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) 0 nd&i Wwufcw'57 DeKa^u j

5,000-6,000 TITLES...

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AMERICAN STUDIES PROGRAM

The complete "package" library for Colleges and Universities presenting an American Studies Program is now being prepared for delivery. Begin- ning with the 1493 Epistola of Columbus, the currently available Bibliog- raphy includes all pertinent material dated through 1876. Books — and the fields covered — have been selected by our American Studies Association Committee of Howard H. Peckham, William L. Cle- ments Library; Louis B. Wright, Folger Library; Stanley Pargellis, Newberry Library; Robert Land, Library of Congress; George R. Taylor, Amherst Col- lege; H. Dan Piper, California Institute of Technology; and Clyde Walton, State University of Iowa Libraries. Only books not readily available are presented on film, although all pertinent titles are included in the Bibliography. Microfilm positives will be delivered at the rate of 100,000 pages per year — beginning in early 1957 — for a subscription fee of $500.00 and the complete series will consist of 500,000 to 600,000 pages. Orders and inquiries should be directed to:

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Only $8.00 for six bound volumes a year on topics in the nev/s. ($2.00 for each volume bought separately. Foreign prices are $10.00 for annual subscription or $2.00 each). Recommended for speech, English, government, and political science courses.

Titles for 1956 are:

• Immigration and the U.S. • Juvenile Delinquency • Community Planning • The Government & the Farmer • The Middle East in the Cold War • Representative American Speeches: 1955-56

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SPEECH INDEX 1935-1955 MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF SAMPLING by Roberta B. Sutton by Walter A. Hendricks

A much-needed addition to Mrs. Sutton's first Professor Hendricks is a leading authority in his SPEECH INDEX which covered the years 1871- field and is in charge of sampling for the Market- 1935. ing Section of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. A valuable contribution to the literature on the The present volume spans a period of great his- subject of sampling. A very useful text. torical significance and, together with the main work, covers more than three-quarters of a cen- 364 pages, 1956 $7.50 tury of vital material. 450 pages, 1956 $8.50 THE FOOD-FINDER by Rezia Gaunt

PARAGUAY A guide to hard-to-find recipes in easy-to-find by Philip Raine cookbooks. This index grew out of the author's personal The author presents in attractive fashion com- needs as a librarian and as a home cook when she prehensive pictures of Paraguay's past and gives often wished for a guide to unusual or unfamiliar an excellent analysis of the present political, social, preparations. cultural and economic situation of this country. Locates over 2,000 unusual recipes in the recent Extensive personal observation as well as ample cookbooks that are available in most medium-size statistical data. public libraries. Thoroughly indexed. Excellent annotated bibliography. 192 pages, 1956 $4.00 Highly recommended for libraries. 443 pages, illus., 1956 $8.50 SINGER'S REPERTOIRE by Berton Coffin BRITISH RECONSTRUCTION AND (University of Colorado) AMERICAN POLICY 1945-1955 The comprehensive guide to song literature. by William C. Mallalieu 752 lists of 7500 songs by composer, title, keys, range and publisher. A highly readable book dealing with the great The most complete listing and the only multiple and fundamental policy issues on trade, aid and index of songs and arias sung in recitals, record- investment as they affect the present and future ings, broadcasts and telecasts. prospects of international relations. A distinct innovation of unquestionable value An outstanding contribution on a subject about as well as a new high in song material survey which comparatively little has been written. techniques. 223 pages, 1956 $5.00 839 pages, 1956 $16.00

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MAURICE F. TAUBER, Editor

SAMRAY SMITH, ACRL Publications Officer

EDITORIAL STAFF Book Notes CARLYLE J. FRAREY Buildings RALPH E. ELLSWORTH Methods JENS NYHOLM News ... WALTER W. WRIGHT Personnel LAWRENCE S. THOMPSON Resources ROBERT B. DOWNS Assistants to the Editor . .. .C. DONALD COOK; JOHN C. RATHER

COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES is the official organ of the Association of College and Reference Libraries, a division of the American Library Association. It includes general articles, official reports, addresses, reviews of selected books, and news from the field of wide professional interest. It is indexed in Library Literature. Manuscripts of articles and addresses and copies of books submitted for review should be addressed to the Office of the Editor, School of Library Service, Columbia University, New York City 27. Contributors should examine copies of past issues for style, and should submit articles carefully typed, double-spaced with wide margins. Requests for reprints should be addressed to ACRL, American Library Association, 50 E. Huron St., Chicago 11, at the time the notification is received of the issue in which the article is scheduled to appear. Advertising should also be arranged with the Chicago Office. The scope of the journal does not permit inclusion of personal communications or exhaustive coverage by reviews of the literature of librarianship. Editors: Material in COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES is not copyrighted. Permission to reprint should be obtained from the author and editor. No comment or pronounce- ment can be cited as official endorsement of the Association of College and Reference Libraries or of the ALA. The assumption of editorial responsibility is not to be construed necessarily as endorsement of opinions expressed by writers. Subscription price: to members of the Association of College and Reference Libraries paying ALA dues of $6.00 or more, $2.00 per year, included in the membership dues assigned by ALA to ACRL; to members paying less than $6.00 and to nonmembers, $5.00 a year. Single copies $1.25; orders of five or more at $1.00 each. Checks for subscriptions or ALA membership should be made out to the American Library Association. Correspondence about subscriptions and notification of change of address (three weeks notice requested) should be sent to the American Library Associa- tion, 50 East Huron Street, Chicago 11, Illinois. Members of the American Library Association may become members of ACRL by indicating this as the division of their choice when paying ALA dues without the pay- ment of additional dues. ALA members wishing to belong to more than one division must pay to the ALA an additional twenty per cent of their ALA dues (not over $2.00) for each additional division.

COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES is published bimonthly—January, March, May, July, September and November—by the American Library Association at 1201-05 Bluff Street, Fulton, Missouri. Application pending for transfer of second-class entry to the post office at Fulton, Missouri. Accepted for mailing at the special rate of postage provided for in the Act of February 28, 1925, embodied in paragraph (d) (1), section 34.40, P. L. & R. Atkisson Lass BASIC COUNTERPOINT ELEMENTS OF PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS 184 pages, $5.00 506 pages, $7.50 Bartholomew McCabe & Smith ADVANCED ATLAS OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY UNIT OPERATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING New Third Edition. 168 pages, $1 1.00 956 pages, $10.50 Beckenbach Marcus & Levy MODERN MATHEMATICS FOR THE ENGINEER PROFITABLE RADIO TROUBLESHOOTING 536 pages, $7.50 326 pages, $5.95 Beer & Johnston Maynard MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK In press 1504 pages, $17.50 Belknap Murphy HUMAN PROBLEMS OF A STATE MENTAL HOSPITAL A BUSINESS OF YOUR OWN: 288 pages, $5.50 HOW TO SELECT, FINANCE, AND START IT Brady & Pottle SUCCESSFULLY BOSWELL IN SEARCH OF A WIFE, 1766-1769 $3.95 410 pages, $6.00 Pratt & Pratt Buchanan A GUIDE TO EARLY AMERICAN HOMES-NORTH SHIPS OF STEAM 264 pages, $6.95 192 pages, $5.95 Pratt & Pratt Buck A GUIDE TO EARLY AMERICAN HOMES-SOUTH ADVANCED CALCULUS 240 pages, $6.95 432 pages, $8.50 Rowsome & Maguire Bugher, Coursaget & Loutit TROLLY CAR TREASURY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, Volume I $5.95 Series VI—Progress in Nuclear Energy Sataloff 320 pages, $7.00 INDUSTRIAL DEAFNESS Burton In press APPLIED METALLURGY FOR ENGINEERS 416 pages, $7.50 Selekman & Selekman Crocker POWER AND MORALITY IN A BUSINESS SOCIETY 208 pages, $4.00 BETTY CROCKER'S PICTURE COOK BOOK Slurzberg, Osterheld & Voegtlin Revised Edition, I ring-bound, $4.95 Revised Edition, I case-bound, $3.75 ESSENTIALS OF TELEVISION Fladager 704 pages, $8.50 THE SELLING POWER OF PACKAGING Sneddon $3.50 ELEMENTS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Goldberg $7.50 AFL-CIO: LABOR UNITED Stead & Warren 336 pages, $5.00 LOW-FAT COOKERY Graham 200 pages, $3.95 REHABILITATION LITERATURE (1950-1955) Stibitz & Larrivee In press MACHINE COMPUTATION Gray In press COMMON SENSE IN BUSINESS: Troxell & Davis A DIGEST OF MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE In press 448 pages, $7.75 ORDER NOW! Order now and have the books available during the first days of publication.

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COUNCIL ON LIBRARY RESOURCES, INC 469

THE DISTRIBUTION AND COST OF LIBRARY SERVICE. By I. T. Littleton .... 474 THE CARD CATALOG: A FAILURE IN COMMUNICATION. By Fernando Penalosa 483 SPECIALIZATION AND THE RISING TIDE—Two WAVES OF THE FUTURE? By Clif- ton Brock 486 LET'S ALL RECRUIT! By Eugene P. Watson 491

Loss OF BOOKS AND LIBRARY OWNERSHIP MARKS. By Rolland E. Stevens .... 493

MEXICAN BOOK PRICES, 1950 AND 1954—A NOTE ON A COST OF BOOKS INDEX. By William H. Kurth 497

BRIEF OF MINUTES, ACRL MEMBERSHIP AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS MEETINGS. By Arthur T. Hamlin 500

NEWS FROM THE FIELD 506

PERSONNEL 512 Appointments 513 Retirements 514 ' Necrology 515 Foreign Libraries 516

REVIEW ARTICLES 517 Scientific Serials, Melvin J. Voigt 517 Boston Public Library, Robert E. Moody 518 Medical Library Practice, Frank B. Rogers 519 Medical Catalog, G. J. Clausman 520 No Ordinary Year, Donald Coney 520 Audio-Visual Instruction, Margaret E. Monroe 521 Microrecording, Hubbard W. Ballou 522 American Book Binding, Eunice Wead 523 One Librarian, Wayne Shirley 524 Recent Foreign Books on the Graphic Arts, Bibliography, and Library Science, Lawrence S. Thompson 524

BOOKS RECEIVED 531

ACRL MICROCARD SERIES—ABSTRACTS OF TITLES 533 November, 1956 Volume 17, Number 6 Change "isles" of books ...

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HAMILTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY • TWO RIVERS, WISCONSIN Please mention C & R L when corresponding with its advertisers. Council on Library Resources, Inc.

The following press releases on the establishment of the Council on Library Resources, Inc., by the Ford Foundation, are published in full because the Editors of CRL consider the action of such momentous importance that readers should have available the complete proposal and the supplementary background material. * September 18,1956

HE FORMATION of the Council on Li- Tbrary Resources, Inc., an organization whose purpose is to assist in solving the problems of libraries generally and of research libraries in particular, was announced today, following its initial meeting at the Ambassador Hotel, New York, at which it elected officers and voted to accept a $5,000,000 grant of funds from the Ford Foundation to support its initial activities over a five-year period. Gilbert W. Chapman, chairman of the board Elected as president and executive head of directors, and Verner W. Clapp, president and executive head of the newly established Council of the council is Verner W. Clapp, who on Library Resources. today resigned his position as Chief As- sistant Librarian of the Library of Con- Douglas M. Black, president of Double- gress to accept this post. He has had a day and Company, publishers, and of its long experience with the problems of re- subsidiaries; Lyman H. Butterfield, edi- search libraries and with efforts to solve tor-in-chief of the Adams Papers project such problems through interlibrary co- of the Massachusetts Historical Society; operation and the application of labor- Dr. Frederick Hard, president of Scripps aiding devices. College; Dr. Barnaby C. Keeney, presi- The chairman of the board of direc- dent of Brown University; Dr. Joseph C. tors of the council is Gilbert W. Chap- Morris, vice-president of Tulane Univer- man, president and director of Yale and sity, and a director of the National Sci- Towne Manufacturing Company, chair- ence Foundation; John M. Schiff, partner man of the National Book Committee, a of Kuhn, Loeb and Company, New York, trustee of the New York Public Library, investment bankers; Dr. Frederick H. fellow of the Morgan Library, a director Wagman, librarian of the University of of the Saturday Review magazine, co- Michigan; Dr. Warren Weaver, vice- chairman of the advisory council of the president of the Rockefeller Foundation College English Association Institute for for the Natural and Medical Sciences; and Industry-Liberal Arts Exchange, and a Dr. Herman B Wells, President of Indi- director of Franklin Publications. ana University. The vice-chairman of the board of directors is Dr. Louis B. Wright, director of Purpose of the Council the Folger Shakespeare Library, Wash- The Council on Library Resources, ington, D.C. The other members of the Inc., a wholly independent non-profit ed- board of directors of the council are: ucational research organization, has been incorporated under the laws of the Dis- take. Quite apart from the validity of the trict of Columbia, and has its national prediction, users of research libraries offices in Washington, at 1025 Connecti- complain that, on the one hand, there is cut Avenue, N.W. an excess of informational materials, and, The council's purpose is to assist in the on the other, that individual collections solution of the problems of libraries gen- are insufficiently comprehensive; that in- erally, but more especially of the prob- formation is not available at the points lems of research libraries, by conducting needed; that subject-analysis and indexing are inadequate, subject to excessive or supporting research, demonstrating delays, and unmanageable in any case. new techniques and methods, and dis- seminating the results, through grants for The cost of literature-searching today is enormous. In the United States alone these purposes to institutions or individ- it has been estimated to cost $300,000,000 uals or in other ways, by coordinating a year. efforts to improve the resources and serv- In addition, it is rapidly becoming less ices of libraries, and by improving rela- and less possible to conduct research prof- tions between American and foreign li- itably away from the largest collections braries and archives. of material; while at the same time the Background of the Council's university libraries tend to become re- Establishment search libraries for the faculty and to lose their effectiveness in undergraduate edu- The situation which led to the forma- cation. (See also the Supplementary Back- tion of the council may be simply de- ground Statement at the end of the arti- scribed as one in which libraries, as chan- cle.) nels of communication, are threatened with being glutted to the point of inef- Support of the Ford Foundation fectiveness by the quantity of the very in- The council owes its inception to the formation which they should transmit. recommendations resulting from two Many examples of the rapid increase of meetings held in January and March, publications and other informational ma- 1955, in Washington, D.C., under the terials could be given, and of the obstacles auspices of a committee chaired by Dr. which this plethora of publication puts Louis B. Wright, director of the Folger in the way of all research. For instance, a Shakespeare Library, and of which the recent study of the relationship of legal other members were L. Quincy Mumford, research to legal literature has concluded Librarian of Congress, and Dr. Leonard that "one can find anything if one knows Carmichael, secretary of the Smithsonian where to look and applies oneself long Institution. These meetings brought to- enough. The trouble is that, as things gether a distinguished group of scientists, now stand, a lifetime is scarcely long research scholars in the humanities, uni- enough." versity administrators and librarians. Fremont Rider's prediction may also This group proposed to the Ford Foun- be recalled: He discovered that research dation the creation of a national library libraries have a way of doubling in size council or planning group. every 16 years, and he calculated that, in After more than a year's extensive consequence, by the year 2040 the Yale study of library problems, the foundation University Library would contain 200,- concluded that their size and complexity, 000,000 volumes on 6,000 miles of shelves, as well as the amount of work that has al- and that its catalog alone would occupy ready been performed on them, indicated 8 acres of space and that it would require that no quick or easy solutions existed a staff of 3,000 catalogers to record its in- but that there was great need for the kind

470 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES of planning and research the group rec- able libraries of educational institutions ommended. to give better attention to the needs both Following the completion of the pre- of research and undergraduate education. liminary steps toward the establishment 4. Promotion of liaison and coopera- of the council, the Ford Foundation trus- tion with foreign libraries and archives to tees once more reviewed the proposal, the end of assisting scholarship through and then approved a grant of funds of the free international availability of li- $5,000,000 to the council for a five-year brary resources, and of contributing to period. This grant, which was tendered the improvement of library services and to Gilbert W. Chapman, as the chairman the reduction of library costs (e.g., of the board of the council, by H. Rowan through international standardization of Gaither, Jr., chairman of the board of library procedures). the Ford Foundation, was today formally Chief Categories of Expenditure accepted by the council. In making the grant to the council, Mr. Gaither stated: Five chief categories of expenditure will be as follows: As part of its broad program for assistance 1. Planning, including normal pro- in the development and improvement of for- gram planning, evaluation of procedures mal education, the Ford Foundation sought and techniques developed in other fields means by which to aid in the solution of the which have application for library prob- problems of libraries generally, and of re- lems, re-evaluation of library procedures search libraries in particular. In view of the and methods for improvement. Activity magnitude of the need, the foundation desired that a means be found to provide for a in this area will include both grant-mak- long-range undertaking, and accordingly it ing and direct operations. sought the advice of many distinguished 2. Development, including projects de- scholars, librarians and other persons over signed to obtain particular devices and the past two years. The conclusion of the procedures which have been identified foundation was that the most effective attack through planning, as required to multiply upon the problems of libraries upon the and improve library resources and facili- broadest possible basis required the estab- ties; filling identifiable gaps; extending lishment of an independent corporation en- the capabilities and specific applications tirely devoted to this purpose. of existing instruments and procedures. Application of Initial Grant of Funds Activity in this area will be largely grant- making. The council plans to concentrate ini- 3. Demonstration, including projects tially upon seeking solutions to the prob- designed to test new devices, methods and lems of research libraries through the fol- procedures and to insure their currency lowing: and maximum use in the library world. 1. Development of applications of sci- Activities in this category will be largely entific techniques and mechanisms to li- grant-making. brary procedures, with a view to improv- 4. Coordination, including leadership ing the utilization of available library and integration of the movement to im- resources, expediting and otherwise improve library resources and services, elim- proving service, providing more effective ination of duplication in research and use of space and staff, and reducing costs. demonstration, joint dissemination of in- 2. Extension of interlibrary coopera- formation and results, promotion of li- tion in selectivity, specialization, sharing aison and cooperation with foreign li- responsibilities, contributing to common braries and archives. Activities in this resources, etc. category will include both grant-making 3. Promotion of developments to en- and direct operations.

NOV EMBER, 1956 471 5. Administrative and professional council its board chairman, Gilbert W. functions, including both normal oper- Chapman, said: ating expenditures, salaries of profession- The users of libraries, including not only al staff members, the use of consultants, the educational and scientific users but also etc. those from industry and commerce, will be grateful to the trustees of the Ford Founda- In the identification of the problems of tion who are making possible the formation libraries with a view to making a con- of the Council on Library Resources, Inc. certed attack upon them, the council pro- The resources and services of libraries are so poses to institute certain investigations, linked to education and research and indus- whether with its own staff or under grant try that it can almost be said that nothing assists libraries unless it thereby assists all or contract, and to call, in addition, upon segments of our society. the advice of advisory committees of librarians, reinforced by specialists in Verner W. Clapp, president of the scientific and other applications who council, made the following statement may be able to suggest fruitful avenues of after the organizational meeting: research toward the solution of particular problems. Libraries did not create the problems which have resulted from a plethora of pub- The council also plans to make grants lication, but both libraries and their users for research into particular problems and suffer from the situation which the glut of toward the development of techniques publications has brought about. It has been and procedures offering promise for the said that libraries assisted in bringing in the improvement of library resources and age of mechanization and automation, but services. Grants for pilot projects for the have themselves gained less than any institu- demonstration of such procedures or tech- tional organizations from it. niques also come within the council's The aim of the Ford Foundation's grant scope. In addition, the council may un- to the council, and the council in its turn, is dertake certain activities of a purely co- to attempt, without losing any of the values ordinative nature with a view to the im- which libraries now contribute to our civili- zation, to make these values more accessible provement of resources or services or of and more effective. Though there are few relations with foreign libraries through problems of libraries which money could not the dissemination of information and the solve even with present procedures, it is quite development of procedures to assure unlikely that they will all be solved that way. avoidance of unnecessary duplication of The aim of the council is to bring concerted effort. intelligence, as well as money, to these solu- In announcing the organization of the tions.

SUPPLEMENTARY BACKGROUND STATEMENT

The basic problem which libraries face is States in the affairs of other parts of the a very old one: It is the increase of publica- world. tions at a rate beyond their technical abilities For example, for the 114-year period 1800- or manpower with which to cope. But espe- 1914 the Royal Society of London listed only cially in recent years it has become obvious 1,555 scientific periodicals in its Catalogue of that publications and sources of information Scientific Papers, while for the much shorter are increasing at an ever-accelerating rate, period 1900-1950 the World List of Scientific while the reader-demands upon these data are Periodicals lists approximately 50,000 peri- also multiplying rapidly with the increasing odicals. intensity, variety and urgency of research, Similarly, in 1910 Chemical Abstracts listed and with expanding interest in the United less than 15,000 articles in chemistry, while

472 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES in 1955 it listed more than 70,000; there was such activities as book purchasing, cataloging, an increase of 275 per cent in the number of warehousing, lending, indexing, microfilming articles in the decade 1945-1955 alone. of deteriorating files as a protection against Again, in 1880 there were approximately destruction, microfilming of unique manu- 860 medical journals producing approximate- script materials in inaccessible depositories to ly 20,000 articles a year; now there are ap- make them more accessible for research every- proximately 7,000 medical periodicals pro- where, the maintenance of bibliographical ducing approximately 175,000 articles a year. centers, the compilation and publication of In 1940 the "unpublished scientific report" union catalogs, etc. was practically unknown; today these im- The so-called Farmington Plan is, for ex- portant research documents appear at a rate ample, a cooperative arrangement by which of approximately 1,000,000 a year. American research libraries attempt to assure Faced with enormous supplies of source the acquisition and availability of important materials on the one hand, and insistent read- foreign books without unnecessary duplica- er-demands on the other, libraries attempt to tion. As another example, the Midwest Inter- bring the two together through their tech- Library Center in Chicago is a cooperative niques of selection and acquisition, catalog- storage library where a number of midwest ing, storage and service. But the users com- libraries deposit less-used books to be held plain that these techniques are insufficient in for common use. The National Union Cata- any case and all the more inadequate as ap- log at the Library of Congress in Washing- plied with present power. ton is a register of copies of the millions of For more than a century, libraries in this different books held by principal research li- country have attempted to meet these in- braries throughout the United States and creasingly developing problems by coopera- Canada. tive effort, by the use of mechanical devices, American libraries have also attempted to and in other ways. Over a century ago—in make use of technological developments to 1850—the librarian of the Smithsonian Insti- improve service without comparable increase tution, Charles C. Jewett, proposed a method in cost. Jewett's pioneering project of 1850 of cooperative cataloging which would have was such an attempt. saved the libraries of that day a great deal of The 3" by 5" card index is a notable tech- manpower, but after an initial brilliantly suc- nological development of American libraries, cessful demonstration his pilot project found- which also early put to use the pneumatic ered on the rock of the imperfect technology tube, the book conveyor, microfilm, photo- of the printing industry of the time. charging, etc. Punched card systems both of Despite this first failure, cooperative or the manual and machine-sorted types have central cataloging became a principal objec- found numerous applications in a number of tive of the American Library Association libraries, though not yet generally used, and when it was founded in 1876, and was finally tele-facsimile as applied to the long-distance achieved in 1901 with the Library of Congress servicing of library materials is still in the as the central source of catalog cards. Similar- experimental stage. ly, the ALA adopted in 1876 as its first proj- But neither cooperative arrangements nor ect the cooperative development of an index technological applications have been suffi- to periodicals. So impressed at the time was cient to make it possible for the research li- the manager of the Adams Express Company braries to keep abreast of the rising flood of with the cooperative nature of this project publications and the increasingly intensive that he claimed the right to participate by demands of users. Meanwhile, however, there providing free transportation of the indexing is a strong feeling on the part of many users slips. This project was a principal step in a of research libraries and many observers of development from which the United States the situation that a concerted attack upon now possesses outstandingly excellent indexes the problems, making use of the full resources to periodical literature. of modern science—including the techniques Such cooperative enterprises between li- of micro-facsimile and tele-communication, braries are now very numerous and affect al- the "giant brains" of the modern computor most every branch of library work. They cover (Continued on page 496)

NOV EMBER, 1956 473 By I. T. LITTLETON

The Distribution and Cost of Library Service

HAT PROPORTIONS of personnel ex- is true for each of the 107 Class I libraries Wpenditures and staff are allocated in the ACRL statistical compilation for to cataloging, acquisitions, circulation, 1954-55.1 One hundred and five libraries reference, departmental libraries, special spent over half of their total income on collections? It is an unusual librarian who staffing. This information has special sig- knows the answer to this question. It is nificance at the present time because of generally assumed that the staff is dis- the recently increased concern about the tributed in such a way that library serv- financial problems of libraries. ice is integrated adequately with the The participants at the Monticello teaching, research, and extension pro- Conference of the Association of Research grams of the university. The achievement Libraries held in October, 1954, recog- of this basic objective of university li- nized the need for comparative studies. braries depends largely upon the ade- President Morey, of the University of Illi- quacy and the quality of the staff as well nois, "expressed the opinion that valid as the way in which materials are organ- comparisons are extremely difficult, yet ized; the organization of materials deter- that such comparisons are almost the only mines to a great extent the organization way to judge whether or not a cost is rea- of staff and distribution of salaries and sonable."2 Williams in the volume that wages. An analysis of this distribution summarizes the conference says, "Infor- will give not only a better understanding mation is lacking at present on many of library service, but also some indica- aspects of library costs as a whole. .. . Uni- tion of the extent to which the basic ob- versities and their libraries do a number jectives of the library are being achieved. of different things at once, and no one There is need for a valid comparative it appears, knows how much of the to- study of the distribution of staff and per- tal expenditures goes into each func- sonnel budgets among departments and tion."3 functions of a large number of libraries. The main reason that such informa- Such a study would be useful to individ- tion is lacking is the difficulty of obtain- ual libraries in long-range personnel ing valid comparisons. The same opera- budget planning and in pointing to staff tions are performed to some degree in needs, strengths, and weaknesses. It may most university libraries, but they are not also suggest more efficient distribution performed in the same departments or in and use of staff. the same way in all libraries. It is also There is another important reason difficult to ascertain costs of functions why there is need for an understanding of which are distributed over several depart- the use of salaries and wages. The largest ments, such as reference service or cata- proportion of the annual budgets of uni- loging. Therefore, a strict comparison by versity libraries is expended, not for departments would have little meaning. books, but for library service and for the However, for some functions, such as ref- organization and acquisition of materials erence service, it is impossible to extract in the form of salaries and wages. This 1 Dale M. Bentz, "College and University Library Statistics," CRL, XVII (1956), 58-59. 2 Edwin E. Williams, Problems and Prospects of the Mr. Littleton is assistant to the librar- Research Library (New Brunswick, N. J.: The Scare- crow Press, 1955), p. 38. ian, University of North Carolina. sIbid., p. 12.

474 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES the function from other duties of a de- attached to the director's or librarian's office. partment, and a comparison of depart- It includes only those who participate in gen- mental costs is, in many cases, the only eral administration and does not include per- solution. sons who do specialized jobs, such as photoduplication or interlibrary loans. Description of the Study Public Services refers to general lending and reference services, including the refer- The lack of detailed comparative data ence, circulation, and documents depart- became apparent when an analysis of the ments, undergraduate, graduate, reserve, and use of staff and personnel expenditures at divisional reading rooms. It includes inter- the University of North Carolina Library library loans, but not extension service. was made. It was impossible to determine Technical Services embraces the depart- if the expenditures and staff for functions ments of acquisitions, order, serials, catalog- and departments were reasonable since ing, and mending and repair. "Cataloging" there were no data from other libraries includes all persons who do complete cata- with which to compare them. As a result, loging of books and serials regardless of the it was decided to attempt an exploratory department in which they work, but not investigation of the distribution of staff manuscript processing or public documents and salaries and wages in a small sample check-listing. Serials catalogers are included of libraries. A letter was written to the under "Cataloging" even if they work in the librarians of 30 libraries with collections serials department. of more than 500,000 volumes asking if Special Collections includes separate col- they would participate in such a study. lections of special materials, such as manu- Sixteen libraries furnished data. Each li- scripts, maps, newspapers, rare books, prints, brary was asked to submit the following and state, university or archive collections. for the fiscal year 1954-55: (1) the number Special and Miscellaneous Services includes of staff members, broken down by pro- the following departments: extension, photo- fessional and nonprofessional, in each de- duplication, mailing and shipping, and ren- partment and (2) the amount of salaries tal collections. and wages allocated to separate depart- Special and Departmental Libraries: Data ments. The librarians were instructed to for each special or departmental library submit data separately for operations not staffed with full or part-time personnel who representative of the major function of devote their time exclusively to the library the department in which they were per- are included. Departmental secretaries in formed. For instance, if the mending and charge of libraries as a part of their duties are repair unit was administered under the not listed. circulation department it was reported The 16 libraries in the sample range in separately and not as a part of the totals size from 2,696,862 to 552,171 volumes for the circulation department. The de- and have a regional distribution as fol- partments were grouped under six main lows: Midwest, 5; Far West, 4; East, 1; divisions: general administration, public and South, 6. The libraries were careful services, technical services, special collec- to report data within the limits of the tions, special and miscellaneous services, definitions. Therefore, the data, especial- and special and departmental libraries. ly for the broad divisions, have high va- The definitions of each of these categories lidity and comparability. for the purposes of this study are as fol- In Table 1, the proportion of total sal- lows: aries and wages and of staff assigned to General Administration includes the chief the six major divisions as well as catalog- librarian, associate and assistant librarians, ing and acquisitions for each of the 16 administrative assistants, secretaries, typists libraries may be seen. The libraries are

NOV EMBER, 1956 475 TABLE 1

PERCENTAGES OF SALARIES AND WAGES AND OF FULL-TIME STAFF ALLOCATED TO EIGHT DIVISIONS IN 16 UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES, 1954-55

LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION ACQUISITIONS CATALOGING TOT. TECHNICAL PUBLIC SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL SERVICES SERVICES LIBRARIES COLLECTIONS SERVICES

Salaries Staff Salaries Staff Salaries Staff Salaries Staff Salaries Staff Salaries Staff Salaries Staff Salaries Staff & Wages if Wages & Wages & Wages £r Wages & Wages & Wages & Wages

A 6.7 3.9 18.1 22.4 21.5 24.0 41.0 47.8 20.0 19.9 25.9 22.3 2.7 2.0 3.7 4.1 B1 4.6 4.3 7.7 10.3 16.3 18.6 26.7 32.8 15.6 16.6 46.1 41.5 4.2 2.4 2.8 2.4 C 10.1 7.0 10.8 12.9 24.5 27.5 36.6 42.7 27.8 24.6 16.7 15.2 6.4 8.2 2.3 2.3 D 9.9 5.9 19.8 21.3 18.8 18.9 39.5 41.4 20.0 21.3 24.0 26.1 4.2 4.1 2.4 1.2 E 5.5 4.25 18.5 18.2 21.6 25.4 40.8 44.25 25.6 22.4 19.6 20.6 4.7 4.25 3.8 4.25 F 5.6 4.4 16.5 20.4 16.7 17.6 35.2 40.9 28.0 23.4 17.3 18.1 11.6 10.2 2.3 2.9 G 9.4 6.5* 12.5 15.7 21.7 24.2 36.1 42.5 29.5 27.4 20.5 18.3 2.1 2.1 2.4 3.3 H 8.0 4.2 16.1 16.67 28.8 33.33 44.9 50.0 20.1 18.75 26.4 25.0 .6 2.08 I 11.2 7.0 19.7 25.6 8.9 11.6 28.6 37.2 33.0 25.6 24.7 27.9 2.5 2.3 J 4.5 3.0 16.6 17.7 19.5 14.5 37.6 44.2 27.8 22.5 26.6 27.7 3.5 2.6 K 9.5 6.7 11.4 12.1 17.9 21.5 30.3 34.9 22.6 22.1 13.7 12.8 13.8 13.4 9.1 10.0 L 9.6 5.8 16.7 20.4 21.5 21.3 38.2 41.7 28.8 24.3 15.6 16.5 6.2 9.7 1.5 1.9 M 5.8 4.1 13.4 16.4 19.1 22.1 34.9 40.6 27.5 23.5 26.9 23.4 2.9 2.8 1.9 5.6 N 10.4 7.8 19.6 23.3 21.8 24.5 45.7 54.1 24.7 20.2 12.6 10.9 5.8 5.4 .8 1.6 O 5.6 3.8 9.1 13.1 13.6 24.2 24.8 31.4 24.2 21.6 43.7 41.3 1.7 1.9 P 7.4 4.4 15.5 17.6 19.4 22.5 36.1 41.8 39.5 37.9 6.5 6.2 4.0 3.5 6.5 6.2

Mean 7.7 5.2 15.1 17.75 19.5 21.98 36.1 41.76 25.9 23.25 22.9 22.1 5.1 5.2 3.2 3.6 Median 7.05 4.35 16.3 17.17 19.25 22.3 36.25 41.75 26.2 22.45 22.25 21.4 4.1 3.8 2.3 2.75 High 11.2 7.8 19.8 25.6 28.8 33.33 45.7 54.1 39.5 37.9 46.1 41.5 13.8 13.4 9.1 10.0 Low 4.5 3.0 7.7 10.3 8.9 11.6 24.8 31.4 15.6 16.6 6.5 6.2 .6 2.0 .8 1.2 Number of Libraries 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 14 14 14 14

1 Data do not include the director and assistant director of libraries. arranged by size, the largest library first. so much in the total numbers of person- "Acquisitions" includes all persons who nel as in a critical understaffing in general participate in book and serials cataloging library services, public service and bib- regardless of the department in which it liographical processing. is performed. A comparative analysis can also reveal weaknesses in internal organization. The Use of the Data by an Transfers of operations from understaffed Individual Library departments to departments more ade- The variations in the distribution of quately staffed may result and weaknesses salaries and wages and of staff among li- in departmental routines can be spotted. braries is to be expected because of the An analysis of each of the other librar- differences in the sizes and interests of ies will show different patterns of staff student bodies and faculties, in organiza- distribution. Each should benefit from a tional structure, in the sizes of campuses, comparative analysis of its organization. in the traditions of institutions which tend to emphasize certain collections and Further Statistical Analysis departments, and many other variables. By means of correlation technique, the However, by studying these individual data can be compared with many varia- differences we can gain a better under- bles to determine if there is any relation- standing of the strengths and weaknesses ship between a particular factor and the of a particular library. organization and cost of staff. Some of the For example, let us examine the profile data that may be correlated with these of one of the libraries. Library K ranks are library use statistics, volumes added, thirteenth in the percentage of total sal- total number of volumes, student enroll- aries and wages and staff allocated to ac- ment, size of faculty, the number of aca- quisitions, twelfth in the percentage al- demic departments, and graduate and un- located both to cataloging and public dergraduate degrees offered or conferred. services, and near the bottom for the pro- Time has not permitted such a thorough- portion spent on special and professional going analysis, but actual salaries and libraries. On the other hand, in the per- wages and the percentage allocated to centage allocated to special collections each division were correlated with total and special services, it ranks first. This in- number of volumes, student enrollment, formation, along with the comparative number of special libraries and total sal- data on the actual number of employees, aries and wages by means of the Spear- the actual expenditures for each depart- man Rho correlation formula. The coeffi- ment, and data on library size and total cients obtained are not presented here book budget can be used to determine since the sample is so small. Clear-cut pat- where new positions need to be added. It terns and trends were indicated by them, can also be used to strengthen arguments however. Some generalizations about the for additional positions when presenting cost and distribution of library service requests to university officials and the can be made, but they are presented more state budget bureau. Since the special col- as hypotheses than as conclusive findings. lections and special services which draw Many of the findings substantiate general such a high percentage of both staff and assumptions held for many years. salaries and wages are heavily used, distinguished, and well established, support The Nature of University Library cannot be withdrawn from them, but Service and Its Cost with these data, the librarian can explain As a library grows in size its personnel why his budget request is as large as it is. budget and its staff grow also. This gen- The staffing problem in this library is not erally confirmed assumption was proven

NOV EMBER, 1956 477 statistically. In the sample there is a posi- This keen observation by Coney at the tive correlation between library size and Monticello Conference was substantiated the total personnel budget and staff, but by this study. As research strength in- it is not a perfect correlation because creases, not only are more special libraries some of the smaller libraries have per- established, but they must be staffed with sonnel budgets higher than libraries of more highly qualified personnel. Many greater size. These smaller libraries are of the medium size libraries (between growing faster and have a greater number 500,000 and 1,000,000 volumes) have sev- of service units. Library M is thirteenth eral departmental libraries which are in size, but ranks fifth in total salaries staffed on a part-time basis by depart- and wages and second in the number of mental secretaries, or not staffed at all, volumes added. This library also has but the larger libraries and those that three divisional reading rooms and an serve the larger universities have numer- undergraduate library as well as a large ous departmental collections staffed with group of departmental libraries. If the library personnel who usually have some sample were larger, a study might be knowledge of the subject. made of the staffs of libraries of compara- Size of library is not the only factor, ble number of volumes. perhaps not even the most important one that influences the splitting off of por- Not only does the total personnel ex- tions from the general collection. Some of penditure of a library increase as it grows the other factors that affect this relation- in size, but the costs of the various serv- ship between general public service and ices increase also. However, all do not in- departmental library service are: the re- crease at the same rate. A smaller share search strength of the collection, the size goes into the staffing of public services of the student body, the number and and a larger share into an ever-increasing types of professional schools and academ- number of special and professional li- ic departments offering graduate degrees braries. Correlations between size and ac- and the arrangement of the library build- tual expenditures for each of the divi- ing. Universities with the largest enroll- sions listed in Table 1 were high and ments have usually developed more pro- positive; but those between size and the fessional schools and graduate depart- percentage expended on administration ments. As this type of organization and public services were negative; and evolves, a larger percentage of the total those between size and the proportion personnel budgets go into staffing spe- spent on special libraries positive and cialized and professional school libraries, moderately high. "The larger a campus a smaller percentage into general public grows and the larger the library grows, services. When the total number of stu- the greater is the inclination to split off dents was correlated with the percentage portions from the central collection and of the total salaries and wages allocated transport them to locations more con- to public services, a very significant nega- venient for the principal users thereof. tive coefficient (-.94) was obtained. The Beyond a certain large size there is a de- correlation between the total number of sire on the part of users to flee from the students and the percentage of personnel large general services like loan desks and costs allocated to special and departmen- reference departments—operating in tal libraries was also very significant, but monumental Greco-Roman halls—to positive. There were high positive corre- press for creation of smaller and cozier lations between the total number of spe- quarters and less impersonal service. This cial libraries staffed and the total number is good but it certainly costs money."4 of students (.96), whereas only a moderate correlation was obtained when the 4 Williams, op. cit., p. 130.

478 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES size of the library was correlated with the ly in the social sciences and humanities. total number of special and departmental The most costly special libraries are libraries. These data substantiate the those devoted to medicine and law be- theory that the development of a strong cause they are usually larger, must be departmental library system depends staffed by personnel with specialized more on the size of the student enroll- training, and demand long hours of open- ment, which to some extent reflects the ing. The average percentages of total number of professional schools and aca- salaries and wages allocated to these li- demic departments, than upon the size of the library. However, size in volumes TABLE 2 is also a factor in these costs. MEANS, MEDIANS, AND RANGE OF PER- CENTAGES OF TOTAL SALARIES AND Another indication of the importance WAGES ALLOCATED TO LAW, MEDI- of student enrollment on the develop- CAL AND ENGINEERING LIBRAR- ment of special libraries is derived from IES IN 16 UNIVERSITIES, 1954-55 a comparison of the average percentages allocated to public services and to special Law Medicine Engineering libraries in institutions of over 10,000 students and in those with enrollments Mean 5.2 5.0 2.5 Median 4.8 4.3 under 10,000. The average percentage al- 2.55 High 11.2 11.1 6.5 located to public services in institutions Low 2.2 2.1 .9 with student enrollments of over 10,000 is 22.1, whereas 31.4 per cent is allocated Number to special and departmental libraries. In of Libraries 13 9 14 institutions with enrollments under 10,- 000 this ratio is reversed; public service braries as compared to those of engineer- costs amount to 28.9 per cent and special ing libraries are given in Table 2. A com- and departmental library costs average parative study of the staffing of libraries 17.1 per cent. in the various fields would be a worth- The most frequent special libraries in while separate project. the sample are those that serve profes- Although the actual amount spent on sional schools. Fourteen of the institu- administrative personnel increases as a tions have engineering libraries, 13 have library grows in size, the percentage of law libraries, and 11 have medical librar- the salaries and wages allocated to gen- ies. Two of the medical libraries are ad- eral administration tends to be lower in ministered separately and data for them larger libraries and in those with higher are not reported. A large number of col- total personnel expenditures. lections devoted to the sciences, especially Approximately one-fourth of the total in the fields of chemistry, geology, physics salaries of these 16 libraries was expended and mathematics, have developed in the for public services. Table 3 gives the av- institutions offering extensive graduate erage percentages spent on selected public training in these fields. Twelve of the li- service departments. All 16 libraries braries maintain separate chemistry col- maintain central circulation departments, lections, ten have geology libraries and even those which have divisional reading nine have mathematics and physics col- rooms. The proportion allocated to circu- lections. Other fields for which special li- lation is less variable than that for any braries have developed frequently are other department. Most of the libraries fine arts—especially art, architecture, and spend from 8 to 10 per cent on circulation music—business administration, indus- department regardless of the number of trial relations, and education. Separate service units, the size of the library or the collections have developed less frequent- size of the total personnel budget. All li-

NOV EMBER, 1956 479 TABLE 3 MEANS, MEDIANS, AND RANGE OF PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL SALARIES AND WAGES AND STAFF ALLOCATED TO SELECTED PUBLIC SERVICE UNITS IN 16 UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES, 1954-55

CIRCULATION DOCUMENTS REFERENCE UNDERGRADUATE DIVISIONAL READING ROOMS READING ROOMS

Salaries Staff Salaries Staff Salaries Staff Salaries Staff Salaries Staff

Mean 9.4 7.6 2.7 2.8 6.5 5.98 3.7 3.2 3.5 3.2 Median 8.9 7.3 2.35 2.25 6.5 5.95 3.0 1.6 3.6 3.1 High 12.1 10.3 4.1 4.7 10.9 11.1 9.5 9.3 6.0 7.1 Low 7.2 5.9 1.6 1.6 2.5 2.08 1.5 1.0 1.9 1.7

N1 15 15 10 10 16 16 7 7 9 9

1 N equals the number of units. In the case of all except divisional reading rooms it refers to the number of libraries on which the percentages are based. In the case of divisional reading rooms it refers to nine in four different libraries. braries in the sample maintain central ber in The University Library5 point to reference departments also, but the per- several university libraries with divisional centage allocated to centralized reference plans. Two of those mentioned contain varies considerably. In some libraries, over 1,000,000 volumes. This may be due most of the reference service is concen- in part to the arrangement of the build- trated in one department. In others, it is ings in which they are housed; it may in- distributed among a number of depart- dicate that divisional organization is im- ments or separate divisional reading practical for large university libraries; or rooms. In systems which have developed there may be other reasons why they do strong departmental libraries, much of not have divisional organization. The the reference service has been transferred scarcity of large university libraries with to these libraries. The development of divisional organizations does disprove general open-shelf collections for the un- that it is feasible or educationally advan- dergraduate in the form of undergradu- tageous. However, there is need for re- ate libraries and reading rooms and divi- search in order to answer the questions: sional reading rooms reflects a need for "What kinds of libraries should have di- undergraduates to have free access to a visional organization?"6 limited collection of representative books Only two libraries in the sample have on all subjects and the recent trend of full-scale divisional plans, with humani- organizing libraries for more effective use ties, science, and social science reading by the undergraduate. Seven of the li- rooms. The library ranking sixteenth in braries have undergraduate reading size, with 550,000 volumes, spends 39.5 rooms or libraries and four have division- per cent of its personnel budget on public al reading rooms. In only one case has a services, 16.6 per cent for divisional li- library developed both. The larger re- braries. This library, which has a rela- search libraries in this sample (over 1,- tively small graduate enrollment, has few 000,000 volumes) do not maintain divi- departmental libraries. The other library sional reading rooms, but they do main- 5 Louis R. Wilson and Maurice F. Tauber. The tain strong undergraduate collections in University Library (2d ed., New York: Columbia Uni- versity Press, 1956), 146-47. separate reading rooms. Wilson and Tau- «Ibid., p. 592.

480 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES with a full-scale divisional plan ranks vary among libraries because of other thirteenth in size, but fifth in total sal- factors such as cataloging policies and aries and wages. It is spending 7.9 per routines. cent of its budget on divisional libraries Salaries and wages allocated to special in addition to an undergraduate library, collections and special services make up traditional public service departments of a small percentage of the total personnel circulation and reference as well as a budgets of most libraries. One factor in large number of departmental libraries. the cost of staffing special collections may This university's enrollment is approach- be their place in the organizational struc- ing 10,000 with a relatively large gradu- ture of the library. Horn has recently ate enrollment, which explains the need noted a trend toward coordinating special for the heavy expenditure for departmen- collections under one department head.8 tal libraries in addition to a large outlay In the sample here under study, six li- for undergraduate services. Unfortunate- braries have departments of special col- ly, there are not enough divisional librar- lections. At the two universities which ies in this sample to give a conclusive rank first and second in the percentage answer to Downs' question: "Are subject- spent on special collections, large manu- divisional types of library organizations scripts and rare book departments are ad- more expensive to administer than tradi- ministered separately. At one of these, a tional forms?"7 However, the percentage strong state collection is included in this of total personnel budgets allocated to category. These collections have had a divisional libraries may be compared long and distinguished development and with that of the traditional units in Ta- are now strongly established traditions of ble 3. In the libraries in this sample divi- the two campuses; indeed they add sig- sional libraries are maintained side by nificantly to the research strength of the side with the traditional units of refer- libraries of which they are a part. ence and circulation. There seems to be A factor in the high special service costs little difference between the cost of circu- of the highest ranking library in this cate- lation and reference departments in li- gory is an old and established extension braries with divisional collections and department which offers heavily used the cost of the same departments in li- lending and reference services to the citi- braries without the added divisional col- zens of the state. It has grown over the lections. years because of the lack of a strong state The libraries in this sample spent a lit- library and inadequate public library tle more than one-third of their total service in many areas of the state. With a salaries and wages and use about 40 per newly strengthened state library and the cent of their staffs in acquiring and or- increase of public and county library sys- ganizing materials for collections. Slight- tems the demands for this service may di- ly more is usually spent on cataloging minish. than for the processes of bibliographic checking and acquisitions. An average of Nonprofessional—Professional Ratios 15 per cent of the total salaries and wages McNeal has suggested raising the non- is allocated to acquisitions and about 20 professional to professional ratios in li- per cent for cataloging. There is only a braries in which this ratio is unusually moderate positive correlation between low as one means of increasing efficiency cataloging salary costs, the size of the li- and lowering total salary costs.9 The ra- brary, and the number of special and pro- tios must be analyzed for each depart- fessional libraries. These costs evidently 8 Andrew H. Horn, "Introduction," Library Trends, IV (1955), 119. 7 Robert B. Downs, "Introduction," Library Trends, 9 Archie M. McNeal, "Financial Problems of Uni- I (1952), 12. versity Libraries," CRL, XV (1954), 407-10, 420.

NOV EMBER, 1956 481 ment of a library in terms of the needs staff and salary distribution with that of and objectives of that particular depart- the libraries in this sample. It would be ment because there is a wide variation in of value if such comparisons were re- these ratios among departments. Table 4 ported. gives the median, high and low ratios for The data have been used also to test selected library departments. These ratios certain assumptions regarding the rela- were computed on the basis of full-time tionship of various factors and library staff members. Because of the difficulty of staff distribution and costs. Only size of obtaining accurate data, the number of library, student enrollment, and the num- part-time employees was not requested ber of special and professional libraries for this study. Average wages spent by were correlated with the data, but some

TABLE 4 MEDIANS AND RANGE OF NONPROFESSIONAL-PROFESSIONAL RATIOS AND AVERAGE WAGES ALLOCATED TO SELECTED FUNCTIONS AND DEPARTMENTS IN 16 UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES, 1954-55

Function or Median High Low Average Department Ratio Ratio Ratio W ages

Acquisitions 2.33 5.00 .67 $ 4,990 Cataloging .85 1.67 .57 3,565 Circulation 2.75 5.50 .33 13,315 Reference .15 1.50 0 to 1 1,734 Special Libraries 1.14 3.40 .40 15,772 Special Collections .50 1 toO 0 to 3 2,617

Data are given for full-time staff only. Nonprofessional-professional Ratios were computed by dividing the number of professional employees into the number of nonprofessional employees. A high ratio indicates a greater number of nonprofessional than professional employees. each department are included in Table 4 clear-cut results were indicated. However, to give an indication of the extent of the number of libraries in the sample is part-time work in the departments. The too small to claim that these findings are differences in ratios among departments conclusive. It is felt that many other fac- would make an invaluable separate study. tors also affect library service costs and However, it is suggested that in any fu- that these should be studied. The ap- ture investigation, the total number of proach used in this investigation may be part-time employees be obtained and useful in future studies. A similar study, computed into the ratios. or series of studies, of a large sample of libraries over a period of several years or Summary , perhaps at regular intervals would be of inestimable value. Future investigations The study reported here has been an should study the effect of not only size exploratory attempt to understand the of library and student enrollment on the distribution of library service and its cost. costs of libraries but of many other varia- The data have practical use to individual bles as well. The samples should include libraries in understanding their staff subgroups that consist of a large number needs, strengths and weaknesses and in of libraries of comparable size, with com- long range personnel budget planning. parable organizational patterns and other Libraries may wish to compare their own (Continued on page 530)

482 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By FERNANDO PEftALOSA

The Card Catalog: A Failure in Communication

F WE CONSIDER the library to be the communication process apply to the I functions of the card catalog? The cata- heart of a university or college, or as loger or catalog department is the sender the community's information center, of a very vital message: how to find ma- then the card catalog might be considered terials in the library. The catalog users the heart of the library, or better still, its are the receivers, the audience, that strug- brain. It is a massive brain, constructed gles at comprehending the message. out of tens of thousands of brain efforts Sometimes the message is not understood, on the part of several generations of cata- and the audience goes away unsatisfied; logers. Yet the card catalog is an inert or the message may be misunderstood thing until acted upon by the brain of and the audience is deceived or frus- the user. If an incredible amount of trated; or the message may be overlooked mental effort goes into the making of the or ignored, and the audience is cheated. catalog, an even more incredible amount But only in the rarest of instances is of mental effort must be expended by the there any feedback to the communicator. library patron in its decipherment and Hence the message continues to be use. phrased in the same terms, and is de- It is a curious thing that the librarians signed often for an audience that exists engaged in producing this all-important only in the cataloger's imagination. library tool have, in most instances, little What, then, is the audience for the li- contact with the people for whom it is brary's card catalog? It consists of two supposedly designed. It seems that in this very different groups: the library staff, a situation students of the communication relatively homogeneous group; and the process would find much of a disturbing library patrons, an extremely heteroge- nature. The library is rightly considered neous group. Even the most casual ob- a medium not of mass communication, server will recognize that the ways in but of individualized communication. In which the two groups cope with and the latter, the communication process is make use of the card catalog will diverge characterized by the message's sender and greatly. receiver standing in each other's physical Let us consider first the library pa- presence. As the message is being sent, trons. The difficulties experienced by lay- there is "feedback" from the receiver to men in using subject headings, cross ref- the sender, who then varies his message erences, corporate entries, etc. are well according to results being obtained. A known and need not be described here. good example of this face-to-face com- However, the nature of the bibliographic munication is a private conversation. information on the card itself is perhaps How, then, do these concepts of the the most confusing of all to the general catalog user. Certain problems can be il- Mr. Penalosa is instructor, School of lustrated by some points brought out in Library Science, University of Southern a study of catalog use made at the Den- California. ver Public Library and the University of

NOV EMBER, 1956 483 Denver Library.1 The study involved in- dents complained of information lacking terviewing one hundred students at each on the card, only to have the writer show of the two libraries over a period of sev- them such information on the card. eral months. When the students were asked if there The part of the catalog most used by was any additional information about the students was the part including the head- particular book in question that did not ing (subject or added entry), author and appear on the catalog card that they title. The only bibliographic items used would like to have had in that particular extensively on the cards were the title, instance, 18 per cent of all those inter- author, date of publication and Library viewed replied that they wished more in- of Congress tracings for subject headings. formation about the contents of the Seventy-four per cent of all students used book. Over 13 per cent stated specifically the title, 23.5 per cent the author, 22 per that they would have wanted an annota- cent the date of publication and 11 per tion for the book in question printed or cent the Library of Congress subject trac- typed on the card, although they did not ings. All other items were used by 5 per necessarily use the word "annotation." cent or less of the students. Sixty-nine The main conclusion of the study, per cent of the students at the University then, insofar as the card itself is con- of Denver Library catalog and 76 per cerned, would be that from the viewpoint cent of those at the Denver Public Li- of patrons, catalog cards contain entirely brary catalog used only one or two items too much bibliographic information and each. not enough information about the con- In addition to the heading each inter- tents of books. If this is true for university viewee was found to use an average of students, it must be even more so for the only 1.6 bibliographic items as aids in se- general public, most of whom have not lecting a particular book. It was note- enjoyed the advantages of an advanced worthy, when one considers that tracings education. Other studies of catalog use are thought of as being primarily for the which have been made have come to sub- use of the cataloger, that 11 per cent of stantially the same conclusions.2 all students interviewed used LC subject Now what about the other audience tracings to find out what the book was for the catalog, the library staff? Since about and that at least one student com- making the above-mentioned study, the plained of the absence of subject tracings writer has had occasion to use the catalog on typewritten cards. intensively in acquisitions work, catalog- The reason for such limited use of the ing, and in work with the public. It is catalog is probably that the students, in- the writer's firm conviction that less bib- tent on a specific title or subject, usually liographic information on catalog cards read only the heading and title, which was would greatly hamper the library staff in then the only information that they its work. Particularly is this true in ac- needed to help them decide on the book. quisitions work involving positive identi- The notion that the title or subtitle was fication of titles suggested for purchase a description or annotation of the book or for acceptance as gifts. It further goes was quite prevalent, especially when the without saying that catalog librarians subtitle was long. These were undoubted- would feel themselves lost without suffi- ly cases of wishful thinking. Students also cient bibliographic information on cards had difficulty in finding wanted informa- for books already in the library. Thus, tion on catalog cards. Thus many stu- 2 A good summary of studies of catalog use is Carlyle J. Frarey, "Studies of Use of the Subject Catalog; 1 Fernando Penalosa, "An Investigation of the Man- Summary and Evaluation," in M. F. Tauber, ed., The ner in Which Students of the University of Denver Subject Analysis of Library Materials (New York: Use the Card Catalog" (M.A. Thesis, University of School of Library Service, Columbia University, 1953), Denver, 1949). p. 147-166.

484 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES the suspicion aroused in the study above, that particular library use the biblio- namely, that catalog cards are made pri- graphic information on catalog cards. On marily for bibliographers and librarians, this basis the library could decide what is borne out by the fact that in most cases items would appear on public cards un- the cards are admirably suited for their der the new system . purposes! While individual libraries naturally Returning once more to the jargon of will devise the most suitable methods for communication we might say that cata- converting to the dual system, the prime logers through the cards they produce consideration is to proceed with caution, are communicating effectively to an audi- and as local conditions demand or per- ence of bibliographers, bibliophiles and mit. By all means, use printed cards librarians. They are trying to reach two where possible, LC cards in the official very different audiences with the same catalog and Wilson cards in the public channel, hence fail where one audience catalog. The H. W. Wilson Company has is concerned. The failure has arisen be- pioneered in progressive cataloging pro- cause where two different audiences are cedures and we librarians have much to concerned, two different types of chan- learn from the principles embodied in nels are called for. The commercial agen- its cards. Perhaps the Wilson Company cies of communication grasped this ele- could even be induced to expand its cov- mentary truth long ago, and produce dif- erage if there were enough demand for ferent types of radio and television pro- this type of card from libraries. grams, magazines, etc. to reach different Essential to the functioning of a dual audiences. In plain language, then, what cataloging system would be a form of co- is required is txuo kinds of cataloging. operation much closer than that which What precisely would be involved? generally prevails between the technical First, a public card catalog devoid of su- and the public services. Bibliographic in- perfluous bibliographic information but formation will be compiled by catalogers, containing on each card a short annota- but the annotations for the public cata- tion indicating the scope of the work and log will be composed by pubilc service the reader for whom it is designed. In people, such as readers advisers or refer- many cases the annotation need not con- ence librarians, who work with the pub- sist of more than a sentence of two. Sec- lic and understand their guidance needs. ond, an official author catalog, with very Such an arrangement, in fact, would ne- complete bibliographic data, convenient- cessitate considerable reorganization of ly located for staff use. A library that staff and routines, and would, this writer might desire to change over to a dual sys- fervently hopes, contribute toward break- tem should proceed slowly and with cau- ing down the artificial barriers that exist tion. Thus first on the agenda would be between those engaged in processing ma- a survey or a series of surveys to deter- terials and those engaged in serving the mine the extent to which the patrons of public directly.

NOV EMBER, 1956 485 By CLIFTON BROCK Specialization and the Rising Tide— Two Waves of the Future?

HE ACADEMIC WORLD has become in- Many defensive tactics have been Tcreasingly aware in recent years of a pushed tentatively forward, but as yet no great problem hovering over the horizon grand strategy has evolved, except per- of the next two decades, a problem fast haps to call for greatly increased expendi- assuming the proportions of a bete noire tures. Increased expenditures there must in the form of tremendously increased certainly be, but these call first for in- school enrollments. creased taxes, endowments and other Elementary and secondary school au- forms of revenue, demands which can be thorities are already wrestling with the carried only so far. The public will in- beast, and judging by the frantic cries for sist that some basic solutions be found help, the authorities are not winning. within the academic world itself. The alarm has spread upward through It will become "mandatory for us to the academic ranks, and last fall repre- examine what we are doing—to reassess sentatives of the whole scholastic world our educational philosophy; to adopt met in the White House in an effort to new methods and adapt old ones; to find devise workable solutions. new resources in teachers, facilities, and Although the universities are still sev- financing; and in general to raise hob eral years away from the front-line battle, with the status quo."8 their period of grace diminishes each One proposal which raises hob with year as the baby crop moves up the scho- the present state of affairs is that of mak- lastic scale. Within a decade the increased ing it more difficult for a student to go birth rate which began its sharp rise to college by raising entrance standards after World War II will have poured so high that only those for whom there is over into the nation's already crowded room would be admitted. This is saying colleges and universities. By 1970 the in effect that a full head as well as a full number of persons of college age will purse will be needed by tomorrow's fresh- have almost doubled.1 Total enrollment man. is expected to be 4,200,000 (compared This partial solution has already run with 2,500,000 in 1954) even if the per- into heated objections, a very pertinent centage of college-age youth attending one being that it is contrary to our demo- college remains at 31.2 cratic tradition of making advanced edu- Solutions to the enrollment problem cation generally available to all, then re- must be found, and the ivied walls are al- quiring a student to prove his inability ready resounding with heated debate as to absorb it by failing, rather than first to which way we should turn. requiring him to prove that he is able to 1 Ronald B. Thompson, "College-Age Population absorb it. Trends, 1940-1970," Education Digest, XIX (1954), 23. 2 Norman Burns, "The Coming Crisis in Higher This fence-building idea also runs into Education," School Review, LXIII (1955), 252. the very practical question of how long Mr. Brock is junior reference librarian many parents will submit to increased in the School of Business Administration 3 S. B. Gould, "The Challenge," in "Some College Presidents Discuss the Rising Tide," Educational Library, University of Michigan. Record, XXXVI (1955), 205.

486 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES taxes for higher education if their chil- ideal nurtured in the humanistic tradi- dren are to be denied the opportunity of tion, receiving new impetus from the receiving it. general education movement of this cen- Others have suggested that the number tury, and inherent in the word "Univer- of two-year "community colleges" be in- sity" itself. creased to absorb part of the load.4 Still Talk of specialization has usually been others propose the greater utilization of disguised by euphemistically referring to adult education programs.5 Some believe it as "cooperation," a verbal gymnastic that, "despite the fact that we will meet at which both educators and librarians these needs . . . the effort will result have been proficient. A glance through largely in giving more people more bad Library Literature and the Education education."6 Index shows many more articles listed In general, all these proposals are ef- under cooperation than under specializa- forts to cope with the enrollment prob- tion. However, another glance through lem as it affects the undergraduate col- the articles themselves shows that many leges. The graduate schools are still fur- are actually discussions of specialization ther removed from the shot and shell, projects. and fewer proposed solutions have come The anathema attached to the word from this quarter than any other. "specialization" has come understandably However, it is the course the graduate from an abhorrence of the overspecialized schools pursue which will have by far the man, a much-maligned but very neces- greatest effect upon our academic re- sary phenomenon of the twentieth cen- search libraries, maintained primarily to tury. support graduate programs of instruction However, this objection can hardly ap- and other research. It is therefore impera- ply to the present discussion or be al- tive that these libraries anticipate as far lowed as a valid objection to possible ahead as possible any changes in gradu- specialization programs. It is aimed prin- ate instruction which would affect their cipally at the specialization within the policies, especially in acquisition. curriculum which produces the overspe- One possible solution on the graduate cialized man, while the proposal under level, still very tentative but eyed with discussion deals with specialization increasing interest of late, would raise among curricula and the universities ad- much hob with the status quo of univer- ministering them. Stated in its simplest sity research libraries. This proposal may terms, it calls for a lessening of the com- be summarized by the word "specializa- petition among universities which forces tion." them to try to cover as many fields of Except for a few years toward the end graduate instruction as possible. of the nineteenth century, when the land- Despite all the objections to it, aca- grant college, with its attendant vocation- demic authorities have realized for many al influence, was in full growth, speciali- years that some form of specialization is zation has been almost a dirty word in necessary. As early as 1913, at the confer- academic circles in the United States. It is ence of the Association of American Uni- a concept in direct opposition to the Ren- versities, Dean Guy Stanton Ford asked aissance ideal of the universal man, an if it is "wise or necessary or possible for 4 Frederick deW. Bolman, Jr., "Signs of Change in all Universities to be all things to all ad- Higher Education," Journal of Higher Education, XXVI (1955), 252. vanced students."7 5 Edward B. Olds, "How Adult Education Can Help in Meeting the Higher Education Needs of the F.ising College-Age Population," Educational Record, XXXVI T "The Library and the Graduate School," Journal of (1955), 229-39. Proceedings and Addresses of the Association of Ameri- 6 Victor L. Butterfield, "Dangers of Expansion," in can Universities, XV (1913), 38-46, as quoted by "College Presidents Discuss the Rising Tide," Educa- Edwin E. Williams in "Library Cooperation and Spe- tional Record, XXXVI (1955), 207. cialization," Library Quarterly, XXV (1955), 60.

NOV EMBER, 1956 487 At the 1923 AAU meeting, Dean Ralph in order to unite the participating uni- Hayward Keniston, taking notice of the versities in working toward the common increasing growth of graduate studies un- goal of increasing the nation's research accompanied by any definite plan, sug- facilities. But it was desirable only, not gested that "the Association appoint a imperative. The coming pressure of in- committee whose duty it should be to se- creased enrollments could well be the cure from the several members of the As- force which makes it imperative. sociation a statement of the fields of grad- A pilot program in specialization, uate instruction to which that university watched with increasing interest by uni- 8 intended to devote its major attention." versities and their libraries across the na- Many other highly placed academic tion, was initiated by the Conference of voices have advocated some form of spe- Southern Governors of 1947 and has been cialization among graduate schools. But, carried out by the Southern Regional Ed- as Edwin E. Williams points out in the ucation Board. article cited above, there has been much talk but little action. The spirit of the The southern states, realizing their rel- gridiron seems to have permeated the en- ative paucity of advanced educational fa- tire campus, and vigorous competition is cilities, set up a cooperative program carried on among universities and their which assigned certain subjects to schools libraries. School enrollments and library already strong in those subjects. A central holdings have sometimes been rung up educational fund, formed from assess- on an imaginary scoreboard to attract ments upon the participating states, was students, scholars and researchers in a then used to help finance out-of-state manner often very similar to athletic re- graduate students wishing to attend these cruiting. schools for work in their specialty. Essen- Competition may foster achievement in tially, it was the inability of individual certain fields, but the "present tendency state institutions to meet the demand to be all things to all men is intellectual- upon them for advanced educational fa- ly destructive."9 The real loser in such cilities which forced the southern states academic battles has been the total re- into their specialization agreement. search potential of the nation. It would be a rash educator indeed to- Past failures to effect any workable spe- day who would state unequivocally that cialization agreements have been due the institutions of his own state will be chiefly to the lack of a catalyst to speed able to meet the demands which will be such action. As one college president has made upon them in the next twenty said, "Our colleges and universities have years. Although perhaps in a better posi- sometimes indicated by their deeds that tion than their southern neighbors, the they are content to drift along, distribut- universities of the rest of the nation may ing the mass of knowledge that they have soon be faced with the same inability. accumulated and guarded over the years, Subject specialization agreements are one rather than to climb boldly among the solution they may investigate closely. treacherous cliffs of contemporary prob- Such an investigation is already being lems."10 made at the grass roots. One concrete re- Specialization was desirable in the past sult has been an interstate compact for higher education signed by eleven west- 8 "Co-operation among Universities in the Develop- ment of Different Departments of Study," Journal of ern states which emulates the example of Proceedings and Addresses of the Association of Ameri- can Universities, XXVI (1924), 46-51, as quoted by the South to a certain extent. Much at- Edwin E. Williams, loc. cit. 9 Rice Estes, "Implications of Current Educational tention was given to specialization by li- Trends for Library Service," Special Libraries, XLI (1950), 164. braries and universities at the Monticello 10 Gould, loc. cit. Conference of the Association of Re-

488 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES search Libraries.11 This conference laid More students will also strain already the groundwork for a study of research li- overtaxed library services and will inten- brary problems by the Association of sify the pull exerted in every research li- American Universities, a study which will brary between services and resources, per- focus further and highly authoritative at- haps eventually driving the advocates of tention on specialization. increased services from the field. What implications do increased enroll- Specialization, should it come in some ments and the possibility of specializa- form, would have an equal or even great- tion agreements hold for university li- er effect on university libraries. To a cer- braries? They are many, and some are tain extent specialized acquisition pro- frightening. Only a few of the most ob- grams are already in effect, in that each vious can be discussed here. library is usually expected to buy heavily For one thing, the libraries will be in those areas where the graduate instruc- faced with a hydra-headed growth prob- tion of the university is strongest. But the lem. The problem of book collection specter of far-reaching subject specializa- growth has been with us for years and tion agreements must haunt every uni- has been the subject of many dramatiza- versity library administration trying to tions from the academic library ranks. formulate long-range acquisition plans. Fremont Rider has pictured libraries of Perhaps it should be emphasized here the future containing long miles of that specialization would materially af- shelves and acres of catalog trays. Keyes fect only the large research libraries Metcalf has pointed out that universities which exist primarily to service graduate may have to drop a professor a year to programs of instruction and faculty re- compensate for library growth. search. The undergraduate curriculum These writings and others have called must cover a recognized range of sub- much attention to the problem, but as jects, and the total number of books and yet no universally satisfactory solutions other materials necessary to support it have been forthcoming, and the disturb- should remain fairly constant. ing thought is that these predictions have One possible result of the enrollment necessarily been based on past growth. pressure, however, may be to drive a Increasing population and school enroll- deeper wedge between undergraduate ments may render them obsolete. Al- and graduate programs, forcing one to though there is not necessarily a direct become even more general and the other connection between enrollments and the to become more and more specialized. size of book collections, in the past col- The pressure could force many universi- lections have increased geometrically ties which still try to maintain a balance while enrollments have increased at a between graduate and undergraduate in- much slower rate, arithmetically at worst. struction to follow one road or the other, In any event, in the near future, along a development which would have a pro- with the problem of where to put the found effect upon their libraries. books, university libraries must find a Academic librarians generally have place to put the students. Greater devel- been credited with a willingness to go opment of photo-reduction processes may further along the road toward specializa- help relieve some of the pressure on stack tion, or cooperation, if you will, than space, but students cannot undergo the their administrations will allow. Region- same reduction. Seemingly, the only so- al library and bibliographic centers, the lution here will be greatly increased space Farmington Plan, and local agreements for reading rooms. to specialize, among many other mani-

11 Edwin E. Williams, ed., Problems and Prospects of festations, indicate this willingness. the Research Library (New Brunswick, N.J.: Scarecrow Yet librarians usually have tended to Press, 1955).

NOV EMBER, 1956 489 criticize themselves for failure to formu- lem of research materials is more cooper- late even more far-reaching and effective ation between libraries."14 Is the answer cooperative plans. Much of the blame to the ever-growing enrollment problem should be laid at other doors. As George more cooperation, meaning specializa- Alan Works pointed out in 1924: "An ar- tion, among universities? No one can say rangement of this type [of specialization] at this time, but whether or not universi- lies beyond the power of librarians. It is ties do in the end turn to some form of a problem for trustees, administrative of- specialization, the possibility of such an ficers, and faculty members. It means that eventuality cannot be ignored. Specializa- most institutions will have to make a tion could become a Trojan horse unless choice between mediocrity of work in a its approach is spotted from a distance of wide range of subjects and a relatively several years. Universities could decide to high type of research in a limited num- specialize in certain subjects and de- ber of fields."12 emphasize others, then adjust their facili- "They [librarians] can argue plausibly ties accordingly at a much faster pace that they have gone about as far as they than their libraries could follow in their can on their own."13 This willingness to acquisition programs. Therefore it will cooperate or specialize stems from a de- be imperative that library administra- sire to increase the resources of the re- tions recognize the earliest indications of gion and nation by relieving libraries of a budding specialization movement and the necessity of duplicating acquisitions the direction which it will take. In the of neighboring institutions. It was forced past librarians have sometimes been upon them by the great increase of among the last, not the first, to learn of printed and other material necessary for changes. The accomplishment of this research. If this method of meeting a feat of prescience may call for such cloak growth problem has been operative and dagger operations as were employed among libraries, there is reason to believe at the University of California,15 but it that it may also appeal to university ad- must be done. Otherwise our large uni- ministrations now that they are faced versity libraries may one day find their with a growth problem of similar propor- present catch-all acquisition policies re- tions. versed from above and directed along "The answer to the ever-growing prob- narrower channels.

12 George Alan Works, College and University Li- brary Problems (Chicago: American Library Associa- 14 Estes, op. cit., p. 165. tion, 1927), p.54. 15 M. A. Milczewski, "Cloak and Dagger in Univer- 13 Williams, op. cit., p.59. sity Library Administration," CRL, XIII (1952), 117.

Rare Book Manual Weeding and Discarding

A manual of principles and practices in If any librarian is using a weeding or rare book libraries and collections is in the discarding system (including the disposal process of compilation by the ACRL Com- of withdrawn items), the details of which mittee of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Spe- have not been published, would he please cial Collections. The committee seeks sugges- report his experience to Howard F. Mc- tions and advice especially from potential Gaw, Director of Libraries, University of readers and users of such a manual. Please Houston, Houston 4, Texas. The material communicate with the editor of the manual, will be examined with a view towards its Mr. H. Richard Archer, Librarian, The Lake- possible inclusion in a monograph on weed- side Press, 350 East 22nd St., Chicago 16, Illi- ing to be completed in the winter of 1956/ nois by December 15, 1956. 57.

490 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By EUGENE P. WATSON

Let's All Recruit!

N HIS RECENT ARTICLE, "College Li- hooves us to stop merely talking and be- I brarians and Recruiting,"1 John F. gin doing. As chairman of your Commit- Harvey, chairman of the Joint Commit- tee on Recruiting, I urge and exhort tee on Library Work as a Career, says every one of you ACRL members to that "everyone talks about the personnel carry on an active, continuing campaign shortage, but few librarians do anything to bring desirable recruits into the pro- about it." Let me go one step farther and fession. draw attention to the fact that we college The following checklist of suggestions and university library staff members, as for recruiting has been compiled as a a whole, are doing far less than any other guide for you. However, it is well for you group although, in general, we occupy to bear in mind that associations and positions which offer the greatest poten- committees can help only by providing tialities for recruiting. stimulation and information and by fur- Surely all college and university librar- nishing recruiting materials. In the last ians are only too well aware of the seri- analysis, all recruiting is on an individu- ousness of the personnel shortage. It be- al, personal basis. So, let's all recruit!

CHECKLIST OF SUGGESTIONS FOR RECRUITING On the National Level Establishing loan funds Giving prizes for the best biographies and Stimulating state library associations and fiction about librarians other groups to inaugurate recruiting pro- Publishing a practical manual on recruiting grams or to intensify those already in op- techniques eration Providing a clearing house for the exchange On the State Level of information regarding current recruiting activities Originating programs of recruiting activities Preparing posters, booklets, leaflets, exhibits, Stimulating individuals and local groups to etc. for national distribution conduct active recruiting campaigns Encouraging the preparation of articles on Coordinating, as far as possible, all recruit- recruiting in national professional jour- ing activities in the state nals and in popular nonprofessional maga- Preparing recruiting leaflets for state-wide zines distribution Keeping librarians informed with regard to Promoting recruiting activities in college, opportunities in the field, and keeping in high school, and public libraries close contact with the library schools Developing a broad program of publicity on Publicizing information about scholarships, librarianship as a career, directed toward: graduate and undergraduate (1) elementary school pupils, (2) high Seeking scholarship grants from industries, school pupils, (3) college students, (4) vo- professions, and others for training librar- cational counselors, (5) parents, (6) teach- ians in their fields ers, (7) school administrators, (8) employment agencies 1 CRL, XVI (1955), 368-69. Conducting recruiting sessions at conventions of state library associations Dr. Watson is librarian, Northwestern Entertaining prospective librarians at con- State College of Louisiana, Natchitoches. ventions of state library associations

NOV EMBER, 1956 491

_ Sending newsletters to college students who Adding vitality and attractiveness to educa- are interested in librarianship as a career tional programs Establishing loan funds and encouraging the Making the instruction more realistic; using giving of scholarships practicing librarians in the training pro- Sponsoring a "library week" during which grams boys and girls are invited to visit college Recognizing and training for special needs and public libraries and learn about the of libraries; e.g., public relations, person- types of work that are done in them nel administration, subject specialists, etc. Assisting library training agencies not yet Establishing speakers' bureaus accredited Maintaining booths with recruiting materials Organizing library clubs and fraternities at various group meetings and conventions Issuing alumni newsletters On the Local and Individual Level Impressing students with the necessity for recruiting Displaying enthusiasm for and satisfaction and belief in librarianship On Library Staffs Taking part in community interests and ac- Raising salaries!!! tivities; being alert and dynamic; and ren- Improving working conditions in libraries dering community service Maintaining human relationships within li- Giving courteous, friendly, intelligent service brary staffs (recognize merit; beware of in every library; giving the type of service seniority; relieve trained librarians of mo- people want notonous and clerical duties; give young- Keeping libraries attractive and inviting sters something besides routine jobs) Presenting librarianship—the philosophy of Providing in-service training for professional library service—to prospects in a worth- and subprofessional levels while and attractive light Arranging summer training courses Showing prospects the abundant personal Granting leaves of absence to subprofessional and social rewards of librarianship and clerical staff members so that they Convincing parents and children that librar- may attend library school ians make a good social contribution Providing graduate scholarships for promis- Having dinners or teas for librarians, teaching students ers, high school students, and other young Providing working-scholarships for under- people who are interested in librarianship graduates, and giving them the advantage (have fun, but give them information of participating in various types of work about the profession) Media of Publicity Participating in high school "career days" Bulletin boards, posters, billboards, ex- and "vocation days" hibits, pamphlets, leaflets, newspaper col- Setting a good example to library clerks and umns dealing with books, magazine articles pages, and following up the interest re- in professional and nonprofessional maga- vealed by likely prospects or stirring up zines, magazine article reprints, newspaper that interest where it may already be latent articles, articles in school papers, letters, In the Library Schools speeches and informal talks, oral book reviews, radio programs and skits, radio spot Putting 18 semester hours of library science announcements, films, film trailers, film on the undergraduate level, and including strips, slides, charts, photographs, models, subject-field electives in graduate work and cartoons.

492 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By ROLLAND E. STEVENS

Loss of Books and Library Ownership Marks

HE MECHANICAL processing of books is most libraries do agree on the use of book- Ta topic to which little attention has plates affixed to the inside of the front cover.1 been paid in the formal literature of li- In order to assemble data concerning brarianship. By "mechanical processing" the practices at large universities and re- is meant accessioning, affixing of book- search libraries, a questionnaire was plates, book pockets, and date due slips, mailed to the heads of technical services ink stamping, embossing or perforating at 19 libraries, each containing approxi- the library name, inserting secret identify- mately one million volumes and spending marks on designated pages, and label- ing more than $175,000 for books, peri- ing. odicals, and binding. This constituted the While the absence of this topic from group called together at the ALA mid- library literature possibly indicates that winter meeting of 1956 by Robert H. the matter is not thought to be of suffi- Muller for informal discussion of mutual cient importance to warrant public dis- problems. Primarily, the questionnaire cussion, of the issues involved would be was concerned with use of library owner- of value. Tauber has noted ship marks in bound and unbound mate- The use of ownership marks is controver- rial, microfilm, microcards and micro- sial, not because any library believes that they print. Two of the 19 libraries regularly can be abandoned, but rather because there is use a rubber stamp on the inside of the no universal agreement as to what ownership front cover, reserving the bookplate for marks are effective or how they are to be ap- gifts, books purchased on endowed funds, plied. There is considerable evidence in some and other exceptional volumes. The library collections to support Adam's conten- other 17 libraries regularly use a book- tion that librarians are enemies of books, and plate on the inside cover of bound books. many cases of book mutilation have resulted Exceptions are made by some of these for from overzealous efforts by librarians to indi- rare books, pamphlets, and books which cate ownership permanently. Edge-stamping, are bound or rebound for the library. rubber stamp markings within the book, per- The rubber stamp is commonly used in forations, embossing, and bookplates have all been used. Stamping and perforating are the pamphlets in lieu of a bookplate. Some techniques to which most objection has been libraries use an end paper bearing the li- raised, particularly since these do most to dis- brary seal in books which they bind or figure the text or its illustrations. In almost rebind, omitting the bookplate. Six li- any library examples can be found of hand- braries either emboss or perforate each some plates that have been disfigured by per- book, usually on the title page, in addi- forations or rubber stamps. Since there is no tion to inserting a plate. Two others use evidence to show that such ownership marks the rubber stamp on the verso of the title contribute materially to any reduction in page, and one stamps the book edge if losses through theft, modern library practice sufficiently thick. tends to limit the use of ownership marking considerably. Almost all that can be said at For the identification of microfilm, only present concerning standard practice is that six of the libraries mark the leader with the library's initials and call number, one Dr. Stevens is assistant director of li- simply by clipping a paper label to the braries, technical services, Ohio State 1 Maurice F. Tauber, Technical Services in Libraries (New York: Columbia University Press, 1954), p. University. 243-44.

NOV EMBER, 1956 493 film. Thirteen libraries mark only the Books were also chained to fixed furni- box containing the microfilm. The li- ture in order to reduce loss. brary name is usually part of the target In modern times, with the mass pro- when microfilming is done locally. Eight duction of books and with the modern libraries put no ownership stamp on relaxation of library lending regulations, either microcards or microprint. Nine the temptation to remove books illegally stamp the verso of microcards, but ap- from the library no longer exists to the parently do not stamp the verso of micro- same extent as formerly. The chain and print cards. Two of these are considering curse have given way to the bookplate, stamping the verso of microprint cards rubber stamp, embossed seal, and other also. Two libraries report that the prob- marks, for the protection of books against lem of stamping microcards and micro- theft and loss. A number of ways in which print is under consideration, but that these devices can be effective may be list- they have not yet reached a conclusion. ed: (1) To facilitate the checking of books The use of library ownership marks is by a guard stationed within the library associated with the problem of loss of door, if this checking system is adopted books. Loss may be attributed to two gen- by the library; (2) To deter readers from eral causes. On the one hand, there is taking books past the library guard with- loss due to accident, misplacing, and care- out following the proper loan procedure; lessness. On the other hand, some loss (3) To assist the home reader in distin- must be attributed to intentional theft, guishing library books from his own; (4) although the thief often considers that he To remind the absent-minded borrower is merely borrowing without going to return books to the library; (5) To aid through the usual procedure, and intends in the recovery of stolen books through the use of identifying marks to prove to return the item when his need has been ownership; and (6) To aid in the return satisfied. Several factors seem to be in- of lost books by the identification of the volved in library theft, such as the rarity owner to the finder. and consequent attractiveenss of a book or manuscript, the degree to which it may Let us assume that some type of library be borrowed within library regulations," ownership mark is necessary and desira- the ease with which another copy may be ble. The intemperate use of multiple acquired, and conversely the difficulty, ownership marks requires extra time in danger, and possible punishment risked the processing operations, adds to the risk in stealing it. Before the invention of of mutilation through applying the printing, and up to the development of marks, and makes psychological implica- mass publishing methods, books were tions to the honest borrower that the li- considerably more rare and of greater brary is overly fearful of losing its books value than are most modern books. and that the library is indirectly imputing Hence, the temptation to hide even bulky base motives to every potential borrower. volumes under his cloak, in the attempt The problem is, therefore, to avoid the to remove them surreptitiously from the use of multiple identifying marks un- library, was sometimes too much for the necessarily. cleric or lay scholar. In medieval libraries The different identifying marks in cur- loss of books from theft was not uncom- rent use for bound and unbound volumes mon, and some measure of protection was fall into four general types. These, to- found in the insertion in the book itself gether with a brief examination of the of a curse against any potential thief.2 usefulness of each, are as follows: 2 Lawrence S. Thompson, "Notes on Biblioklepto- 1. Bookplate or ink stamp on or near mania," Bulletin of the New York Public Library, XLVIII (1944), 731. Cf. also Thompson, "A Cursory the inside of the front cover. On books Survey of Maledictions," Bulletin of the New York Public Library, LVI (1952), 55-75. bound or rebound by the library, an

494 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES identifying end paper might be used in marks will soon be known to most bor- lieu of a bookplate. Any one of these rowers when these locations are repeated- marks will adequately serve each of the ly checked by guards. If the location is five purposes of the ownership mark list- indeed hidden to all but the initiated on ed above, provided that it remains intact. the library staff, then such marks cannot If carefully and tastefully inserted, the aid in any of the loss prevention func- bookplate and special end paper also tions listed above, except proof of owner- have the advantage of enhancing the ship. beauty of the book, rather than muti- The identifying marks examined in the lating it. preceding paragraphs are used on bound 2. Call number. While not generally and unbound materials. For special ma- considered a mark of ownership, the call terials such as microfilms, microcards, and number, inscribed or stamped on the microprint, the use of ownership marks is lower part of the spine of the book, is fre- necessarily restricted. Microfilms can be quently used as a quick means of identi- marked on the leader by electric stylus or fying library copies of books. It will usu- perforation. Microcards or microprint ally serve any of the first three purposes must be rubber stamped on the verso of listed above. The library imprint, each card, always with the possible conse- stamped on the spine of books bound or quence of having the ink smear on the rebound by the library, serves the same face of an adjacent card. Usually they are purposes. housed in a restricted location, or under 3. Embossed seal or perforated initials close supervision, and either do not circu- on the title page. When used, this mark is late or are lent only to libraries. Since usually affixed in addition to a bookplate. they can be used only with a special read- The only advantage these marks have ing machine, they are not subject to the over the bookplate and other marks in same opportunities for loss as are printed Group 1 is that they are more difficult to books. remove. However, any book thief worth The conclusion of this brief examina- his salt can easily remove an embossed tion of the use of library ownership marks seal so as to escape normal detection.3 is that the bookplate alone will serve all Certainly there is no need to use the per- functions for which ownership marks are forated or embossed mark in addition to devised. The call number, which will be the bookplate. If the added protection of used for other purposes, will also aid in the perforated mark is wanted, then the identification. The bookplate, or end pa- bookplate may well be omitted. pers bearing the library seal, when care- 4. Some hidden or secret mark on one fully used, can add to the attractiveness or more coded pages. This is intended to of a book rather than mutilating it. The be unobserved by the borrower, and only instance in which it is insufficient hence also to the finder if the book is lost, to prevent loss of books is in theft, when but serves as an identifying mark by the thief covers up his crime by easily re- which the library could prove its owner- moving the plate. But the object of theft ship. These code marks probably serve no is usually the rare book or manuscript, to useful function, except that of enabling which the alternative marks by emboss- the library to furnish proof of its owner- ing, perforating, or rubber stamping are ship in legal action. Conceivably they rarely applied. Furthermore, with the ex- could also help the library guards in ception of a perforated mark, these can checking on the removal of library books, also be removed by the thief with little except that the secret location of these more difficulty. The obvious means of protection for rare books and manu- 3 Thomas M. Johnson, "Catching the Book Crooks," scripts lie in careful housing arid super- Saturday Review, July 24, 19S4, p. 6-7 + .

NOVEMBER, 1956 495 vision, rather than in so marking the each of these special classes of material volume that it can be identified after lie in two questions: Does an ownership theft.4 mark serve in any way to reduce possible In the separate housing of rare books loss of the material? Is the time involved under close supervision, and in the re- in applying marks of ownership, and stricted loan regulations applying to other disadvantages, in any way commen- them, they may be considered in a special surate with the amount by which loss may class, like microfilm, microcards, and mi- be reduced? Unless the material is avail- croprint. Unless unusual loan practices able for use outside the library, or is of or other conditions warrant the use of an sufficient value to encourage theft, the ownership mark, it would seem unneces- application of ownership marks probably sary to mark these materials. Depending cannot be justified. on the local loan regulations and other The elimination of unnecessary owner- conditions, phonorecords, scores, maps, ship marks is undertaken as much in the plates, and other unbound materials interest of economy of operation as in the might also best be left unmarked. The protection of books from mutilation. A two criteria to be applied in regard to program based on numerous rules and re- 4 The Library of Congress has recently decided (In- formation Bulletin, XV (1956), 243-44) to stamp its quiring a separate decision for the proc- manuscripts "with a small Library of Congress seal imprinted in a pale red ink." This decision was the essing of each volume would defeat its consequence of a theft of certain valuable manuscripts, own purpose. The program should be which were recovered after a bookdealer in Philadel- phia had reported the offer of some manuscripts under streamlined in its operation as well as in unusual circumstances. Another measure following the theft was the addition of a guard in the Manuscripts its use of different marks of ownership. A Reading Room, besides the guards regularly stationed at the library exits. The decision to stamp all manu- normal routine of processing books and scripts was made only after a careful study of available inks, in order to find one that would be both per- serials should be adopted, involving the manent and transparent. The use of the ink stamp seems to me to be an extreme measure, and one of doubtful fewest rules consistent with adequate pro- efficacy. The recently stolen manuscripts were recovered even though they were not stamped. It would be an tection. Exceptions to this routine should unimaginative thief, or at least an unambitious one, be held to a minimum, and these should who could not remove any ink stamp which did not touch the text. The superior protection of valuable be readily identifiable by those engaged documents would seem to be the careful issuing and checking of documents before and after each use. in the processing operations.

Council on Library Resources, Inc.

(Continued from page 473)

systems, modern developments in printing less repetition of the experiments of its an- and duplication, mechanical translation, and cestors. various devices for mechanizing the processes This is true even for the laboratory sci- of information storage and retrieval—might ences. Although the individual laboratory produce very rewarding results for both li- scientist may not himself make much use of braries and their users. the great libraries, yet the critical tables, the compendia, the abstracting services and the Importance of Libraries literature surveys which make his laboratory research profitable have all been made pos- Libraries constitute in a very real sense the sible by libraries. Meanwhile, for the non- communal memory of mankind. They are laboratory sciences—history, law, and the charged with maintaining the organized rec- other humanities and social sciences—the li- ord of human experience. Having access to brary serves to a large extent as the "labora- this record, mankind can progress; lacking it, tory," where books replace test-tubes and for- each generation would be condemned to end- maldehyded frogs.

496 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES By WILLIAM H. KURTH

Mexican Book Prices, 1950 and 1954 A Note on a Cost of Books Index

EXICAN BOOK PRODUCTION for 1950 this definition of a book is not standard, M and 1954 has been the subject of a but is the one finding most acceptance. study to determine the scope of price The bibliographic source used was the changes according to the cost of books Boletin Bibliografico Mexicano, pub- index criteria, forming an illustration of lished bimonthly by La Libreria Porrua the results to be obtained from a general Hermanos of Mexico City. The Boletin cost of books index.1 is the most comprehensive listing of trade Mexican production was selected for publications issued in Mexico, being vir- several reasons. It is a major Latin- tually complete in its listing of trade American book production. Price trends books. In a few instances prices are lack- in Mexico, except through the temporary ing, and in other instances it is not clear distortion introduced by the devaluation whether or not a particular publication of the peso in April, 1954, are probably is a reprint. All items in the Boletin for typical of the other Latin-American book 1950 and 1954 conforming to the criteria trades, with the possible exception of Ar- specified, including that of page length, gentina, thus making a price comparison were tabulated. between 1950 and 1954 prices significant The changes in price are set forth in from the standpoint of libraries in the terms of Mexican pesos, and also in terms United States. Although Mexico is a ma- of U. S. dollars, to ascertain the true jor Latin-American book producer, the price movement affecting libraries of the number of books published in 1950 and United States. The exchange rate used to 1954 was not prohibitively large in rela- express the U. S. dollar equivalent of the tion to the compilation time available. peso price was that of the Federal Reserve Book production for the two years Board2 which issues a yearly average of under study was broken down into nine the daily certified buying rates in New subject divisions: philosophy and reli- York. This yearly average for the Mexi- gion, fine arts, social sciences, literature, can peso in 1950 was $.11570; in 1954 the novels, natural sciences and technology, average for the year was $.09052, reflect- law, medicine, agriculture. Excluded ing the sharp devaluation of April 19, were such materials or forms of publica- 1954. This is a drop of about 22 per cent tion as translations, separates, textbooks, from the peso's 1950 level in terms of children's literature, reprints, almanacs, U. S. currency, a factor in itself tending Bibles, calendars, official government doc- to facilitate American library purchasing uments, maps, music scores, and serial of Mexican books. publications of societies. Books of one The results of the tabulation indicate hundred and more pages were included; that, despite the advantage for the Amer- ican library purchaser occasioned by the 1 "A Proposed Cost of Books Index and Cost of Peri- odicals Index," CRL, XVI (1955), 390-95. devaluation,3 the average Mexican book

2 Federal Reserve Bulletin, XXXVII (1951), 117; XLI (1955), 99. Mr. Kurth is assistant chief, Order Di- 3 A currency devaluation suggests prompt acquisitions to fill library needs, before the effect of devaluation vision, Library of Congress. wears off and prices resume their climb.

NOV EMBER, 1956 497 MEXICAN BOOK PRICES, 1950

Percent- Average Total Percentage Number age of Total Average Average Average Price Number of Total of Items Items Number Pages Total Price Total Price Price Price per Page Subject Division of Items Production Bound Bound of Pages per Book (Pesos) (Dollars) (Pesos) (Dollars) (Dollars)

Philosophy and Religion 19 8.2 4 21.0 6,753 355 212.00 24.52 11.15 1.29 .0036 Fine Arts 7 3.0 0 1,535 219 89.00 10.29 12.71 1.47 .0067 Social Sciences 62 27.0 9 14.5 19,677 317 871.25 100.80 14.05 1.62 .0051 Literature 76 33.1 11 14.4 21,166 279 952.50 110.20 12.53 1.45 .0052 Novels 43 18.7 4 9.3 10,439 243 276.50 31.99 6.43 .74 .0030 Natural Sciences 1 0.4 0 401 401 12.00 1.38 12.00 1.38 .0034 Law 10 4.3 1 10.0 2,796 280 93.00 10.76 9.30 1.07 .0038 Medicine 10 4.3 5 50.0 3,548 355 284.50 32.91 28.45 3.29 .0092 Agriculture 1 0.4 0 287 287 10.00 1.15 10.00 1.15 .0040 TOTALS 229 100.0 34 14.8 66,602 291 2,800.75 324.04 12.23 1.41 .0048

MEXICAN BOOK PRICES, 1954

Philosophy and Religion 24 6.5 8 33.3 6,563 273 281.00 25.43 11.708 1.05 .0038 Fine Arts 18 4.8 8 44.4 4,468 248 492.50 44.58 27.361 2.47 .0099 Social Sciences 78 21.1 18 23.0 28,230 361 2,949.00 266.94 37.807 3.42 .0094 Literature 126 34.2 33 26.1 35,470 281 2,333.40 211.21 18.51 1.67 .0059 Novels 57 15.4 20 35.0 16,720 293 546.80 49.49 9.59 .86 .0029 Natural Sciences 12 3.2 4 33.3 3,480 290 215.00 19.46 17.91 1.62 .0055 Law 34 9.2 9 26.4 11,872 349 799.00 72.32 23.50 2.12 .0060 Medicine 15 4.0 5 33.3 5,539 369 477.70 43.24 31.84 2.88 .0078 Agriculture 4 1.0 1 25.0 1,190 297 89.00 8.05 22.25 2.01 .0067 TOTALS 368 100.0 106 28.7 113,532 308 8,183.40 740.76 22.23 2.01 .0065 CHANGE IN MEXICAN BOOK PRICES, 1950-1954 cent in terms of U. S. dollars, cognizance (PER CENT) must be taken of the fact that the 1954 production embraces a substantially Subject Division In Pesos In Dollars greater portion of bound books. Where 14.8 per cent of the 1950 production rep- Philosophy and Religion 4.9 - 18.6 resented bound books, the percentage of Fine Arts 115.2 69.0 Social Sciences 169.0 111.1 bound books for the 1954 production has Literature 47.7 15.1 mounted to 28.7 per cent. Also the av- Novels 49.1 16.2 erage book in 1954 was a bit larger: 308 Natural Sciences 49.2 17.3 pages, versus 291 pages in 1950 (that is, Law 152.6 98.1 the average number of pages per book Medicine 11.9 - 12.4 Agriculture 122.5 74.7 for books themselves one hundred pages Aggregate of changes 81.7 42.5 and over. It will be noted that the average cost per page has increased by 35 per cent increased in price (i.e., in terms of its (from U. S. $.0048 to $.0068), whereas U. S. dollar price) by 42.5 per cent, from the average price per book has increased $1.41 to $2.01 (U. S.).4 The average by 42.5 per cent (the two averages can price of two subject divisions did decline, usually be expected to vary in the same however: philosophy and religion (by direction) . In this instance the difference 18.6 per cent) and medicine (by 12.4 per in percentages can be accounted for by cent). These were more than offset by a the fact that the 1954 book was larger, very heavy increase in the social sciences 308 pages as against the 291 pages of (111.1 per cent) and law (98.1 per cent) 1950. If we held the 1954 book constant to produce the increase of 42.5 per cent. at 291 pages (the same number of pages In terms of Mexican pesos, the in- as the 1950 book), then the average increase was even more substantial, the av- crease would also be 35 per cent. Using erage price per book increasing from the cost per page as a statistical measure- 12.23 to 22.23 pesos, an 81.7 per cent in- ment of the increase in prices would prob- crease for the Mexican purchaser. ably not be as satisfactory as using the Although the price rise was 42.5 per book price, since the primary objective is to measure the price of the product to 4 The $2.01 (U. S.) average price for the 1954 production compares with an average of $2.09 for 1954/55 the consumer. From the practical stand- Mexican book purchases of the University of Califor- point, the price per page would probably nia Library (covering most of the 1954 production); the analysis of the book purchases, and the averages, not normally be used by a library requir- were kindly furnished by Mrs. Dorothy B. Keller, head, Order Department, University of California Li- ing price and statistical information for brary. The index figures thus closely approximate the price actually paid. budgetary purposes.

NOV EMBER, 1956 499 Brief of Minutes

ACRL Membership Meeting ACRL Board of Directors Meeting in Miami Beach Meeting in Miami Beach June 20, 1956 June 18,1956 The ACRL Membership Meeting was held Present were officers, directors and guests. on Wednesday, June 20, 1956, at the Uni- President Vosper presided. versity of Miami in Coral Gables in the stu- Mr. Parker as treasurer reported briefly on dent cafeteria. The meeting followed the finances. Expenditures for the current year ACRL luncheon. were well within the budgeted amount. Mrs. Thelma V. Taylor of the Nominating Members present had before them a docu- Committee reported the election of the fol- ment which gave the 1955/56 budget, includ- lowing officers: Vice-President and President- ing estimated income and expenditure for Elect, Eileen Thornton; Director-at-Large, that year, and a tentative proposed budget Mrs. Mary Manning Cook; ACRL Represent- for 1956/57. This had been prepared by Mr. atives on ALA Council, H. S. Brubaker, Vosper, Mr. Parker, Mr. Weins and Mr. Natalie N. Nicholson, Helen Frances Pierce, Hamlin. and Elizabeth Opal Stone. (Unforeseen cir- In presenting the budget, Mr. Parker cumstances caused Miss Nicholson to resign noted that the reorganization of ALA made the position immediately following election. financial planning very difficult. He noted The Board filled this vacancy by appointing that the budget had no estimate of income Marietta Daniels for a one-year term.) from surveys and similar activities; some in- The following amendment to the ACRL come usually accrues from these sources. In Bylaws was presented by Mr. William Pullen, regard to salaries, it was noted that the new a member of the Committee on Constitution executive secretary would begin at the first and Bylaws, and was unanimously adopted: step of the grade. The travel budget was reduced because the new person probably All of Article IV, Section 2, will be replaced would prefer to do little traveling early in by the following paragraph: the budget year. COLLEGE AND RESEARCH Standing committees shall be established with LIBRARIES was being distributed to members clearly defined areas of responsibility and with during 1955/56 for a total cost of approxi- a specified number of members and specific mately $4,700 which was $1,200 less than an- terms of office. Committee memberships shall be staggered with regularity, in order to provide ticipated. The per member annual cost is continuity. The vice-president (president-elect) considerably less than $1. shall appoint committee members to fill the va- A small cash balance was anticipated from cancies due to occur during the term of his the Monographs for the current year. Mr. presidency; he shall also name the chairman of Smith noted that very little publishing had each committee. Special appointments to any been done but several numbers were about committee may be made by the president for to appear. The proceedings of the two 1955 one year only. The vice-president (president- ACRL buildings institutes had just been pub- elect) may waive his privilege of appointing the lished as No. 15; Charles Harvey Brown's chairman and request the committee to elect its own chairman. Scientific Serials (No. 16) was in page proof. This very important work was the first Mono- A rising vote of thanks was tendered to graph to be issued in letterpress. No. 17 was Mr. Hamlin, retiring executive secretary, and to be the papers presented at the November, a resolution of appreciation recorded in the 1955, Conference of Eastern College Librar- September issue of COLLEGE AND RESEARCH ians at Columbia University, and manuscript LIBRARIES, page 385, was unanimously was in the printer's hands. Nos. 18 and 19, adopted.—Arthur T. Hamlin, Executive Sec- both nearly ready for the printer, were retary. Spoken Poetry on Records and Tapes, an

500 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES index by Henry E. Hastings and Poole's In- shape financially. Mr. Weins noted that dex Date and Volume Key by Marion V. nearly all of the manufacturing cost of CRL Bell. Mr. Smith pointed out that the nearly was paid by advertising. This was not the 600 standing orders guaranteed a fairly large case with other journals. Advertising revenue initial sale for any title published. The main had increased 1000 per cent in seven years. problem was one of getting good manu- Issues are increased in size in proportion to scripts. All numbers are now in print. The advertising support. It was assumed that Monographs had not been advertised this CRL would never show a profit because in- past year because it had no new titles; the creased revenue was always used to increase new issues would be advertised. service. Mr. Weins noted that the ALA On question, Mr. Hamlin pointed out that Bulletin likewise increased pages for editorial the travel of ACRL officers and staff was al- matter in proportion to advertising revenue. most always charged to the travel item in the On query, Mr. Tauber stated that the $800 budget; ALA practice is to charge travel to allowed for his secretarial assistance was suf- the activity for which the traveling is done. ficient. He recommended that travel for the founda- From 1939 through 1955 CRL had been tion grants program be charged to that bud- printed by the Banta Publishing Company, get item. Several directors favored an in- which still handles the ALA Bulletin. With crease in the travel budget; it was agreed that the January, 1956, issue the printing contract this could be done later in the year. for CRL was placed with The Ovid Bell Press, Inc., of Fulton, Mo. The Bell service is good Voted: to approve the ACRL Budget for and their charges considerably lower, accord- 1956/57. ing to Mr. Hamlin. The change involved one problem. The former printer was higher in It was noted that the salaries of two head- most charges but low on reprints; the new quarters personnel are paid partly from the printer charged the full cost for reprints. budget of the Monographs, partly from that Therefore, the office had been paying part of of CRL, and partly from general funds. Mr. the bill for CRL authors who ordered re- Hamlin and Mr. Smith noted that the time prints of their articles. The Publications spent on various activities varied widely, but Committee was requested to recommend pol- the division of funds for these salaries seemed icy on charges for CRL reprints. (See action right for the present. The Monographs used reported for the June 21 meeting.) less time than represented by charges during the past year, but during the coming fall Voted: to approve the COLLEGE AND RE- would consume more time. SEARCH LIBRARIES Budget for 1956/57.

Voted: to approve the ACRL Monographs Note: The budgets for the Monographs Budget for 1956/57. and CRL are not printed here. They are incorporated in the monthly reports of the The budget for COLLEGE AND RESEARCH ALA Treasurer. LIBRARIES was discussed. Mr. Tauber stated Mr. Orr presented the problem of appoint- that costs increased each year and these in- ing all members of all ACRL committees creases required more revenue from adver- every year. Mr. Vosper agreed that this one tising. He was distressed that he did not have task entailed enormous labor. The subject more space for articles, as opposed to fea- had been discussed at the midwinter meeting. tures. CRL should have more advertising Following the recommendation of the Com- from publishers. mittee on Committees, the Committee on Reference was made to the opinion ex- Constitution and Bylaws had drafted a re- pressed on various occasions by ALA Presi- vision of the bylaws to allow committee ap- dent Ralph Shaw that the journals were run- pointments of several years' duration so that ning the divisions into bankruptcy. Mr. only a few members would complete their Vosper stated that the Board had made firm terms and be replaced each year. decisions regarding the importance of the publications program. Whatever the situa- Voted: to approve an amendment to the tion of other divisions, ACRL was in good ACRL Bylaws as follows: All of Article IV,

NOV EMBER, 1956 501 Section 2, will be replaced by the following consideration—to insert the word "general" paragraph: before the phrase "reference and research collections of significance." The statement Standing committees shall be established with would then read: clearly defined areas of responsibility and with a specified number of members and specific terms In the organization pattern of the American of office. Committee memberships shall be stag- Library Association, the Association of College gered with regularity, in order to provide con- and Reference Libraries wishes to represent those tinuity. The vice-president (president-elect) shall libraries which support formal education above appoint committee members to fill the vacancies the secondary school level or which provide gen- due to occur during the term of his presidency; eral reference and research collections of sig- he shall also name the chairman of each com- nificance. It desires to carry on a program of mittee. Special appointments to any committee activities to advance the standards of library may be made by the president for one year only. services, in the broadest sense, in these libraries, and the continued professional and scholarly Mr. Thompson sought opinion on the growth of those engaged in work therein. practice of election of the chairman by the committee members. He suggested that the The Committee suggested that this change bylaw provide that "the president of ACRL would prevent overlapping with the Special- may waive his privilege to the members of ized Libraries Division. Mr. Orne felt that the committee, who may elect the chairman." "general reference" would exclude such li- Mr. Thompson wished the statement to be braries as Linda Hall and Folger. Were these permissive, not mandatory. and similar institutions to be divorced from ACRL and assigned to the Division of Spe- Voted: to approve the following addition cialized Libraries? to the proposed amendment of Article IV, Voted: to reject the proposal of the ALA Section 2, of the ACRL Bylaws: Council Steering Committee on the Imple- The vice-president (president-elect) may waive mentation of the Management Survey to his privilege of appointing the chairman and add the adjective "general" prior to the request the committee to elect its own chairman. phrase "reference and research collections" Mr. Hamlin noted that this Board action in the ACRL statement of field of interest. on the amendment was for the guidance of Mr. Branscomb noted that he could not at- the membership only. The bylaws may be tend the Board meeting three days hence. As amended only by a membership vote at an- a director or member of Council he had at- nual conference or by mail. tended nearly all ACRL Board meetings dur- The results of the recent election were an- ing the past seven years, and he wished to nounced. Natalie N. Nicholson and Marietta express appreciation for the services of the Daniels had been bracketed as candidates for retiring executive secretary. After sundry ex- ACRL representative on ALA Council. Miss pressions of mutual esteem and good will by Nicholson had won in a close election but Board members and the secretary, the meet- had sent in her resignation before the votes ing was adjourned. had been tabulated. It was agreed that Miss Nicholson had been elected. Therefore, her Meeting in Miami Beach resignation was to be accepted. June 21,1956 This meeting was attended by committee Voted: to appoint Miss Marietta Daniels chairmen as well as the usual Board members to the position of ACRL representative on and guests. Mr. Vosper presided. ALA Council created by the resignation of Mr. Bentz reported that the Statistics Com- Miss Natalie N. Nicholson for one year mittee had decided to offer reprints of the only or until the next election. annual statistics at fifty cents each. He noted Mr. Vosper stated that the ACRL Field of minor changes in the questionnaire. The Interest Statement was largely acceptable to committee was commended by the president the Committee on the Implementation of for its accomplishments. the Management Survey, but one small The Publications Committee (Mr. Orne change had been recommended for Board reporting) wished to recommend a policy for

502 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES CRL reprint charges (see discussion at the arranged; sections of learned societies might June 18 meeting), which was endorsed in the consider library-oriented programs. The com- following action: mittee, therefore, concluded: 1. That there exists in the learned societies Voted: to approve the recommendation of great good will toward library groups and a the ACRL Committee on Publications that desire to maintain a close working relation- the full cost of any reprints should be as- ship with them. sessed against the purchaser; that is, a new 2. That there are from time to time specific scale of charges for reprints should be pre- projects in which close collaboration with li- pared and announced in terms which will brarians would be of mutual benefit. at the least represent the full charge of 3. That special committees of librarians or the printer for the materials ordered. standing committees dealing with specific activities might be an effective method of work- Mr. Orne reviewed the work of the Publi- ing on specific projects in collaboration with cations Committee in selecting four research the learned societies. projects for support with United States Steel 4. That the executive secretary of ACRL Foundation grants. The committee felt that might well make it his business to develop support of research should be continued. close and continuing personal relations with Since the editor of the ACRL Monographs the executive secretaries of the various had resigned earlier in the year, an acting learned societies. Persons in this position in editor had been appointed. The committee the various groups are in the best position to had discussed qualifications and recom- know of anticipated activities and to develop mended three people for the editorship; the the mechanics of whatever action seems in- editor is appointed by the ACRL President. dicated. (Note: The acting editor, Rolland E. Stevens, was one of the three recommended and has 5. That the limited investigation made by accepted the invitation of President Vosper this committee indicates that similar commit- to become Editor of the ACRL Monographs.) tees might with profit explore the relations of library groups with the scientific societies, Mr. Dix reviewed the assignment of the the professional organizations, and the educa- Committee on Relations with Learned So- tional associations. cieties. At its inception the committee had On the recommendation of the committee, ruled out of consideration societies in scien- it was tific fields, professional associations, and educational associations. It had concentrated on Voted: to approve discontinuance of the possible relationships with the societies which ACRL Committee on Relations with are in the American Council of Learned So- Learned Societies. cieties and the Social Science Research Coun- cil. These organizations had been very co- Mr. Hamlin then spoke from his experi- operative and appreciated the activities of ence of the need for closer relationship with librarians individually and collectively; it educational associations and certain profes- was doubted that many areas existed "in sional organizations. During the past few which formal joint activities would seem to months he had fruitful contact with the Na- be productive." Librarians are the custodians tional Association of College Stores, the of scholarly materials and scholars are ob- American College Public Relations Associa- viously interested in any efforts to improve tion, the American Council on Education, access to these materials. Subject specialists and the NEA's Association for Higher Edu- and librarians might collaborate to repro- cation. While much of this contact work duce more scarce material by microphotog- must fall on the executive secretary, a com- raphy. Bibliographic tools offered opportuni- mittee was needed to operate in this area. ty for joint work. ACRL might take leader- ALA leaders felt that the reorganization ship in preparing information on important would give ACRL a much better opportunity accessions by libraries in the publications to work with other associations. He suggested most used by scholars. Joint meetings of li- the creation of a committee with the follow- brary groups and learned societies might be ing purpose:

NOV EMBER, 1956 503 To maintain liaison with selected groups large corporations. Mr. Thompson suggested which have joint interests; to keep informed on that corporations of regional importance and cooperate with projects of mutual concern; should be contacted. He suggested Mr. Ham- as possible to provide information and advisory lin's experience and know-how might be services on librarianship at conferences, for pub- passed on to others via a round-table pro- lications, and by correspondence to officers; to exercise general leadership toward the 1947 goal cedure at some meeting. Mr. Hamlin hoped of development of relations with educational as- more librarians would present the ACRL sociations in the field of higher education. It is program to assist college libraries to acquain- understood that the committee will depend on tances in industry and to the larger corpora- and cooperate closely with the ACRL Executive tions in their regions. Secretary, who shall be an ex officio member. There had been no progress with the Col- lege Reading Proposal. Mr. Lyle said that the committee should Discussion then turned to the problem of be advisory to the headquarters office. It was selecting a new executive secretary and his Voted: to establish an Advisory Committee position in the reorganized American Library on Cooperation with Educational and Pro- Association. A committee chairmanned by fessional Organizations. Mr. Orr had been set up to select the new person. Their slate of perhaps four to six Mr. Watson reported that the Committee names would be considered by the Board and on Recruiting had been active in four areas: the final selection made by the committee articles on recruiting; cooperation with and Mr. Clift. Forty-five names had been con- Alpha Beta Alpha; assistance to the Joint sidered, and at that time about one-half had Committee on Library Work as a Career; been eliminated. There was much specula- and a pamphlet on library use for guidance tion and no definite information on the po- counselors, which was then being prepared. sition of the new divisional secretary under The pamphlet was to be short and attractive the ALA reorganization. Mr. Hamlin felt and might sell for twenty-five cents. He there was not much hope of raising the salary hoped that 50,000 copies could be printed. ($7,050). It was The Board was doubtful that several thousand dollars should be invested in this. Voted: to approve the resolution in con- Miss Herrick reported that the State Rep- nection with the appointment of a new ex- resentatives had been busy in their respective ecutive secretary, which reads as follows: localities. Katharine Stokes was responsible It is the sense of this Board that the Salary of for a new membership promotion flyer for the ACRL Executive Secretary must be substan- wide distribution. tially increased in order to secure the type of Mrs. Crosland, chairman of the Buildings individual necessary to conduct our business Committee, regretted that plans for an in- properly, and that this be done even if reclassi- stitute had collapsed. fication is necessary. The Committee on Rare Books was repre- The Board informally approved the fol- sented by Mr. Vosper, who reported their lowing letter, drafted by Mr. Orne, to the successful program earlier that day and some dean of the School of Library Service of progress on a manual on rare books for the Columbia University: college library. The Standards Committee was preparing Dear Dean Leigh: for publication the library standards of the In its recent annual meeting, the Board of regional associations and of professional as- Directors of the Association of College and Ref- sociations. Mr. Hamlin noted the important erence Libraries expressed its desire that I write you concerning your contribution to the strength work done by the Public Libraries Division of our Association. on standards and hoped ACRL would do the For a goodly number of years, the School of same in its field of responsibility. Library Service of Columbia University has made Mr. Hamlin outlined plans for distribution its initial and certainly most important contri- of grants to assist college libraries in the fall. bution to the success of our journal, College and He described his experience in seeking finan- Research Libraries, by making it possible for cial support for college libraries from the Dr. Maurice Tauber to continue to serve as

504 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Editor. As you surely know, we all believe that the Association be recorded formally and be it is only through the contributions of Dr. publicly acknowledged. The secretary is in- Tauber and other members of the School of Li- structed to transmit this action to Roger M. brary Service staff who have assisted him that Blough, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the journal has attained its status among our the United States Steel Foundation, and to professional journals. There is no really con- W. Homer Turner, Executive Director. crete way of representing the breadth and value of his personal contribution; we can only say This resolution was acknowledged later by that we are deeply grateful to him and to his Mr. Roger M. Blough, Chairman, Board of administration for making it possible. Directors, United States Steel Corporation, in It gives me great personal satisfaction to write a letter to Mr. Hamlin: you for our Association on this subject. I am sure that my own pride in our journal is a true On behalf of my fellow Trustees of United reflection of the feelings of our entire member- States Steel Foundation, and personally, I wish ship. Speaking for the membership and its Board to thank you and your Board of Directors for of Directors, it is with pleasure that I send you your very gracious resolution approving the co- our sincere appreciation of your continued in- operation extended by the Foundation to the terest and understanding. Association of College and Reference Libraries. Yours sincerely, I was especially interested in your statement /s/ Robert Vosper that our Foundation's action has stimulated par- President allel action and interest on the part of other donors to the end of meeting the growing needs The grant of $30,000 from the United of your member libraries. States Steel Foundation was recognized by the Mr. Turner has told me of your fine work in following resolution: launching this project on a sound and expanding basis. I wish you every success in your further The Board of Directors of the Association of endeavors. College and Reference Libraries gratefully rec- ognizes the many important and generous con- The Remington Rand grant of $5,000 was tributions of the United States Steel Foundation formally recognized as follows: to the improvement of higher education through better financial support of college libraries, par- The Board of Directors gratefully acknowl- ticularly: edges the generous grant of $5,000 for the purchase of equipment for college and university 1. Grants of $30,000 in 1955 and again in 1956 libraries from Remington Rand, a division of for the improvement of college and university the Sperry Rand Corporation. This grant will libraries. This support makes possible library materially assist a number of libraries in their tools and programs important to the educational services to higher education. It is also recog- process in scores of institutions. nized as a public expression of confidence in the 2. The availability of these grants has assisted Association's program for the support of college hundreds of librarians in the presentation of libraries. The executive secretary is instructed to their needs to faculties and college administra- transmit to Remington Rand this expression of tions, and has greatly increased institutional the Association's appreciation for this assistance understanding of the library's proper role in the to the college and university libraries of this educational process. country. 3. The Foundation has materially increased knowledge of library needs in foundation circles This was graciously acknowledged by Mr. and, therefore, stimulated grants from other Hal J. Syren, in charge of the corporation's sources. Library Bureau. 4. Through its wise and able executive di- On adjournment the Board expressed its rector, the Foundation has rendered valuable assistance to this Association in the formulation appreciation for the services of the retiring of its program for the national support of col- executive secretary with suitable noise and a lege libraries, and in its presentation of the rising vote of appreciation, for which he was, program to corporate foundations. and is, very grateful.—Arthur T. Hamlin, It is, therefore, our wish that the gratitude of Executive Secretary.

NOV EMBER, 1956 505 News from the Field

ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEASTERN lina, Tennessee, Virginia) which offer the RESEARCH LIBRARIES doctorate; but to these were added the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies Library, At Miami Beach on June 21, 1956, the As- the Southeastern Interlibrary Research Facili- sociation of Southeastern Research Libraries ty, and the Virginia State Library—a total of was organized and launched on a program 26 charter members. As other research collec- which may mark another important step in tions, for example, state or public libraries, the notable interlibrary cooperative activity attain importance, they will probably be in- characteristic of the Southeast for twenty vited to participate. The assumption is, as years and more. Recognizing the valuable in the case of ARL, that membership is insti- contributions of A. F. Kuhlman to research tutional and institutions will, as a rule, be librarianship, and his leadership in the South- represented by their chief librarian or direc- east, the group in Miami named him the first tor. It is not contemplated that the meetings chairman of ASERL. will be public or adorned by formal papers The purpose of the new association is to and speeches; but the proceedings of the improve the resources and services of research meetings will be summarized for the record, libraries in the southeast region of the and if judged by the group to be useful, cop- United States through cooperative effort. ies will be distributed to all members. Tenta- This was simply set forth at the time of or- tively, there will be five meetings each bien- ganization: "The directors of research librar- nium—at the winter and summer meetings of ies in the Southeast agree to meet occasion- ALA and at the biennial meeting of the ally for the purpose of discussing problems Southeastern Library Association (which common to their libraries." ASERL will, comes in the Fall of even-numbered years), therefore, not be an operational body, but where the ASERL Chairman will be elected. rather one concerned with informal and vol- It could be claimed that the formation of untary planning. It is frankly modeled on the the Association of Southeastern Research Li- Association of Research Libraries and, on a braries is a normal development in the his- regional level, hopes to achieve among re- tory of interlibrary association and coopera- search libraries in the Southeast (on a smaller tion of the South—highlighted by the found- scale, of course, and in time, perhaps, to avert ing of the Southeastern Library Association some of the problems which ARL might have in 1922; the establishment of bibliographical solved more readily had the members been centers in Chapel Hill, Nashville and Atlanta; in closer touch with one another before they the publication of Robert B. Downs' Re- attained leviathan proportions) the benefits sources of Southern Libraries (1938); and the which have accrued to the major research li- organization of the Southeastern Interlibrary braries of the United States through joint ef- Research Facility (SIRF) in 1955. However, fort. This regional association does not rep- the direct line of events which culminated in resent among libraries of the old Confederate the formation of ASERL at Miami Beach was States a bolt from the Union represented by set off by the specific and recorded suggestion ARL; quite the contrary, those ASERL mem- of Robert B. Downs at the SIRF Council bers who are also members of ARL should meeting at Georgia Tech on October 25, henceforth be able to bring before ARL a 1955. The minutes of that meeting contain much clearer understanding of the aspira- this brief statement: "Mr. Downs remarked on tions and problems of research libraries in the need for an association of Southern re- the Southeast. search libraries." SIRF had been wrestling Membership, as well as organization, will with the problem of preparing a union list of remain flexible. Membership at the time of serial holdings of southeastern libraries; and organization was largely confined to the li- Guy R. Lyle devised a plan for a Southeastern braries of universities in the Southeast (i.e., Supplement to the Union List of Serials and Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisi- its supplements, but the success of the plan ana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Caro- required the cooperation of southeastern li-

506 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES braries which were unwilling or unable at vate rare book collection on the history of the time to join SIRF. Combining the sugges- the art of gardening, has been given to the tions of Downs and Lyle, the Director of University of California Library, Berkeley, SIRF, Richard B. Harwell, arranged a meet- by Mrs. Beatrix Farrand of Santa Barbara. A ing between SIRF members and several li- world-famed landscape architect, she and the brarians of other southeastern research librar- late Dr. Max Farrand, former director of ies, held at the ALA Midwinter meeting in the Huntington Library and Art Gallery, Chicago on February 2, 1956. Then and there, San Marino, Calif., gathered the books over Benjamin E. Powell was asked to prepare for more than sixty years, giving special empha- an organization meeting of the Association of sis to the needs of scholar and teacher. Southeastern Research Libraries to be held at Two university libraries have received col- the Miami Beach meeting of ALA. This he lections of first editions, political tracts, and did with some assistance from a committee memorabilia of George Bernard Shaw: which he appointed to advise him—Harlan Kenneth Mackenna, executive story editor Brown, Jack Dalton and Andrew Horn. At of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures, has given Miami, even as it was being organized, the such a collection to the University of Cali- ASERL gave tacit endorsement to SIRF's ma- fornia Library at Los Angeles. Bernard Bur- jor project of a southeastern supplement to gunder of Wilkes-Barre, Pa., has given a the Union List of Serials; and there was, in similar collection to the Cornell University Miami, no indication that any major re- Library. search library of the Southeast would not co- Mrs. Mary Trent Semans has presented a operate with SIRF in the compilation of a distinguished collection of rare books and record of holdings of serials (published be- manuscripts on the history of medicine to the fore December 31, 1949) not shown in the Duke University Medical School. Assembled old Union List of Serials and its supplements. by her late husband, Dr. Josiah C. Trent, this ASERL members are also agreed to report is regarded as one of the most notable col- their holdings of new serial titles (published lections of its kind ever brought together in since December 31, 1949) to the Library of this country by a single person. It ranges from Congress in time for inclusion in the first classics like the famous Crummer first edition five-year cumulation of Nero Serial Titles.— of William Harvey's De Motu Cordis (1628) Andrew H. Horn, University of North Caro- to manuscripts by such great American physi- lina. cians as Benjamin Waterhouse and Walter Reed. Named the Josiah C. Trent Collection ACQUISITIONS, GIFTS, COLLECTIONS in the History of Medicine, it will be housed in a special eighteenth-century room (also a Bowdoin College Library has received a gift of the donor) in the Medical School Li- four-volume set of the elephant folio edition brary. of John James Audubon's The Birds of America. The donor is Roscoe H. Hupper The State University of Iowa Library has of New York City, Class of 1907 and member received as a gift an extensive group of ma- of the Board of Overseers. terials concerning the William H. Ireland The California State Library has given ap- Shakespeare forgeries. Collected over a life- proximately three thousand items to the time by the late Professor J. Hubert Scott of School of Librarianship, Univeristy of Cali- the English faculty, the collection offers great fornia, Berkeley. Included are extensive files research potential due to its comprehensive of annual reports, bulletins, catalogs, book nature. Numbering about 1,058 volumes, the lists, and handbooks of college, university and collection contains practically all writings public libraries, together with some publi- concerning the affair, as well as all publica- cations of early library schools. The collection tions of William Ireland. supports the school's doctoral program, in Northwestern Library's Elzevir collection addition to being a regional resource in the has been enlarged by some eighty volumes ob- field. tained from the University of Pennsylvania More than two thousand valuable books Library. Northwestern's holdings now total concerning landscape architecture and related more than two hundred volumes. The well- fields, including what may be the best pri- preserved copies present the characteristic El-

NOV EMBER, 1956 507 zevir appearance: a few quartos and folios, cussed "The Student and His Reading." Rob- but mainly pocket-size octavos, some slender, ert Vosper, director of the University of Kan- more of them squat, all minutely printed in sas Libraries, spoke on "The Place of the Li- Greek and Latin, adorned with varying print- brary in a Liberal Arts College." The library, ers' devices and an occasional engraved title designed by J. R. Bailey of Orange, Va., rep- page or frontispiece, usually bound in vellum. resents the first tangible success in the Greater The collection of Roxburghe Club Publi- DePauw Program, a continuing development cations at the Ohio State University Libraries campaign. has been substantially completed by the pur- A year-long, $400,000 renovation of the Asa chase of approximately eighty volumes. This Griggs Candler Library, Emory University, is collection now lacks only six of the publica- drawing to a close. Modernization of the tions. The Roxburghe Club was founded in thirty-year-old building includes: installation 1812, through the interest of Thomas Dibdin, of an elevator; 14,000 square feet of addition- on the occasion of the auction of the library al space allowing seats for another 200 read- of John, third Duke of Roxburghe. It is the ers and shelf space for 75,000 more books; oldest society of bibliophiles in existence. air-conditioning; improvements in the light- A rare old French manuscript was presenting and acoustics; and several new special- ed to the University of Oregon Library by purpose rooms. Made possible in part by a the Walter Woodard family of Cottage shift of the university administrative offices Grove, Ore. The manuscript is the "Geste de to a new building, this library project will ef- Montglane," an important item of the Wil- fect better sendee in terms of open stacks, liam Cycle of Old French epic poems. Dated proper housing for special collections, and about 1490, the manuscript comprises 229 more pleasant environment. vellum leaves, illuminated with colors and The new library of the University of Ha- gold. It is in excellent condition, all pages waii, named for Dr. Gregg M. Sinclair, uni- being unstained and completely legible. versity president from 1942-1955, was dedi- Chancellor Rufus B. Von KleinSmid has cated early this year. Built with 2214-foot given the Von KleinSmid Library of World modules, the new library has space for about Affairs at the University of Southern Califor- six hundred thousand volumes and eight nia a copy of the Latin translation of Colum- hundred readers, more than twice the ca- bus' letter to Gabriel Sanchez, treasurer of pacity of the old. Aragon, announcing his discovery of the New World. Regarded as a cornerstone for any PUBLICATIONS American history collection, the work has The Ford Foundation has appropriated $1,- been called "Americanum Number One." 735,000 to support and stimulate publication The Stanford University Libraries have ac- of scholarly books in the humanities and the quired about five thousand volumes, manu- social sciences during the next five years.. scripts, and personal papers of Bernard De About thirty college- or university-sponsored Voto. This significant collection of Americana non-profit publishing organizations are ex- will greatly enrich the university's growing pected to become eligible for the foundation's program in American studies. The manu- grants. The determination of eligible univer- scripts contain some work in progress, and sity presses and of the amount of each grant publication rights in this remain with Hough- will be made by the foundation with the as- ton Mifflin. sistance of an advisory committee composed of Chester Kerr, secretary, Yale University BUILDINGS Press; Taylor Cole, professor of political sci- Formal dedication of DePauw University's ence, Duke University; and Kerker Quinn, new million-dollar library took place on Oc- editor of Accent. At least 50 per cent of each tober 20. During a pre-dedication program, grant is to be earmarked for books written librarians from various parts of the country by scholars located outside the institutions joined with Indiana college officials and De- where eligible presses are located. Pauw students and faculty to evaluate the A secondary purpose of the foundation's place of the university library. Dr. Stanley program is to help relieve individual scholars Pargellis, head of the Newberry Library, dis- of the financial burden of having to under-

508 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES write publication of their works out of their Books That Have Changed the World, by personal funds. Robert B. Downs (American Library Asso- The May, 1956, issue of the Law Library ciation, 1956, 200p„ $2.25, cloth) has been Journal is devoted to the celebration of the enthusiastically reviewed in the library and fiftieth anniversary of the American Associa- literary press of the country. In his description of Law Libraries. This golden jubilee tions of sixteen examples in social science issue contains a history of the association, its and the sciences, Dr. Downs shows the "im- chapters, its publications, and its relations to mense power wielded by books." All librar- other professional associations, as well as lists ians should have a copy of this book, which of officers, meeting places, photographs, and is also available as a "Mentor Book" of the other information relating to the organiza- New American Library, in paper-bound form tion. for 35 cents. The unified Annual Report of the Libraries Management's Documation Preview has of the University of California, 1954-55, is- been announced for publication. Planned for sued by the library council and prepared by semimonthly issue, it will feature reproduc- its secretary, Dr. Lawrence C. Powell, and tion of contents pages of current periodicals Betty Rosenberg of the UCLA library staff, and books in business and management. For contains, in addition to the usual statistics, a further information and specimen copies statement on "the why and how of selecting write to Management's Documation Preview, and using books in the state-wide libraries." Woodbury, N.J. University librarians will be interested in The Library Journal for June 15 is devoted the discussion of the various forces that blend to the problem of recruiting in libraries. In in building collections on the eight campuses addition to a paper on "Improved Salesman- of the University of California. ship" by Kathleen Stebbins, there are papers A Glossary of Terms Used in Microrepro- dealing with methods of recruiting. duction, by Hendrix TenEyck, has been is- The Germanistic Society of America (423 sued by the National Microfilm Association West 117th St., New York 27) has issued Re- (Hingham, Mass., 1955, 88p.). Librarians cent Books on Modern Germany: List No. 1, should find this a useful source of informa- History and Politics (New York, 1956, 7p.). tion for terms and definitions in the rapidly The list is annotated. growing vocabulary of microreproduction. Included in the Faculty Research Edition Automation: Friend or Foe? by R. H. Mac- of the Savannah State College (Vol. 9, No. 2, millan (New York: Cambridge University October, 1955) is "A Study of the Community Press, 1956, 100p., $1.95) discusses the place Services of the Libraries in the State-Sup- of machines in modern life and touches on ported Negro Colleges and Universities Ap- the use of computing machines for informa- proved by the Southern Association of Col- tion processing. leges and Secondary Schools," by M. G. Har- Chapbook No. 2 of Beta Phi Mu is Fine rison, L. Hawkins, and A. M. Williams. Binding in America, by Elbert A. Thompson The Lost Cause Press, 2116 Confederate and Lawrence S. Thompson (Urbana, 111., Place, Louisville 8, Ky., is reproducing in 1956, 45p., illus., $2.50). Excellently designed microcard certain scholarly works and texts by Ralph E. Eckerstrom, this is a study of the in response to a request from the Committee Grolier Club bindery and the people who on Microreproduction of the South Atlantic gave it fame. Full documentation and exten- Modern Language Association. The first offer- sive quotations from original sources may be ing is Scheible's Das Kloster, published 1845- found in a longer version of this study issued 49. Full contents of Das Kloster are given on on microcards as The Club Bindery (Roch- the Library of Congress card for the set. The ester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, price is $115 postpaid. 1954; ACRL Microcard Series, No. 14). Results of a recent survey of the extension The Air University Periodical Index has activities of the Illinois State Library have issued a cumulative number, 1953-1955 (Vol. been published as Occasional Paper No. 46 6, No. 4). Librarians may obtain copies of the by the University of Illinois Library School. index by writing to the director, Air Univer- "Survey of Extension Activities of the Illinois sity Library, Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala. State Library, May 16-31, 1956," will be sent

NOVEMBER, 1956 509 without charge upon request to The Editor, of Education (1949-53), will head the Teach- Occasional Papers, University of Illinois Li- ers College institute. A period of five years brary School, Urbana, 111. will be devoted to the studies, involving field surveys, of problems arising from the expan- MISCELLANEOUS sion of higher education. A similar institute The ALA Library Periodicals Round Ta- will be set up at the University of California ble, sponsoring completion of a comprehen- with Carnegie funds. sive "Directory of Library Periodicals," re- A workshop on library education will be quests that editors of library periodicals send held at the School of Library Science, Drexel to John Harvey, State College Library, Pitts- Institute of Technology, Philadelphia, April burg, Kan., four items of information: spon- 28-30, 1957. soring organization, title, name of editor, and A $25,000 fund for the support and con- address. All library-sponsored periodicals are tinued development of Princeton Univer- included. sity's sixteen year old Graphic Arts Program, Three chapters were added to the roll of providing opportunities for extracurricular Alpha Beta Alpha during the spring semester, study in graphic arts and related fields, has 1956: Mu, at Illinois State Normal Univer- been established in the university library by sity; Nu, at Marshall College, Huntington, an alumnus whose life has been centered in W. Va.; and Xi, at Iowa State Teachers Col- printing and publishing. Carl W. Jones, class lege, Cedar Falls. This undergraduate library of 1911, formerly publisher of the Minneapo- science fraternity now has sixteen chapters lis Journal, has created the Elmer Adler and more than one thousand members. Graphic Arts Fund in honor of the curator The second chapter of Beta Phi Mu, na- emeritus of the Library's Graphic Arts Di- tional library science honorary fraternity, was vision. installed at the University of Southern Cali- The Library Mart, a selective collection of fornia early this year. Founded in 1948 at the equipment and supplies to be exhibited at University of Illinois to recognize high scho- major library conferences, is being launched lastic achievement, the fraternity has a total by Helen T. Geer as a service to librarians membership of over one thousand graduates and manufacturers. Its purpose is to give of more than 28 library schools. manufacturers—particularly the smaller ones Marquette University, Milwaukee, is the —an opportunity to exhibit at these confer- seventeenth institution to participate in the ences, and librarians an opportunity to see Midwest Inter-Library Center. William B. and compare their products. Miss Geer, an Ready, recently appointed librarian at Mar- authority on circulation systems whose inter- quette, will represent his institution on the est in and knowledge of equipment and sup- MILC Advisory Committee of Librarians. plies made her a valued source of informa- A grant of $375,000 from the Carnegie Cor- tion to the whole profession while she was li- poration is being used by Teachers College, brarian at ALA headquarters, also plans to Columbia University, to establish an institute offer her services as a consultant. The address for the study of higher education. Dr. Earl J. of The Library Mart is 227 Fairhope Avenue, McGrath, former United States Commissioner Fairhope, Ala.

510 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Duplicate Exchange Union of ACRL

About 120 libraries, mostly small colleges One advantage of the union aside from the belong to the ACRL Duplicate Exchange obtaining of backfiles and books is that li- Union. They find that they get much val- braries are making their duplicates available uable material just for the cost of transporta- where they will do the most good. There is tion. Each member is expected to send out a great difference between the price received at least two lists a year, a total of about 240 for duplicates and the price the library pays lists. for them. This union is one way to cut out Many libraries have found the union a the middleman with his high profit. wonderful way to save money on filling in gaps in their back files. Checking of the lists The present Chairman of the Duplicate can be a simple matter, as most libraries allow Exchange Union Committee, Charles Penrose, the requester to simply circle the items de- librarian of Clarkson College of Technology, sired. A few libraries want a written letter Potsdam, N.Y., will be glad to accept appli- request. When the receiving library has gotten cations for membership. A list of members is the material sent, they can simply cut out the distributed each November. The rules of pro- address on the package and return that with cedure as revised to January, 1954, are given the correct amount for postage. below.

DUPLICATES EXCHANGE UNION RULES OF PROCEDURE

1. All types of duplicate lists may be sent. It is incorporated in the next annual listing in No- requested that periodicals, books, documents, etc., vember, and will not become effective until that be listed separately, and that periodicals be listed time. by volume, number, and specific dates. Common 8. Notes on transportation costs: weeklies (e.g. Life, Time, Saturday Evening Post) a. First class mail is prohibitive. may be included. b. Parcel post is usually cheaper than ex- 2. Exchange lists should be restricted to com- press for small packages. If package con- pletely free items, and exchanges should not be sists entirely of periodicals bearing the confined to a "piece for piece" basis. "entered as second class matter" state- 3. Exchange lists should be sent simultaneously ment, second class mail may be cheaper to all members and requests should be filled in than parcel post. order of receipt. Some exceptions might be made c. Express may be cheaper than parcel post where one library owes another a great deal, or on larger packages. Mark express pack- when one library especially needs certain issues ages of "second class matter" periodicals: to complete a set. "Magazine rate." 4. All members should make an attempt to send d. Freight is cheapest, and should be used out at least two duplicate lists per year. on large shipments. 5. Each member may send out want lists. e. In general, follow the shipping instruc- 6. Revised lists of members will be sent out tions of the receiving library, when given. annually. 9. When refunding postage, libraries may save 7. Libraries wishing to join or discontinue time by clipping the address label from the pack- membership in the union should notify the age and returning it with the postage, rather Chairman of the Committee. The changes will be than writing a letter of acknowledgment.

NOVEMBER, 1956 511 Personnel

JOSEPH S. KOMIDAR is now librarian of istrative Intern Program. He was promoted Tufts University, Medford, Mass. As univer- from senior music cataloguer to assistant chief sity librarian he administers Eaton Memorial of the Catalog Maintenance Division in 1950, Library, the central and from 1951 to 1953 he served as chief of collection, as well as the latter division. He has been chief of the departmental librar- Serial Record Division since April, 1953. ies and special col- The position to which Mr. Spalding is now lections. He succeed- appointed has been covered in the recent past ed Raymond L. Wak- by Richard S. Angell, who served as acting ley who retired after chief of the Descriptive Cataloging Division 28 years of service to in addition to his duties as chief of the Sub- Tufts. ject Cataloging Division. Mr. Angell is now Mr. Komidar did taking leave from the Subject Cataloging Di- his undergraduate vision until June 30, 1957, to pursue ad- work at the Univer- vanced studies in cataloging under a Rocke- sity of Minnesota feller Public Service Award; during his ab- (B.S. in L.S., 19S8; JOSEPH S. KOMIDAR sence, Leo E. LaMontagne, assistant chief of B.A., 1941), later the Subject Cataloging Division, will serve as earning two degrees at the University of Chi- acting chief of that division. cago (M.A., Education; M.A., Library Sci- ence). Before serving in the U.S. Army Air LELAND S. DUTTON is acting director of the Force, he held reference posts at the Univer- Miami University Library, Oxford, Ohio. He sity of Minnesota and Carleton College, received his undergraduate education at Mi- Northfield, Minn. ami University and his professional degree at In 1948 he became reference librarian at Columbia (1932). From 1931-34 he was on Northwestern University and in 1951 chief of the staff of the Genealogy and Local History reference and special services, holding that Division, New York Public Library. He re- position until he left for Tufts. He was act- turned to Miami University in 1934 as chief ing assistant librarian at Northwestern from of the circulation department, later being December, 1955, to March, 1956. During the promoted to chief reference librarian which summer of 1955 he taught at the University he remained until his present appointment. of Denver School of Librarianship. In 1955 he was made associate professor of library science. C. SUMNER SPALDING, now chief of the Se- Lee Dutton is a past president of the Ohio rial Record Division in the Library of Con- Library Association, a contributor to profes- gress, has been appointed chief of the De- sional journals, a participant in local radio scriptive Cataloging Division. Mr. Spalding has been on the Library staff since 1940, except for a five-year period in military service during World War II. He received his B.A. and M.A. degrees from Harvard in 1933 and 1934, respectively, and received a B.S. degree in library science from Columbia University in 1940. That year he became an assistant in the Library's Music Division; on his return from military service in March, 1946, he joined the Descriptive Cataloging Division, where he held progressively more responsible cataloging positions. In 1949 he completed a Edgar W. King, who has retired as director of five-month course in administrative training libraries of Aliami University, Oxford, Ohio, under the Civil Service Commission's Admin- with Leland S. Dutton, new acting director.

512 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES programs, an active member of the college journals dealing with American history and and university section of the Ohio Library art. Association and of the library section, Ohio College Association. ROBERT D. HARVEY is the chief of reference Lee has a wide circle of friends among li- and special services at Northwestern Univer- brarians and Miami alumni who, over the sity. Mr. Harvey was assistant director in years, have grown to respect and admire his charge of public services for the University of knowledge of his library's resources. Count- Vermont Library. His bachelor's degree was less students and faculty members have earned at Wesleyan College and his master's turned to him for unfailing assistance. The degree in library service at Columbia Uni- present writer shares the happiness that this versity. In his new post Mr. Harvey will co- new opportunity brings to him.—J. H. Shera. ordinate the library's principal departments in the broad fields of the humanities and so- CHARLES COLEMAN SELLERS is the librarian cial sciences. of Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. He has been curator of the college collection of his- SIMEON J. BOLAN, formerly Russian Bibli- torical books and manuscripts since 1949. He ographer and consultant in Slavic acquisi- is a 1925 graduate of Haverford College and tions at Columbia University, has organized holds a master's degree in history from Har- the Slavia Book Company, 115 University vard. Author of a biography of Charles Will- Place, New York 3, N. Y. His service includes son Peale, he has written biographies of ordering old and new Russian and other Benedict Arnold, Lorenzo Dow and Theophi- Slavic materials from abroad; catalog entries lus Gates. He is a frequent contributor to are to be furnished with titles ordered.

Appointments

DONALD V. BLACK is physics librarian, Uni- MRS. HELEN HARRISON is librarian of Mary versity of California, Los Angeles. Baldwin College, Staunton, Va. ROBERT E. BURTON is librarian for the SCOTT KENNEDY is librarian of Phillips Pe- Linde Air Products Co., Tonawanda, N.Y. troleum Co. at the AEC Reactor Testing Cen- MRS. MARY DUNCAN CARTER is visiting pro- ter, Idaho Falls. fessor of library science, University of Michi- PEGGY KLINE is catalog librarian, Emory gan. University. DAVID V. ERDMAN is editor of the New MAURICE LEON is associate librarian and in- York Public Library publications. structor in legal bibliography at the Univer- ETHEL M. FAIR is acting librarian at Vassar sity of Wisconsin Law College. College. W. KENNETH LOWRY is manager of technical WILLIAM FITZGERALD, director of the library information libraries at Bell Telephone Lab- school, George Peabody College for Teachers, oratories. is on a two-year leave-of-absence to serve as li- MARVIN LOWENTHAL is director of special brarian of the International Cooperation Ad- services, Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass. ministration in Taipei, Formosa. DAVID K. MAXFIELD, former librarian of HERBERT FOCKLER is assistant chief, Govern- the Chicago Undergraduate Division, Univer- ment Publications Section, Serials Division, sity of Illinois, is assistant to the director of Library of Congress. the University of Michigan Library. HAROLD D. GORDON is administrative assist- WILHELM MOLL is first assistant documents ant, Cornell University Library, assigned to librarian, Indiana University. work on the library's building program. He RUTH HUNT MORRIS is acquisitions librar- was formerly assistant reference librarian, ian, Johns Hopkins University. University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. VIVIAN C. PRINCE, head of technical proc- FRANCES L. GOUDY is reference librarian, esses, University of Florida Library, has been Ohio Historical Society. She was with the awarded a Fulbright lectureship at the Uni- Grosvenor Library, Buffalo, N.Y. versity of Dacca, East Pakistan, for 1956-57.

NOVEMBER, 1956 513 RICHARD C. QUICK is assistant to the librar- RICHARD JOHNSON, assistant chief, circulation ian, University of Delaware. department; MARJORIE KARLSON, chief, ref- ROBERT S. TAYLOR, assistant librarian of erence department; JOHN MCDONALD, assist- Lehigh University, has received a Fulbright ant to the director; MARGERY MEYER, assistant lectureship in library science at Delft Tech- serials librarian; and MARY ELIZABETH WADE, nological University for 1956-57. reference assistant. EVERETT M. WALLACE is assistant engineering librarian, University of California, Los MRS. SHIRLEY WAYMAN is chief circulation Angeles. librarian, Emory University. Washington University Libraries, St. Louis, L. KENNETH WILSON is geology librarian Mo., announce these appointments: JOHN and departmental library coordinator, Uni- DUSTIN, assistant chief, reference department; versity of California, Los Angeles.

Retirements

On August 1, 1956, EDGAR WELD KING re- Moines, Iowa, where she had served since tired as director of libraries, Miami Univer- 1927. sity, Oxford, Ohio, after holding this position ARTHUR H. COLE retired as Harvard Uni- for 34 years; but his friends are confident that versity Business School librarian and profes- he is not retiring from the profession. sor of economics. When he went to Miami University in the RUBY ETHEL CUNDIFF, professor of library fall of 1922, he found a heterogeneous col- science at Madison College, Harrisburg, Va., lection of some fifty thousand volumes. He since 1948, retired after 46 years as librarian left it with over three hundred thousand and teacher. She was formerly on the library volumes admirably and painstakingly select- school faculties of George Peabody College ed. He developed one of the finest collections and Syracuse University. Her Manual of of Ohio Valley history available in the region, Techniques and lists of recommended refer- the definitive collection of McGuffey readers ence books have been widely used in elemen- and one of the finest collections of early chil- tary and high school libraries. dren's books in the nation. ORRENA LOUISE EVANS retired from the li- Few librarians know their bibliographic brarianship of the U.S. Bureau of Roads. She resources as thoroughly as Ned King and this developed a classification for highway engi- writer has never met one more competent in neering literature and served as first editor of reference work. During a period of his service Public Affairs Information Service. at the New York Public Library, Isadore Gil- JULIAN S. FOWLER is retiring as librarian of bert Mudge referred to him as "a library ghost Oberlin College, a post he had held for 28 [because he] haunted the stacks until he years. Early in his career he was librarian of found the answer." Certainly he knew no the University of Cincinnati. eight-hour days nor forty-hour week and the EDWARD A. HENRY, librarian emeritus of writings of countless Miami students and the University of Cincinnati, has retired after faculty were enriched by his services. five years service with the Joint University Ned King should not be permitted to with- Library, Nashville, Tenn., and the Peabody draw into retirement. The profession has a Library School. However, he will serve in the right to share in the harvest of his years of catalog department of the University of Mi- service. We know of at least one library school ami (Fla.) until February 1957. that badly needs the insight, knowledge and HERMAN RALPH MEAD, bibliographer, re- wisdom with which he is so richly endowed. tired after forty years service at the Henry E. We wish for a younger generation some inti- Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif. mation of the experience we have had the MAY MORRIS, librarian of Dickinson Col- good fortune to enjoy.—J. H. Shera. lege, Carlisle, Pa., retired with the rank of professor emerita of library science. MRS. FRANCES CARHART retired as head of MARGUERITE E. PUTNAM retired after 35 technical services, Drake University, Des years as chief acquisitions librarian at the

514 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES University of Washington. She was largely in- Association and the ALA. strumental in establishing and supervising GERTRUDE M. SULLIVAN retired after 43 the acquisitions procedures that have raised years in the Harvard College Library. During the University of Washington Library to its recent years she headed the order and ac- present rank. Miss Putnam was active in com- counting section of the acquisition depart- mittee work for the Pacific Northwest Library ment.

Necrology

CHARLES WESLEY SMITH, whose death was chased more than nine thousand new books noted in the September issue, had been asso- and over ten thousand pamphlets. He estab- ciated with the University of Washington lished fine personal relations with European since 1905. When he dealers which even today pay rich dividends retired in 1947, after to the university. 42 years of active Mr. Smith was never one to be contented service, the Board of with merely administering the rapidly grow- Regents appointed ing university library. At heart he was first him professor and li- and foremost a bibliographer par excellence. brarian emeritus and In 1909 he published a checklist of Pacific- bibliographic con- Northwest Americana. This proved so valu- sultant. He fulfilled able to bookmen that, in 1921, he was encour- his duties as bibli- aged to bring out a more extensive edition. ographic consultant The new edition listed material on the his- almost up to the tory of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Mon- time of his death. tana, British Columbia, Alaska, and the CHARLES W. SMITH Born in Elizabeth Yukon. The work attracted wide attention, City, N. C., on June and became an indispensable guide to the 20, 1877, and reared east of the Mississippi, literature of the region. Mr. Smith devoted his entire professional life Besides Pacific Northwest Americana, Mr. to the Pacific Northwest. He came to the Uni- Smith was author or compiler of many impor- versity of Washington Library in 1905 imme- tant bibliographical works and contributions diately after graduation from the University to professional journals. He served as busi- of Illinois Library School. He served as assist- ness manager of the Pacific Northwest Quar- ant librarian from 1905 to 1913; associate terly from 1913 to 1935. librarian from 1913 to 1929; and as chief Within the library profession Mr. Smith librarian from 1929 to 1947. will long be remembered as one of the leading When he joined the University of Wash- librarians of the country. He was early elect- ington Library staff, Mr. Smith found a small ed a fellow in the American Library Institute. collection of twenty thousand volumes He was an active member of the American housed in the' loft of an old building. At the Library Association, the Pacific Northwest time of his retirement the magnificent Henry Library Association, in which he served as Suzzallo Library Building contained more president from 1919 to 1920, the Bibliograph- than six hundred thousand volumes. The un- ical Society of America, and the American usual ornamentation of the glass in the great Historical Association. He was known to hun- windows of the reference room is a reminder dreds of graduates of the University of Wash- of Mr. Smith's keen interest in the book arts. ington School of Librarianship for his fine He recommended to the architects that early courses in bibliography and reference. He was watermarks be used as designs, and his felici- admitted to the faculty in 1913, and in 1926 tous suggestion was admirably carried out. he was promoted to the rank of full professor. In 1923 Mr. Smith was commissioned by Partly because of his extensive biblio- the university to visit various European coun- graphic work, Mr. Smith early sensed the im- tries in search of important sets of periodicals portance of library cooperation and collabo- and publications of learned societies. He pur- ration. He served as chairman of the Bibliog-

NOVEMBER, 1956 515 raphy Committee of the Pacific Northwest Northwest Bibliographic Center stands as an Library Association from its establishment enduring monument to his genius and the in 1917 until the time of his retirement. Rec- crowning achievement of his work on behalf ognizing the need for better research tools, of librarianship in the Pacific Northwest.— he rallied fellow librarians to organize a Harry C. Bauer.

bibliographic center for the Pacific North- MRS. ELEANOR A. BANCROFT, assistant to the west. In 1940 his persistent efforts culminated director of the Bancroft Library, University in signal success with the granting by the Car- of California at Berkeley, died August 28, negie Corporation of $35,000 for the estab- 1956, after a long illness. She was associated lishment of the center. Today, the Pacific with the library for more than 35 years.

Foreign Libraries

ARUNDELL ESDAILE, formerly secretary of Zentralblatt fur Bibliothekswesen. His suc- the British Museum Library, died June 22, cessor is WERNER DUBE. 1956, at the age of seventy-six. EFRAIN ROJAS ROJAS is director of the Bib- ALICIA PERALES OJEDA is professor of or- lioteca Central de la Universidad de Costa ganization and administration of libraries for Rica in San Jose. the new graduate library school, Universidad LAURI O. TH. TUDEER, librarian of the Uni- Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. versity of Helsingfors from 1933 to 1954, died JORIS VORSTIUS retired as editor-in-chief of last year.

Harwell to Be ACRL Executive Secretary

Richard B. Harwell has accepted an appointment as ACRL Ex- ecutive Secretary. He is now head of the Publications Division of the Virginia State Library and will take over his new duties on March 1, 1957. He will also be at ALA headquarters for a short time before and during the Midwinter conference. A biographical sketch of Mr. Harwell appeared on page 179 of the March issue of CRL and his article on the Southeastern Inter- library Research Facility, of which he was the first director, appeared in the last issue. Until Mr. Harwell's arrival, Samray Smith, ACRL publications officer, is serving as interim executive secretary.

516 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Review Articles

the effect of language facility on use made Scientific Serials of serials. Scientific Serials: Characteristics and Lists of The method of reference counting unfor- tunately does not provide a true measure of Most Cited Publications in Mathematics, the relative value of periodicals. A journal Physics, Chemistry, Geology, Physiology, with half the number of contributions of a Botany, Zoology, and Entomology. By larger journal will have half as many cita- Charles Harvey Brown, with a section by tions recorded in a reference count if the in- Roger V. Krumm. Chicago: Association of dividual contributions to the two journals College and Reference Libraries, 1956. are of equal value, and will thus appear far 189p. (ACRL Monograph No. 16.) $4.25. down in the list of serials. Similarly, the method emphasizes the serials which have Charles Harvey Brown, a senior statesman been in existence the longest. While the sub- in American librarianship, is also, through jects are broken down by date of publica- years of active work with scientists and sci- tion in these studies, the lists of most cited entific literature, the dean of American sci- serials are not, thus making them of little ence librarians. In this volume he has made value for the selection of current titles. an outstanding contribution to our knowl- Brown points out that these are not lists of edge of the use of scientific serials. Included the most used periodicals, but of the most are not only the results of his recent studies cited periodicals. There is no way of de- of the eight fields listed in the title, but also termining whether a journal is used but not the first published report of similar studies cited, even though it may have been just as which he made for the Association of Re- necessary to the scientist as those cited. This search Libraries from 1942 to 1944. In addi- can be illustrated by noting that in reporting tion, Brown compares these results with oth- research in most fields, pertinent articles on er studies and thus brings together in one method are almost always cited, while those volume a considerable amount of data for- on other aspects, possibly more important to merly scattered through scientific and library the research worker, are often not cited. This literature. fact became obvious to this writer when, in Counting the citations or references made attempting to show the validity of a refer- by authors of research papers published in a ence count of metallurgical literature, he group of representative journals and compil- asked one hundred research metallurgists to ing them to show which publications are re- indicate the twenty-five journals from a list ferred to most often, has become an accepted of one hundred most cited which they con- method of determining the source materials sidered of greatest value in their research used by research workers in specific fields. work. In the reference count the journals of Brown and others have pointed out its limita- analytical chemistry appeared high on the tions, but it remains the only practical meth- list, while in the opinions of the metallurgists od of estimating relative use of scientific they were relatively low. Quite likely their serials. actual value for metallurgical research was Publication of a composite list of this mag- somewhere between. On the other hand, sev- nitude creates the danger that in spite of the eral metallurgical journals, small in size with warnings of the author, the list will be used few original contributions to be cited, ap- indiscriminately as a gauge against which pear low in the reference count but were library collections will be measured and to- high in the estimation of the specialists in ward which libraries will attempt to build. the field. The author carefully points out that each A list of the journals most frequently ab- institution will have special needs, based on stracted in Chemical Abstracts, prepared by the subfields emphasized and on the research R. V. Krumm, is included in this work. For interests and specialties of individual re- journals which are primarily chemistry, such search workers. He also takes into account a list is nothing more than a tabulation of

NOV EMBER, 1956 517 the number of articles published in each results of this study in terms of practical ad- journal for the period covered. Brown cor- vice for those who are called on to supply re- rectly points out that such a list is not neces- search scientists with basic literature sources. sarily related to the value of the contribu- This volume is the first clothbound book tions in those journals or to their usefulness in the Association of College and Reference to the scientist, but that there is a relation Libraries monograph series. The ACRL has between the periodicals with the most arti- done well to put it into this form, and it is cles abstracted and the periodicals most like- to be hoped that future substantial contribu- ly to be requested by the user who works tions can be given similar treatment.—Melvin through the abstracts. J. Voigt, University of California Library Brown emphasizes the value of these lists (Berkeley ). for programs of cooperative acquisition and storage, and indeed they may have their greatest value for these purposes. The lists Boston Public Library might well be studied by groups of libraries Boston Public Library: A Centennial His- in close geographical proximity to help eval- tory. By Walter Muir Whitehill, Cam- uate and to improve the adequacy of their bridge: Harvard University Press, 1956. composite collections. The author refers to 274p. $4.75. the project of the Midwest Inter-Library Cen- ter, in which MILC will attempt to obtain Institutions are necessarily what the ideals all of the periodicals abstracted by Chemical and acts of individuals make them; but not Abstracts which are not held by member li- all institutions are fortunate enough to have braries. MILC is working out a similar pro- a historian whose literary talent and lively gram for the biological sciences. The lists in interest in people are equal to the task of this volume are not complete enough for a demonstrating the fact. The Boston Public large regional undertaking like MILC, which Library, the first of the great American pub- should be securing, not titles frequently cited, lic libraries, has found such a historian in but rather those rarely cited. Dr. Walter Muir Whitehill, the capable di- The author has compiled a useful consoli- rector of another distinguished library, the dated list of all of the journals cited in the Boston Athenaeum. From the earliest page, eight fields. Almost 20 per cent of the jour- wherein he relates his own initial acquaint- nals listed by Brown appear on more than ance with the library, to the final paragraphs one list. Librarians need to consider the of commendation of the current mayor for his over-all values of periodical titles when de- support of the library's program, the volume ciding whether or not to purchase them. Of abounds in human interest as the story of value to institutions building up back files men's attempts, some wise, some foolish, some are the summaries on comparative impor- brave, some timid, to create a collection of tance of earlier and more recent publications books with the essential services to the public in each field. The university librarian plan- that, as George Ticknor, one of the library's ning branch libraries for the sciences can founders, wrote in 1851, would "carry the profit by data which show, for example, that taste for reading as deep as possible in so- approximately 12 per cent of the references ciety." in mathematics or in chemistry are to jour- The vagaries of fate are apparent in both nals prior to 1924, while only 2.y2 per cent the first and the latest of the great benefac- of physics references go back of 1924. tions: the first when Joshua Bates, the Lon- This volume is considerably more than a don banker, recalling his own experience as a report on reference counts. Methods used by poor boy in Boston, responded from across libraries* for the selection of serials are sum- the sea with a promise of fifty thousand dol- marized and evaluated. In this chapter and lars when Ticknor sent out his noble printed in another on the acquisition, storage, and proposal for a public library open to all; and discarding of scientific serials, the author has the latest, when the library received in trust called on his years of experience in develop- the million dollar gift of John Deferrari, ing one of the country's best scientific collec- whose amazing career from fruit peddler to tions at Iowa State College to interpret the millionaire was guided, unknown to the li-

518 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES brarians, by its books on real estate and busi- Allied Sciences. 2d ed., rev. and enl. Janet ness. Doe, Mary Louise Marshall, editors. Chi- The reader has ample material here upon cago: American Library Association, 1956. which to reflect on the need for a scholarly 601 p. $10. and farsighted acquisitiveness in librarians, coupled with solid and sensible accomplish- When the first edition of this Handbook ments in administration. The Boston Public appeared in 1943 it was described as "a man- Library has fortunately had some librarians ual of procedure and a reservoir of useful distinguished for both: the names of Charles data." Emphasis was placed on the latter Coffin Jewett, Justin Winsor, and Herbert aspect, with happy results; and happily this Putnam are writ large in library history. revised and enlarged second edition has Trustees and librarians alike may profit from continued this emphasis. A very wide range the story told in detail of the construction, of information is included: organization without regard to function, of the great ar- charts; salary scales; factors for calculation chitectural monument that is the present li- of stack capacities; names and addresses of brary in Copley Square, and the more sig- book and periodical dealers; directions for nificant story of attempts to rebuild the in- using mending glues; samples of various terior into the useful and complicated service classification schemes now prevalent; lists areas demanded in a modern public library. of subject heading aids; manufacturers of Anyone who has watched the ingenious map cases, display equipment, and micro- changes taking place under the present cap- film reading machines; checklists for a pub- able director, Milton E. Lord, will better ap- lic relations program; and data on medical preciate the extraordinary complexity of the library resources, medical library education, problems created by the necessity of defrost- and the Medical Library Association. There ing architectural icebergs. Branch libraries, is something here for everyone. All of it bookmobiles, the dual emphasis upon re- will be of daily usefulness to the younger search facilities and services to the reading librarian, and to the librarian of the "one- needs of the general public have their proper man" library, while even the most sophisti- parts, as has, too, quite fortunately, the dis- cated and experienced librarian must find pute over Macmonnies' sculpture "Bachante." in it an invaluable source of occasional If the reader does not turn from the few help. pages about the "Naked Drunken Woman" The last half of the book deals with ref- in this book to the author's longer account in erence and bibliographic service applicable the New England Quarterly for December, to clinical medicine and medical research, 1954, he will have missed one of the best and to a discussion of rare books and the stories in library history. history of medicine, both sections being In a note Mr. Whitehill commends David capped with a really magnificent annotated McCord's centennial pamphlet as "full of in- "Bibliography of the Reference Works and formation and free from the pompous solem- Histories in Medicine and the Allied Sci- nity that affects many commemorative publi- ences" numbering almost 2,000 entries. This cations of institutions." One can do no better bibliography was the outstanding feature of than use the same words to describe Mr. the first edition. It is here revised, aug- Whitehill's own book. To this should be mented (the number of entries has added a tribute to Rudolph Ruzicka, whose doubled), and rearranged. Formerly the bibliography was arranged primarily by form fine illustrations and expertness in book de- of publication; in the second edition it is sign give the volume a deserved distinction. arranged basically by subject, and only sec- —Robert E. Moody, Boston University Li- ondarily by form. Finally, this book has braries. what might be called an indexer's index, the kind which every librarian admires but Medical Library Practice finds all too infrequently. Handbook of Medical Library Practice, This edition appears as its co-editor, Janet with a Bibliography of the Reference Doe, who edited the first edition, retires fol- Works and Histories in Medicine and the lowing a distinguished career at the New

NOVEMBER, 1956 519 York Academy of Medicine Library. It is a Medical Library Classification, and card monument to her wisdom, her enthusiasm, number. her organizational skill, and her unflagging The 1950 and 1951 volumes included only zeal for the improvement of medical li- medical titles; all succeeding volumes have brarianship. To Miss Doe, to her co-editor, included material of medical interest. This Mary Louise Marshall, and to their talented edition not only contains current material, collaborators, all medical librarians are in- but lists under Part I, Authors, material pub- debted. This edition is a considerable im- lished before 1801 and American titles provement over its predecessor, and that is through 1820. Additional titles published high praise indeed.—Lt. Col. Frank B. during this period will be listed in future Rogers, Armed Forces Medical Library. issues of the catalog. Part Two, Subjects, is limited by the library's policy of assigning subject headings Medical Catalog only to titles published since 1925, with the following exceptions: (1) important refer- Armed Forces Medical Library Catalog; a ence and historical materials; (2) biographies Cumulative List of Works Represented by and bibliographies; (3) periodicals; (4) con- Armed Forces Medical Library Cards, 1950- gresses; (5) statistical documents; (6) works 1954. Ann Arbor: J. W. Edwards, 1955. about institutions, such as hospitals, clinics, Authors: v. 1-3; subjects: v. 4-6. $64 a set. etc. In 1946 the Armed Forces Medical Library Altogether about 75,000 titles are listed. established a new cataloging program, and in Because the Armed Forces Medical Library order to make its cataloging records readily has an acquisition policy which is interna- available to as many libraries and individuals tional in scope and nearly complete in cov- as possible it was decided to publish the erage, this catalog becomes an indispensable cards in a variety of ways. To quote M. Ruth bibliographical tool for the world's medical MacDonald, Assistant Librarian for Catalog- literature published in book or pamphlet ing at the Armed Forces Medical Library: form. It is essential for active reference and research libraries; all libraries serving medi- From October 1946-March 1948, the cards cine and the allied sciences will find it neces- were published by the Library of Congress in a sary in the performance of their readers serv- medical series (MED) and reproduced in A ices and technical services.—G. /. Clausman, Catalog of Books Represented by Library of New York University—Bellevue Medical Cen- Congress Printed Cards, Supplement 1942-1947, and in the LC Cumulative Catalog, 1948. From ter Library. April 1948 to December 1949, the cards were mimeographed and retyped copies were published under the titles Army Medical Library No Ordinary Year Catalog Cards (April-December 1948) and the Army Medical Library Author Catalog 1949. The Annual Report of the Librarian of Congress former was issued as a supplement to the Cumu- for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1954. lative Catalog of Library of Congress Printed Washington, D.C.: The Library of Con- Cards and the latter as a supplement to the LC gress, U.S. Government Printing Office, Author Catalog. 1955. 178 p.

This edition of the catalog covers the five- The Report for fiscal 1954 records as lead- year period 1950-1954 and supersedes the an- ing events the appointment of a new Librar- nual volumes for 1950-1953 (i.e., the Army ian of Congress and the accessioning of the Medical Library Catalog 1951, and the ten-millionth book. The list of officers begins Armed Forces Medical Library Catalog, 1952- with a roll-call of distinction: Luther Harris 1953). The work is divided into two parts, Evans, Librarian (to July 3, 1953), Verner W. an author catalog and a subject catalog. In Clapp, Acting Librarian (July 4, 1953-Sep- both parts the cards are completely repro- tember 1, 1954), L. Quincy Mumford, Librar- duced, giving the author entry, his dates, the ian of Congress and the accessioning of the title, place of publication, publisher, date, Librarian Emeritus—all the names since 1899 pagination, notes, tracings, Armed Forces but Archibald MacLeish. The guard changed,

520 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES and changed again. Six weeks after the close This doctoral research study is based on an of the fiscal year the Librarian Emeritus was analysis of literature in the field, a survey of dead. It would be grandiose to say this Report current practice, and an experimental pro- marks the end of an era—daily some era ends gram of audio-visual education at the School —but there was a concatenation of events of Librarianship of the University of Cali- that made it no ordinary year. The ten-mil- fornia, and is presented primarily as a report lionth book was unceremoniously received. to library schools. The report has as much Although appropriations were $43,000 greater significance, however, for libraries as for than the previous year, failure to appropriate training institutions, both in its survey of for certain within-grade increases, and other current opinion and practice and in its rec- causes, led to a net loss: instead of fourteen ommendations. more positions, fourteen less; the small divi- Lieberman summarizes the 1952 ACRL sions of European Affairs and Aeronautics study of "Audio-Visual Services in Colleges were abandoned. Book funds were 26 per cent and Universities in the United States," as less than in 1951, but cataloging still fell be- well as reporting his own questionnaire hind. Mrs. Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge, ini- study of the audio-visual programs in 29 aca- tiator of the library's system of gifts and en- demic institutions. The ACRL study builds a dowments, died; and Dr. Hummel, for 22 good picture of the possibilities in an Audio- years chief of the Orientalia Division, retired. Visual Service Center in an academic institu- It would be easy, by selection of events, to tion. At the same time, this study underscores construct a picture of decline and incipient the fact that the strong academic library A-V decay. Such was not the case. Rather, the post- program still must surmount a high philo- war cycle had run its course: indeed, the sophic hurdle to reach general acceptance. changing of the guard seems natural in retro- Lieberman does not discuss the alternatives to spect. The great collection (33 million books, the academic library A-V service, and this re- maps, pictures, etc., etc.) was there, silently mains for future analysis elsewhere. growing; the staff (2,402) was no more than Lieberman's opinion canvass among aca- normally changed; the budget ($13,000,000 demic librarians centers on the qualifications expended) was still impressive. The Library in the A-V area which library schools should of Congress swung quietly at dead-center develop in the inexperienced library school awaiting the appointment of a new librarian. student. Significant here is the stress the 29 In recent years the Reports have been nota- (unnamed) academic librarians have placed ble for some special feature as in 1953, a on the staff's knowledge of sources of ma- summation of Luther Evans' work at the Li- terials, ability to select and evaluate, organ- brary. The 1954 Report reviews the collection ize and administer collections of films, film- in its enormous variety on the occasion of the strips, slides, and phonograph recordings. ten-millionth book through the twin lenses Marked as this emphasis is in the "profile of of history and mode of acquisition. As though demand for training," the demand by aca- in preparation for later action, the varied demic librarians is reported here as consistent- bibliographic and reference services provided ly weaker than the similar demands by school under contract with the Department of De- librarians, whose faculty members are skilled fense are described in a 15-page chapter im- in the use of A-V materials for classroom use. portant to an understanding of the role The close link between curriculum methods played by the federal government in scientific and library functions underscores the chal- research during the post-war period.—Donald lenge to academic librarians to interpret to Coney, University of California Library (Ber- faculty the potential value of A-V materials, keley ). Lieberman says. Analysis of library education in the A-V Audio -Visual Instruction field finds only four library schools in 1953-54 doing a "good" or "excellent" program. The Audio-Visual Instruction in Library Educa- overwhelming number of schools, by Lieber- tion. By Irving Lieberman. New York: man's standards, have a "fair" or "poor" pro- School of Library Service, Columbia Uni- gram that includes an introductory course versity, 1955. 213 p. Mimeographed. $2. available on campus and provision of "some

NOVEMBER, 1956 521 integration" of instruction in A-V materials high time that a book appeared which would and their use in the basic courses. Details on try to pull together much of the information several excellent library school A-V programs published since 1942. This volume by Chester provide a clear picture of the desirable cur- Lewis, chief librarian of the New York Times ricular structure for A-V instruction: a strong and past president of the Special Libraries audio-visual course structure plus a highly Association, and William Offenhauser, con- integrated instruction in A-V materials, their sultant on photography and author of 16 mm organization and use, throughout the library Sound Motion Pictures, is such an attempt. school curriculum. All this serves, in a sense, Whereas Fussler's book is frankly aimed at as preface to the full description of how this administrative librarians, this volume is di- was achieved in the program at the School of rected primarily towards industrial users and Librarianship, University of California, as de- only secondarily towards librarians. veloped by Dr. Lieberman. The details of cur- The first two chapters deal with the in- riculum, the program of in-service workshops creasingly important problem of record re- for practicing librarians, and the wealth of tention. Libraries share with business and in- classroom projects and materials included in dustry the threat of being smothered in a the appendix of the report—all provide a flood of paper records. After considering the sound picture of a full A-V program in li- business and legal requirements for record brary education. retention, the authors propose microrecord- While recognizing the reluctance of a seg- ing as one possible solution to the problem, ment of the library profession to assume re- realizing that it is not the only answer, and sponsibilities in the uncharted waters of A-V, suggesting criteria for its choice. Then follow Dr. Lieberman's basic philosophy for academ- a review of the various forms which micro- ic, public, and school libraries includes as records have taken and a table of costs of essential the responsibility for acquiring, or- microfilming operations. ganizing, administering, and stimulating use The chapters following cover the materials of all materials that record man's thought. He and equipment for microrecording. These in- asks librarians to accept A-V materials as clude: film, cameras, processing, projection, "normal" and to train library school students enlargement and reading machines. There to provide and use them with an ease equal to are a number of tables listing the equipment that with which they serve readers with books. available at the time this book went to press. This study cannot, of course, provide final These are as complete as is possible with such answers to many of the problems for which it a changeable subject. Generally speaking, proposes tentative solutions. But the wealth these tables are perhaps a little easier to un- of suggestion for library education and the derstand than those found in the F.I.D. broad picture of current A-V practice in pub- Manual on Document Reproduction and Se- lic, school, and academic libraries makes this lection, though they do not have the possi- a valuable report for us now.—Margaret E. bility for frequent revision and supplementa- Monroe, Graduate School of Library Service, tion of that publication. Rutgers University. The last two chapters deal with information classification and retrieval by micropho- Microrecording tography, and with storage. There are many illustrations throughout the book and numer- Microrecording: Industrial and Library Ap- ous instances where pertinent information plications. By Chester M. Lewis and Wil- has been abstracted and reprinted from other liam H. Offenhauser. New York: Inter- publications. Bibliographies follow each science Publishers [1956]. 456p. $8.50. chapter. These could have been arranged a little better, and some items seem to have It is now almost fifteen years since Herman been pulled in without much thought of H. Fussler's Photographic Reproduction for their relevance. Libraries was published. A lot has been writ- The appendices to this volume are worth ten about microphotography in that period, the price of the whole publication. The first but most of this has appeared as short articles deals with recommendations for record re- in a widely scattered body of literature. It is tention and the legality of microfilmed rec-

522 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES ords. Then follow some thirty A.S.A. stand- by Max Hettler, under the auspices of ards which have a bearing on the photo- G. A. E. Bogeng, editor of the series (Meister graphic aspects of microrecording. The final und Meisterwerke der Buchbinderkunst) of section covers microfilming services, listing which this is the third number. both commercial agencies and research li- This compact account of the craft of bind- braries with photoduplication facilities. ing in the United States duplicates essentially This book suffers somewhat from being the author's article in English in Libri: In- written by two authors. There is considerable ternational Library Review, V (1954), but it duplication between chapters and a certain lacks the footnotes of the English version. It roughness in transition of style from one begins with a useful resum£, based chiefly on chapter to the next. There are numerous ex- Hannah French's essay Early American Book- amples of careless editing. Two chosen at binding by Hand (1941), covering the Colon- random are: (1) On page 161 the Leica cam- ial Period and the young republic to 1820. era is described as being produced in East Information for more recent times has been Germany, and on page 280 it is correctly lo- for the most part obtainable by searching cated in West Germany. (2) On page 247 (in through ephemeral material, much of it un- the text) the Griscombe Portable Reader is critical, in periodicals, newspapers and simi- priced at $150, and on page 265 (in the lar sources, and it is a real service to students table of equipment) it is correctly listed at of binding history to have it sorted out and $165. Though a careful consideration is given definitely cited. to the distinction between primary preserva- In the early decades of the nineteenth cen- tion (storage and preservation of the origi- tury, when mechanical processes of book pro- nal) and secondary preservation (by fac- duction were developing, binding deterio- simile, such as microrecording), there are a rated in both quality and artistry. The Scotch- number of cases where secondary material is born William Matthews, whom Mr. Thomp- cited in footnotes where it would have been son calls the first great American binder, was just as easy to give primary references. largely responsible from mid-century onward These are perhaps minor criticisms, as they for keeping up the standards of the craft. In can easily be corrected in another edition of 1895 with a group of distinguished book col- this book. All in all, a volume such as this lectors he founded the famous Club Bindery, one is needed. It will fill a definite space on of which a study by Elbert A. Thompson was the reference shelf of any library engaged in issued on microcards in 1954 by the Uni- extensive handling of microrecords. It will versity of Rochester Press. This bindery gave certainly not supplant, but it will assuredly employment to a remarkably skillful staff of supplement Fussler's classic in this field.— craftsmen from abroad. Indeed the influx of Hubbard W. Ballon, Columbia University foreigners after the Civil War is one of the Libraries. significant features of the development of fine binding, and their names illumine any account of it in this country from mid- American Book Binding century to the present day. They came from the British Isles, Germany, France, even Bo- Kurze Geschichte der Handbuchbinderei in hemia, and work awaited them in the li- den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, von braries of the great book collectors who were Lawrence S. Thompson. Stuttgart, Max in their element around the turn of the cen- Hettler Verlag [1955]. 44p., 32 plates with tury. Moreover the book clubs organized by 51 illus. 12 DM. these collectors, for example the Grolier Club Lawrence S. Thompson, director of librar- in New York, had work to be done. Eventu- ies of the University of Kentucky, is well ally there was opportunity in rare book li- known in this country for his contacts with braries, such as the Morgan Library, in uni- foreign librarians and bibliographers and his versity and public libraries which had rare translations of their writings, as well as for book departments, and in a few forward- his interest in bookbinding. Now the tables looking publishing firms, for instance the are turned, and his own short treatise on Lakeside Press in Chicago. There seemed no American binding has been put into German limit to the demand from patrons who could

NOVEMBER, 1956 523 afford the luxury of hand binding, and there not ad nauseum; but this expression is so was constant need for expert repair and res- constantly repeated, that it becomes a heavy toration of both printed books and manu- burden for the book to carry. scripts. Incidentally one might add that after The reviewer read the book twice, and the collector had learned to cherish the pre- the second time he wrote * down the num- cious shabbiness of "original condition," bers of the pages which he felt contained there was work for the binder in making slip material of permanent value, either for the and solander cases to enclose the worn covers. manner of expression or for the material To these foreign binders may be attributed set forth. There are 29 of these pages. This something like the apprentice system, for is very good, for as the author herself says many students, especially women, were in another connection: "Ideas don't come trained by them both in this country and so frequently as does their restatement. Re- abroad. In fact the number of women is statements fill many libraries." striking, and of the bindings chosen for il- The book is marred by too much spright- lustration in this short account, fully half liness, too much striving for effect, and too were made by women. much attention to whether or not the plants Important in stimulating interest in bind- get watered; but these defects are offset by ing have been the exhibits from the 1890's a deep-seated and wholly satisfying love for onward. Many of them were fostered by the the job, and by an appealing statement of book clubs, and the illustrations in their the inner reward when the librarian does catalogs, as well as in the craft periodicals, his job well. There are a few surprises: one are helpful in studying the styles of individu- being a spirited defense of closed stacks, al binders. even in so small a library, and another being For those interested in the book arts in the narrow limits to which student assistants general and the handicraft of binding in par- must be confined in dealing with other stu- ticular Mr. Thompson has gathered together dents. A surprise of a different nature is the in these less than fifty pages a vast amount of policy for dealing with faculty who put valuable scattered information. He not only books on reserve which do not get read. mentions scores of binders but often locates The author wrote as a small college li- examples of their work, and shows the special brarian for her fellows in the field, and a contribution to the craft of various centers very good field it is; for there is none to on the East Coast, West Coast and in mid- whom the buck can be passed, and one is in country too. Anyone who has tried to sys- there pitching all the time. But more than tematize the profusion of names of nine- this, the author makes one statement, or teenth- and twentieth-century binders in this credo, rather, which all college librarians, country will appreciate the research involved, whether they are in large or small institu- and teachers of courses in the book arts espe- tions, should hold as their goal. This state- cially would be glad if the valuable matter ment begins on page 70 under the heading in English in the Libri article could be made "The Policy Committee." Any librarian who available for wider circulation.—Eunice can say, "This is the way it is in my place," Wead, HartfordConn. has indeed reached the summit.—Wayne Shirley, Finch College Library.

One Librarian Recent Foreign Books on the One Librarian. By Katherine Smith Diehl. New Brunswick, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, Graphic Arts, Bibliography, 1956. 165 p. $3. and Library Science This is a book on how to live as the only professional in a college library; and it is The first volume in the general series of affected as to content and presentation by the great Yugoslav encyclopedia was issued the fact that the author's college is church late in 1955 under the title of Enciklopedija related. Thus the hortatory note: the reader Leksikografskog Zavoda, including 720 is addressed as "One Professional," perhaps double-columned pages and extending as far

524 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES as Castelnau. Previously the first two vol- ly the size of a Britannica page. It was pub- umes of the maritime encyclopedia (Pomor- lished late in 1955 and fulfills the promise ska Enciklopedija) and the first volume of of the first volume to provide a definitive the encyclopedia of Yugoslav culture (Enci- reference work on all matters relative to the klopedija Jugoslavije) had appeared. sea. Unlike the general encyclopedia, the Comprehensive, well edited, and superb- special series contains signed articles (by ly illustrated, the Yugoslav general encyclo- initials, fully identified in the beginning of pedia will take its place along with the the volume). other modern national encyclopedias as a No other reference work is equally com- basic title in large reference collections. The prehensive in its coverage of subjects related scope is well illustrated by the inclusion of to the sea. From kayaks to caravels, from many persons who rarely find their way into waterborne bacteria to fantastic monsters general European encyclopedias (e.g., James of the ocean bottom, from primitive dug- G. Birney, James Lane Allen, Francis Pres- out canoes to electronic navigation, the ton Blair); and at the same time there is scope of the Pomorska Enciklopedia covers abundant space for more important sub- everything related to water. There are bio- jects (e.g., four columns on Berlin, with five graphical notes on obscure American and illustrations and a map; three columns on Russian admirals, facsimiles of forms used Antarctica, with two pages of plates and a by the Yugoslav administration of maritime full-page map). The illustrations are com- and river navigation, an illustration of the parable to the best in any encyclopedia. Six marine gate at Rhodes, and a photograph of color plates (three of Yugoslav art; one each the hulk of the battered Emden. of Fra Angelico, Botticelli, and Brueghel), The editing is exemplary. Bibliographical 15 full-page maps, and 29 plates are only references available almost up to press time highlights of a rich selection of illustrations, have been included. Ten handsomely repro- uniformly well reproduced. duced colored plates, over 30 full-page maps, Comparison with one German, one Italian, dozens of plans of seaport towns, and several and two Scandinavian general encyclopedias photographs or diagrams on every page pre- of the same size reveals at least the same sent an abundance of graphic material. scope as far as selection of entries is con- Quite naturally there is a special emphasis cerned and a far greater coverage of central on articles of particular interest to Yugo- European, Yugoslav, and Balkan subjects. slavia; the exhaustive essays on such sub- The political bias may be identified by the jects as Danube and Dubrovnik leave little diligent, but it is substantially less than can to be desired. be found in current Polish and Russian en- The Yugoslav peoples have a long record cyclopedias. Careful editing is revealed in as seafaring folk, but few of their achieve- the accuracy of dates and statistics and the ments at sea can rival this monumental selection of bibliographical references. Un- work from the landlocked city of Zagreb. fortunately articles are not signed, but edi- Despite the fact that it is in a comparatively tors and contributors are listed and identi- little-known language, it belongs in every fied at the beginning of the volume. reference collection emphasizing geography, The various series of Yugoslav encyclope- Mediterranean, eastern European, or Islamic dias being undertaken by the Leksikografski history; marine biology; or any other field Zavod FNRJ in Zagreb constitute one of related to the sea. the most remarkable enterprises of this kind Among the new encyclopedias in exotic in the twentieth century. The fact that languages none is more fascinating than the Yugoslavia is one of the more handicapped new Ensiklopedia Indonesia. The first vol- countries of Europe from an economic ume (A-E) has just been issued in the standpoint makes this work all the more "bahasa Indonesia," the somewhat artificial amazing. form of Malay recognized as the natural The second volume of the Pomorska En- language of Indonesia. The publisher is W. ciklopedia covers "brodar" (temporary ship van Hoeve of the Hague and Bandung. owner) to "Evpatorija" (a Crimean port) It is a smaller work and somewhat more in 702 double-columned pages approximate- popular in appeal than the monumental

NOVEMBER, 1956 525 Yugoslav encyclopedia. Articles are unsigned ship) operate. Thus such articles as those and, in general, rather short. Nevertheless, captioned "Sample," "Presse," "Gruppe," there has been a judicious selection of en- "Film," or "Schrift" will be useful to librar- tries, and the coverage compares very favor- ians and educators as well as to professional ably with a major encyclopedia such as sociologists. There is a distinct leaning to- Winkler-Prins. Illustrations and maps are wards social anthropology, a field to which carefully chosen and exceptionally well re- many American sociology departments are produced. Indeed, there is no doubt but giving much less emphasis today than in that the book was produced in the Nether- the preceding generation. lands, although there is no reference to this The Bernsdorf-Bulow Worterbuch der fact (undoubtedly out of respect for the Soziologie will find a broad use in all ref- highly nationalistic, anti-Dutch Indonesians). erence collections in the social studies. It The real value of this work to American can be used easily by anyone familiar with and European libraries lies in its emphasis the international terminology of the field. on Indonesian and southeast Asian subjects The text itself is edited and put into a con- and Islamic culture. In many cases the ar- sistently clear style (a rare virtue in German ticles on subjects relative to Indonesian cul- sociological works). ture are more comprehensive than anything The inadequacy of nearly all bilingual that can be found in specialized reference dictionaries is one of the most aggravating works in Dutch or other European lan- problems in foreign-language reference guages. It is a practical stepping stone in work. In dealing with technical terminology the progress toward a more scholarly nation- only a special dictionary or a large mono- al encyclopedia such as Winkler-Prins or lingual dictionary can be of much help. An Brockhaus, and van Hoeve deserves the outstanding work in the latter category is greatest credit for producing this unusually the sixth edition of Der Sprach-Brockhaus practical first encyclopedia for a new nation (Wiesbaden: F. A. Brockhaus, 1954). in an essentially new language. Concise definitions, pronunciation, deriva- The Worterbuch der Soziologie (Stutt- tion, gender, and inflection are customary gart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag, 1955), edited features that may be expected. In addition, by Wilhelm Bernsdorf and Friedrich Biilow, however, Der Sprach-Brockhaus is richly il- is a successor to Alfred Vierkandt's Hand- lustrated, and as a result many otherwise worterbuch der Soziologie, published a quar- obscure German words immediately become ter of a century ago and now long out of meaningful. For example, to illustrate the print. Unlike Vierkandt's work, which is word Druck there are diagrams to illustrate arranged in the systematic fashion of a the three basic printing processes of engrav- Handbuch, the present work is arranged by ing (Tief druck), typographic printing the alphabetical order of the subjects con- (Hochdruck), and lithography (Flachdruck). sidered. The illustrations under Lichtbild (photo- Articles in the Worterbuch range in length graph) explain several obscure German from a single paragraph to a dozen or more photographic terms. Other examples could pages. Each is signed, and the more impor- be cited at length. tant articles contain a selective bibliography. The 1,588 columns and 5,400 illustrations The authors are mostly leading social scien- in Der Sprach-Brockhaus make it one of the tists in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and most comprehensive of all monolingual dic- Denmark, but there are also two contribu- tionaries. The up-to-dateness is reflected in tors from the United States. There are many terms that have their origins in the abundant cross references, but no general 1940's and 1950's. Dialect words, colloquial- index. isms, and vocabularies of special trades and While the European conceptions of the social groups are included. There are few scope of sociology do not coincide precisely other dictionaries in any language that are with those current in this country, the equally useful, and this work deserves a place Worterbuch nevertheless covers most of the in all reference collections. basic ideas with which sociologists and stu- One of the more important recent poly- dents in related fields (including librarian- glot dictionaries of books and libraries is

526 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES the Podreczny slownik bibliotekarza (War- many with quite intriguing subject matter saw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukove, such as the genealogical collection of the 1955) by Helena Wieckowska and Hanna "Deutsches Adelsarchiv" at Castle Schonstadt, Pliszezynska. It is divided into two major the glass technology collection of the sections: (1) a comprehensive glossary of Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft in terms current in Polish, with detailed expla- Frankfurt, or the library of the research lab- nations and (where they exist) correspond- oratory on agricultural meteorology in ing terms in English, French, German, and Geisenheim. Russian; and (2) English, French, German, Each entry contains a note on holdings and Russian glossaries with a single word and conditions of use, and the name of the or phrase translating them into Polish. head librarian. Information on larger li- There is a remarkably high standard of braries includes hours, publications, exhibits accuracy both in the definitions and in the and activities, and photographic facilities. printing of non-Polish words. The inclusion The actual directory occupies only about compares favorably with other recent poly- a third of the book. Another long and im- glot glossaries. No glossary of Polish and portant section deals with library laws, ad- Russian terms on books and libraries can ministrative regulations, and official policy even approach the present work in scope. governing libraries in Hessia. One short All in all, some 3,000 different terms appear chapter describes library organizations, the in the various sections of the book. Deutsche Akademie fiir Sprache und Dich- The excellence of this work, or even the tung in Darmstadt, and the book trade or- very fact that it has appeared, is indicative ganizations in Hessia (including the Borsen- of a remarkable library development in Po- verein in Frankfurt). A 46-page bibliography land during the last decade. Regardless of describes the libraries of Hessia, arranged our attitude toward the present regime in alphabetically by community. Finally, there Poland, regardless of the limitations on cer- is an index to the fields of specialization tain ideas of librarianship in the totalitarian mentioned in the text. countries of Europe, we would be foolish Regional Fuhrer of this sort are excep- not to acknowledge their solid accomplish- tionally valuable guides to the holdings of ments in our own field. The Poles have libraries and their role in the regional and been among the most progressive Slavic national library picture. It will be a major peoples in developing libraries, and the service if Harrassowitz will publish similar present glossary is the best evidence of their guides to libraries of other regions. success. Several important regional bibliographies The curious political neo-formation have been published in Sweden in recent known as Hessia in West Germany is one of years. Among the best are two by the city the richest of all German states in libraries. librarian of Visby, Valton Johansson: Got- For this reason Wolfgang Engelhardt's landsk bibliografi 1940-1949 (Visby, 1952; Fuhrer durch die Bibliotheken in Hessen "Meddelanden fran Foreningen Gotlands (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1955) is an Fornvanner," 24. Bihang), and Gotlandsk especially useful work. It describes such dis- bibliografi 1914-1927 (Visby, 1955; ibid., 27. tinguished collections as those of the Hes- Bihang). To appreciate Johansson's work sische Landes- und Hochschulbibliothek in properly, it is necessary to review other Darmstadt, the University of Frankfurt Li- Gotland bibliographies. brary, the Senckenbergische Bibliothek, the In 1914 Wilhelm Mol£r published the Deutsche Bibliothek (archive of all German- second edition of his basic Bidrag till en language publications since 1945) in Frank- Gotlandsk bibliografi, but there was a long furt, the Landesbibliothek in Fulda, the gap of fourteen years before the work re- university library in Giessen, the University sumed on a current basis. In 1930 Nils Lith- of Marburg Library, the Westdeutsche Bib- berg and Richard Steffen began to compile liothek (torso of the old Prussian State Li- an annual bibliography of writings on Got- brary in Berlin) in Marburg, and the Nas- land. They began with 1928 and continued sauische Landesbibliothek in Wiesbaden. the current bibliography through 1939 (pub- There are also numerous special libraries, lished in 1941) annually in the Gotlandst

NOVEMBER, 1956 527 Arkiv, organ of the Foreningen Gotlands nounced than in England, but he identifies Fornvanner. positive traces of Morris's creative spirit, Such was the situation in 1950 when the above all in Frederic W. Goudy. Goudy, the society secured a grant from the Humani- innovator, the restless experimenter, went stiska Fonden to bring the bibliography up far beyond Morris, but even until shortly to date. First, plans were made immediately before his death he told this reviewer that to publish an annual bibliography in the he never doubted the purity and wholesome Gotldndst Arkiv. It has been compiled effects of Morris's concepts of craftmanship. and published regularly by Johansson since Schmidt-Kiinsemiiller reaches the same con- that date. Then came the bibliography for clusion. 1940-1949, with 1,399 numbers. Finally Jo- The final chapter, on the effect of Morris hansson published the bibliography for on Germany, is the most valuable part of 1914-1927, with supplements to Mol^r and the monograph.. There is a good deal of the annual bibliographies for 1928-1939 in background material on artistic ideals in the Gotlandst Arkiv. There are 2,196 en- Germany at the end of the last century and tries in the 1914-1927 compilation. the new ideas that were in the air. Schmidt- Both the 1940-1949 and 1914-1927 bibli- Kiinsemiiller outlines the attitudes of Ger- ographies are set up in classified order in man typographers from Rudolf Alexander conformity with the accepted Swedish li- Schroder and the Insel group to Emil brary classification. There are author and Rudolf Weiss, Marcus Behmer, and Rudolf title indexes in each volume. The scope is Koch. There was little blind imitation of comprehensive,- including even certain more Morris in Germany, but his influence was important newspaper articles. The various always there. series of Gotland bibliographies make this William Morris und die neue Buchkunst island one of the best documented localities is a basic work for the history of twentieth- in Europe, and Johansson's bibliographies century typography. A similar work, with are a model for other local historians. more extensive analysis of the American Friedrick Adolf Schmidt-Kunsemiiller's scene, is needed in English. Schmidt- William Morris und die neue Buchkunst Kiinsemiiller's extensive bibliography will (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1955; be useful to other students of typographical "Beitrage Zum Buch- und Bibliothekswe- history. sen," 4) is a major study of Morris's contri- Although the third volume of the new butions to the art of the book and his sub- edition of the Handbuch der Bibliothekswis- sequent influence in other countries. senschaft is not yet complete, the progress Schmidt-Kunsemiiller first traces the back- of the last three years (since the first fascicle ground for Morris's theories on art and lit- appeared in 1953) deserves attention. This erature, noting especially contemporary in- volume, which deals with the history of li- fluences. Subsequently he outlines the mis- braries, has now progressed through the sion and accomplishments of the Kelmscott twelfth fascicle, and well over a thousand Press. pages have been published. Fortunately, it In each of the chapters in Part II is being divided into two parts. If the com- ("Morris und die neue Buchkunst") there pleted text were bound as one volume, it is a survey of Morris's influence in England, would be quite unmanageable. the United States, and Germany. Schmidt- The first part consists of the following ar- Kunsemiiller explores the relationship be- ticles: (1) the ancient Near East, by the late tween Morris, Cobden-Sanderson, Emery Fritz Milkau and Joseph Schawe; (2) Greco- Walker, Charles Ricketts and other later Roman antiquity, by the late Carl Wendel artists of the book. He concludes (with Hol- and Willi Gober; (3) Byzantine libraries, by brook Jackson) that Morris's effect on his Viktor Burr; (4) Islamic libraries, by Kurt own country has become so intimate a part Holter; (5) medieval libraries, by the late of the national tradition that it can no Carl Christ and Anton Kern; (6) European longer be readily identified. In the United libraries (except French) from the Renais- States, Schmidt-Kiinsemiiller finds a definite sance to the beginning of the Enlighten- reaction against Morris, even more pro- ment, by the late Aloys Bomer and Hans

528 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Widmann; and (7) French libraries from ern times. Only J. Pedersen's Den arabiske the Renaissance to the present day, by the bog (1946) is comparable in any way, but late Ludwig Klaiber and Albert Kolb. The it is in a language read by relatively few first three fascicles of the second part are librarians, and libraries are treated consider- devoted to Georg Leyh's monumental his- ably less extensively than the physical book. tory of German libraries from the Enlighten- Holter traces the rise of Arabic scholarship ment to the present day, probably the most and the establishment of libraries all over important contribution in the entire vol- the Near East and North Africa. Outposts ume. of Islam such as Spain, the Maghreb, Tur- Like the first edition, the new edition is key, and Iran are not neglected. Although comprehensive and fully documented. Each Holter's working material was enormous, he article is a detailed, generally definitive makes a judicious selection and organizes treatment of the subject concerned and will it well. Except for a few slight omissions in be generally recognized as the basic work. the bibliographies on Turkish libraries, his The first article, on the ancient Near references can be the starting point for East, appeared originally as a posthumous many other investigations. essay by Milkau in 1935 under the title of Carl Christ's essay on medieval libraries, Geschichte der Bibliotheken im Alten revised by Anton Kern, covers the Middle Orient. It was in the same format and style Ages. The tremendous corpus of literature as the Handbuch but it was not included on the subject had already been well di- in it. Collections of Egyptian, Sumerian, gested by Christ in the first edition of the Babylonian, Hittite, and other important Handbuch. His mature ideas on the subject, documents are discussed in a skillful syn- together with a criticism of J. W. Thomp- thesis of archeological, historical, and lin- son's The Medieval Library (1939) and guistic sources. E. Lesne's Les Livres, "scriptoria" et bibli- The Wendel-Gober history of Greco- otheques du commencement du VIIIe a la Roman libraries is the best treatment of a fin du XIe siecle (1938), is in a remarkable subject that has been gravely abused by series of articles captioned "Bibliotheksge- many amateurs. The trash that has been schichte des Mittelalters; zur Methode und published on the "Alexandrian Library" zur neuesten Literatur," Zentralblatt fur Bib- alone has been responsible for a widespread liothekswesen, LXI (1947), 38-56, 149-60, misunderstanding of library facilities in this 233-52. This essay should be read by anyone ancient cultural center. J. W. Thompson's who approaches the Christ-Kern contribution Ancient Libraries (1940) is the only reason- to the Handbuch. The Handbuch article itably adequate short survey available in self reflects the study of a lifetime, intimate English, but it has certain shortcomings. acquaintances with primary sources as well as Gober's revision of Wendel's work is dis- with modern scholarly literature. Thompson tinctly the most scholarly and dependable and his students had no such qualifications in study of librarianship in ancient Greece and the field of library history, and even Lesne Rome that has ever been published. lacks Christ's broad views. The actual con- The undependable, superficial essay by tent of the essay is as much of a key to the S. K. Padover on Byzantine libraries in Middle Ages as any book published in our J. W. Thompson's The Medieval Library day, whether a general survey or a special- (1939) loses any significance when it is com- ized study. pared with Viktor Burr's 31-page essay on The essay on the Renaissance to the En- the same subject in the Handbuch. Still lightenment by the late Aloys Bomer and this field is an open one, and the Byzantin- Hans Widmann covers all of Europe except ists need to do some spade work before the France and England. The two major coun- definitive history of Byzantine libraries can tries are, of course, Germany and Italy, but be written. Spain, the Low Countries, Hungary, and Kurt Holter's essay on Islamic libraries is the Slavic nations receive a proportionally a fine synthesis of a subject for which there large allocation of space. Renaissance, Ref- is a rich fund of source material and on ormation, and Counter-Reformation, the which a great deal has been written in mod- three basic movements in the formation of

NOVEMBER, 1956 529 modern Europe, are the critical periods for neglected. The final selection, on adminis- the rise of the great modern European li- tration and financing of French libraries, is braries. Here we have the seedbed of our somewhat less than encouraging; but the occidental culture. larger picture is a brilliant one, for the re- The essay on French libraries from the sources of French libraries for humanistic Renaissance to the present by Klaiber and and historical studies are unparalleled. Kolb is one of the most valuable sections in The first essay in the second part of vol- the new edition of the Handbuch. There is ume three, Leyh's study of modern German no other comprehensive history of French libraries, is not complete at this writing and libraries, and even the partial treatments deserves an extended review as an inde- are very few. Quite naturally, major em- pendent monograph.—Lawrence S. Thomp- phasis is on the libraries of Paris, but the son, University of Kentucky Libraries. noble collections of the provinces are not

The Distribution and Cost of Library Service

(Continued from page 482) differences that may affect service costs. mined by the demands which students The response of libraries to the pres- and faculty make upon it. The statistics sures of institutional needs and growth seem to substantiate our hypotheses; and are apparent from these data. Thus, the the suggestion is advanced that statistical organization and cost of library service is analysis of the budgets of a larger sample directly related to the teaching and re- of libraries should reach conclusions of search program of the university of which high practical value in library adminis- the library is a part; indeed it is deter- tration.

Eastern College Librarians Conference

The 42nd annual Conference of Eastern College Librarians will be held in the Harkness Auditorium, Butler Library, Columbia University, on Saturday, November 24, 1956. The morning session, beginning at 9:45 a.m., will be on the topic, "Staff Participation in Library Management." The afternoon session, starting at 2 p.m., is to be devoted to the topic of "Librarians as Bookmen." Speakers at the morning session will be E. Hugh Behymer and Keyes D. Metcalf; at the afternoon session, Bertha M. Frick, Richard S. Wormser, and Charles B. Shaw.

530 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Books Received

Space limitations do not permit listing or review of general trade books. Publishers are requested to send only reference books and publications in the field of librarianship and related subjects for review in COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES.

A. G. Matthews' Walker Revisited. Supplemen- Library Monograph No. 1.) Memphis, Tenn.: tary Index of "Intruders" and Others. (Dr. Southwestern at Memphis, 1956. 12p. Williams's Library. Occasional Papers, 2.) Comp. by Charles E. Surman. London: Dr. Wil- Encouraging Scientific Talent. By Charles C. liams's Trust, 1956. 23p. 3s. 9d. Cole, Jr. New York: College Entrance Board, 1956. 259p. $3.50. American Labor Union Periodicals, a Guide to Their Location. Comp. by Bernard G. Naas and Encyclopedia of Morals. Ed. by Vergilius Ferm. Carmelita S. Sakr. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Uni- New York: Philosophical Library, 1956. 682p. versity, 1956. 175p. $7. $10. American Life in Autobiography, a Descriptive Filing Rules Based on the A.L.A. Rules for Filing Guide. By Richard G. Lilliard. Stanford, Calif.: Catalog Cards (Alphabetic Method). Maxwell Stanford University Press, 1956. 140p. $3.75. Air Force Base, Ala.: Air University Library, Catalog Branch, 1956. 41p. Atomic Energy Research at Harwell. By K. E. B. Jay. New York: Philosophical Library, 1955. Filing Rules for the Catalogs of the University of 143p. $4.75. Washington Libraries. Comp. by Freda Camp- bell. Seattle: Published for the University of The Baccalaureate Origins of the Science Doctor- Washington Libraries by the University of ates Awarded in the United States From 1936 Washington Press, 1956. 41p. $1. to 1950 Inclusive. Comp. by the Office of Sci- entific Personnel, M. H. Trytten, Director. Freedom, Education and the Fund: Essays and (Publication 382.) Washington: National Acad- Addresses 1946-1956. By Robert M. Hutchins. emy of Science—National Research Council, New York: Meridian Books, 1956. 241p. $1.35. 1955. Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie. Bibliographic Services Related to Government 8th ed. System No. 28, pt. B 1, Calcium. Paper Sponsored Research in the Library of Congress. DM 147; No. 44, Thorium and Isotope. Cloth Washington: Technical Information Division, $55.68; No. 60, A 1, 2, Copper (Kupfer). Paper. Reference Division, Library of Congress, 1955. Pt. A 1: $92.88; Pt. A 2: DM 421. Weinheim/ 16p. Bergstrasse: Verlag Chemie, 1955-56.

Bibliography of Medical Reviews, 1955. Washing- A Guide to the Legal Collections in Chicago. ton: Armed Forces Medical Library, 1955. 74p. Comp. by Kurt Schwerin. Chicago: Published for the Chicago Association of Law Libraries A Brief Account of the Origins and Purpose of by Northwestern University Law Library, 1955. The Chapin Library at Williams College. Wil- 148 1. $2. (Mimeographed.) liamstown, Mass., 1956. 19p. The Humanitarians and the Ten Hour Move- Civil Liberties in the United States, a Guide to ment in England. By Raymond C. Cowherd. Current Problems and Experience. By Robert (Kress Library of Business and Economics, E. Cushman, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University 10.) Boston: Baker Library, Harvard Graduate Press, 1956. 256p. School of Business Administration, 1956, 27p. The Curious Art of Autobiography, from Ben- International Institutions and International Or- benuto Cellini to Rudyard Kipling. By H. N. ganization, a Select Bibliography. Comp. by Wethered. New York: Philosophical Library, G. P. Speechaert. Brussels: Union of Inter- 1956. 257p. $7.50. national Associations, 1956. 116p. Directory for Exceptional Children. Schools— Island Bibliographies. Micronesian Botany, Land Services—Other Facilities. 2d ed. Ed. by E. Nel- Environment and Ecology of Coral Atolls; son Hayes. Boston: Porter Sargent, 1956. 247p. Vegetation of Tropical Pacific Islands. By Cloth $4.00; Paper $3.00. Marie-Helene Sachet and F. Raymond Fosberg. Compiled under the auspices of the Pacific The Eighteenth Century Indentures. (Burrow Science Board. (Publication 335.) National

NOVEMBER, 1956 531 Academy of Sciences—National Research Coun- from Department of State, U.S. National Com- cil, 1955. 577p. (Paper.) mission for UNESCO, Washington 25, D.C.

The Kress Library of Business and Economics. Regole per la compilazione del catalogo alfabetico Catalogue Supplement, Covering Materials per autori nelle biblioteche Italiane. Roma: Published through 1776 with Data upon Cog- Fratelli Palombi Editori, 1956. 133p. nate Items in other Harvard Libraries. Cam- bridge: Baker Library, Harvard Graduate Resources for Special Education. Ed. by Merle E. School of Business Administration, 1956. 175p. Frampton and Elena D. Gall. Boston: Porter Sargent, 1956. 250p. Cloth, $3.30; paper, $2.20. Library Handbook. Chapel Hill: University of (Adapted from Special Education for the Ex- North Carolina (1956?) 16p. ceptional. 3v.)

List of Japanese Periodical Titles Together with Scientific and Technical Societies of the United English Equivalents. Usages, Examples and Al- States and Canada. 6th ed. Washington: Na- phabetic Index of English Terms. Comp. by tional Academy of Sciences—National Research Fujio Mamiya. Tokyo: Kokusai Shiryo Kyokai, Council, 1955. 447p. 1956. 12p. 50c. A Selected and Annotated Bibliography of Prod- Manpower and Education. Washington: Educa- uct Planning and Development. By Fred A. tional Policies Commission, 1956. 128p. $1.25. Rothberger. Austin, Tex.: New Product Digest, Muir's Atlas of Ancient & Classical History. 1956. 40p. $5. 2d ed. Ed. by George Goodall and R. F. Tre- harne. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1956. Special Libraries Directory of Greater New York. 8p., 20 col. pi. $2. Comp. by the Directory Committee of the SLA, New York Chapter. 7th ed. New York, 1956. National Library of Medicine Classification. A ($3.00 to SLA Members; $4.00 to non-members. Scheme for the Shelf Arrangement of Books in Order from Donald Hotaling, Newsweek, 152 the Field of Medicine and Its Related Sciences. W. 42d St., New York 36, N.Y.) Washington, 1956. For sale by the Superin- tendent of Documents. $2. (Paper.) Summary of Proceedings, Tenth Annual Con- ference, American Theological Library Associ- A New World History of Art. College Ed. By ation. Pacific School of Religion, Berkeley, Sheldon Cheney. New York: Dryden Press, California, June 20-22, 1956. 92 1. $2. (Mimeo- 1956. 676p. illus. $5.90. graphed. May be secured from Alice Dagan, 1670 South Eleventh Avenue, Maywood, 111.) Preliminary Inventories, the National Archives of the United States. No. 92, "Records of the Tarheel Talk, an Historical Study of the English Office for Emergency Management." Comp. by Language in North Carolina to 1860. By Nor- Henry T. Ulasek. Washington: National Ar- man E. Eliason. Chapel Hill: University of chives, 1956. 20p. North Carolina Press, 1956. 324p. $5. Putting Knowledge to Work: The Profession of Treasury of World Literature. Ed. by Dagobert the Special Librarian. New York: Special Li- D. Runes. New York: Philosophical Library, braries Assn., 1956. 16p. 1956. l,450p. $15. Queen's Quarterly, 1893-1953. Index, Vols. 1-LX. Trial Balance: The Education of an American. Kingston, Ont.: Queen's Quarterly Office, By Alan Valentine. New York: Pantheon, Queen's University, 1956. 132p. 1956. 283p. $4.50. Records of the General Conference. Eighth Ses- Union Catalogues. Their Problems and Organiza- sion: Montevideo, 1954. Proceedings. Paris: tion. By L. Brummel. (UNESCO Bibliograph- United Nations Educational, Scientific and ical Handbooks, No. 6.) Paris: UNESCO, 1956. Cultural Organization, 1955. 977p. Available 94p. $1.60.

532 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES ACRL Microcard Series—Abstracts of Titles

Address all orders for ACRL Microcards, Library, by the director of the library for the whether standing orders or orders for single titles, purpose of gathering a body of useful informa- to the Micropublication Service, University of tion concerning such libraries for the use of the Rochester Press, Rochester 3, New York. Air University Library and the Air University Command. This set of studies consists of 18 de- BRUNER, JOYCE ESTELLA, 1919- scriptive reports covering the activities of librar- The history of the University of Louisville li- ies serving 19 schools of the three major services, braries. Rochester, N. Y., University of Rochester including the current three joint schools oper- Press for the Association of College and Refer- ated under the Joint Chiefs of Staff (the Air ence Libraries. 1956. (v, 143 1. mounted illus. 28 University Library serves both the Air Command and Staff College and the Air War College). cm. ACRL MICROCARD SERIES, no. 60) Thesis (M.S. The material was gathered firsthand on trips in L.S.) —University of North Carolina, 1953. Bib- by the writer to the institutions whose libraries liography: 1. 136-43. 5 cards. $1.25. were included. Inasmuch as the Air University Library requested and was given permission from The purpose of this study comprising nine the institutions to make the studies, rather than chapters was to write as complete a history of the being asked to conduct them, the reports are not libraries of the University of Louisville, the old- administrative surveys or critical evaluations, est municipal university in America, as time and but consist largely of objective comment based available material would permit. The university upon the available manuscript and published in- libraries have increased from a small medical li- formation about the institutions and their librar- brary in 1837 to five highly specialized profes- ies, questionnaires covering education and expe- sional school libraries and one general library, rience distributed to the professional library staff serving not only university students and faculty members, and observations by the writer con- but the citizens of Louisville as well. The prob- cerning the operations and services of these li- lems confronting the University of Louisville libraries. A preliminary edition of each report was braries today receive due attention. Appendix C made up for revision and correction by the insti- contains ten pages of titles of particular note in tution and library covered, so that in final form five of the collections. they were correct and acceptable to the institution. A retention copy of the revised report was SMITH, DOROTHY JEANNE, 1932- made up for each institution upon receipt of the The early history of the library of Allegheny revisions. College, Meadville, Pennsylvania. Rochester, N.Y., The reports are divided into two main parts. University of Rochester Press for the Association Part I of each report contains general informa- of College and Reference Libraries, 1956. (iii, tion pertaining to the institution obtained from 58 1. 29 cm. ACRL MICROCARD SERIES, no. 61) Thesis various sources such as publications, charts, and interviews. Material which may seem to be not (M.S. in L.S.)—Western Reserve University, 1953. directly related to the library system has been Bibliography: 1. 58. 2 cards. $.50. included because it has a bearing, however indi- rect or subtle, upon the responsibilities, opera- As a result of the determination of Timothy tions and services (either actual or potential) of Alden, Allegheny's first president, to make a suc- each library. Matters gone into in varying detail cess of his enterprise, the college developed a col- in Part I of the reports include origin, mission, lection of books of unusual range and value. and organization of each institution, and cur- Chief among the early gifts were those of Wil- riculum, faculty, and student body. Part II con- liam Bentley, Isaiah Thomas, and James Win- tains general information about the library sys- throp, all scholarly men of New England. The tem and specific data pertinent to its operations story of the Allegheny College Library is in its and services obtained from library, institutional, most spectacular aspect the story of these collec- and other publications and sources, and from tions. The study in eleven chapters covers the conferences with various staff members of the period from 1815 to 1837. institution and library. Touched upon here, often in considerable detail, are origin and mission JOHNSON, ROBERT KELLOGG, 1918- of the libraries, organization, personnel, equip- The Air University Library study of libraries ment and supply problems, budget and other in selected military educational institutions. Max- administrative matters, book, periodical, official well Air Force Base, Alabama, Air University Li- publications, and security classified documents brary, 1955-1956. (ACRL MICROCARD SERIES, nos. 62- resources, acquisitions, cataloging and classifica- 77). tion, indexing, circulating, reference and bibliographic activities, etc. This study involved a detailed investigation of A few comments should be made concerning the operations and services of the libraries of some of the institutions. The present Army infor- selected higher military schools in the United mation School was reported on as the Armed States. The project was assigned to the chief of Forces Information School before it became an the Technical Services Division, Air University Army School in 1954. The Army General School

NOV EMBER, 1956 533 was disbanded in 1955. The report on the Na- 76. The library system of the U.S. Naval School tional War College has been restricted "For Of- of Aviation Medicine. (24, 11 1. 29 cm.) Air Uni- ficial Use Only" at the request of the National versity Library, 1956. 2 cards. $.50. War College Command, hence it is not published in this series. 77. The library system of the U.S. Naval War While this project was undertaken primarily College. (110 1. 29 cm.) Air University Library, for the use of the Air University and the Air 1955. 3 cards. $.75. University Library, much interesting and helpful information has been recorded which should NICHOLSON, JAMES M., JR., 1923- be of great value not only to the individual li- A history of the Wake Forest College library, braries and institutions covered but to the armed 1878-1946. Rochester, N.Y., University of Roches- services, the Department of Defense, and military and civilian academic librarianship as well. ter Press for the Association of College and Ref- Following are the reports compromising this erence Libraries, 1956. (105 1. 28 cm. ACRL MICRO- study, each appearing as a separate number in CARD SERIES, no. 78) Thesis (M.S. in L.S.) —Uni- the ACRL Microcard Series: versity of North Carolina, 1954. Bibliography: 1. [102]—105. 3 cards. $.75. 62. The library system of the Armed Forces Information School as of February 1954. (64 1. 29 cm.) Air University Library, 1955. 2 cards. $.50. The nineteenth-century revolution in Amer- ican classical education wrought by German edu- 63. The library system of the Armed Forces cational ideas influenced a significant revision Staff College. (67, 11 1. 29 cm.) Air University Li- of the Wake Forest College curriculum between brary, 1956. 3 cards. $.75. 1880 and 1900, and new instructional methods thus introduced produced noticeable changes in 64. The library system of the Army General the management of the college library. In 1905 School. (57 11 1. 29 cm.) Air University Library, William Louis Poteat's inauguration as college 1955. 2 cards. $.50. president assured a more aggressive administra- 65. The library system of the Army War Col- tive support of the new classroom reforms but lege. (75, 15 1. 29 cm.) Air University Library, inadequate subsequent finances prevented a broad development of proposed objectives. Fol- 1955. 3 cards. $.75. T lowing the First World W ar a reaction against 66. The library system of the Artillery School. German influences and the ascendancy of English (38, 13 1. 29 cm.) Air University Library, 1955. ideas stressing the need for a balance between 2 cards. $.50. general and specialist training culminated, so far as the library was concerned, in the work of 67. The library system of the Command and the Carnegie Corporation Advisory Group, but General Staff College. (87, 16 1. 29 cm.) Air Uni- continuing financial embarrassment prevented versity Library, 1956. 4 cards. $1.00. Wake Forest from securing a library grant. The depression of the 1930's and decreasing enroll- 68. The library system of the Industrial College ment during the Second World War aggravated of the Armed Forces. (45, 11 1. 29 cm.) Air Uni- existing financial problems but the Z. Smith versity Library, 1955. 2 cards. $.50. Reynolds offer of 1946 provided hope for a 69. The library system of the Infantry School. brighter future. (61, 16 1. 29 cm.) Air University Library, 1955. 3 cards. $.75. 70. The library system of the USAF Institute of Technology. (58, 11 1. 29 cm.) Air University Library, 1955. 2 cards. $.50. RESEARCH LIBRARIAN 71. The library system of the U.S. Air Force AND CATALOGER School of Aviation Medicine. (41, 131. 29 cm.) Air University Library, 1956. 2 cards. $.50. For chemical and biochemical library com- 72. The library system of the U.S. Military prising 9,000 volumes. Duties involve cata- Academy. (78 1. 29 cm.) Air University Library, loging, maintaining research reports and 1955. 2 cards. $.50. notebook files. Must have library science degree and typing ability or natural sci- 73. The library system of the U.S. Naval ence degree. Academy. (90 1. 29 cm.) Air University Library, 1955. 3 cards. $.75. Address Director of Research 74. The library system of the U.S. Naval Intel- ligence School. (36, 11 1. 29 cm.) Air University R. J. REYNOLDS Library, 1955. 2 cards. $.50. TOBACCO CO. 75. The library system of the U.S. Naval Post- graduate School. (50, 11 1. 29 cm.) Air Univer- Winston-Salem, N. C. sity Library, 1955. 2 cards. $.50.

534 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES What's microprint, n. A graphic image on an opaque base, printed available in reduced size by photography or a photomechanical on process and usually viewed with a suitable enlarging de- microprint vice. The term "Microcard" is applied to certain makes cards of microprint cards.

That's the title of a booklet we've just published. It attempts to consolidate the output of all microprint card publishers we know of who are willing to have us publicize their offerings. It includes a considerable amount of technical literature in the sciences, humanities, law, and finance. If you'd like a copy, just send us the coupon below. There is no charge, only the hope that when it comes to the purchase of a reader, you give due consideration to the Kodagraph Microprint Reader. It is a handsome instrument, takes any card size up to 8j/2 x 153^ inches. The screen is tinted green and tilted 11° because that seems to make it most com- fortable to use. The coupon can bring you more details. r 11-212 EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Graphic Reproduction Division, Rochester 4, N. Y.

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