sedge Not Assessed Few occurrences; found only within mountains and foothills; population presumed to be medium. Habitat under threat from oil and gas activities and off-highway vehicle use. Plants Carex phaeocephala Mountain Hare Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex podocarpa Short-stalked Sedge Not Assessed Small estimated population size, few occurrences, and found only in mountains and foothills near Fort McMurray. Plants Carex praegracilis Clustered Field Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex prairea Prairie Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex praticola Northern Meadow Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex preslii Presl's Sedge Not Assessed Few occurrences, small estimated populations, and restricted to mountains and foothills. Moderate threat to habitat from development (oil and gas, roads, infrastructure); livestock grazing poses threat to populations. Plants Carex pseudocyperus Cypresslike Sedge Not Assessed Occurs rarely with the Boreal Forest and Canadian Shield Natural Regions; estimated small populations. Wetland desiccation and conversion threatens habitat. Plants Carex raynoldsii Raynolds' Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex retrorsa Retrorse Sedge Not Assessed Trends for both population and distribution are presumably declining; few known occurrences. Threats include wetland desiccation and livestock grazing. Plants Carex richardsonii Richardson's Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex rossii Ross' Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex rostrata Swollen Beaked Sedge Not Assessed Small number of occurrences; wetland habitat lost though desiccation and conversion to other uses. Plants Carex rupestris Rock Sedge Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Carex sartwellii Sartwell's Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex saxatilis Russet Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex saximontana Rocky Mountain Sedge Not Assessed Known from only one location in the province. Plants Carex scirpoidea Bulrush Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex scoparia Pointed Broom Sedge Not Assessed Very small number of occurrences; distribution restricted to mountains and foothills. Some threat to habitat through logging and oil and gas development. Plants Carex scopulorum Holm's Rocky Mountain Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex siccata Dry Spike Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex simulata Analogue Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex spectabilis Northwestern Showy Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex sprengelii Long-beaked Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex stipata Stalk Grain Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex supina Weak Arctic Sedge Not Assessed Very small populations, few occurrences, and restricted to northeast Alberta. Plants Carex sychnocephala Many-headed Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex tahoensis Lake Tahoe Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex tenera Quill Sedge Not Assessed Relatively few occurrences; population presumed to be declining as a result of conversion of native habitats. Considerable human activity within species’ range. Livestock grazing threatens population. Plants Carex tenuiflora Sparse-flowered Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex tincta Tinged Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex tonsa Shaved Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex torreyi Torrey's Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex trisperma Three-seeded Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex umbellata Parasol Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex utriculata Northern Beaked Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex vaginata Sheathed Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex vesicaria Inflated Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex viridula Little Green Sedge Not Assessed Plants Carex vulpinoidea Fox Sedge Not Assessed Small number of occurrences within a restricted distribution; wetland habitat at risk of desiccation as a result of climate change. Considerable human activity within this species' range, but specific threats and species' response are unknown. Plants Carex xerantica White-scaled Sedge Not Assessed Presumed declining trends for both population and distribution; habitat threatened by conversion of natural meadows to cropland; population susceptible to livestock grazing. Plants Carthamus tinctorius Safflower Not Assessed Plants Carum carvi Wild Caraway Not Assessed Plants Cassiope mertensiana Western Bell Heather Not Assessed Plants Cassiope tetragona Arctic White Heather Not Assessed Plants Castilleja cusickii Cusick's Indian Paintbrush Not Assessed Restricted to mountains, parkland, and grasslands of southwest Alberta. Threats include livestock grazing and loss of habitat through development and invasion of weeds. Plants Castilleja hispida Harsh Indian Paintbrush Not Assessed Plants Castilleja lutescens Stiff Yellow Indian Paintbrush Not Assessed Range limited to foothills, parkland, and fescue grassland. Threatened by livestock grazing and conversion of natural grasslands to cropland. Plants Castilleja miniata Greater Red Indian Paintbrush Not Assessed Plants Castilleja occidentalis Western Indian Paintbrush Not Assessed Plants Castilleja parviflora Small-flowered Indian Not Assessed Few occurrences and low population Paintbrush size. Threats to population are low, but species occurs in popular backcountry area. Plants Castilleja raupii Raup's Indian Paintbrush Not Assessed Plants Castilleja rhexiifolia Rosy Indian-Paintbrush Not Assessed Plants Castilleja sessiliflora Downy Indian Paintbrush Not Assessed Small populations found in few locations; restricted range. Habitat under threat of cultivation. Populations may be vulnerable to

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 livestock grazing. Plants Catabrosa aquatica Brook Grass Not Assessed Small populations declining as a result of livestock grazing. Habitat threatened by wetland desiccation. Plants Cirsium arvense Canada Thistle Not Assessed Plants Cirsium drummondii Drummon Thistle Not Assessed Plants Cirsium flodmanii Flodman's Thistle Not Assessed Plants Cirsium foliosum Leafy Thistle Not Assessed Habitat and populations threatened by conversion of natural and semi- natural habitats to monocultures, and livestock grazing. Plants Cirsium hookerianum Hooker's Thistle Not Assessed Plants Cirsium scariosum Meadow Thistle Not Assessed Plants Cirsium undulatum Nodding Thistle Not Assessed Plants Cirsium vulgare Bull Thistle Not Assessed Plants Claytonia lanceolata Western Spring Beauty Not Assessed Plants Claytonia megarhiza Alpine Spring Beauty Not Assessed Plants Clematis ligusticifolia White Virgin's-bower Not Assessed Plants Clematis occidentalis Purple Virgin's-bower Not Assessed Plants Clematis tangutica Golden Virgin's-Bower Not Assessed Plants Cleome serrulata Bee Spider-flower Not Assessed Plants Cleome serrulata Rocky Mountain Beeplant Not Assessed Plants Clintonia uniflora Single-flowered Clintonia Not Assessed Plants Coeloglossum viride Long-bracted Secure Plants Collinsia parviflora Small-flowered Blue-eyed Mary Not Assessed Plants Collomia linearis Narrow-leaved Collomia Not Assessed Plants Comandra umbellata Bastard's Toadflax Not Assessed Plants Comarum palustre Marsh Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Conimitella williamsii Williams' Miterwort Not Assessed Very small populations in few locations. Found only in mountains and foothills of southwest Alberta. Montane slopes habitat under threat of cultivation and other development. Species may be vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Conium maculatum Poison-hemlock Not Assessed Plants Conringia orientalis Hare's-ear Mustard Not Assessed Plants Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed Not Assessed Plants Conyza canadensis Canada Horseweed Not Assessed Plants Coptis trifolia Goldthread Not Assessed Plants Corallorhiza maculata Spotted Coral-root Sensitive Very small populations and few occurrences. Livestock grazing and habitat conversion threaten population. Plants Corallorhiza mertensiana Western Coral-root Not Assessed This species was recently added to the Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre tracking list (2005). Flora of North America reported that this species occurs in Waterton Lakes National Park, and the report has been confirmed, and it is now considered Plants Corallorhiza striata Striped Coral-root Sensitive Small populations where this species found. Limited threats to habitat (conversion of woodlands to cropland), and moderate threats to population (livestock grazing). Plants Corallorhiza trifida Early Coral-root Secure Plants Corepsis tinctoria Golden Tickseed Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and distribution limited to the grasslands. Plants Corispermum americanum American Bugseed Not Assessed Plants Corispermum hookeri Hooker's Bugseed Not Assessed Plants Corispermum pallasii Pallas' Bugseed Not Assessed Plants Corispermum villosum Hairy Bugseed Not Assessed Plants Cornus canadensis Bunchberry Not Assessed Plants Cornus sericea Red Osier Dogwood Not Assessed Plants Cornus unalaschkensis Cordilleran Bunchberry Not Assessed Plants Coronilla varia Purple Crown-vetch Not Assessed Plants Corydalis aurea Golden Corydalis Not Assessed Plants Corydalis sempervirens Pale Corydalis Not Assessed Plants Corylus cornuta Beaked Hazel Not Assessed Plants Coryphantha vivipara Pincushion Cactus Not Assessed Plants Crataegus chrysocarpa Fireberry Hawthorn Not Assessed Plants Crataegus douglasii Black Hawthorn Not Assessed Plants Crepis atribarba Slender Hawksbeard Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Off-

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 highway vehicle use and livestock grazing are of concern for this species. Plants Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawksbeard Not Assessed Plants Crepis elegans Elegant Hawksbeard Not Assessed Plants Crepis intermedia Limestone Hawksbeard Not Assessed Very small populations found in few locations within the mountains and foothills of southwest Alberta. Habitat threatened by oil and gas activity, cultivation, and off- highway vehicle use. Populations threatened by cultivation. Plants Crepis nana Dwarf Hawksbeard Not Assessed Plants Crepis occidentalis Gray Hawksbeard Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences. Species may be vulnerable to effects of livestock grazing. Plants Crepis runcinata Naked-stemmed Hawksbeard Not Assessed Plants Crepis tectorum Narrow-leaved Hawksbeard Not Assessed Plants Cryptantha affinis Slender Cat's-eye Not Assessed Plants Cryptantha celosioides Cockscomb Cat's-eye Not Assessed Plants Cryptantha fendleri Fendler's Cat's-eye Not Assessed Plants Cryptantha kelseyana Kelsey's Cat's-eye Not Assessed Only four specimens confirmed from three locations (as of 2004). Plants Cryptantha macounii Macoun's Cat's-eye Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences; range limited to the grasslands of southern Alberta. Plants Cryptantha minima Tiny Cryptanthe Not Assessed COSEWIC status is Endangered in Canada (2000); designated as Endangered in Alberta in 2005. Very small number of occurrences and very localized distribution in Alberta; habitat is threatened by oil and gas activities. Plants Cryptogramma American Parsley Fern Sensitive acrostichoides Plants Cryptogramma stelleri Slender Rock-brake May Be at Risk Very small populations where found; distribution is restricted to the mountains and foothills. Plants Cuscuta gronovii Gronovius Dodder Not Assessed Species occurs at few sites within a limited range. Habitat jeopardized by land conversion; population may be vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Cymopterus acaulis Plains Wave-wing Not Assessed Plants Cynoglossum officinale Common Hound's Tongue Not Assessed Plants Cynoglossum virginianum Wild Comfrey Not Assessed Small number of occurrences; restricted distribution. Intensive human activities (logging, oil and gas) in habitat. Area also under threat of cultivation. Plants Cyperus schweinitzii Sand Flat Sedge Not Assessed Few occurrences found only within certain portions of grasslands and parkland. Threats include conversion of sand dune habitats to cropland, and stabilization of sand dunes. Populations may be vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Cyperus squarrosus Awned Flat Sedge Not Assessed Small population that is presumed to be declining; very narrow distribution in southeastern Alberta. Wetland habitat lost through drainage and desiccation. Population threatened by grazing. Plants Cypripedium acaule Pink Lady's-slipper May Be at Risk Can be abundant where found but distribution is very restricted. Moderate threats include off- highway vehicle use, logging and industrial activity, and harvesting for sale to nurseries. Plants Cypripedium montanum Mountain Lady's-slipper May Be at Risk Species found in low numbers and only in the southwest part of the province. Multiple threats include livestock grazing, logging, oil and gas activity, and harvesting for sale in nurseries. Plants Cypripedium parviflorum Yellow Lady's-slipper Sensitive Flora of North America (FNA) treatment includes incl C. pubescens (C. parviflorum var

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 pubescens), C. parviflorum var makasin. Varieties makasin and pubescens in Alberta according to FNA. Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre has var pubescens listed as S3 and var. makasin listed as SNA (2005). Precautionary rank of Sensitive. Plants Cypripedium passerinum Sparrow's-egg Lady's-slipper Secure Plants Cystopteris fragilis Fragile Fern Secure Plants Cystopteris montana Mountain Bladder Fern May Be at Risk Less than 20 occurrences in Alberta; this species faces threats from logging in its moist forest habitats. Plants Dactylis glomerata Orchard Grass Not Assessed Plants Dalea candida White Prairie-clover Not Assessed Plants Dalea purpurea Purple Prairie-clover Not Assessed Plants Danthonia californica California Wild Oat Grass Not Assessed Plants Danthonia intermedia Timber Wild Oat Grass Not Assessed Plants Danthonia parryi Parry's Wild Oat Grass Not Assessed Plants Danthonia spicata Poverty Wild Oat Grass Not Assessed Known from a small number of sites. Population expected to be small. Much logging activity in area of known occurrences; population vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Danthonia unispicata Few-flowered Wild Oat Grass Not Assessed Plants Dasiphora fruticosa Shrubby Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Delphinium bicolor Flathead Larkspur Not Assessed Plants Delphinium glaucum Tall Larkspur Not Assessed Plants Delphinium nuttallianum Upland Larkspur Not Assessed Plants Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hair Grass Not Assessed Plants Deschampsia danthonioides Annual Hair Grass Not Assessed Plants Deschampsia elongata Slender Hair Grass Not Assessed Species occurs rarely within a patchy distribution. Considerable human activity occurs within its range, but specific effects unknown. Populations vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Descurainia incana Richardson's Tansy Mustard Not Assessed Plants Descurainia pinnata Green Tansy Mustard Not Assessed Plants Descurainia sophia Herb Sophia Not Assessed Plants Dianthus barbatus Sweet William Not Assessed Plants Dianthus deltoides Maiden Pink Not Assessed Plants Dianthus plumarius Garden Pink Not Assessed Plants Dianthus seguieri Ragged Pink Not Assessed Plants Dianthus sylvestris Wood Pink Not Assessed Plants Dichanthelium acuminatum Panic Grass Not Assessed Plants Dichanthelium leibergii Leiberg's Panic Grass Not Assessed One known occurrence, extremely small population, and range, restricted to area near Edmonton. Intensive human activities in area, threats to habitat (prairies and dry open woods) include development around Edmonton, an imminent threat to this species. Plants Dichanthelium oligosanthes Heller's Panic Grass Not Assessed Plants Dichanthelium wilcoxianum Fall Panic Grass Not Assessed Population size expected to be very small; 4 known occurrences, restricted to area near Edmonton. Population and habitat threats include intense human activity in area; occurs in dry open areas- the amount of development near Edmonton is a real threat. Plants Digitaria ischaemum Smooth Crab Grass Not Assessed Plants Digitaria sanguinalis Hairy Crab Grass Not Assessed Plants Diphasiastrum alpinum Alpine Clubmoss Not Assessed Plants Diphasiastrum Trailing Clubmoss Not Assessed complanatum Plants Diphasiastrum sitchense Sitka Clubmoss Not Assessed Small number of occurrences; populations presumed small; some threat to habitat from logging and oil and gas activities. Plants Diplotaxis muralis Annual Wallrocket Not Assessed Plants Diplotaxis tenuifolia Perennial Wallrocket Not Assessed Plants Distichlis spicata Coastal Salt Grass Not Assessed Plants Dodecatheon conjugens Bonneville Shooting Star Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Dodecatheon pulchellum Few-flowered Shooting Star Not Assessed Plants Doellingeria umbellata Flat-topped White Aster Not Assessed About 20 occurrences; moderate threats to habitat (moist woodland and swampy ground) include logging and oil and gas activity in area; clearing for country residential areas; threast to population may include livestock grazing, but effects unknown. Plants Douglasia laevigata Cliff Dwarf Primrose Not Assessed Plants Douglasia montana Rocky Mountain Dwarf Not Assessed Few occurrences; range restricted Primrose to the mountains of southwest Alberta. Plants Downingia laeta Great Basin Downingia Not Assessed Few occurrences; restricted to the Grasslands Natural Region of southeast Alberta. Wetland habitat threatened by drainage and conversion to cropland. Plants Draba albertina Slender Whitlow-Ggass Not Assessed Plants Draba aurea Golden Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Plants Draba borealis Boreal Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Plants Draba cana Hoary Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Restricted distribution; multiple threats to habitat (mineral development activities, off-highway vehicle use) and population (livestock grazing). Plants Draba crassifolia Snowbed Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Plants Draba densifolia Dense-leaved Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Small number of occurrences; distribution restricted to mountains and foothills of southwest Alberta. Plants Draba fladnizensis White Arctic Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Small population, few occurrences, and distribution restricted to mountains and foothills. Alpine habitat threatened by minerals development and off-highway vehicle use. Plants Draba glabella Rock Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Small population, only one known occurrence (Columbia icefields); potential threats to habitat include off-high-way vehicle use and mineral development. Plants Draba incerta Yellowstone Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Plants Draba juvenilis Long-stalked Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Very few occurrences. Plants Draba lonchocarpa Lance-podded Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Plants Draba macounii Macoun's Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Plants Draba nemorosa Woodland Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Plants Draba nivalis Yellow Arctic Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Plants Draba oligosperma Few-seeded Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Plants Draba paysonii Payson's Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Plants Draba porsildii Porsild's Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Few occurrences, and range limited to mountains and foothills. Habitat threatened by mineral extraction and off-highway vehicle use. Plants Draba praealta Tall Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Plants Draba reptans Carolina Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences; found only in southwestern foothills and grasslands. Population may be threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Draba stenoloba Alaska Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Restricted distribution, and small population expected. Habitat under threat from mining activities and oil and gas development. Plants Draba ventosa Wind River Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Few occurrences, small population, and restricted distribution. Plants Draba verna Spring Whitlow-grass Not Assessed Plants Dracocephalum parviflorum American Dragonhead Not Assessed Plants Dracocephalum thymiflorum Thyme-flowered Dragonhead Not Assessed Plants Drosera anglica English Sundew Not Assessed Plants Drosera linearis Slender-leaved Sundew Not Assessed Few occurrences; threats include wetland habitat loss through conversion, and potential desiccation resulting from climate change. Plants Drosera rotundifolia Round-leaved Sundew Not Assessed Plants Dryas drummondii Yellow Mountain Avens Not Assessed Plants Dryas integrifolia Entire-leaved Mountain Avens Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Dryas octopetala Eight-petalled Mountain Avens Not Assessed Plants Dryopteris carthusiana Spinulose Wood Fern Secure Plants Dryopteris cristata Crested Wood Fern May Be at Risk This species is very uncommon, is found only in a small area surrounding Elk Island National Park, and faces threats from logging, conversion of habitat, housing developments, and livestock grazing. Plants Dryopteris expansa Northern Wood Fern Sensitive Synonymous with D. assimilis. Found in cool moist woods and rocky slopes. Logging of woods may be a threat outside protected areas. Plants Dryopteris filix-mas Male Fern May Be at Risk Very small number of occurrences recorded for this peripheral species; found only in southwest Alberta. Population threatened by logging, livestock grazing, cultivation, and by a lack of protective snow cover in winter. Plants Dryopteris fragrans Fragrant Wood Fern Sensitive Small to medium number of occurrences; this species has a disjunct distribution with scattered records in the mountains, foothills and Canadian Shield regions. Plants Echinochloa crus-galli Large Barnyard Grass Not Assessed Plants Echinochloa frumentacea Japanese Millet Not Assessed Plants Echinocystis lobata Wild Cucumber Not Assessed Plants Echium vulgare Common Viper's Bugloss Not Assessed Plants Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian Olive Not Assessed Plants Elaeagnus commutata Silverberry Not Assessed Plants Elatine triandra Long-stemmed Waterwort Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences; wetland habitat jeopardized by filling and drainage, as well as desiccation resulting from climate change. Plants Eleocharis acicularis Needle Spike-rush Not Assessed Plants Eleocharis elliptica Elliptic Spike-rush Not Assessed Plants Eleocharis engelmannii Engelmann's Spike-rush Not Assessed Few occurrences found only within southwest Alberta. Plants Eleocharis erythropoda Bald Spike-rush Not Assessed Plants Eleocharis macrostachya Pale Spike-rush Not Assessed Plants Eleocharis mamillata Soft-stemmed Spike-rush Not Assessed Plants Eleocharis nitida Quill Spike-rush Not Assessed Plants Eleocharis ovata Ovoid Spike-rush Not Assessed Plants Eleocharis palustris Common Spike-rush Not Assessed Plants Eleocharis quinqueflora Few-flowered Spike-rush Not Assessed Plants Eleocharis suksdorfiana Suksdorf's Spike-rush Not Assessed Plants Ellisia nyctelea Nyctelea Not Assessed Small number of occurrences. Threats to habitat include logging, and oil and gas activity. Effects of livestock grazing on population unknown. Plants Elodea bifoliata Two-leaved Waterweed Not Assessed Population presumed small and declining; few occurrences; wetland habitat under threat of conversion to cropland. Plants Elodea nuttallii Nuttall's Waterweed Not Assessed Plants Elymus alaskanus Alaska Wild Rye Not Assessed Plants Elymus albicans Montana Wild Rye Not Assessed Plants Elymus canadensis Nodding Wild Rye Not Assessed Plants Elymus elymoides Western Wild Rye Not Assessed Plants Elymus glaucus Smooth Wild Rye Not Assessed Plants Elymus lanceolatus Streamside Wild Rye Not Assessed Plants Elymus repens Creeping Quack Grass Not Assessed Plants Elymus scribneri Scribner's Wild Rye Not Assessed Although relatively common where found, species only occurs in few locations within the alpine areas of southwest Alberta. Plants Elymus trachycaulus Slender Wild Rye Not Assessed Plants Elymus virginicus Virginia Wild Rye Not Assessed Plants Elymus vulpinus Rydberg's Wild Rye Not Assessed Plants Empetrum nigrum Black Crowberry Not Assessed Plants Epilobium anagallidifolium Alpine Willowherb Not Assessed Plants Epilobium brachycarpum Panicled Willowherb Not Assessed Plants Epilobium ciliatum Hairy Willowherb Not Assessed Plants Epilobium clavatum Talus Willowherb Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences,

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 and distribution limited to mountains and foothills. Plants Epilobium glaberrimum Glaucous Willowherb Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and distribution limited to the mountains of southwest Alberta. Plants Epilobium halleanum Glandular Willowherb Not Assessed Very few occurrences within the northern foothills. Plants Epilobium hornemannii Hornemann's Willowherb Not Assessed Plants Epilobium lactiflorum White-flowered Willowherb Not Assessed Few occurrences within a limited range. Occurs in areas of intensive human activity. Plants Epilobium leptocarpum Slender-fruited Willowherb Not Assessed Few occurrences within a limited range; habitat and population threatened by off-highway vehicle use and livestock grazing, respectively. Plants Epilobium leptophyllum Bog Willowherb Not Assessed Plants Epilobium luteum Yellow Willowherb Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences and restricted distribution. Plants Epilobium mirabile Olympic Mountain Willowherb Not Assessed Plants Epilobium oregonense Oregon Willowherb Not Assessed Plants Epilobium palustre Marsh Willowherb Not Assessed Plants Epilobium saximontanum Rocky Mountain Willowherb Not Assessed Limited to few sites within the northern foothills. Habitat jeopardized by off-highway vehicle use and minerals development. Plants Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail Not Assessed Plants Equisetum fluviatile Water Horsetail Not Assessed Plants Equisetum hyemale Tall Scouring-rush Not Assessed Plants Equisetum laevigatum Smooth Scouring-rush Not Assessed Plants Equisetum palustre Marsh Horsetail Not Assessed Plants Equisetum pratense Meadow Horsetail Not Assessed Plants Equisetum scirpoides Dwarf Scouring-rush Not Assessed Plants Equisetum sylvaticum Woodland Horsetail Not Assessed Plants Equisetum variegatum Variegated Scouring-rush Not Assessed Plants Eragrostis cilianensis Stink Grass Not Assessed Plants Eremopyrum triticeum Annual False Wheat Grass Not Assessed Plants Erigeron acris Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron annuus Annual Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron aureus Alpine Yellow Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron caespitosus Cut-leaved Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron compositus Dwarf Mountain Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron divergens Spreading Fleabane Not Assessed Very few occurrences and restricted range. Montane habitat subject to minerals development. Plants Erigeron evermannii Evermann's Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron flagellaris Trailing Fleabane Not Assessed Small populations; few occurrences, and limited range. Logging poses potential threat to habitat, and populations vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Erigeron formosissimus Beautiful Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron glabellus Smooth Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron grandiflorus Large-flowered Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron humilis Low Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron hyssopifolius Hyssop-leaved Fleabane Not Assessed Found in only a few locations in northeast Alberta. Habitat may be threatened by logging. Plants Erigeron lackschewitzii Front Range Fleabane Not Assessed Found in only one known location (Waterton Lakes National Park). Plants Erigeron lanatus Woolly Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron ochroleucus Buff Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron pallens Pale Fleabane Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Plants Erigeron peregrinus Foreign Fleabance Not Assessed Plants Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron pumilus Shaggy Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron radicatus Taproot Fleabane Not Assessed Few occurrences, restricted range, but overall population large. Livestock grazing is limited threat to population. Plants Erigeron scotteri Scotter's Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron speciosus Oregon Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron strigosus Whitetop Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron subtrinervis Three-nerved Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Erigeron trifidus Barren Ground Fleabane Not Assessed Small population, few occurrences, and restricted to the northern

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 mountains and foothills. Plants Eriogonum androsaceum Androsace Buckwheat Not Assessed Plants Eriogonum cernuum Nodding Buckwheat Not Assessed Few occurrences; species threatened by conversion of sand dune habitats to cropland, and stabilization of sand dunes. Livestock grazing threatens population. Plants Eriogonum flavum Yellow Buckwheat Not Assessed Plants Eriogonum ovalifolium Cushion Buckwheat Not Assessed Plants Eriogonum pauciflorum Few-flowered Buckwheat Not Assessed Plants Eriogonum umbellatum Sulphur Buckwheat Not Assessed Plants Eriophorum angustifolium Narrow-leaved Cotton-grass Not Assessed Plants Eriophorum Short-anthered Cotton-grass Not Assessed brachyantherum Plants Eriophorum callitrix Sheathed Cotton-grass Not Assessed Species occurs rarely, in small populations, and within a narrow range. Climate change and subsequent desiccation of wetlands poses threat to habitat. Plants Eriophorum chamissonis Chamisso's Cotton-grass Not Assessed Plants Eriophorum gracile Slender Cotton-grass Not Assessed Plants Eriophorum scheuchzeri White Cotton-grass Not Assessed Plants Eriophorum vaginatum Tussock Cotton-grass Not Assessed Plants Eriophorum viridicarinatum Tassel Cotton-grass Not Assessed Plants Erodium cicutarium Stork's-bill Not Assessed Plants Eruca vesicaria Rocket-salad Not Assessed Plants Erucastrum gallicum Common Dog Mustard Not Assessed Plants Eryngium planum Plains Eryngo Not Assessed Plants Erysimum capitatum Western Wallflower Not Assessed Plants Erysimum cheiranthoides Worm-seeded Wallflower Not Assessed Plants Erysimum inconspicuum Small-flowered Prairie Not Assessed Wallflower Plants Erysimum pallasii Pallas' Wallflower Not Assessed Plants Erythronium grandiflorum Glacier-lily Not Assessed Plants Eucephalus engelmannii Engelmann's Aster Not Assessed Plants Eupatorium maculatum Spotted Joe-pye-weed Not Assessed Few occurrences; habitat under threat of logging. Plants Eupatorium purpureum Purple Joe-pye-weed Not Assessed Plants Euphorbia esula Leafy Spurge Not Assessed Plants Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge Not Assessed Plants Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge Not Assessed Plants Euphrasia frigida Cold-Weather Eyebright Not Assessed Plants Euphrasia nemorosa Common Eyebright Not Assessed Plants Eurybia conspicua Eastern Showy Wood Aster Not Assessed Plants Eurybia sibirica Siberian Aster Not Assessed Plants Euthamia graminifolia Grass-leaved Goldenrod Not Assessed Plants Fagopyrum esculentum Common Buckwheat Not Assessed Plants Fagopyrum tataricum Tartarian Buckwheat Not Assessed Plants Fallopia convolvulus Black Bindweed Not Assessed Plants Fallopia scandens Climbing False Buckwheat Not Assessed Plants Festuca altaica Rough Fescue Not Assessed Few known occurrences found only in northern mountains and foothills. Plants Festuca baffinensis Baffin Fescue Not Assessed Plants Festuca brachyphylla Short-leaved Fescue Not Assessed Plants Festuca campestris Prairie Fescue Not Assessed Plants Festuca hallii Hall's Fescue Not Assessed Plants Festuca idahoensis Bluebunch Fescue Not Assessed Plants Festuca lenensis Tundra Fescue Not Assessed Plants Festuca minutiflora Small-flowered Fescue Not Assessed Small number of occurrences within a limited range. Plants Festuca occidentalis Western Fescue Not Assessed Low number of occurrences, restricted distribution, and a presumed decline in population. Some threats to habitats exist from logging and oil and gas activity. Populations vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Festuca ovina Ovina Fescue Not Assessed Plants Festuca richardsonii Richardson's Fescue Not Assessed Plants Festuca rubra Red Fescue Not Assessed Plants Festuca saximontana Rocky Mountain Fescue Not Assessed Plants Festuca subulata Bearded Fescue Not Assessed Only known from one location, and population presumed to be declining. Threats to habitat (logging) and population (livestock grazing) present. Original Online Report: 2005 Species at Risk – General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Page 66 of 97 PDF version created: Feb 25, 2013 © 2013 Government of Alberta

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Festuca viviparoidea Northern Fescue Not Assessed Only one known occurrence in the province; population presumed to be small. Plants Fragaria vesca Woodland Strawberry Not Assessed Plants Fragaria virginiana Virginia Strawberry Not Assessed Plants Fraxinus pennsylvanica Red Ash Not Assessed Only one known occurrence in the province (along South Saskatchewan River). Plants Fritillaria pudica Yellow Fritillary Not Assessed Plants Fumaria officinalis Common Fumitory Not Assessed Plants Gaillardia aristata Great Blanket-Flower Not Assessed Plants Galeopsis speciosa Large-flowered Hemp-nettle Not Assessed Plants Galeopsis tetrahit Common Hemp-nettle Not Assessed Plants Galinsoga quadriradiata Fringed Quickweed Not Assessed Plants Galium aparine Catchweed Bedstraw Not Assessed Plants Galium bifolium Twin-leafved Bedstraw Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and found only in the mountains of southwest Alberta. Montane habitat threatened by development; populations vulnerable to grazing. Plants Galium boreale Northern Bedstraw Not Assessed Plants Galium labradoricum Bog Bedstraw Not Assessed Plants Galium spurium False Cleavers Not Assessed Plants Galium trifidum Small Bedstraw Not Assessed Plants Galium triflorum Fragrant Bedstraw Not Assessed Plants Galium verum Yellow Spring Bedstraw Not Assessed Plants Gaultheria hispidula Creeping Snowberry Not Assessed Plants Gaultheria humifusa Alpine Spicy Wintergreen Not Assessed Plants Gaura coccinea Scarlet Gaura Not Assessed Plants Gayophytum racemosum Racemed Groundsmoke Not Assessed Small number of occurrences within the mountains and foothills of southwest Alberta; threats include off-highway vehicle use and livestock grazing. Plants Gentiana affinis Praire Gentian Not Assessed Plants Gentiana calycosa Explorer's Gentina Not Assessed Plants Gentiana fremontii Moss Gentian Not Assessed Occurs in few locations; habitat threatened by wetland conversion, and desiccation brought on by climate change. Already small populations at risk of livestock grazing. Plants Gentiana glauca Pale Gentian Not Assessed Plants Gentiana prostrata Pygmy Gentian Not Assessed Plants Gentianella amarella Northern Gentian Not Assessed Plants Gentianella propinqua Four-parted Gentian Not Assessed Plants Gentianopsis detonsa Sheared Gentian Not Assessed This species occurs in small populations in few locations within a localized area. Its habitat may be threatened by desiccation of wetlands caused by climate change. Plants Gentianopsis macounii Macoun's Gentian Not Assessed Synonymous with G. crinita ssp macounii, the entity in Alberta. S3. Occurs on moist shores and calcareous bogs; dessication of wetlands as a result of climate change and conversion of wetlands to other uses are possible threats to habitat; grazing in springs and seeps possible threat to populations. Plants Geocaulon lividum Northern Comandra Not Assessed Plants Geranium bicknellii Bicknell's Geranium Not Assessed Plants Geranium carolinianum Carolina Crane's-bill Not Assessed Few occurrences, population likely small. Distribution limited to small portions of the Parkland Natural Region. Plants Geranium erianthum Northern Crane's-bill Not Assessed Plants Geranium pratense Meadow Geranium Not Assessed Plants Geranium richardsonii Richardson Geranium Not Assessed Plants Geranium viscosissimum Sticky Geranium Not Assessed Plants Geum aleppicum Yellow Avens Not Assessed Plants Geum macrophyllum Large-leaved Avens Not Assessed Plants Geum rivale Purple Avens Not Assessed Plants Geum triflorum Prairie-smoke Not Assessed Plants Glaux maritima Sea Milkwort Not Assessed Plants Glechoma hederacea Ground Ivy Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Glyceria borealis Small Floating Manna Grass Not Assessed Plants Glyceria elata Tall Manna Grass Not Assessed Few occurrences of species within the mountains and foothills. Wetland habitat threatened by climate change-induced desiccation. Plants Glyceria grandis American Manna Grass Not Assessed Plants Glyceria pulchella Mackenzie Valley Manna Grass Not Assessed Plants Glyceria striata Fowl Manna Grass Not Assessed Plants Glycyrrhiza lepidota Wild Licorice Not Assessed Plants Gnaphalium microcephalum White Cudweed Not Assessed Plants Gnaphalium palustre Western Marsh Cudweed Not Assessed Plants Gnaphalium uliginosum Marsh Cudweed Not Assessed Plants Gnaphalium viscosum Winged Cudweed Not Assessed Plants Goodyera oblongifolia Menzies' Rattlesnake-plantain Sensitive Plants Goodyera repens Lesser Rattlesnake-plantain Secure Plants Gratiola neglecta Clammy Hedge Hyssop Not Assessed Relatively few occurrences; habitat threatened by conversion of meadows to cropland and desiccation resulting from climate change. Population threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Grindelia squarrosa Broad-leaved Gumweed Not Assessed Plants Gutierrezia sarothrae Broom Snakeweed Not Assessed Plants Gymnocarpium disjunctum Western Oak Fern Undetermined Small population size; few occurrences but most within protected areas; no known threats. Plants Gymnocarpium dryopteris Common Oak Fern Secure Plants Gymnocarpium jessoense Nahanni Oak Fern May Be at Risk Very small populations and few occurrences. Plants Gypsophila elegans Showy Baby's-breath Not Assessed Plants Gypsophila paniculata Tall Baby's-breath Not Assessed Plants Gypsophila scorzonerifolia Garden Baby's-breath Not Assessed Plants Hackelia ciliata Okanogan Stickseed Not Assessed Plants Hackelia deflexa Northern Stickseed Not Assessed Plants Hackelia floribunda Many-flowered Stickseed Not Assessed Plants Hackelia micrantHa Blue Stickseed Not Assessed Plants Halenia deflexa Spurred Gentian Not Assessed Plants Halimolobos virgata Slender Mouse-ear-cress Not Assessed Very small populations and only one known occurrence; restricted distribution in Alberta. COSEWIC designated the species Threatened in 2000; Data Deficient in Alberta (2005). Potential threats to population include weed invasion and livestock grazing. Plants Hedeoma hispida Rough False Pennyroyal Not Assessed Plants Hedysarum alpinum Alpine Sweet-vetch Not Assessed Plants Hedysarum boreale Boreal Sweet-vetch Not Assessed Plants Hedysarum sulphurescens Yellow Sweet-vetch Not Assessed Plants Helenium autumnale Common Sneezeweed Not Assessed Plants Helianthus annuus Common Sunflower Not Assessed Plants Helianthus couplandii Coupland's Sunflower Not Assessed Plants Helianthus maximiliani Maximillian Sunflower Not Assessed Plants Helianthus nuttallii Nuttall's Sunflower Not Assessed Plants Helianthus pauciflorus Few-flowered Sunflower Not Assessed Plants Heliopsis helianthoides False Sunflower Not Assessed Plants Heliotropium curassavicum Seaside Heliotrope Not Assessed Very few occurrences. Habitat threatened by desiccation of wetlands as a result of climate change. Plants Heracleum maximum Cow Parsnip Not Assessed Plants Hesperis matronalis Dame's Rocket Not Assessed Plants Hesperostipa comata Needle-and-thread Not Assessed Plants Hesperostipa curtiseta A Needle Grass Not Assessed Plants Hesperostipa spartea Porcupine Needle Grass Not Assessed Dominant where found, but occurrences relatively few (but greater than 20), range includes foothills, some parkland, some boreal, threats to both population and habitat are moderate and include livestock grazing as potential threat to population and possible conversion to cropland for grassland areas. Plants Heterotheca villosa Hairy Golden Aster Not Assessed Plants Heuchera cylindrica Poker Alumroot Not Assessed Plants Heuchera glabra Alpine Alumroot Not Assessed Only four known occurrences in the

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 province. Plants Heuchera parvifolia Little-leaved Alumroot Not Assessed Based on restricted distribution and moderate threats to habitat and population. Plants Heuchera richardsonii Richardson's Alumroot Not Assessed Plants Hieracium albiflorum White-flowered Hawkweed Not Assessed Plants Hieracium aurantiacum Orange Hawkweed Not Assessed Plants Hieracium cynoglossoides Houndtongue Hawkweed Not Assessed Few occurrences and distribution limited to the mountains and foothills. Threats include off- highway vehicle use, oil and gas activity, livestock grazing, and conversion of native habitats to cropland. Plants Hieracium triste Woolly Hawkweed Not Assessed Plants Hieracium umbellatum Umbellate Hawkweed Not Assessed Plants Hierochloe alpina Alpine Sweet Grass Not Assessed 25 occurrences, population expected to be medium, restricted range (northern mountains and foothills), habitat: dry alpine slopes - no known threats. Rank of Sensitive based on vulnerability from few occurrences and restricted range. Plants Hierochloe odorata Vanilla Grass Not Assessed Plants Hippophae rhamnoides Sea Buckthorn Not Assessed Plants Hippuris montana Mountain Marestail Not Assessed Small populations, very few occurrences, and found within a very localized area. Trends in population and distribution declining because species has difficulty relocating after dry years. Wetland habitat under threat of desiccation. Plants Hippuris vulgaris Common Marestail Not Assessed Plants Hordeum brachyantherum Meadow Barley Not Assessed Plants Hordeum jubatum Foxtail Barley Not Assessed Plants Hordeum murinum Mouse Barley Not Assessed Plants Hordeum pusillum Little Barley Not Assessed Plants Hordeum vulgare Common Barley Not Assessed Plants Houstonia longifolia Long-leaved Summer Bluet Not Assessed Synonymous with Hedyotis longifolia. Few occurrences (16). Occurs in sandy aspen woodland and meadows; conversion of natural habitats to cropland, and possible impact of livestock grazing (effects unknown). Plants Hudsonia tomentosa Woolly Beach-heath Not Assessed Plants Humulus lupulus Common Hop Not Assessed Plants Huperzia haleakalae Alpine Clubmoss Not Assessed Plants Huperzia occidentalis Western Clubmoss Not Assessed Plants Huperzia selago Fir Clubmoss Not Assessed Plants Hydrophyllum capitatum Dwarf Waterleaf Not Assessed Small populations found only in the southwest corner of Alberta. Threatened by livestock grazing, off-highway vehicle use, logging, habitat conversion, and oil and gas activities. Plants Hymenopappus filifolius Fine-leaved Bitterweed Not Assessed Few occurrences. Species may be threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Hymenoxys richardsonii Richardson's Bitterweed Not Assessed Plants Hyoscyamus niger Black Henbane Not Assessed Plants Hypericum majus Larger St. John's-wort Not Assessed Small populations; species found in few locations. Plants Hypericum scouleri Western St. John's-wort Not Assessed Very small populations in few locations where found; range limited to mountains of southwest Alberta. Plants Iliamna rivularis Streambank Globe-mallow Not Assessed Very small populations, few occurrences, and restricted range. Outside of national parks, moderate threats to habitat (off-highway vehicle use and logging), and population threats (livestock grazing) persist. Plants Impatiens capensis Spotted Jewelweed Not Assessed Plants Impatiens noli-tangere Western Jewelweed Not Assessed Plants Iris missouriensis Western Blue-flag Not Assessed COSEWIC status is Threatened in Canada (2000); few occurrences

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 and restricted distribution in Alberta. Generally, threats to this species include habitat modification, competition from introduced plants, and heavy cattle grazing under certain conditions. Plants Isoëtes bolanderi Bolander's Quillwort Not Assessed Small number of occurrences (<5), restricted distribution (southwest Alberta), and designated as a Species of Special Concern in Canada by COSEWIC, being re- assessed in 2006. Vulnerable to minor water quality degradation, and proximity to hiking trails threatens populations. Plants Isoëtes echinospora Spiny-spored Quillwort Not Assessed Few occurrences; shoreline development may impact populations. Plants Isoëtes maritima Maritime Quillwort Not Assessed Only one known occurrence in province. Shoreline development may impact populations. Plants Isoëtes occidentalis Western Quillwort Not Assessed Only one known occurrence in province. Shoreline development may impact populations. Plants Iva axillaris Small-flowered Marsh-elder Not Assessed Plants Iva xanthifolia Coarse Sumpweed Not Assessed Plants Juncus alpinoarticulatus Northern Green Rush Not Assessed Plants Juncus arcticus Arctic Rush Not Assessed Plants Juncus biglumis Two-flowered Rush Not Assessed Few occurrences, small population and range restricted to the mountains of central Alberta. Plants Juncus brevicaudatus Narrow-panicled Rush Not Assessed Few occurrences, small populations, and localized distribution. Plants Juncus bufonius Toad Rush Not Assessed Plants Juncus castaneus Chestnut Rush Not Assessed Plants Juncus confusus Colorado Rush Not Assessed Species occurs in small populations and few locations; declining trends in both population and distribution. Cultivation of native habitat poses threat; effects of livestock grazing on population unknown. Plants Juncus drummondii Drummond's Rush Not Assessed Plants Juncus dudleyi Dudley's Rush Not Assessed Plants Juncus ensifolius Three-stamened Rush Not Assessed Plants Juncus filiformis Thread Rush Not Assessed Small populations within few locations. Activities surrounding logging and oil and gas development threaten species’ habitat. Plants Juncus longistylis Long-styled Rush Not Assessed Plants Juncus mertensianus Merten's Rush Not Assessed Plants Juncus nevadensis Sierra Rush Not Assessed Three occurrences. Occurs in wet areas, no recent information; dessication of wetlands as a result of climate change, and grazing in springs could have impact. Plants Juncus nodosus Knotted Rush Not Assessed Plants Juncus parryi Parry's Rush Not Assessed Plants Juncus regelii Regel's Rush Not Assessed Only two small populations known from the mountains of southwest Alberta. Habitat subject to off- highway vehicle use; population susceptible to livestock grazing. Plants Juncus stygius Moor Rush Not Assessed Few occurrences but population size unknown. Desiccation resulting from climate change poses threat to habitat. Plants Juncus tenuis Path Rush Not Assessed Plants Juncus torreyi Torrey's Rush Not Assessed Plants Juncus triglumis Three-flowered Rush Not Assessed Plants Juncus vaseyi Vasey's Rush Not Assessed Plants Juniperus communis Common Juniper Not Assessed Plants Juniperus horizontalis Creeping Juniper Not Assessed Plants Juniperus scopulorum Rocky Mountain Juniper Not Assessed Plants Kalmia microphylla Alpine Bog Laurel Not Assessed Plants Kalmia polifolia Bog Laurel Not Assessed Plants Knautia arvensis Field Scabious Not Assessed Plants Kobresia myosuroides Pacific Bog Sedge Not Assessed Original Online Report: 2005 Species at Risk – General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Page 70 of 97 PDF version created: Feb 25, 2013 © 2013 Government of Alberta

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Kobresia simpliciuscula Simple Bog Sedge Not Assessed Plants Kochia scoparia Mexican Fireweed Not Assessed Plants Koeleria macrantha Prairie June Grass Not Assessed Plants Koenigia islandica Iceland Purslane Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and locally distributed in the Jasper area; limited threat to habitat (mining activities). Plants Krascheninnikovia lanata Winterfat Not Assessed Plants Lactuca biennis Tall Blue Lettuce Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences. Habitat is under threat from logging and oil and gas development. Plants Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce Not Assessed Plants Lactuca tatarica Tartarian Lettuce Not Assessed Plants Lamium amplexicaule Henbit Not Assessed Plants Lappula occidentalis Stickseed Not Assessed Plants Lappula squarrosa European Stickseed Not Assessed Plants Lapsana communis Common Nipplewort Not Assessed Plants Larix laricina Tamarack Not Assessed Plants Larix lyallii Subalpine Larch Not Assessed Plants Larix occidentalis Western Larch Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Habitat under threat of logging and mining in areas of largest stands; fire suppression threatens population, as species requires fire disturbance. Plants Lathyrus ochroleucus Cream Vetchling Not Assessed Plants Lathyrus venosus Veiny Vetchling Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, presumed declines, and restricted distribution. Habitat threatened by cultivation; effects of livestock grazing on population unknown. Plants Ledum glandulosum Glandular Labrador Tea Not Assessed Plants Ledum groenlandicum Labrador Tea Not Assessed Plants Ledum palustre Narrow-leaved Labrador Tea Not Assessed Plants Lemna trisulca Star Duckweed Not Assessed Plants Lemna turionifera Turion Duckweed Not Assessed Plants Leonurus cardiaca Common Motherwort Not Assessed Plants Lepidium campestre Field Pepperwort Not Assessed Plants Lepidium latifolium Broad-leaved Pepperwort Not Assessed Plants Lepidium perfoliatum Clasping Pepperwort Not Assessed Plants Lepidium ramosissimum Branched Pepperwort Not Assessed Plants Lepidium sativum Garden Pepperwort Not Assessed Plants Leptarrhena pyrolifolia Leather-leaved Saxifrage Not Assessed Plants Lesquerella alpina Alpine Bladderpod Not Assessed Plants Lesquerella arctica Arctic Bladderpod Not Assessed Few occurrences, small populations, and restricted distribution. Plants Lesquerella arenosa Great Plains Bladderpod Not Assessed Plants Leucanthemum vulgare Ox-eye Daisy Not Assessed Plants Leucophysalis grandiflora Large-flowered Ground Cherry Not Assessed Plants Lewisia pygmaea Alpine Lewisia Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and range limited to southwest Alberta. Plants Lewisia rediviva Bitterroot Not Assessed Very small populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Limited risks identified (grazing and off-highway vehicle use). Plants Leymus cinereus Great Basin Lyme Grass Not Assessed Plants Leymus innovatus Downy Lyme Grass Not Assessed Plants Leymus mollis American Lyme Grass Not Assessed Very small populations within few locations; restricted to the Canadian Shield Natural Region. Stabilization of sand dunes may pose threat to habitat. Plants Liatris ligulistylis Strap-styled Blazing Star Not Assessed Limited distribution; threats include native habitat conversion and livestock grazing. Plants Liatris punctata Dotted Blazing Star Not Assessed Plants Lilaea scilloides Flowering-quillwort Not Assessed Only two known occurrences of species in very small populations; restricted to corner of southeast Alberta. Extreme threat to population from livestock grazing. Habitat threatened by drainage and filling of wetlands. Plants Lilium philadelphicum Wood Lily Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Limosella aquatica Northern Mudwort Not Assessed Plants Linanthus septentrionalis Northern Desert Gold Not Assessed Few occurrences within a limited range. Habitat threatened by cultivation; population may be vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Linaria dalmatica Toadflax Not Assessed Plants Linaria vulgaris Butter-and-eggs Not Assessed Plants Linnaea borealis Twinflower Not Assessed Plants Linum compactum Compact Yellow Flax Not Assessed Plants Linum lewisii Lewis Blue Flax Not Assessed Plants Linum rigidum Orange Flax Not Assessed Plants Linum usitatissimum Common Yellow Flax Not Assessed Plants Listera borealis Northern Twayblade Secure Plants Listera caurina Western Twayblade May Be at Risk Very small populations where found. Range restricted to the mountains and foothills of southern Alberta. Species threatened by livestock grazing, logging, and oil and gas activity. Plants Listera convallarioides Broad-leaved Twayblade May Be at Risk Occurs rarely and in low numbers; restricted to southwest Alberta. Threats include livestock grazing, off-highway vehicle use and logging. Plants Listera cordata Heart-leaved Twayblade Secure Plants Lithophragma glabrum Bulbous Woodlandstar Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences. Species only found in southern mountains and foothills, and Cypress Hills. Montane habitat is under threat from development; livestock grazing threatens populations. Plants Lithophragma parviflorum Small-flowered Woodlandstar Not Assessed Small populations; few occurrences; found only within mountains and foothills of southern Alberta. Threats include development of montane habitat and livestock grazing. Plants Lithospermum incisum Narrow-leaved Puccoon Not Assessed Plants Lithospermum ruderale Western Gromwell Not Assessed Plants Lobelia dortmanna Water Lobelia Not Assessed Species found in few locations within the Canadian Shield Natural Region. Habitat under threat of desiccation resulting from climate change. Plants Lobelia kalmii Brook Lobelia Not Assessed Small populations, and species apparently declining as a result of cattle grazing in springs and seeps. Habitat is threatened by desiccation of wetlands from climate change. Plants Lobelia spicata Pale-spiked Lobelia Not Assessed Species restricted to few locations within northern fescue grassland; habitat threatened by desiccation from climate change, and conversion to cropland. Population threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Loiseleuria procumbens Alpine Azalea Not Assessed Populations presumed to be extremely small; few occurrences, and distribution is limited to the northern Rocky Mountains and foothills regions. Plants Lolium perenne Perennial Rye Grass Not Assessed Plants Lolium persicum Persian Rye Grass Not Assessed Plants Lolium temulentum Darnel Rye Grass Not Assessed Plants Luzula arcuata Curved Woodrush Not Assessed Plants Luzula groenlandica Greenland Woodrush Not Assessed Few occurrences, small populations, and very localized within the Canadian Shield. Plants Luzula hitchcockii Hitchcock's Woodrush Not Assessed Plants Luzula multiflora Common Woodrush Not Assessed Plants Luzula parviflora Small-flowered Woodrush Not Assessed Plants Luzula piperi Piper's Woodrush Not Assessed Plants Luzula rufescens Rusty Woodrush Not Assessed Small number of occurrences within a narrow distribution. Plants Luzula spicata Spiked Woodrush Not Assessed Plants Lycium barbarum Matrimony Vine Not Assessed Plants Lycium halimifolium Matrimony Vine Not Assessed Plants Lycopodiella inundata Northern Bog Clubmoss Not Assessed Only one very small population

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 known in Alberta. Wetland habitat under threat of climate change- induced desiccation. Plants Lycopodium annotinum Bristly Clubmoss Not Assessed Plants Lycopodium clavatum Running Clubmoss Not Assessed Plants Lycopodium dendroideum Tree Clubmoss Not Assessed Plants Lycopodium lagopus One-cone Clubmoss Not Assessed Plants Lycopodium obscurum Flat-branched Clubmoss Not Assessed Plants Lycopus americanus Cut-leaved Bugelweed Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences; habitat threatened by wetland desiccation resulting from global climate change. Populations affected by livestock grazing in springs and seeps. Plants Lycopus asper Rough Bugelweed Not Assessed Plants Lycopus uniflorus Northern Bugleweed Not Assessed Plants Lygodesmia juncea Rush Skeleton Plant Not Assessed Plants Lysimachia ciliata Fringed Yellow Loosestrife Not Assessed Plants Lysimachia hybrida Lowland Yellow Loosestrife Not Assessed Small number of occurrences; limited distribution. Wetland habitat lost through desiccation and land conversion. Species is susceptible to livestock grazing. Plants Lysimachia lanceolata Lance-leaved Yellow Not Assessed Loosestrife Plants Lysimachia thyrsiflora Tufted Yellow Loosestrife Not Assessed Plants Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife Not Assessed Plants Machaeranthera canescens Hoary Tansy Ater Not Assessed Plants Machaeranthera Western Aster Not Assessed grindelioides Plants Machaeranthera pinnatifida Spiny Golden Aster Not Assessed Plants Machaeranthera Takhoka Daisy Not Assessed Sole Canadian record was at Belly tanacetifolia River, but has not found there again. Plants Madia glomerata Mountain Tarweed Not Assessed Plants Maianthemum canadense Wild Lily-of-the-valley Not Assessed Plants Maianthemum racemosum Large False Soloman's Seal Not Assessed Plants Maianthemum stellatum Starry False Soloman's Seal Not Assessed Plants Maianthemum trifolium Three-leaved Soloman's Seal Not Assessed Plants Malaxis monophylla White Adder's-mouth May Be at Risk Very small populations, and is restricted to few locations within the boreal region. No threats to population have been identified but habitat threatened by climate change and clearing in the watershed. Plants Malaxis paludosa Bog Adder's-mouth May Be at Risk Numbers are low at all known localities. Species could become extirpated in some locations by disturbance of peat lands. Desiccation of wetlands via climate change and clearing of the watershed also threaten the habitat of this species. Plants Malva parviflora Small-flowered Mallow Not Assessed Plants Malva rotundifolia Dwarf Mallow Not Assessed Plants Malva sylvestris High Mallow Not Assessed Plants Malva verticillata Whorled Mallow Not Assessed Plants Marsilea vestita Hairy Water Fern May Be at Risk This species occurs in small populations in a restricted portion of the grasslands. Population threatened by grazing in ephemeral wetlands. Climate change and the subsequent desiccation of wetlands threaten its habitat. Plants Matricaria discoidea Pineaspple Weed Not Assessed Plants Matricaria recutita Wild Chamomile Not Assessed Plants Matteuccia struthiopteris Ostrich Fern Sensitive Small number of occurrences. Threats include conversion of native habitat and livestock grazing. Logging may be a threat outside of protected areas. Plants Medicago lupulina Black Medick Not Assessed Plants Medicago sativa Alfalfa Not Assessed Plants Melampyrum lineare American Cow Wheat Not Assessed Plants Melica smithii Smith's Melic Grass Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Woodland habitat threatened by Original Online Report: 2005 Species at Risk – General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Page 73 of 97 PDF version created: Feb 25, 2013 © 2013 Government of Alberta

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 logging. Plants Melica spectabilis Showy Melic Grass Not Assessed Number of occurrences low, distribution restricted, and threats to population (livestock grazing) and habitat (logging) persist. Plants Melica subulata Alaska Onion Grass Not Assessed Population exhibits declining trend; found in very narrow range. Threats to habitat (logging) and population (livestock grazing) present. Plants Melilotus albus White Sweet-clover Not Assessed Plants Melilotus officinalis Yellow Sweet-clover Not Assessed Plants Mentha arvensis Wild Mint Not Assessed Plants Mentha spicata Spearmint Not Assessed Plants Mentzelia decapetala Ten-petalled Stickleaf Not Assessed Plants Menyanthes trifoliata Bog Buckbean Not Assessed Plants Menziesia ferruginea Mock Azalea Not Assessed Plants Mertensia lanceolata Prairie Lungwort Not Assessed Small number of occurrences within a restricted range; habitat under some development pressure; species may be vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Mertensia longiflora Long-flowered Lungwort Not Assessed Few occurrences; found only within the mountains of southwest Alberta. Habitat threatened by oil and gas activity and off-highway vehicle use. Population vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Mertensia paniculata Tall Lungwort Not Assessed Plants Microseris nutans Nodding Microseris Not Assessed Medium population and occurrences, and limited distribution. Threats to both population and habitat include off- highway vehicle use, and oil and gas activities. Plants Mimulus breweri Brewer's Monkey Flower Not Assessed Few occurrences and restricted range; montane habitat threatened by development. Population threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Mimulus floribundus Purple-stemmed Monkey Not Assessed Very few occurrences; found only in Flower seeps in the mountains in southwest Alberta. Habitat is threatened by desiccation of seeps as a result of climate change. Plants Mimulus glabratus Round-leaved Monkey Flower Not Assessed Very small population in only one known location. Population very vulnerable to heavy grazing in springs. Habitat under threat of desiccation resulting from climate change. Plants Mimulus guttatus Common Large Monkey Flower Not Assessed Plants Mimulus lewisii Lewis' Monkey Flower Not Assessed Plants Mimulus ringens Square-stemmed Monkey Not Assessed Few occurrences. Flower Plants Mimulus tilingii Subalpine Monkeyflower Not Assessed Only three known occurrences within a limited range. Population threatened by cattle grazing. Plants Minuartia austromontana Columbian Stitchwort Not Assessed Small number of occurrences within a restricted distribution. Alpine habitat threatened by minerals development and off-highway vehicle use. Plants Minuartia biflora Mountain Stitchwort Not Assessed Small number of occurrences within a restricted distribution. Alpine habitat threatened by minerals development and off-highway vehicle use. Plants Minuartia dawsonensis Rock Stitchwort Not Assessed Plants Minuartia elegans Elegant Stitchwort Not Assessed Very few occurrences found within the northern mountains and foothills. Plants Minuartia nuttallii Nuttall's Stitchwort Not Assessed Plants Minuartia obtusiloba Alpine Stitchwort Not Assessed Plants Minuartia rubella Boreal Stitchwort Not Assessed Plants Mirabilis albida Pale Four-o'clock Not Assessed Plants Mirabilis nyctaginea Heart-leaved Four-o'clock Not Assessed Plants Mitella breweri Feathery Bishop's-cap Not Assessed Restricted distribution; montane habitat under threat of development. Population vulnerable

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 to livestock grazing outside of national parks. Plants Mitella nuda Bare-Stem Bishop's-cap Not Assessed Plants Mitella pentandra Five-Stamen Bishop's-cap Not Assessed Small populations and number of occurrences. Trends in population and distribution in decline. Montane habitat under threat from development; populations vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Mitella trifida Pacific Bishop's-cap Not Assessed Distribution limited to mountains and foothills. Trends in population and distribution declining. Species threatened by montane development and livestock grazing outside of national parks. Plants Moehringia lateriflora Blunt-leaved Grove Sandwort Not Assessed Plants Monarda fistulosa Wild Bergamot Not Assessed Plants Moneses uniflora One-flowered Wintergreen Not Assessed Plants Monolepis nuttalliana Nuttall's Povertyweed Not Assessed Plants Monotropa hypopithys Pinesap Not Assessed Oil and gas development, logging, and off-highway vehicle use threaten the few locations where this species exists. Population threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Monotropa uniflora Indian Pipe Not Assessed Small populations; presumed decline in population and distribution from conversion of native habitat. Also threatened by livestock grazing and oil and gas activity in boreal forest habitat. Plants Monroa squarrosa False Buffalo Grass Not Assessed Very small populations found in few locations. Population may be vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Montia linearis Narrow-leaved Montia Not Assessed Small population, few occurrences, moderate threats (livestock grazing, off-highway vehicle use), restricted distribution, and expected declining distribution. Plants Montia parvifolia Small-leaved Montia Not Assessed Small population, few occurrences, restricted distribution, and expected declining distribution. Montane habitat under threat of development, and livestock grazing threatens populations. Plants Muhlenbergia asperifolia Alkali Muhly Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences. Effects of livestock grazing on population unknown Plants Muhlenbergia cuspidata Stony Hills Muhly Not Assessed Plants Muhlenbergia glomerata Spiked Muhly Not Assessed Plants Muhlenbergia racemosa Green Muhly Not Assessed Only one known occurrence within province. Area heavily used by off- highway vehicles, and livestock. Plants Muhlenbergia richardsonis Matted Muhly Not Assessed Plants Musineon divaricatum Wild Parsley Not Assessed Plants Myosotis arvensis Field Forget-me-not Not Assessed Plants Myosotis asiatica Asian Forget-me-not Not Assessed Plants Myosotis laxa Small Forget-me-not Not Assessed Plants Myosotis micrantha Forget-me-not Not Assessed Plants Myosurus apetalus Bristly Mousetail Not Assessed Plants Myosurus minimus Tiny Mousetail Not Assessed Plants Myrica gale Sweet Gale Not Assessed Plants Myriophyllum sibiricum Spilked Water Milfoil Not Assessed Plants Myriophyllum verticillatum Whorled Water Milfoil Not Assessed Plants Najas flexilis Slender Naiad Not Assessed Small number of occurrences; population suspected to be declining; habitat threatened by conversion of wetlands to cropland. Plants Nassella viridula Green Tussock Grass Not Assessed Plants Navarretia leucocephala White-flowered Navarretia Not Assessed N. leucocephala ssp. minima is synonymous with N. minima (S3), the entity known to occur in Alberta. Habitat may be threatened by dessication of wetlands as a result of climate change and conversion of wetlands to other uses. Populations may be impacted by grazing in ephemeral wetlands. Plants Nemophila breviflora Great Basin Nemophila Not Assessed Small number of occurrences;

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 limited range (southwest Alberta). Population threatened by livestock grazing. Considerable human activity in parts of its range, but specific effects unknown. Plants Nepeta cataria Catnip Not Assessed Plants Neslia paniculata Yellow Ball-mustard Not Assessed Plants Nonea vesicaria Red Monkswort Not Assessed Plants Nothocalais cuspidata Prairie False Dandelion Not Assessed Few occurrences restricted to the grasslands in southeast Alberta. Prairie habitat under threat of cultivation. Livestock grazing may pose a threat to populations. Plants Nuphar variegata Variegated Pond-lily Not Assessed Plants Nuttallanthus canadensis Old-field Toadflax Not Assessed Very small populations in only two known locations; grasslands habitat under threat of cultivation. Population susceptible to livestock grazing. Plants Nymphaea leibergii Dwarf Water-lily Not Assessed Only known from one location (Barrhead area). Plants Nymphaea tetragona Pygmy Water-lily Not Assessed Very few occurrences and likely small population; range limited to the Canadian Shield Natural Region and around the Edmonton area. Plants Odontites verna Red Bartsia Not Assessed Plants Oenothera biennis Common Evening Primrose Not Assessed Plants Oenothera caespitosa Tufted Evening Primrose Not Assessed Plants Oenothera flava Long-tubed Evening Primrose Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and limited range; habitat under threat of cultivation; livestock grazing threatens population. Plants Oenothera nuttallii Nuttall's Evening Primrose Not Assessed Plants Oenothera psammophila St. Anthony Evening Primrose Not Assessed Plants Oenothera villosa Hairy Evening Primrose Not Assessed Plants Onobrychis viciifolia Sainfoin Not Assessed Plants Ononis arvensis Field Restharrow Not Assessed Plants Onosmodium molle Soft-hairy False Gromwell Not Assessed Small population and number of occurrences; river valley development and gravel mining are primary threats to habitat. Effects of livestock grazing on population unknown. Plants Oplopanax horridus Devil's Club Not Assessed Restricted distribution; this species is threatened by logging and oil and gas activity. Plants Opuntia fragilis Brittle Prickly-pear Not Assessed Plants Opuntia polyacantha Starvation Prickly-pear Not Assessed Plants Orobanche fasciculata Clustered Broomrape Not Assessed Plants Orobanche ludoviciana Louisiana Broomrape Not Assessed Very small populations and few occurrences. Habitat threats include conversion of natural habitats to cropland and stabilization of sand dunes. Effects of livestock grazing on populations unknown. Plants Orobanche uniflora One-flowered Broomrape Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Logging and off-highway vehicle use threatens habitat, livestock grazing threatens populations. Plants Orthilia secunda One-sided Wintergreen Not Assessed Plants Orthocarpus luteus Yellow Owl-clover Not Assessed Plants Oryzopsis asperifolia White-grained Mountain-rice Not Assessed Plants Osmorhiza berteroi Tapering Sweet Cicely Not Assessed Plants Osmorhiza depauperata Blunt Sweet Cicely Not Assessed Plants Osmorhiza longistylis Smooth Sweet Cicely Not Assessed Very small populations found in few locations; threatened by climate change and subsequent habitat desiccation, and livestock grazing. Plants Osmorhiza occidentalis Western Sweet Cicely Not Assessed Presumed decline, and restricted distribution. Threats include logging, off-highway vehicle use, oil and gas activity, and conversion to cropland. Plants Osmorhiza purpurea Purple Sweet Cicely Not Assessed Few occurrences. Threats include logging, off-highway vehicle use, and livestock grazing. Plants Oxycoccus microcarpus Cranberry Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Oxycoccus quadripetalus Not Assessed Plants Oxyria digyna Mountain Sorrel Not Assessed Plants Oxytropis borealis Boreal Locoweed Not Assessed Plants Oxytropis campestris Northern Yellow Locoweed Not Assessed Plants Oxytropis deflexa Pendant-pod Locoweed Not Assessed Plants Oxytropis lagopus Hare-footed Locoweed Not Assessed Very small number of occurrences and restricted distribution, although fairly common where found; designated Special Concern in Canada by COSEWIC (1995); habitat threatened by gravel extraction and cultivation of plateau rims. Plants Oxytropis monticola Yellow-flowered Locoweed Not Assessed Plants Oxytropis podocarpa Stalked-Pod Locoweed Not Assessed Plants Oxytropis splendens Showy Locoweed Not Assessed Plants Packera cana Silvery Groundsel Not Assessed Plants Packera contermina Northwestern Groundsel Not Assessed Plants Packera indecora Rayless Mountain Groundsel Not Assessed Plants Packera pauciflora Alpine Groundsel Not Assessed Plants Packera paupercula Balsam Groundsel Not Assessed Plants Packera pseudaureus Streambank Groundsel Not Assessed Synonymous with Senecio pseudaureus. Moderate population threat (grazing) and restricted distribution, habitat threat (possible conversion of natural meadow to cropland), small populations where found. Plants Packera streptanthifolius Rocky Mountain Groundsel Not Assessed Plants Packera subnuda Cleft-leaved Groundsel Not Assessed Very small populations where found. Range limited to the mountains and foothills of southwest Alberta. Plants Panicum capillare Common Panic Grass Not Assessed Plants Panicum miliaceum Proso Millet Not Assessed Plants Papaver pygmaeum Dwarf Poppy Not Assessed Small population, few occurrences, and restricted to southwest Alberta. Plants Papaver radicatum Arctic Poppy Not Assessed Small populations found only in the mountains. Alpine slopes habitat under threat of mineral development activities and off- highway vehicle use. Plants Papaver somniferum Common Poppy Not Assessed Plants Parietaria pensylvanica Pennsylvania Pellitory Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences; population threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Parnassia fimbriata Fringed Grass-of-parnassus Not Assessed Plants Parnassia kotzebuei Kotzebue's Grass-of-parnassus Not Assessed Plants Parnassia palustris Marsh Grass-of-parnassus Not Assessed Plants Parnassia parviflora Small-flowered Grass-of- Not Assessed Small populations found in few parnassus locations; wetland habitat under threat of climate change-induced desiccation. Plants Paronychia sessiliflora Low Nailwort Not Assessed Plants Pascopyrum smithii Western Wheat Grass Not Assessed Plants Pastinaca sativa Wild Parsnip Not Assessed Plants Paxistima myrsinites Mountain Boxwood Not Assessed Plants Pedicularis capitata Capitate Lousewort Not Assessed Relatively few occurrences; distribution restricted to the Rocky Mountain and Foothills regions. Habitat threatened by mining and off-highway vehicle use. Plants Pedicularis contorta Curve-beaked Lousewort Not Assessed Plants Pedicularis flammea Red-tipped Lousewort Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted to mountains and foothills. Habitat threatened by mineral development activities and off-highway vehicle use. Plants Pedicularis groenlandica Greenland Lousewort Not Assessed Plants Pedicularis labradorica Labrador Lousewort Not Assessed Plants Pedicularis lanata Woolly Lousewort Not Assessed Small populations; few occurrences; distribution restricted to the mountains and foothills. Habitat threatened by mining activities and off-highway vehicle use. Plants Pedicularis langsdorfii Langsdorf's Lousewort Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and distribution restricted to the mountains. Original Online Report: 2005 Species at Risk – General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Page 77 of 97 PDF version created: Feb 25, 2013 © 2013 Government of Alberta

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Pedicularis macrodonta Muskeg Lousewort Not Assessed Plants Pedicularis oederi Oeder's Lousewort Not Assessed One known occurrence. Plants Pedicularis parviflora Small-flowered Lousewort Not Assessed Plants Pedicularis racemosa Leafy Lousewort Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and distribution limited to the mountains of central Alberta. Plants Pedicularis sudetica Sudetan Lousewort Not Assessed Very small populations, few occurrences; range restricted to Caribou Mountains. Habitat threatened by oil and gas development, and desiccation resulting from climate change. Plants Pediomelum argophyllum Silver-leaved Indian Breadroot Not Assessed Synonymous with Psoralea argophylla. Moderate threats and declines. Relatively few occurrences (S3 in 2005); occurs in prairie grassland; conversion to cropland and livestock grazing (effects unknown) are potential threats. Plants Pediomelum esculentum Large Indian Breadroot Not Assessed Synonymous with Psoralea esculenta. Moderate threats and declines. Relatively few occurrences (S3 in 2005); occurs in prairie grassland; conversion to cropland and livestock grazing (effects unknown) are potential threats. Plants Pellaea gastonyi Gastony's Cliff-brake May Be at Risk This uncommon species is confined to montane valleys in the central mountains and foothills; only four highly-fragmented populations occur in North America. Plants Pellaea glabella Smooth Cliff-brake May Be at Risk While locally abundant, this species is found in few locations within montane valleys in the central mountains and foothills. Plants Penstemon albertinus Alberta Beardtongue Not Assessed Restricted to the mountains of southwest Alberta; montane and subalpine habitat threatened by development, logging, mineral extraction, off-highway vehicle. Populations threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Penstemon albidus White-flowered Beardtongue Not Assessed Plants Penstemon confertus Yellow Beardtongue Not Assessed Plants Penstemon ellipticus Egg-leaved Beardtongue Not Assessed Plants Penstemon eriantherus Crested Beardtongue Not Assessed Plants Penstemon fruticosus Shrubby Beardtongue Not Assessed Few occurrences, small populations, and habitat restricted to mountains of southern Alberta. Plants Penstemon gracilis Slender Beardtongue Not Assessed Population and distribution likely declining; threats include conversion of natural grasslands to cropland and livestock grazing. Plants Penstemon lyallii Lyall's Beardtongue Not Assessed Distribution limited to southwest Alberta; population is threatened by limited livestock grazing. Plants Penstemon nitidus Wax-leaved Beardtongue Not Assessed Plants Penstemon procerus Small-flowered Beardtongue Not Assessed Plants Perideridia gairdneri Gairdner Yampah Not Assessed Presumed population decline, and moderate threats including conversion of natural meadows to cropland, and livestock grazing. Plants Persicaria amphibia Water Smartweed Not Assessed Plants Persicaria hydropiper Water-pepper Not Assessed Plants Persicaria lapathifolia Pale Smartweed Not Assessed Plants Persicaria maculosa Lady's-thumb Not Assessed Plants Petasites frigidus Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot Not Assessed Plants Petasites sagittatus Arrow-leaved Sweet Coltsfoot Not Assessed Plants Phacelia franklinii Franklin's Scorpionweed Not Assessed Plants Phacelia hastata Silver-leaved Scorpionweed Not Assessed Restricted to mountains and foothills of southwest Alberta. Population threatened by livestock grazing; habitat threats include off- highway vehicle use and oil and gas activities. Plants Phacelia linearis Thread-leaved Scorpionweed Not Assessed Few occurrences found only within the mountains and foothills of southwest Alberta. Outside the

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 national parks, habitat threatened by oil and gas activity and off- highway vehicle use, while populations vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Phacelia lyallii Lyall's Scorpionweed Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and found only in the mountains and foothills of southwest Alberta. Plants Phacelia sericea Silky Scorpionweed Not Assessed Plants Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary Grass Not Assessed Plants Phalaris canariensis Common Canary Grass Not Assessed Plants Phegopteris connectilis Northern Beech Fern May Be at Risk Species characterized by small populations and few occurrences. Very restricted within the mountains, foothills, and boreal forest. Habitat threatened by logging in the boreal forest. Plants Philadelphus lewisii Lewis' Mock Orange Not Assessed Species appears to be declining in population and distribution. Habitat being lost through wetland conversion and climate change- induced dessication. Plants Phippsia algida Ice Grass Not Assessed Plants Phleum alpinum Mountain Timothy Not Assessed Plants Phleum pratense Common Timothy Not Assessed Plants Phlox alyssifolia Alyssum-leaved PHLOX Not Assessed Plants Phlox gracilis Phlox Not Assessed Few occurrences; considerable human activity in parts of its range, which may pose threats to habitat or populations. Plants Phlox hoodii Hood's Phlox Not Assessed Plants Phragmites australis Common Reed Not Assessed Plants Phyllodoce empetriformis Pink Mountain Heather Not Assessed Plants Phyllodoce glanduliflora Yellow Mountain Heather Not Assessed Plants Physalis philadelphica Mexican Ground Cherry Not Assessed Plants Physaria didymocarpa Double Twinpod Not Assessed Plants Physocarpus malvaceus Mallow-leaved Ninebark Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted to mountains and foothills of southern Alberta. Montane habitat at risk of development and land conversion. Population threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Physostegia ledinghamii Ledingham's False Dragonhead Not Assessed Restricted to few areas within the Parkland and Canadian Shield Natural Regions. Habitat at risk of conversion to monocultures. Livestock grazing threatens populations. Plants Physostegia parviflora Purple Dragonhead Not Assessed Plants Picea engelmannii Engelmann Spruce Not Assessed Plants Picea glauca White Spruce Not Assessed Plants Picea mariana Black Spruce Not Assessed Plants Picradeniopsis oppositifolia Opposite-leaved False Bahia Not Assessed Small populations found near Lethbridge and Sage Creek only. Plants Picris echioides Bristly Oxtongue Not Assessed Plants Pinguicula villosa Hairy Butterwort Not Assessed Few occurrences, small populations, and found only within the Caribou Mountains. Habitat threatened by wetland desiccation resulting from climate change. Plants Pinguicula vulgaris Common Butterwort Not Assessed Plants Pinus albicaulis Whitebark Pine Not Assessed Extensive infection and subsequent mortality from white-pine blister rust throughout its narrow Alberta range; additional mortality and threats from mountain pine beetle (2005). Limited threats to habitat from logging and oil and gas activities. Plants Pinus banksiana Jack Pine Not Assessed Plants Pinus contorta Lodgepole Pine Not Assessed Plants Pinus flexilis Limber Pine Not Assessed Extensive mortality from white-pine blister rust within parts of this species’ Alberta range; additional mortality and risk from mountain pine beetle outbreaks (2005). Rising infection rates threaten

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 populations. Some populations have been culled to control mountain pine beetle. Plants Pinus monticola Western White Pine Not Assessed Plants Pinus ponderosa Ponderosa Pine Not Assessed Plants Piperia unalascensis Alaskan Rein Orchid Sensitive Species has a restricted distribution and is found in very small populations. Livestock grazing threatens populations, while off- highway vehicle use and oil and gas activity threaten this species’ habitat. Plants Piptatherum canadense Canada Mountain-rice Not Assessed Plants Piptatherum exiguum Little Mountain-rice Not Assessed Population expected to be small, and there are very few occurrences it a restricted range in southwestern Alberta. Threats to habitat (dry open ground or thin woods) include some threat from development and logging. Plants Piptatherum micranthum Little-seeded Mountain-rice Not Assessed Population expected to be small, and only a few occurrences. However, range is scattered throughout the province, mostly grassland/parkland, including Peace River. Threats to population are considered moderate, with livestock grazing. No known habitat threats (dry open areas and rocky slopes). Plants Piptatherum pungens Short-awned Mountain-rice Not Assessed Plants Plagiobothrys scouleri Meadow Popcorn Flower Not Assessed Plants Plantago canescens Hairy Plantain Not Assessed Small populations found in few locations. Habitat threatened by gravel extraction; populations may be vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Plantago elongata Slender Plantain Not Assessed Plants Plantago eriopoda Red Woolly Plantain Not Assessed Plants Plantago major Great Plantain Not Assessed Plants Plantago maritima Seaside Plantain Not Assessed Few occurrences and range limited to the Canadian Shield Natural Region. Plants Plantago patagonica Woolly Plantain Not Assessed Plants Platanthera aquilonis Tall Northern Green Orchid Secure Plants Platanthera dilatata White Bog Orchid Sensitive Species found in low numbers, and population threatened by livestock grazing in springs and seeps; wetland habitat may be desiccated as a result of climate change. Plants Platanthera huronensis Fragrant Green Orchid Not Assessed Plants Platanthera obtusata Blunt-leaved Orchid Secure Plants Platanthera orbiculata Small Round-leaved Orchid Sensitive Plants Platanthera stricta Slender Bog Orchid May Be at Risk Few occurrences and very small populations where found. Restricted to southwest Alberta. Population threatened by grazing in springs and seeps, and desiccation of wetlands from climate change threatens habitat. Plants Poa abbreviata Northern Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa alpina Alpine Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa annua Annual Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa arctica Arctic Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa compressa Flat-stemmed Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa cusickii Cusick's Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa fendleriana Mutton Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa glauca White Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa interior Inland Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa laxa Mt. Washington Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa leptocoma Marsh Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa lettermanii Letterman's Blue Grass Not Assessed Small number of occurrences, likely low in abundance, and restricted to mountains and foothills. Plants Poa nemoralis Woods Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa palustris Fowl Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa pratensis Kentucky Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa secunda Curly Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa stenantha Narrow-flowered Blue Grass Not Assessed Small number of occurrences, restricted distribution, and montane Original Online Report: 2005 Species at Risk – General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Page 80 of 97 PDF version created: Feb 25, 2013 © 2013 Government of Alberta

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 habitat under threat of development. Plants Poa trivialis Rough-stalked Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Poa wheeleri Wheeler's Blue Grass Not Assessed Plants Polanisia dodecandra Common Clammyweed Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences; moderate risk to habitat included gravel mining and stabilization of dunes. Plants Polemonium acutiflorum Tall Jacob's Ladder Not Assessed Plants Polemonium pulcherrimum Showy Jacob's Ladder Not Assessed Plants Polemonium viscosum Sticky Jacob's Ladder Not Assessed Plants Polygala paucifolia Fringed Milkwort Not Assessed Very small populations found in few locations. Distribution restricted to Fort McMurray and Elk Point areas. Boreal habitat threatened by intensive logging. Plants Polygala senega Seneca-snakeroot Not Assessed Population and distribution trends expected to be declining. Cultivation of natural meadows threatens habitat; populations vulnerable to cattle grazing. Plants Polygonum achoreum Striate Knotweed Not Assessed Plants Polygonum austiniae Austin's Knotweed Not Assessed Populations small and few known occurrences; found only in the southwest mountains and foothills. Threatened by livestock grazing and off-highway vehicle use. Plants Polygonum aviculare Prostrate Knotweed Not Assessed Plants Polygonum douglasii Douglas' Knotweed Not Assessed Plants Polygonum engelmannii Engelmann's Knotweed Not Assessed Species occurs in few locations within southwest Alberta. Montane slopes habitat vulnerable to off- highway vehicle use. Populations threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Polygonum erectum Erect Knotweed Not Assessed Plants Polygonum minimum Leafy Dwarf Knotweed Not Assessed Few occurrences, restricted distribution, threats to population (livestock grazing) and habitat (off- highway vehicle use) moderate. Plants Polygonum polygaloides Close-flowered Knotweed Not Assessed Relatively few occurrences, small populations, and restricted to southern Alberta. Moderate threats to habitat from climate change and cultivation. Cattle grazing may pose threat to populations. Plants Polygonum ramosissimum Bushy Knotweed Not Assessed Plants Polypodium hesperium Western Polypody May Be at Risk Few occurrences (<10) and a restricted distribution (Waterton Lakes National Park), but no known threats to either population or habitat and trends in population and distribution are both stable. Plants Polypodium sibiricum Siberian Polypody May Be at Risk Small population size and number of occurrences. Distribution limited to the Canadian Shield. Plants Polypodium virginianum Rock Polypody May Be at Risk Abundant where found but restricted to the Canadian Shield; this species is often confused with P. sibiricum. Plants Polypogon monspeliensis Annual Rabbit's-foot Grass Not Assessed Plants Polystichum lonchitis Northern Holly Fern Sensitive Plants Populus angustifolia Narrowleaf Cottonwood Not Assessed Restricted distribution; alteration of river dynamics through dams and climate change may be threat. Populations susceptible to livestock grazing. Plants Populus balsamifera Balsam Poplar Not Assessed Plants Populus deltoides Eastern Cottonwood Not Assessed Restricted distribution; alteration of river dynamics through dams and climate change may be threat. Populations susceptible to livestock grazing. Plants Populus tremuloides Trembling Aspen Not Assessed Plants Portulaca oleracea Common Purslane Not Assessed Plants Potamogeton alpinus Alpine Pondweed Not Assessed Plants Potamogeton crispus Curly Pondweed Not Assessed Plants Potamogeton foliosus Leafy Pondweed Not Assessed Plants Potamogeton friesii Fries' Pondweed Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Potamogeton gramineus Grassy Pondweed Not Assessed Plants Potamogeton natans Floating Pondweed Not Assessed Plants Potamogeton nodosus Long-leaved Pondweed Not Assessed Known from only one location in the province. Plants Potamogeton obtusifolius Blunt-leaved Pondweed Not Assessed Few occurrences, small populations expected, and locally distributed within the boreal forest. Potential desiccation of habitat as a result of climate change. Plants Potamogeton praelongus White-stemmed Pondweed Not Assessed Plants Potamogeton pusillus Slender Pondweed Not Assessed Plants Potamogeton richardsonii Richardson's Pondweed Not Assessed Plants Potamogeton robbinsii Robbin's Pondweed Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and found within a limited range. Plants Potamogeton strictifolius Straight-leaved Pondweed Not Assessed Few occurrences and population presumed small. Threatened by wetland loss through desiccation and conversion to other uses. Plants Potamogeton zosteriformis Flat-stemmed Pondweed Not Assessed Plants Potentilla argentea Silvery Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla arguta Tall Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla bimundorum Staghorn Cinquefoil Not Assessed Potentilla multifida included in P. bimundorum. Threats are unknown, but population occurrences and distribution all extremely small and restricted with only two known occurrences. Plants Potentilla bipinnatifida Tansy Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla concinna Red Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla diversifolia Mountain Meadow Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla drummondii Drummond's Cinquefoil Not Assessed Few occurrences; restricted distribution within mountains and foothills. Plants Potentilla finitima Cinquefoil Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and range restricted to small portions of the Grasslands and Parkland Natural Regions. Moderate threats to habitat (cultivation) and population (livestock grazing). Plants Potentilla flabelliformis Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla furcata Forked Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla glandulosa Sticky Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla gracilis Graceful Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla hippiana Horse Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla hookeriana Hooker's Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla macounii Macoun's Cinquefoil Not Assessed Only two known occurrences limited to mountains of southern Alberta; low population expected. Plants Potentilla multisecta Diverse-leaved Cinquefoil Not Assessed Few occurrences; restricted distribution within mountains and foothills. Plants Potentilla nana Arctic Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla nivea Snowy Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla norvegica Norwegian Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla ovina Sheep Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla paradoxa Bushy Cinquefoil Not Assessed Very small populations where found; wetland habitat in jeopardy of desiccation as a result of climate change. Population threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Potentilla pensylvanica Pennsylvania Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla plattensis Platte River Cinquefoil Not Assessed Very small populations where found; few occurrences; prairie grassland habitat threatened by cultivation and industrial activity. Plants Potentilla pulchella Pretty Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla pulcherrima Soft Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla recta Sulphur Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla rivalis Brook Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla subjuga Colorado Cinquefoil Not Assessed No known threats, but only one occurrence known (from within Banff National Park); distribution and population are restricted and small. Plants Potentilla uniflora One-flowered Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Potentilla villosa Northern Cinquefoil Not Assessed Relatively few occurrences (18 as of 2005), but no known threats.

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Prenanthes alata Western Rattlesnaker-root Not Assessed Species only found in small populations near Slave Lake. Habitat threatened by logging activities and desiccation resulting from climate change. Plants Prenanthes racemosa Glaucous Rattlesnake-root Not Assessed Restricted distribution; threats include desiccation of habitats from climate change and conversion of wetlands to other uses. There is considerable human activity in this species' range in Alberta, but specific threats and species' response is unknown. Plants Prenanthes sagittata Arrow-leaved Rattlesnake-root Not Assessed Few occurrences within limited range. Habitat threats include oil and gas development, cultivation of native habitat, and off-highway vehicle use. Livestock grazing poses threat to populations. Plants Primula egaliksensis Greenland Primrose Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted to central rockies. Climate change threatens desiccation of wetland habitat. Plants Primula incana Mealy Primrose Not Assessed Plants Primula mistassinica Lake Mistassini Primrose Not Assessed Plants Primula stricta Stiff Primrose Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted to the mountainous and shield regions. Plants Prosartes hookeri Hooker's Mandarin Not Assessed Plants Prosartes trachycarpa Rough-fruited Mandarin Not Assessed Plants Prunella vulgaris Common Heal-all Not Assessed Plants Prunus pensylvanica Pin Cherry Not Assessed Plants Prunus virginiana Choke Cherry Not Assessed Plants Psathyrostachys juncea Russian Wild Rye Not Assessed Plants Pseudognaphalium Wright's Cudweed Not Assessed canescens Plants Pseudoroegneria spicata Bluebunch Wheat Grass Not Assessed Plants Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas-fir Not Assessed Plants Psilocarphus brevissimus Dwarf Woolly-heads Not Assessed Alberta entity (prairie population of B. elatior) designated as Special Concern by COSEWIC in 2001, being re-assessed in 2006. Few occurrences; much industrial activity in known range; habitat loss through land conversion and desiccation of wetlands; populations threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Psoralidium lanceolatum Wild Lemonweed Not Assessed Plants Pteridium aquilinum Bracken Sensitive Plants Pterospora andromedea Woodland Pinedrops Not Assessed Occurs in small, declining populations; only found in Cypress Hills and mountains of southwest Alberta; threatened by livestock grazing, logging, and off-highway vehicle use. Plants Puccinellia distans Spreading Alkali Grass Not Assessed Few occurrences of species within province, restricted to one area of Wood Buffalo National Park. Habitat is at risk of desiccation resulting from climate change. Plants Puccinellia lemmonii Lemmon's Alkali Grass Not Assessed Plants Puccinellia nuttalliana Nuttall's Alkali Grass Not Assessed Plants Pyrola asarifolia Pink Pyrola Not Assessed Plants Pyrola chlorantha Green-flowered Pyrola Not Assessed Plants Pyrola elliptica Shinleaf Not Assessed Small populations are in decline. Threats include livestock grazing, logging, and conversion of woodlands to croplands. Plants Pyrola grandiflora Arctic Pyrola Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences. Plants Pyrola minor Lesser Pyrola Not Assessed Plants Pyrola picta White-veined Wintergreen Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted to mountains and foothills of southwest Alberta. Coniferous habitat under threat of logging. Populations susceptible to grazing. Plants Pyrrocoma lanceolata Lance-leaved Goldenweed Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Pyrrocoma uniflora Goldenweed Not Assessed Plants Quercus macrocarpa Bur Oak Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus abortivus Kidney-leaved Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus acris Common Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus aquatilis White Water-buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus cardiophyllus Heart-leaved Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus cymbalaria Seaside Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus eschscholtzii Subalpine Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus flammula Lesser Spearwort Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus gelidus Arctic Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus glaberrimus Sagebruch Buttercup Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences. Prairie grassland conversion threatens habitat; effects of livestock grazing undetermined. Plants Ranunculus gmelinii Small Yellow Water-buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus hyperboreus Far-northern Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus inamoenus Graceful Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus lapponicus Lapland Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus macounii Macoun's Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus nivalis Snow Buttercup Not Assessed Small number of occurrences and populations likely small. Range restricted to mountains. Plants Ranunculus occidentalis Western Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus pedatifidus Northern Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus pensylvanicus Bristly Buttercup Not Assessed Species threatened by conversion of natural habitats to cropland. Livestock grazing threatens populations Plants Ranunculus pygmaeus Dwarf Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus repens Creeping Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus rhomboideus Prairie Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus sceleratus Cursed Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus testiculata Hornseed Buttercup Not Assessed Plants Ranunculus uncinatus Little Buttercup Not Assessed Relatively few occurrences; habitat jeopardized by logging, oil and gas development, and off-highway vehicle use. Population threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Radish Not Assessed Plants Ratibida columnifera Upright Prairie Coneflower Not Assessed Plants Rhamnus alnifolia Alder-leaved Buckthorn Not Assessed Moderate threats to habitat include logging, mining activities, and off- highway vehicle use. Livestock grazing poses a threat to populations. Plants Rhamnus cathartica European Buckthorn Not Assessed Plants Rheum rhabarbarum Rhubarb Not Assessed Plants Rhinanthus minor Little Yellow Rattle Not Assessed Plants Rhodiola integrifolia Entire-leaved Stonecrop Not Assessed Plants Rhododendron albiflorum White-flowered Rhododendron Not Assessed Plants Rhododendron lapponicum Lapland Rosebay Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences. Restricted to the northern mountains and foothills. Plants Rhus aromatica Fragrant Sumac Not Assessed Plants Rhus trilobata Squawbush Not Assessed Plants Rhynchospora capillacea Needle Beak Sedge Not Assessed Small number of occurrences within a localized area; habitat jeopardized by wetland desiccation, and loss through conversion. Plants Rhyncospora alba White Beak Sedge Not Assessed Plants Ribes americanum Wild Black Currant Not Assessed Plants Ribes aureum Golden Currant Not Assessed Plants Ribes glandulosum Skunk Currant Not Assessed Plants Ribes hirtellum Smooth Gooseberry Not Assessed Plants Ribes hudsonianum Northern Black Currant Not Assessed Plants Ribes inerme Currant Not Assessed Plants Ribes lacustre Bristly Black Currant Not Assessed Plants Ribes laxiflorum Trailing Black Currant Not Assessed Species appears to be declining in population and distribution. Habitat lost through wetland conversion and climate change-induced wetland desiccation. Plants Ribes oxyacanthoides Canada Gooseberry Not Assessed Plants Ribes triste Swamp Red Currant Not Assessed Plants Ribes viscosissimum Sticky Currant Not Assessed Restricted to the mountains and foothills in the southwest corner of

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 the province; threatened by livestock grazing as well as activities surrounding mineral extraction, off-highway vehicle use, and logging. Plants Romanzoffia sitchensis Sitka Mistmaiden Not Assessed Few occurrences; distribution restricted to mountains and foothills. Population threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Rorippa austriaca Austrian Yellowcress Not Assessed Plants Rorippa curvipes Rocky Mountain Yellowcress Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences. Plants Rorippa microphylla One-rowed Yellowcress Not Assessed Plants Rorippa nasturtium- Watercress Not Assessed aquaticum Plants Rorippa palustris Bog Yellowcress Not Assessed Plants Rorippa sinuata Spreading Yellowcress Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences; threats include livestock grazing and desiccation of wetlands as a result of climate change. Plants Rorippa sylvestris Creeping Yellowcress Not Assessed Plants Rorippa tenerrima Modoc Yellowcress Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences. Populations jeopardized by grazing in ephemeral wetlands. Habitat threatened by land conversion and desiccation of wetlands resulting from climate change. Plants Rorippa truncata Wild Yellowcress Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences; species restricted to the Grasslands Natural Region. Populations reduced by livestock grazing. Habitat threatened by wetland loss through land conversion and climate change- induced desiccation. Plants Rosa acicularis Prickly Rose Not Assessed Plants Rosa arkansana Prairie Rose Not Assessed Plants Rosa woodsii Wood's Rose Not Assessed Plants Rubus arcticus Nagoonberry Not Assessed Plants Rubus chamaemorus Cloudberry Not Assessed Plants Rubus idaeus Red Raspberry Not Assessed Plants Rubus parviflorus Thimbleberry Not Assessed Plants Rubus pedatus Five-leaved Dwarf Bramble Not Assessed Plants Rubus pubescens Dwarf Red Raspberry Not Assessed Plants Rudbeckia hirta Black-eyed Susan Not Assessed Plants Rumex acetosa Green Sorrel Not Assessed Plants Rumex acetosella Sheep Sorrel Not Assessed Plants Rumex brittanica Great Water Dock Not Assessed Plants Rumex confertus Asiatic Dock Not Assessed Plants Rumex crispus Curly-leaved Dock Not Assessed Plants Rumex dentatus Toothed Dock Not Assessed Plants Rumex fueginus Dock Not Assessed Plants Rumex longifolius Dooryard Dock Not Assessed Plants Rumex occidentalis Western Dock Not Assessed Plants Rumex paucifolius Alpine Sorrel Not Assessed Few occurrences, and distribution restricted to mountains and foothills. Plants Rumex pseudonatronatus Field Dock Not Assessed Plants Rumex stenophyllus Narrow-leaved Dock Not Assessed Plants Rumex triangulivalvis Triangular-valved Dock Not Assessed Plants Rumex venosus Veined Dock Not Assessed Threats to habitat include conversion of sand dune habitats to cropland and stabilization of sand dunes. Effects of cattle grazing on population unknown Plants Ruppia cirrhosa Widgeon-grass Not Assessed Small number of occurrences. Wetland habitat under threat of climate change-induced desiccation. Plants Sagina decumbens Small-flowered Pearlwort Not Assessed Plants Sagina nivalis Snow Pearlwort Not Assessed Plants Sagina nodosa Knotted Pearlwort Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences; confined to the Canadian Shield Natural Region Plants Sagina saginoides Alpine Pearlwort Not Assessed Plants Sagittaria cuneata Northern Arrowhead Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Sagittaria latifolia Broad-leaved Arrowhead Not Assessed Few occurrences found within a small portion of central Alberta. Wetland habitat threatened by desiccation resulting from climate change, and conversion to other uses. Plants Salicornia rubra Red Glasswort Not Assessed Plants Salix alaxensis Alaska Willow Not Assessed Few occurrences, likely small populations; range limited to mountains and foothills. Plants Salix amygdaloides Peach-leaved Willow Not Assessed Alteration of river dynamics through dams and climate change poses a high threat to habitat. Population threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Salix arbusculoides Little-tree Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix arctica Arctic Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix athabascensis Athabasca Willow Not Assessed Considerable threat to habitat from logging, as well as desiccation from climate change. Precautionary rank of sensitive because habitat threat is real, and population expected to be small. Plants Salix barclayi Barclay's Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix barrattiana Barratt's Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix bebbiana Bebb's Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix boothii Booth's Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix brachycarpa Short-capsuled Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix candida Hoary Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix commutata Under-green Willow Not Assessed Few occurrences, and range restricted to mountains and foothills. Plants Salix discolor Pussy Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix drummondiana Drummond's Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix exigua Sandbar Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix farriae Farr's Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix glauca Gray Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix humilis Prairie Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix lanata Lanatz Willow Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and distribution restricted to mountains and foothills near Nordegg. Floodplain habitat at risk of desiccation from climate change. Plants Salix lucida Shining Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix lutea Yellow Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix maccalliana Mccalla's Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix melanopsis Dusky Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix myrtillifolia Blueberry Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix nivalis Snow Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix pedicellaris Bog Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix petiolaris Meadow Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix petrophila Alpine Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix planifolia Tea-leaved Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix prolixa Mackenzie's Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix pseudomonticola False Mountain Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix pseudomyrsinites Not Assessed Plants Salix pyrifolia Balsam Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix raupii Raup's Willow Not Assessed Small population expected and only one known occurrence (Kakwa area). Area is under threat of mineral extraction and oil and gas activity. Plants Salix reticulata Net-veined Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix scouleriana Scouler's Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix serissima Autumn Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix sitchensis Sitka Willow Not Assessed Known from very few provincial locations; small populations expected. Much logging and oil and gas activity occurs on its Athabasca River floodplain habitat. Plants Salix stolonifera Creeping Willow Not Assessed Very few occurrences in province with small populations expected. Plants Salix turnorii Turnor's Willow Not Assessed Plants Salix vestita Rock Willow Not Assessed Plants Salsola tragus Russian Thistle Not Assessed Plants Salvia nemorosa Woodland Sage Not Assessed Plants Sambucus racemosa Red Elderberry Not Assessed Plants Sanicula marilandica Black Sanicle Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Saponaria officinalis Bouncing-bet Not Assessed Plants Sarcobatus vermiculatus Black Greasewood Not Assessed Plants Sarracenia purpurea Northern Pitcher Plant Not Assessed Small number of occurrences. Habitat under threat of desiccation resulting from climate change. Plants Saussurea amara Tall Saw-wort Not Assessed Plants Saussurea americana American Saw-wort Not Assessed Few occurrences within the mountains of southwest Alberta. Plants Saussurea densa Clustered Saw-wort Not Assessed Plants Saxifraga adscendens Ascending Saxifrage Not Assessed Plants Saxifraga aizoides Yellow Mountain Saxifrage Not Assessed Plants Saxifraga bronchialis Matte Saxifrage Not Assessed Plants Saxifraga cernua Nodding Saxifrage Not Assessed Plants Saxifraga cespitosa Tufted Saxifrage Not Assessed Plants Saxifraga ferruginea Rusty-haired Saxifrage Not Assessed Few occurrences, populations expected to be small, and range limited to mountains and foothills. Plants Saxifraga flagellaris Spider Saxifrage Not Assessed Few occurrences; threats from off- highway vehicle use and mining of limestone within its range. Plants Saxifraga hyperborea Pygmy Saxifrage Not Assessed Plants Saxifraga lyallii Red-stemmed Saxifrage Not Assessed Plants Saxifraga mertensiana Merten's Saxifrage Not Assessed Plants Saxifraga nelsoniana Heart-leaved Saxifrage Not Assessed Few occurrences, populations expected to be small, and range limited to mountains and foothills. Plants Saxifraga nivalis Snow Saxifrage Not Assessed Few known occurrences; restricted to mountains and foothills. Plants Saxifraga occidentalis Mountain Saxifrage Not Assessed Plants Saxifraga odontoloma Streambank Saxifrage Not Assessed Small populations, very few occurrences, and limited range within mountain and foothills of southwest Alberta. Threats include off-highway vehicle use and livestock grazing. Plants Saxifraga oppositifolia Purple Mountain Saxifrage Not Assessed Plants Saxifraga oregana Bog Saxifrage Not Assessed Plants Saxifraga tricuspidata Prickly Saxifrage Not Assessed Plants Schedonnardus paniculatus Tumble Grass Not Assessed Plants Schedonorus arundinaceus Tall Rye Grass Not Assessed Plants Schedonorus pratensis Meadow Rye Grass Not Assessed Plants Scheuchzeria palustris Pod Grass Not Assessed Plants Schizachne purpurascens False Melic Grass Not Assessed Plants Schizachyrium scoparium Little Bluestem Not Assessed Considerable development pressure in prairie grassland habitat. Populations are susceptible to livestock grazing. Plants Schoenocrambe linifolia Salmon River Plains Mustard Not Assessed Plants Schoenoplectus acutus Hard-stemmed Bulrush Not Assessed Plants Schoenoplectus Slender Bulrush Not Assessed heterochaetus Plants Schoenoplectus pungens Three Square Bulrush Not Assessed Plants Schoenoplectus Soft-stemmed Bulrush Not Assessed tabernaemontani Plants Scirpus atrocinctus Black-girdled Bulrush Not Assessed Plants Scirpus cyperinus Cottongrass Bulrush Not Assessed Plants Scirpus microcarpus Red-tinged Bulrush Not Assessed Plants Scirpus pallidus Pale Bulrush Not Assessed Few occurrences; population presumed to be small and declining; wetland habitat threatened by conversion and desiccation. Considerable human activity within this species’ range, but specific threats and subsequent responses unknown. Plants Scleranthus annuus Annual Knawel Not Assessed Plants Scolochloa festucacea Common River Grass Not Assessed Plants Scophularia lanceolata Lance-leaved Figwort Not Assessed Plants Scutellaria galericulata Hooded Skullcap Not Assessed Plants Secale cereale Cultivated Rye Not Assessed Plants Sedum divergens Spreading Stonecrop Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences mapped, and restricted distribution. Plants Sedum lanceolatum Lance-leaved Stonecrop Not Assessed Plants Sedum stenopetalum Narrow-petalled Stonecrop Not Assessed Plants Selaginella densa Dense Spikemoss Not Assessed Plants Selaginella rupestris Rock Spikemoss Not Assessed Plants Selaginella scopulorum Rocky Mountain Spikemoss Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Selaginella selaginoides Northern Spikemoss Not Assessed Plants Selaginella standleyi Standley's Spikemoss Not Assessed Plants Selaginella wallacei Wallace's Spikemoss Not Assessed Only one known occurrence from southwest Alberta. Plants Senecio congestus Marsh Ragwort Not Assessed Plants Senecio eremophilus Desert Ragwort Not Assessed Plants Senecio fremontii Fremont's Ragwort Not Assessed Plants Senecio hydrophiloides Sweet Marsh Ragwort Not Assessed Declining trends, moderate threats. Plants Senecio integerrimus Entire-leaved Ragwort Not Assessed Plants Senecio lugens Black-tipped Ragwort Not Assessed Plants Senecio megacephalus Large-headed Ragwort Not Assessed Plants Senecio triangularis Arrow-leaved Ragwort Not Assessed Plants Senecio viscosus Sticky Ragwort Not Assessed Plants Senecio vulgaris Common Ragwort Not Assessed Plants Setaria pumila Yellow Bristle Grass Not Assessed Plants Setaria viridis Green Bristle Grass Not Assessed Plants Shepherdia argentea Silver Buffaloberry Not Assessed Plants Shepherdia canadensis Soapberry Not Assessed Plants Shinnersoseris rostrata Annual Skeletonweed Not Assessed Very few occurrences within a restricted range; habitat threatened by land conversion and stabilization of sand dunes. Livestock grazing may also pose threats to populations. Plants Sibbaldia procumbens Sibbaldia Not Assessed Plants Sibbaldiopsis tridentata Three-toothed Cinquefoil Not Assessed Plants Silene acaulis Moss Campion Not Assessed Plants Silene antirrhina Sleepy Catchfly Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences; confined to the Canadian Shield Natural Region Plants Silene conoidea Conoid Catchfly Not Assessed Plants Silene csereii Balkan Catchfly Not Assessed Plants Silene drummondii Drummond's Campion Not Assessed Plants Silene involucrata Arctic Catchfly Not Assessed Few occurrences, small population and localized distribution. Habitat threatened by off-highway vehicle use and minerals development. Plants Silene latifolia Catchfly Not Assessed Plants Silene menziesii Menzie's Pink Not Assessed Plants Silene noctiflora Night-Flowering Catchfly Not Assessed Plants Silene parryi Parry's Catchfly Not Assessed Small populations where found; restricted distribution. Habitat threats include oil and gas development, cultivation, and off- highway vehicle use. Livestock grazing threatens populations. Plants Silene uralensis Apetalous Catchfly Not Assessed Small populations; distribution restricted to mountains and foothills. Habitat under threat of mining activities and off-highway vehicle use. Plants Silene vulgaris Maiden's-tears Not Assessed Plants Silybum marianum Blessed Milk Thistle Not Assessed Plants Sinapis alba White Mustard Not Assessed Plants Sinapis arvensis Corn Mustard Not Assessed Plants Sisymbrium altissimum Tall Hedge Mustard Not Assessed Plants Sisymbrium loeselii False London Rocket Not Assessed Plants Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard Not Assessed Plants Sisyrinchium montanum Mountain Blue-eyed-grass Not Assessed Plants Sisyrinchium septentrionale Northern Blue-eyed-grass Not Assessed Few occurrences; trends in both population and distribution declining, likely as a result of cultivation of native grassland habitat. Population threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Sium suave Water Parsnip Not Assessed Plants Smelowskia calycina Alpine Smelowskia Not Assessed Plants Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade Not Assessed Plants Solanum physalifolium Ground-Cherry Nightshade Not Assessed Plants Solanum rostratum Horned Nightshade Not Assessed Plants Solanum triflorum Cut-leaved Nightshade Not Assessed Plants Solidago canadensis Canada Goldenrod Not Assessed Plants Solidago gigantea Late Goldenrod Not Assessed Plants Solidago missouriensis Missouri Goldenrod Not Assessed Plants Solidago mollis Ground Goldenrod Not Assessed Plants Solidago multiradiata Multi-rayed Goldenrod Not Assessed Plants Solidago nemoralis Field Goldenrod Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Solidago rigida Rigid Goldenrod Not Assessed Plants Solidago simplex Goldenrod Not Assessed Plants Solidago spathulata Sticky Goldenrod Not Assessed Plants Sonchus arvensis Field Sow Thistle Not Assessed Plants Sonchus asper Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle Not Assessed Plants Sonchus oleraceus Common Sow Thistle Not Assessed Plants Sorbus aucuparia European Mountain Ash Not Assessed Plants Sorbus scopulina Greene Mountain Ash Not Assessed Plants Sorbus sitchensis Sitka Mountain Ash Not Assessed Plants Sparganium angustifolium Narrow-leaved Bur-reed Not Assessed Plants Sparganium emersum Unbranched Bur-reed Not Assessed Plants Sparganium eurycarpum Broad-fruited Bur-reed Not Assessed Plants Sparganium fluctuans Floating Bur-reed Not Assessed Only one known occurrence from the Canadian Shield Natural Region. Habitat threatened by wetland desiccation as a result of climate change. Plants Sparganium glomeratum Clustered Bur-reed Not Assessed Only one known occurrence with a small population. Wetland habitat threatened by conversion for other uses and desiccation resulting from climate change. Considerable human activity occurs in this species' range. Plants Sparganium hyperboreum Northern Bur-reed Not Assessed Few occurrences restricted to a small portion of the mountains and foothills. Habitat under threat of desiccation from climate change. Plants Sparganium natans Small Bur-reed Not Assessed Plants Spartina gracilis Alkali Cord Grass Not Assessed Plants Spartina pectinata Freshwater Cord Grass Not Assessed Small populations where found; few occurrences. Wetland habitat may be subject to desiccation resulting from climate change. Population vulnerable to livestock grazing. Plants Spergula arvensis Corn Spurry Not Assessed Plants Spergularia diandra Alkali Sandspurry Not Assessed Plants Spergularia salina Saltmarsh Sandspurry Not Assessed Small populations where found, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Threats to population and habitat include livestock grazing and wetland desiccation induced by climate change. Plants Sphaeralcea coccinea Scarlet Globe-mallow Not Assessed Plants Sphenopholis intermedia Slender Wedgescale Not Assessed Plants Sphenopholis obtusata Prairie Wedgescale Not Assessed Species occurs in small populations in few locations. Climate change and subsequent desiccation threatens wetland habitat; populations are subject to livestock grazing. Plants Spiraea alba Narrow-leaved Meadow-sweet Not Assessed Based on presumed decline and moderate threats from conversion of natural habitats to cropland and livestock grazing. Plants Spiraea betulifolia White Meadow-sweet Not Assessed Plants Spiraea splendens Spiraea Not Assessed Very small populations and few occurrences; found only in southwest Alberta. Montane habitat at risk of cultivation and mineral development activities. Livestock grazing also a threat to populations. Plants Spiranthes lacera Slender Ladies'-tresses May Be at Risk Few occurrences, low numbers and restricted to northeast Alberta. Plants Spiranthes romanzoffiana Hooded Ladies'-tresses Secure Plants Spirodela polyrrhiza Common Duckmeal Not Assessed Plants Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand Dropseed Not Assessed Species threatened by conversion of sand dune habitats to cropland, and stabilization of sand dunes themselves. Livestock grazing also threatens population. Plants Sporobolus neglectus Small Dropseed Not Assessed Plants Stachys pilosa Sand Hedge-nettle Not Assessed Plants Stellaria americana American Starwort Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and found only in mountains in southwest Alberta. Plants Stellaria borealis Northern Stitchwort Not Assessed Plants Stellaria calycantha Northern Bog Starwort Not Assessed Original Online Report: 2005 Species at Risk – General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Page 89 of 97 PDF version created: Feb 25, 2013 © 2013 Government of Alberta

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Stellaria crassifolia Fleshy Stitchwort Not Assessed Plants Stellaria crispa Crimped Stitchwort Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences; logging of montane forests and off-highway vehicle use are primary threats. Plants Stellaria longifolia Long-leaved Starwort Not Assessed Plants Stellaria longipes Long-stalked Starwort Not Assessed Plants Stellaria media Common Starwort Not Assessed Plants Stellaria nitens Shiny Starwort Not Assessed Plants Stellaria obtusa Rocky Mountain Starwort Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and range limited to mountains of southwest Alberta. Population and habitat threats include livestock grazing, logging, and off-highway vehicle use. Plants Stellaria umbellata Umbrella Starwort Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences; range restricted to mountains and foothills; grazing, logging, and off-highway vehicle use threaten this species’ habitat. Plants Stenanthium occidentale Western Featherbells Not Assessed Plants Stephanomeria runcinata Desert Skeleton Plant Not Assessed Small populations at most sites where found; plains habitat threatened by oil and gas activity. Effects of livestock grazing on population unknown. Plants Streptopus amplexifolius Clasping Twisted-stalk Not Assessed Plants Streptopus lanceolatus Rose Twisted-stalk Not Assessed Two known occurrences in moist montane forests. Significant forestry and oil and gas activity in area of two known occurrences. Plants Streptopus streptopoides Small Twisted-stalk Not Assessed Much logging and oil and gas activity in area of only known occurrence. Plants Stuckenia filiformis Thread-leaved Pondweed Not Assessed Plants Stuckenia pectinata Sago Pondweed Not Assessed Plants Stuckenia vaginata Sheathed Pondweed Not Assessed Plants Suaeda calceoliformis Horned Sea-blite Not Assessed Plants Suaeda nigra Bush Seepweed Not Assessed Synonymous with S. moquinii. 10 occurrences (as of 2005) and restricted range, no known threats but because of rarity (S2), ranked as Sensitive rather than Secure; only other Canadian jurisdiction is Saskatchewan. Plants Suckleya suckleyana Poison Suckleya Not Assessed Few occurrences; threats include livestock grazing and desiccation of wetlands as a result of climate change. Plants Suksdorfia ranunculifolia Buttercup-leaved Mock Not Assessed Very small populations and few Brookfoam known occurrences. Range limited to mountains and foothills of southwest Alberta. Plants Suksdorfia violacea Violet Mock Brookfoam Not Assessed Very small populations, few known occurrences; restricted to mountains of southwest Alberta. Plants Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry Not Assessed Plants Symphoricarpos occidentalis Northern Snowberry Not Assessed Plants Symphyotrichum ascendens Western Aster Not Assessed Based on population decline and threats, and small populations where found. Plants Symphyotrichum boreale Boreal Aster Not Assessed Plants Symphyotrichum campestre Western Meadow Aster Not Assessed Few occurrences, habitat of dry open areas favoured for development which is on the increase in southwestern Alberta. Effects of livestock grazing unknown. Plants Symphyotrichum ciliatum Alkali Aster Not Assessed Plants Symphyotrichum ciliolatum Lindley's Aster Not Assessed Plants Symphyotrichum eatonii Eaton's Aster Not Assessed Few occurrences, occurs in moist montane woods, and stream banks. Logging, off-highway vehicle use, oil and gas activities and livestock grazing outside the national parks may pose threats; some conversion of native habitats to cropland. Plants Symphyotrichum ericoides White Heath Aster Not Assessed

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Symphyotrichum falcatum White Prairie Aster Not Assessed Plants Symphyotrichum laeve Smooth Blue Aster Not Assessed Plants Symphyotrichum Lance-leaved Aster Not Assessed lanceolatum Plants Symphyotrichum puniceum Purple-stemmed Aster Not Assessed Plants Symphyotrichum Douglas' Aster Not Assessed subspicatum Plants Symphytum officinale Common Comfrey Not Assessed Plants Tanacetum bipinnatum Floccose Tansy Not Assessed Low population size, few occurrences, and limited distribution. Plants Tanacetum vulgare Common Tansy Not Assessed Plants Taraxacum eriophorum Wool-bearing Dandelion Not Assessed Plants Taraxacum laevigatum Red-seeded Dandelion Not Assessed Plants Taraxacum lyratum Harp Dandelion Not Assessed Plants Taraxacum officinale Common Dandelion Not Assessed Plants Taxus brevifolia Pacific Yew Not Assessed Very small populations, few occurrences, and range limited to southwest Alberta. Plants Telesonix heucheriformis False Saxifrage Not Assessed Synonymous with Boykinia heucheriformis. 34 occurrences as of 2005. Possible threats to habitat (alpine rocks and ledges, limestone) - mining of limestone along front ranges. Plants Tellima grandiflora Fragrant Fringecup Not Assessed Only one known occurrence in the South Castle area. Considerable threat from off-highway vehicle use. Plants Tetraneuris acaulis Horsebrush Not Assessed Plants Thalictrum dasycarpum Purple Meadow-rue Not Assessed Relatively few occurrences and limited distribution. Considerable industrial activity (logging, oil and gas) within this species' range. Habitat threatened by desiccation; populations may be susceptible to livestock grazing. Plants Thalictrum occidentale Western Meadow-rue Not Assessed Plants Thalictrum sparsiflorum Few-flowered Meadow-rue Not Assessed Population and distribution trends declining. Habitat threatened by conversion to cropland; livestock grazing poses threat to population. Plants Thalictrum venulosum Veiny Meadow-rue Not Assessed Plants Thelesperma subnudum Border Goldthread Not Assessed The only known record in the province is from an urban park; intensive human activities in area. Conversion of native habitat a threat. Plants Thermopsis rhombifolia Roundleaf Thermopsis Not Assessed Plants Thlaspi arvense Field Pennycress Not Assessed Plants Thuja plicata Western Red Cedar Not Assessed Few occurrences within a narrow range in the mountains. Livestock grazing and current logging practices may contribute to an already existing pressure on establishment of this long-lived species. Plants Tiarella trifoliata Lace Foamflower Not Assessed Distribution restricted to foothills. Active logging in habitat may be a threat. Plants Tofieldia pusilla Scotch False Asphodel Not Assessed Plants Tonestus lyallii Lyall's Serpentweed Not Assessed Plants Torreyochloa pallida Pale Manna Grass Not Assessed Plants Townsendia condensata Cushion Townsend Daisy Not Assessed Small populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Habitat threatened by oil and gas development and off-highway vehicle use. Livestock grazing threatens populations. Plants Townsendia exscapa Silky Townsend Daisy Not Assessed Small populations and few occurrences. Native grasslands under threat of conversion to cropland. Plants Townsendia hookeri Hooker's Townsend Daisy Not Assessed Plants Townsendia parryi Parry's Townsend Daisy Not Assessed Plants Toxicodendron rydbergii Northern Poison Oak Not Assessed Plants Tradescantia occidentalis Western Spiderwort Not Assessed Very small population in the only known location in Alberta. Designated Endangered in Alberta

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 in 2001, and Threatened by COSEWIC (2002). This species and its habitat are threatened by conversion of native sand dunes to cropland, stabilization of sand dunes, petroleum exploration and development, and possibly invasive species. Effects of livestock grazing need further investigation. Plants Tragopogon dubius Yellow Goatsbeard Not Assessed Plants Tragopogon porrifolius Salsify Not Assessed Plants Tragopogon pratensis Meadow Goatsbeard Not Assessed Plants Triantha glutinosa Sticky False Asphodel Not Assessed Plants Triantha occidentalis Western False Asphodel Not Assessed Few occurrences found only within the mountains. Habitat under threat from oil and gas activities. Plants Trichophorum alpinum Alpine Bulrush Not Assessed Plants Trichophorum cespitosum Tufted Bulrush Not Assessed Plants Trichophorum clintonii Clinton's Bulrush Not Assessed Very few occurrences and populations presumed to be small. Some threat to habitat from logging and oil and gas activity. Plants Trichophorum pumilum Rolland's Bulrush Not Assessed Small number of occurrences within province. Wetland habitat at risk of climate change-induced global warming. Plants Trientalis borealis Northern Starflower Not Assessed Plants Trientalis europaea Arctic Starflower Not Assessed Population declining; habitat threatened by logging and conversion of woodlands to cropland. Plants Trifolium aureum Yellow Clover Not Assessed Plants Trifolium hybridum Alsike Clover Not Assessed Plants Trifolium pratense Red Clover Not Assessed Plants Trifolium repens White Clover Not Assessed Plants Triglochin maritima Seaside Arrowgrass Not Assessed Plants Triglochin palustris Marsh Arrowgrass Not Assessed Plants Trigonella caerulea Blue-white Trigonella Not Assessed Plants Trillium ovatum Western Trillium Not Assessed Only one known occurrence from the mountains of southwest Alberta. Some threat from facility placement and development. Plants Trimorpha elata Angular Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Trimorpha lonchophylla Short-Ray Fleabane Not Assessed Plants Tripleurospermum Scentless Chamomile Not Assessed perforatum Plants Tripterocalyx micranthus Small-flowered Sand-verbena Not Assessed Small population, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Designated Threatened in Canada by COSEWIC (2000); threats include conversion of habitat to cropland, and stabilization of sand dunes habitat. Designated Data Deficient in Alberta (2005). Plants Trisetum canescens Tall False Oat Not Assessed Following Flora of North America treatment. Information for Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre (ANHIC) Trisetum cernuum applies here. Population expected to be small, occurrences few, limited range (mountains/foothills), threats to population and habitat (moist woods) both moderate, including livestock grazing and some threat from logging and oil and gas activity in the area. Plants Trisetum flavescens Yellow False Oat Not Assessed Plants Trisetum spicatum Narrow False Oat Not Assessed Plants Trisetum wolfii Beardless False Oat Not Assessed Small, declining populations, few occurrences, and restricted distribution. Logging poses potential threat to habitat; populations threatened by livestock grazing. Plants Triticum aestivum Bread Wheat Not Assessed Plants Triticum durum Durum Wheat Not Assessed Plants Trollius albiflorus White Globeflower Not Assessed Plants Tsuga heterophylla Western Hemlock Not Assessed Very small populations, few occurrences, and restricted to the

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 mountains and foothills of northern Alberta. Plants Typha latifolia Broad-leaved Cattail Not Assessed Plants Urtica dioica Stinging Nettle Not Assessed Plants Urtica urens Burning Nettle Not Assessed Plants Utricularia cornuta Horned Bladderwort Not Assessed Small number of occurrences; found only in the Canadian Shield Natural Region; wetlands threatened by climate change-induced desiccation. Plants Utricularia intermedia Flat-leaved Bladderwort Not Assessed Plants Utricularia macrorhiza Greater Bladderwort Not Assessed Plants Utricularia minor Lesser Bladderwort Not Assessed Plants Vaccaria hispanica Cowcockle Not Assessed Plants Vaccinium caespitosum Dwarf Bilberry Not Assessed Plants Vaccinium membranaceum Mountain Huckleberry Not Assessed Plants Vaccinium myrtilloides Velvet-leaved Blueberry Not Assessed Plants Vaccinium myrtillus WHORTLE-BERRY Not Assessed Plants Vaccinium ovalifolium Oval-leaved Bilberry Not Assessed Few occurrences, and this species’ range is restricted to the northern Rocky Mountains. Plants Vaccinium oxycoccos Small Cranberry Not Assessed Plants Vaccinium scoparium Grouseberry Not Assessed Plants Vaccinium uliginosum Alpine Bilberry Not Assessed Few occurrences; climate change may result in desiccation of habitat. Plants Vaccinium vitis-idaea Mountain Cranberry Not Assessed Plants Vahlodea atropurpurea Arctic Hair Grass Not Assessed Plants Valeriana dioica Wood Valerian Not Assessed Plants Valeriana scouleri Scouler's Valerian Not Assessed Plants Valeriana sitchensis Sitka Valerian Not Assessed Plants Ventenata dubia Ventenata Not Assessed Plants Veratrum viride American False Hellebore Not Assessed Plants Verbascum nigrum Black Mullein Not Assessed Plants Verbascum phlomoides Orange Mullein Not Assessed Plants Verbascum thapsus Great Mullein Not Assessed Plants Verbena bracteata Large-bracted Vervain Not Assessed Plants Veronica agrestis Field Speedwell Not Assessed Plants Veronica alpina Alpine Speedwell Not Assessed Plants Veronica americana American Speedwell Not Assessed Plants Veronica catenata Sessile Water Speedwell Not Assessed Few occurrences within a limited range in Southern Alberta. Wetland habitat under threat of drainage and industrial development. Plants Veronica chamaedrys Germander Speedwell Not Assessed Plants Veronica longifolia Long-leaved Speedwell Not Assessed Plants Veronica peregrina Purslane Speedwell Not Assessed Plants Veronica persica Bird-eye Speedwell Not Assessed Plants Veronica scutellata Marsh Speedwell Not Assessed Plants Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Speedwell Not Assessed Small populations where found; distribution restricted to mountains and foothills. Habitat threats include development, logging, mineral extraction, and off-highway vehicle use. Plants Viburnum edule Squashberry Not Assessed Plants Viburnum opulus Highbush Cranberry Not Assessed Plants Vicia americana Purple Vetch Not Assessed Plants Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch Not Assessed Plants Viola adunca Sand Violet Not Assessed Plants Viola arvensis Small Wild Pansy Not Assessed Plants Viola canadensis Canada Violet Not Assessed Plants Viola epipsila Northern Marsh Violet Not Assessed Plants Viola glabella Smooth Yellow Woodland Not Assessed Violet Plants Viola macloskeyi Smooth White Violet Not Assessed Few known occurrences. Plants Viola nephrophylla Northern Bog Violet Not Assessed Plants Viola nuttallii Nuttall's Violet Not Assessed Plants Viola orbiculata Western Round-leaved Violet Not Assessed Plants Viola palustris Alpine Marsh Violet Not Assessed Plants Viola pedatifida Prairie Violet Not Assessed Small populations found in few locations. Habitat in jeopardy of conversion to cropland; grazing may pose threat to population. Plants Viola praemorsa Yellow Montane Violet Not Assessed Few occurrences; no threats to habitat identified but livestock grazing threatens already small population. Restricted range within southwest Alberta. Original Online Report: 2005 Species at Risk – General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Page 93 of 97 PDF version created: Feb 25, 2013 © 2013 Government of Alberta

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 Plants Viola renifolia Kidney-leaved White Violet Not Assessed Plants Viola selkirkii Great-spurred Violet Not Assessed Plants Viola tricolor Johnny-jump-up Not Assessed Plants Viola vallicola A Violet Not Assessed Intensive grazing and cultivation listed as threats, distribution restricted. Plants Vulpia octoflora Eight-flowered Six-weeks Not Assessed Grass Plants Wolffia borealis Northern Watermeal Not Assessed Plants Wolffia columbiana Columbian Watermeal Not Assessed Few occurrences found within a limited area around Edmonton. Wetland habitat threatened by conversion to other uses and desiccation from climate change. Plants Woodsia glabella Smooth Cliff Fern May Be at Risk Very small population, and is found in fewer than five locations. Locally distributed within the mountains and foothills. Habitat is threatened by mining activities. Plants Woodsia ilvensis Rusty Cliff Fern Sensitive Plants Woodsia oregana Oregon Cliff Fern Sensitive Plants Woodsia scopulina Mountain Cliff Fern Sensitive Plants Xanthium strumarium Rough Cockleburr Not Assessed Plants Xerophyllum tenax Bear-grass Not Assessed Plants Yucca glauca Soapweed Not Assessed Very small number of occurrences and restricted distribution (southeast Alberta). Designated Threatened in Canada by COSEWIC (2000), and Endangered in Alberta (2003). Population threatened primarily by ungulate browsing; other identified threats include collection, habitat loss and degradation, pollen limitation, asynchronous timing of flowering and moth presence, insect herbivory, and wind. Plants Zannichellia palustris Horned Pondweed Not Assessed Plants Zigadenus elegans Mountain Death Camas Not Assessed Plants Zigadenus venenosus Meadow Death Camas Not Assessed Plants Zizania aquatica Southern Wild-rice Not Assessed Plants Zizania palustris Northern Wild-rice Not Assessed Plants Zizia aptera Heart-leaved Alexanders Not Assessed Reptiles Chrysemys picta Western Painted Turtle Sensitive Probably fewer than 100 individuals. Known only from specific locations in Cypress Hills, lower Milk River, and Oldman River. Very low population and extremely local and limited distribution; therefore, is vulnerable to site- specific habitat loss. Reptiles Phrynosoma hernandesi Mountain Short-horned Lizard May Be at Risk Rare and localized. Number of subpopulations appear to be decreasing, but subpopulations themselves seem stable. Occurs in strongly localized and isolated sandy grassland/badland/river break habitats. Reptiles Heterodon nasicus Western Hognose Snake May Be at Risk Extremely rare. Fewer than 100 site or specimen records from Alberta. Information on population and hibernacula is essential to properly determine status and management requirements. Current population trend unknown. Reptiles Pituophis catenifer Bullsnake Sensitive Population stable or possibly declining. Most vulnerable at winter dens. Requires conservation of prairie grassland, protection of hibernacula, and better population information. Threatened by traffic mortality, direct persecution, and habitat loss. Reptiles Thamnophis elegans Wandering Garter Snake Sensitive Common but localized. Least abundant garter snake. Maintenance of stable populations is dependent on habitat protection and public education. Threatened by

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005 oil and gas development, and destruction of den sites. Reptiles Thamnophis radix Plains Garter Snake Sensitive Common but localized. Public perception of long-term declines. Public education combined with protection of key habitats (hibernacula) will benefit this species. Threatened by increased human development surrounding oil and gas activity. Reptiles Thamnophis sirtalis Red-sided Garter Snake Sensitive Common but localized. Public perception of declining population. Protection of key habitats and public education will ensure a stable population. Threatened by increased human development surrounding oil and gas activity. Reptiles Crotalus viridis Prairie Rattlesnake May Be at Risk Relatively common in localized habitat. Apparent population decline in similar habitat in Saskatchewan. Protection of hibernacula, and public education to reduce human- caused mortality, are essential. Many threats to habitat and population identified.

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

Related Information and Resources General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

Wild Species 2005: The General Status of Wild Species in Canada

The national online database on the assessment of wild species in Canada, Wild Species 2005: The General Status of Species in Canada, is directly complementary to this database.

In the national database, information has been compiled on the same groups of species for all the provinces and territories in Canada, and a national status ranking has been assigned to each species by the National General Status Working Group.

For information about species at risk programs in Canada, including access to the national searchable database, visit the Wild Species website at:

www.wildspecies.ca

Additional Resources

Alberta Species at Risk Program

See: http://srd.alberta.ca/FishWildlife/SpeciesAtRisk/Default.aspx

Environment Canada Species at Risk Program

Visit: www.sararegistry.gc.ca

Government of Canada Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC)

The national body of experts that assess the status of wild Canadian species in detail is the Committee on the Status of Endangered Species in Canada (COSEWIC).

Visit the COSEWIC website at: www.cosewic.gc.ca

United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity — Canadian Context

At the 1992 Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Canada became a signatory to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

“In the Convention, signatories are to:

a) Identify components of biodiversity important for its conservation and sustainable use;

b) Monitor…the components of biodiversity…paying particular attention to those requiring urgent conservation measures and those which offer the greatest potential for sustainable use; and

c) Identify processes and categories of activities which have or are likely to have significant adverse impacts on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and monitor their effects through sampling and other techniques” (Article 7).”

To learn more about the CBD visit: www.cbd.int

To review Canada’s role in the agreement, visit: www.cbd.int/countries/?country=ca

ESRD/The General Status of Alberta Wild Species 2005

NatureServe Canada - Conservation Data Centres

The status ranking system described here uses criteria that are shared by all other Canadian jurisdictions. The process is also similar to methods used internationally, including the largest coordinated effort in the Americas to gather standardized information on animals, plants and ecosystems by Natural Heritage programs.

Conservation Data Centres (CDCs), the active component of Natural Heritage programs, exist in all Canadian provinces but are absent from Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. Agreements for exchanging data and information about northern species among territories and provinces are ongoing.

For more about CDCs, visit the NatureServe Canada website at: www.natureserve-canada.ca/en/cdcs.htm