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September 1960 Vol. 21, No. 5

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G. K. HALL § CO., 97 Oliver Street, Boston 10, Mass. The Sessional Papers: Last Phase

By EDGAR L. ERICKSON

HE BRITISH HOUSE OF COMMONS Ses- Tsional Papers of the eighteenth and Dr. Erickson is Professor of History, Uni- nineteenth centuries are, as I wrote seven versity of Illinois. years ago in the Library Journal (Jan. 1, 1953), "the richest and most important collection of printed government records the collections? When the allotment of in existence in any country." With no pages for a paper in the volume table complete set of these documents in exist- of contents exceeds the actual number of ence anywhere, the program of republica- pages of the paper bound in the volume tion, which I as editor had undertaken, is the table of contents incorrect or the presented problems of locating, identify- paper incomplete? When the title printed ing, collating, reassembling, editing, and on a paper differs from the title in the manually foliating the more than eighty table of contents or in the indexes or in thousand separate publications, totaling the Journals and Votes is the error in the 4,600,000 pages, which developed into a title or in the paper? How can eighteenth- . task of extraordinary proportions and and early nineteenth-century papers on involved complexity. which the numbers are not printed be The unusual editorial burden imposed positively identified? How are nineteenth- by this program developed from the sheer century papers whose numbers are pre- mass of the documents, the lack of a ceded by a zero and decimal point to be master list and of a master collection regarded? How can the Irish papers be fully collated, and the limited informa- distinguished from those of the British tion concerning individual papers in the government in the early years of the nine- Journals and Votes of the House, about teenth century? What should be done the only sources from which one may about papers ordered to be printed but learn of official action on a paper. Ques- which are reported to have been with- tions such as these presented the ever drawn? How can the complete text of a recurring problems that had to be re- paper be ascertained when it contains solved: Does the table of contents of each plates, plans, charts, maps, designs, etc. volume list all of the papers of the vol- for which pagination was not allowed in ume? Do papers listed in the composite either the paper or in the collection volume tables of contents, and which, if annual and period indexes but not in listed at all, are listed obscurely in the the tables of contents of volumes belong index or table of contents of the paper? in the collections? Do papers bound in And so on ad infinitum might the list be the volumes and listed in the tables of continued. contents thereof or in the indexes or in both but which are not recorded in the As the slow, and at times agonizing, Journals and Votes as having been or- drudgery of moving the mountain pro- dered to be printed belong in the collec- ceeded, a point was finally reached when tions? Do papers recorded as ordered to the end was actually in sight, except for be printed in the Journals and Votes a few elusive items which one suspected which are not listed in the tables of con- might be lost to posterity. In the case of tents or in the indexes or both belong in the republication of the House of Com- mons Sessional Papers, 1731-1800, Second on a self-liquidating basis upon being Series, commonly known as the Abbot assured an initial minimum of twenty- Collection, and the nineteenth-century five prepublication subscribers. annual series, 1801-1900, this beginning The work proceeded rapidly at first, of the end was reached when all except for in 1942 the papers for the years 128 out of approximately 2,200 papers in 1821-25 inclusive were published and the Abbot Collection and 17 out of ap- released.2 Then came the war with its proximately 80,000 papers of the nine- stifling shortages of materials. Unfore- teenth-century collection had been col- seen technical difficulties and legal and lated and processed for republication. In financial troubles added further to the England during the summer of 1959 the complications, all of which caused a stale- editor was able to locate the missing mate in operations for several years. items. As a result it is now possible to Meanwhile the work of collating and complete the publication of these parlia- editing continued at the central base of mentary collections. Done at a cost of operations in the New York Public Li- nearly one-half million dollars under the brary, and, once the Readex company editorship of the author of this article, had cleared up its problems, the bulk of the Readex microprint edition now for the Sessional Papers was published and the first time makes available complete distributed in the relatively short period collections of the Second Series, 1731- extending from 1951 to 1957.3 1800, Abbot Collection, and of the an- By 1958, consequently, only those pa- nual series, 1801-1900, of the British pers that could not be located in reposi- House of Commons Sessional Papers, col- tories in the United States and Canada, lections which heretofore have not existed or which foreign agents had not suc- complete in any library in the world. ceeded in finding for us in England, re- The move to reprint the Sessional mained to be published. As time elapsed Papers was initiated by the editor in 1938. it became evident that the work of find- On the strength of data gathered in sup- ing the missing papers could not be dele- port of a publication plan, the Executive gated successfully to agents abroad, and Council of the American Historical As- that if the program were to be completed sociation endorsed the program and es- the editor would have to go to England tablished a special Committee on the and perform the necessary search, re- British Sessional Papers—an affiliate of search, and leg-work of beating the the Committee on Historical Source Ma- bushes for the missing items. This he did terials—to carry it out. The special while on sabbatical leave from the Uni- committee, in turn, entered into an agree- versity of Illinois in the spring and sum- ment with the Readex Microprint Corpo- mer of 1959. ration for the publication of the Sessional Papers in microprint, a then revolution- THE ABBOT COLLECTION ary medium of printing-press printing at The Abbot Collection of eighteenth- high reduction.1 The papers were to be century papers was assembled by Luke printed on six-by-nine inch cards of per- Hansard, printer for the House of Com- manent record quality, and, insofar as mons, under the direction of Charles possible, the format was to follow the 3 Subsequently, after World War II, the first micro- decimal arrangement of one hundred print edition for the years 1821-25 was withdrawn from circulation and reissued so as to give the subscribers micropages on each card. The Readex benefit of improved technical advances in printing. 3 The bulk of the load of locating the papers in the company agreed to finance the program United States and Canada and of preparing the papers for microprinting was done under the supervision of 1 The process was developed by Albert Boni, New Mrs. Albert Boni, managing editor, without whose tire- York, during more than twenty years of research. See less and gigantic efforts this program never could have Edgar L. Erickson, "Microprint: A Revolution in Print- been completed. Credit is also due Dr. Erica Muller, ing," The Journal of Documentation, VII (1951), who was responsible for preparing the papers for the 184-87. years 1821-44 for microcopying.

344 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Abbot (Lord Colchester), Speaker of the stemmed not only from the fact that 1801 House, 1802-17,4 as part of a broad pro- marked the beginning of a new century gram of collation and reprinting with the but that it also was the year that Ireland view to making the papers readily avail- entered into a legislative union with able for members of the Commons.5 Un- Great Britain, thereby making a new ses- til that time the papers had not been sional papers series essential.9 numbered, collated, and bound for gen- The resulting Second Series (110 vols.) eral use.6 The papers had been, and con- of the eighteenth-century papers was ar- tinued to be, published in small-folio size ranged chronologically for the century and the surplus copies were stored in into three serial groups. There are 963 government warehouses.7 As time elapsed Bills, 174 Reports, and 1,032 Accounts members of Commons had found it in- and Papers. The Bills comprise Vols. I to creasingly difficult to obtain the papers XXX of the Second Series; the Reports, of previous years. Mr. Hansard had a Vols. XXXI to LXVIII; and the Ac- considerable stock of eighteenth-century counts and Papers, Vols. LIX to CX.10 In papers in his warehouses, and from these assembling the four sets of the Abbot stocks he assembled for the period 1731- Collection Mr. Hansard prepared hand- 1800 four sets of the original papers, one written tables of contents for each of the each for the Speaker's Gallery, for the volumes of the series and then proceeded Clerk of the Journal to be kept in his to collect the papers for binding. In this office, and for the Clerk of the Journal endeavor he was not able to realize com- for use by the members of Commons, and plete fulfillment of his expectations, for for the British Museum.8 Mr. Hansard in each of the Abbot Collections there also assembled in annual series the origi- are quite a large number of the papers nal papers for the nineteenth century. listed in the tables of contents of the vol- This series began in 1801 and was bound umes as being out of print. A careful according to a subject classification and examination of the Abbot Collections grouping that was considered most ad- held by the House of Commons, the vantageous for use by Commons and the British Museum, and the University Col- government departments. The decision lege of London will supply anyone in- to bind the eighteenth-century papers in terested with convincing evidence that a composite arrangement covering the when in the final gathering of the papers century and the nineteenth-century pa- for binding, as directed by the Speaker pers in an annual composite series of the House, Mr. Hansard found only one original copy of a particular paper, * Second. Report from' the Select Committee on Com- mittee Rooms and Printed Papers, H. C. Sess. Paps., he placed it in the collection for the 1825 (515): 3-4, V:13-14. 5 Speaker's Gallery. As a consequence, the Report of Lord Glenbervie from the Committee Ap- pointed to Enquire into the State and Condition of Abbot Collection in the Speaker's Gal- Printed Journals of the House, and General Indexes thereto, and also Volumes of Printed Reports, &c.; lery became the most complete of the Jour. H. C., 1802-3, LVIII, 638, 653-58. Third Report from the Select Committee on Committee Rooms and four sets of original papers collated by Printed Papers, H. C. Sess. Paps., 1825 (516), 3ff, V:23ff. Classification of the Parliamentary Papers and Mr. Hansard, for there were quite a large a Breifiate of Their Contents, &C., H. C. Sess. Paps., 1830 (81), 1-171, V:143-314. number of papers of which but single 0 The papers published by order of the House of Com- copies could be found.11 On the other mons in the eighteenth century were grouped and numbered by groups when the Abbot Collection was collated hand, from the standpoint of complete- under the direction Charles Abbot, Speaker of the House. See Catalogue of Papers Printed by Order of the House ness there is little to choose between the of Commons from the years 1731-1800 (1807) and H. C. Sess. Paps., 1825 (515), 4, V:14. Abbot Collections at the House of Com- 7 H. C. Sess. Paps., 1825 (515), 4, V:14 and (516), 4, V :24. 8 App. N. I: Memoir on a Selection of Parliamentary 9 H. C. Sess. Paps., 1825 (515), 7, V:17 and (516), Reports and Papers, in Continuation of Fifteen Volumes, 1-11, 12ff, V:20-31, 3Iff. H. C. Sess. Paps., 1825 (516), 9ff, V:29ff; (515), 10 See the Cataloaue of Papers Printed by the Order 2-7, V: 12-17; and Catalogue of Books of the Library of of the House of Commons from the Years 1731-1800 the House of Commons, H. C. Sess. Paps., 1830 (80), (1807). Iff, IV:142ff. 11 See below in section on Bills.

SEPTEMBER 1960 345 mons and at the British Museum. While Abbot Collections was destroyed in the the Commons collection is probably a 1834 fire.15 In the light of this informa- little more complete in original papers, tion one may conclude that the Abbot the British Museum has endeavored to Collection in the House of Commons li- fill the gaps in its collection with micro- brary today is one or the other of the two film copies of the missing papers. original collections assembled by Mr. The Abbot Collection in the Com- Hansard for the Clerk of the Journals, mon's library today probably represents or, possibly is a part of both, for it is a combination of the two original sets improbable that one was entirely de- that Mr. Hansard prepared for the Clerk stroyed and the other escaped completely of the Journals: one set to be retained in intact from the conflagration.16 the Journal Office and the other to be for use by the members of the Commons. SPEAKER'S GALLERY ABBOT COLLECTION The latter went into the Commons li- It is not likely that library circles in brary when space was allotted for a li- London were aware that the Abbot Col- brary in 1818;12 the former also seems to lection in the Speaker's Gallery was the have been transferred from the Journal most complete of these original collec- Office to the Commons library upon the tions. If that fact had been known it is recommendation of the Select Committee improbable that the Speaker of the House on Printed Papers in 1825. The commit- would have consented to the loan of the tee found that since the set of printed Speaker's Gallery set to the University papers then in the custody of the Clerk College library early in the present cen- of the Journals was more complete than tury.17 It is not quite fitting that either the set in the care of the librarian of the the House of Commons or, for that mat- House, it (the former) should be "trans- ter, the British Museum should be placed ferred to the library of the House as a in the position of second best in the mat- place of more convenient access and ref- ter of parliamentary papers holdings. erence."13 Thus on the eve of the burn- The discovery, or rediscovery, of the ing of the parliament on 16 October 1834, superiority of the Speaker's Gallery Ab- there were two of the Abbot Collections bot Collection over the other original in the Commons Library. But the official sets resulted from a train of thought in- reports of the books destroyed in and spired by parliamentary pageantry. saved from the fire are strangely lacking When the editor made his first visit to in information concerning what hap- parliament for the purpose of discussing pened to the two Abbot Collections in with the librarian of the House of Com- the Commons library, though these re- mons the problem of locating the mis- ports do enumerate the other House of sing papers, he arrived at the river end Commons and Lords Papers and Jour- of the lobby between the two houses but nals that were lost in and salvaged from a few moments before the passing of the the fire.14 Fortunately, Professor H. Hale Speaker on his way to convene Commons. Bellot, as a result of his extensive research in parliamentary printing, has of the House of Commons, together with the Minutes of concluded that one of the four original Evidence and Appendices, H. C. Sess. Paps., 1835 (104), 16-22 (Apps. A, B, C), XVIII:121-28. 16 H. Hale Bellot, "Parliamentary Printing. 1660- 1837," Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 13 Report from Select Committee on the Present State (London), XT (1933-34), 94. of the Library of the House of Commons, H. C. Sess. 19 The books in the lower library that were saved were Paps., 1830 (496), 10-11, IV:44-45 (Evidence of Henry thrown out the windows into Cotten Garden and sal- Ley). Until 1818 a small library under the custodianship vaged after the fire. H. C. Sess. Paps., 1835 (104) :3, of the Clerk of the Journals was available to members XVTIT:107. of Commons; the great increase in parliamentary papers 17 The present staff of the University College Library caused a much larger library under a full time librarian was not aware that the library had the Speaker's Gal- to be established in that year. lery Abbot Collection; nor do they have the records that 13 H. C. Sess. Paps., 1825 (516), 4, V:24. show how the collection was obtained by University u Report from the Standing Committee on the Library College.

346 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES In respectful silence he took position complete Abbot Collection that it was along the wall and in wonderment ob- possible for Mr. Hansard to arrange. served the guard close by rise up on his Where then was the Speaker's set? This toes and in full resonant voice shout, query addressed to a staff member of the "The Speaker!" The people in the lobby Commons library elicited an equivocal stepped to the sides of the passageway reply: "Try the University College of and froze at attention; the area became London." At University College the edi- strangely quiet as the Speaker, preceded tor found the Speaker's Gallery Abbot by a guard and a mace-bearer, each at- Collection, and in it were a large ma- tired in the medieval regalia of his office, jority of the missing papers that were not debouched from a doorway at the end in either the British Museum or Com- of the lobby and in measured steps mons sets.18 The discovery of both the moved like ghosts along the corridor to location and the superior completeness the House of Commons. This brief act of of the Speaker's Gallery set was surpris- pantomimic medieval pageantry brought ing news to the libraries holding original home to the editor a new appreciation of Abbot Collections. the majestic sovereignty of the Speaker over his domain in parliament. Unaware ABBOT COLLECTION: BILLS at the time that the episode of the pass- Of the 963 Bills in the Abbot Collec- ing of the Speaker was to become a clue tion, sixty-three were needed to complete to the locating of missing sessional pa- the Readex microprint edition. Of this pers, the editor was then ushered to the number all except twenty-one were found office of the librarian. in the British Museum and Commons Before seeking the assistance of the sets; the twenty-one were found only in librarian of Commons, the editor had the Speaker's Gallery set. By short title carefully checked the list of missing pa- they are: pers against the Abbot Collection at the No. 26 (1745): A bill to obviate difficulties British Museum. This check had yielded in the laws touching poor removals, over- fruitful, but by no means complete, re- seers accounts, 8cc., 12p. sults. In the British Museum collection a number of the missing items were noted No. 105a (1758): A bill obliging parishes to keep registers of births, &c., and to raise as being located in the Speaker's Gallery a fund for the foundling hospital, 16p. set. The editor supposed, naturally, that the Speaker's Gallery set would be in the No. Ill (1759): A bill amending acts for the House of Commons, and that it would preservation of highways and roads, 28p. most likely be the one used by the mem- No. 120b (1760): A bill better ordering the bers. Holding this view he began his sur- militia forces in Scotland, 36p. vey of the Commons Abbot Collection No. 128b (1762/3): A bill concerning West- which the librarian graciously made avail- minster paving (with amendments), 26p. able to him, only to discover that the No. 135a (1764/5): A bill for allowing the papers noted at the British Museum as exchanges of real estates by ecclesiastical being in the Speaker's Gallery set were persons, corporations, and trustees for char- usually missing in the Commons set as itable uses, 8p. well. It therefore became obvious that No. 135b (1764/5): A bill to encourage and the Speaker's Gallery set was not the one facilitate marriages, 8p. in the Commons library. Meanwhile it 18 Notwithstanding the excellence of the University had finally dawned upon the editor that College Speaker's Gallery Abbot Collection, vols. 31, 40, the same Speaker who commanded the 56, 57, 58 (all Reports vols.), and 94 and 95 (Accounts and Papers vols.) are missing. It may be that these awesome respect of the House would also were withdrawn from the Collection to complete the House of Commons Abbot Collection losses suffered in have had assembled for his use the most the 1834 fire.

SEPTEMBER 1960 347 No. 135c (1764/5): A bill to explain Act 12 governor and president, counsellors and of William III, for preventing inconven- members of the select committee, of the iences that may happen by the privilege of settlement of Fort Saint George, on the parliament, 4p. coast of Coromandel, in the East In- No. 135d (1764/5): A bill for the better relief dies."19 In the same Catalogue paper no. and employment of the poor, 36p. 421b is entered as being "the same" as No. 135e (1764/5): A bill for additional no. 421a, and in the three Abbot Collec- duties on silk, See., 8p. tions in London the texts of the two pa- No. 135f (1764/5): A bill for regulating the pers are identical, both being forty-one currency of notes and bills issued by Scotch pages. Since the Journals of the House of banks, 8p. Commons for 1782 contain no record of No. 135g (1765): A bill enabling ecclesiasti- an order for a second printing, there is cal persons to exchange their lands (with no apparent reason why a duplicate of amendments), 6p. the original bill should be included in No. 135h (1765): A bill enforcing uniformity the collection, aside from the fact that to the standards of weights and measures, Mr. Hansard put it there. For that rea- 22p. son alone, no. 421b as produced in the No. 135i (1765): A bill to enlarge the power Readex microprint edition is a duplicate of Westminster paving acts, 24p. of no. 421a.20 No. 135k (1765): A bill to amend laws touching elections, 32p. Logic dictates that at least two other papers might better have been used by No. 136 (1765): A bill to restrain the ill practice of brokers, 6p. Hansard as no. 421b than the one selected. The first is a bill introduced 3 No. 138 (1765): A bill to continue Act 30 of Geo[rge] II for the more effectual amend- June and given royal assent on 1 July ment of highways and roads, 7p. 1782, entitled "A bill to provide that the No. 140 (1765): A bill to quiet the present proceedings on the bill now pending in possession of leases from ecclesiastical per- parliament for inflicting certain pains sons, 4p. and penalties on Sir Thomas Rumbold, No. 143 (1765): A bill for the better relief Baronet, and Peter Perring, Esquire, for and employment of the poor (with amend- certain breaches of public trust, and high ments), 38p. crimes and misdemeanors . . . , shall not No. 149 (1766): A bill to explain acts for the be discontinued by any prorogation or 21 amendment and preservation of highways, dissolution of parliament." The pur- 8p. pose of this bill was to prevent discontin- uance of action against Sir Thomas Rumbold and Peter Perring by reason of # # # a prorogation or dissolution of parliament. In a series of resolutions embodied in the original bill, no. 421a, these offi- Two papers in the Bills group, nos. cials, formerly at Fort St. George, were 421a and 421b of 1782, present an enigma charged with acquiring funds not prop- that has not been entirely cleared up. No. erly accounted for to the East India 421a is listed in the Catalogue of Papers Company, and with failure to act offi- . . . 1731 to 1800 (1807), and its full title is "A bill inflicting pains and penalties 19 A bill for inflicting1 pains and penalties on Sir on Sir Thomas Rumbold, Baronet, and Thomas Rumbold, &c. was ordered 29 April, 1782; presented and read for the first time 7 May; and ordered Peter Perring, Esquire, for certain to be printed on 8 May. See Jour. H. C„ XXXVIII, 961, 987, and 991, respectively. breaches of public trust, and high crimes 20 For papers no. 421a and 421b see H. C. Sess. Paps., 1731-1800 (2nd Series), XII. and misdemeanors, committed by them « Jour. H. C., XXXVIII, 1030, 1042, 1046, 1050-51, 1054-55, 1130 and Public General Acts, 22 Geo. Ill, whilst they respectively held offices of Cap. LIX, 947-48.

348 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES cially so as to prevent the incursions of "ordered that such a number of minutes Hyder Ali in the Carnatic in 1780.22 of evidence taken at the bar of the House Parliament at this particular time was and of the proceedings of the House on extremely sensitive about the corruption second reading of the bill for inflicting in India and was of no mind to let the certain pains and penalties on Sir officials involved by the bill escape pun- Thomas Rumbold and Peter Perring ishment by reason of prorogation or dis- . . . , be printed as shall be sufficient for solution. The bill insuring the continu- use of the members of the house."26 Not- ance of action in the next session, though withstanding the printing order, Mr. passed and approved, was never ordered Hansard did not include this paper printed, and, consequently, was not in- among either the Bills or the Accounts cluded in the Abbot Collection,23 though and Papers of the collection.27 it logically could be considered more appropriate as no. 421b than the one so ABBOT COLLECTION: REPORTS designated by Mr. Hansard. In the nine- Under the Reports only those papers teenth century such a bill would have of the collection that were reports of been ordered printed and included committees and that were ordered among the parliamentary papers of the printed by Commons are included. Of session. the total of 174 reports, sixty-five re- A second paper that might well have mained to be located in England. Only become no. 421b was also one that grew after considerable searching were the out of the original bill, no. 421a in the missing reports found, for the three orig- Abbot Collection. The original bill, as inal Abbot Collections, as in the case of may be noted from the title, was a bill of the bills, did not supply all of the re- pains and penalties involving Sir ports. All told, five major snags were en- Thomas Rumbold and Peter Perring.24 countered to complicate this phase of the Each of the accused in separate petitions collation, and a discussion of these diffi- protested against the irregular action and culties will be useful to others who may demanded representation by counsel at attempt to assemble Abbot Collections. the bar of the House 25 This request was Probems one and two may be taken granted, for at the second reading of the together. They embraced the locating, bill in January 1783 there began a series the identifying, and the establishing of of hearings on the bill that continued the correct text, of the reports of two until June. On 2 June 1783 it was committees on India that took evidence and reported in the years 1772 and 1773. 23 For an exposition of the affairs in India that led The first of the committees was ap- to the action in Commons against Sir Thomas Rumbold, Baronet, and Peter Perring, Esquire, see the resolutions pointed "to enquire into the nature, of 29 April 1782 of the "Committee on Secrecy Relat- ing to the Affairs of the East India Company," George state, and condition of the East India Howard, Chairman; Jour. H. C., XXXVIII, 956-61. 23 See n. 21. Company, and the British affairs in the 24 A bill of pains and penalties resembles a bill of East Indies," for the period from the be- attainder in purpose and procedure, but imposes a lesser punishment than death. These bills had become rare by ginning of the company to 1772. The in- the late eighteenth century. Notable cases in which such a bill was passed are those involving the Bishop of Atterbury in 1722, and Queen Caroline, wife of George IV in 1820. This bill against Sir T. Rumbold and Peter 28 Jour. H. C., XXXIX, 456. Perring is unusual in that it is introduced in the House 2T Technically, the minutes of evidence taken in con- of Commons instead of the House of Lords. It did not nection with the hearings on the bill to impose pains and pass. penalties on Sir Thomas Rumbold and Mr. Peter Perring 25 For the petitions of Rumbold and Perring request- would have appeared in the Accounts and Papers group ing separate hearings and counsel on the charges in the of the Abbot Collection, had they been included in the bill, and for the granting of the petitions see Jour. Collection by Mr. Hansard. It can be argued, therefore, H. C., XXXVIII, 963-64, 1003-4, 1005, 1039; and that the minutes of evidence taken on the bill have no XXXIX, 31-32, 82, 119-20, 143, 171, 178, 194, 237, 255, place among the Bills. The fact is, however, that the 261, 272, 346, 354, 369, 371, 398, 400, 405, 411, 419-20, minutes were not included among the Accounts and 422, 427, 430, 448, 454. See also petitions of Sir T. Papers, and that being the case a paper containing these Rumbold and Peter Perring, 15 May and 17 May 1782, minutes more appropriately should have been put in respectively; Jour, of the House of Lords, XXXVI, the Collection as no. 421b rather than a duplicate of the 498, 503. bill which appears as both no. 421a and no. 421b.

SEPTEMBER 1960 349 vestigations, roughly, were to cover the Also missing from the original Abbot activities of the company with the native Collections in London, is paper no. 16, powers and foreign powers, the activities the Second Report of the Committee on of the company's servants, the conduct of the Nature, State and Condition of the the directors in the keeping of accounts East India Company and the British Af- and in the control of servants, and the fairs in the East Indies. Although the pa- abuses arising from the constitution of per is referred to as the Second Report the company.28 The findings of the com- of the committee, it is really a special re- mittee were published in five reports port that the committee was called upon designated as papers nos. 15 to 19 in the to make on a "petition of Gregoire Co- Abbot Collection.29 The First Report jamaul, late of Bengal, in behalf of him- (No. 15) was made to Commons on 26 self and other Armenian merchants," to- May 1772, and it dealt with conditions in gether with the letters referred to in the Bengal under Clive. The motion for the report.33 This Second Report was made printing of the report "passed in the to Commons also on 26 May 1772; it was negative," but the report, together with not ordered to be printed; but it was its fifteen appendixes, was printed in the printed in the Journals as part of the Journals of the House of Commons as proceedings of the day.34 In the same part of the proceedings of the day.30 In year, however, this Second Report was 1773, however, the First Report was pub- printed separately in quarto for private lished separately (apparently by the gov- sale by S. Blandon, Pater-Noster Row.35 ernment printer, because it was done in Aside from faulty printing in col. 2, p. small-folio) for private sale by "T. Evans, 104, the 1772 quarto edition is identical at No. 54, in Pater-Noster Row, and W. in text to the Second Report in the Jour- Davis, the Corner of Sackville Street, nals. The illegible lines read: . . Cap- Piccadilly."31 The text of the 1773 edi- tain Harper took two parties of sepoys, tion is identical to that in the Journals, and they to took me Prisoner, and carried but not to the text of the "First Report me to Captain Harper's tent. He sent his of the Committee to Enquire into the Munthy to know the Reason why we Nature, State and Condition of the East came at such an improper hour." Aside India Company and the British Affairs from the text of the Second Report in the East Indies," printed in the House printed in the Journals, the quarto edi- of Commons Sessional Rapers, 1715-1801 tion printed privately in 1772 seems to (First Series) III, 135-262, which is an have been the only edition until the re- abridgement of the original text, in that port was reprinted in Vol. Ill of the the Appendix 15 of forty-one pages has First Series of eighteenth-century Ses- been omitted. When Mr. Hansard pre- sional Papers in 1803. Mr. Hansard pared the Abbot Collections, he included failed to find copies of the 1772 edition the First Report of the above committee of Second Report for the Abbot Collec- in the collection as paper no. 15, but he tions, and in the table of contents of Re- did not succeed in locating any copies of ports Vol. II, paper no. 16, Second Re- the 1773 edition. In each of the original port ibrc., is recorded as "Out of Print." Abbot Collections the entry, "Out of The editor was about ready to conclude Print," appears in the table of contents that the original 1773 and 1772 editions 32 of Vol. II, Reports, for paper no. 15. of the First and Second Reports of the

28 26 May 1772, Jour. H. C., XXXIII, 792. 29 Catalogue of Papers . . . 1731-1800, Reports, II. so Tour. H. C., XXXIII, 792, 792-913. British Museum, and the House of Commons Library. 81 The 1773 edition of the First Report of the Com- 33 Tour. H. C„ XXXIII. 792. mittee to Enquire into the Nature, State and Condition 34 26 May 1772, Jour. H. C., XXXIII, 914-44. of the East India Company, &c. consisted of forty-seven 35 This Second Report of the Committee to Enquire pages of report and 153 pages of appendixes. into the Nature, ... of the East India Company, &c. sa The original sets are at University College, the consisted of Minutes, pp. 1-77, Report, pp. 77-124.

350 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Committee on the Nature, State and be printed as a separate paper until 28 Condition of the East India Company, June 1773, at which time the other re- ire., respectively, were no longer extant, ports of the committee were similarly or- when he located a copy of each report in dered to be printed.40 Presumably, the the Goldsmiths' Library of the Univer- First Report from the Committee of Se- sity of London.36 These have been used crecy was printed by Mr. Hansard as or- for duplication in the microprint edi- dered by the House, but copies were not tion. available for the original Abbot Collec- The "Third, Fourth and Fifth Reports tions. The editor did not succeed in lo- of the Committee on the Nature, State cating an original 1773 edition of the re- and Condition of the East India Com- port for the Readex microprint edition; pany" are papers nos. 17, 18, and 19, re- in this one case he had to settle for the spectively, of the Abbot Collection, and reprinted edition of the First Report that they are all to be found in the original is in Vol. IV, pp. 1-14, of the House of collections, though they were not all cor- Commons Sessional Papers, 1715-1800, rectly collated.37 (First Series).41 The second of the two committees on Notwithstanding the fact that the re- India was known as the "Committee on ports of the two committees on India, Secrecy appointed to enquire into the namely, "the committee to enquire into State of the East India Company." The the Nature, state and condition of the purpose of this committee was to inspect East India Company," and "the Commit- the books and accounts of the company tee on secrecy to enquire into the state and to report to the House of Commons of the East India Company," were re- what they found in respect to debts, printed in the First Series in 1803-1804, credits, and management of the com- and that the reports of the two commit- pany.38 This committee issued nine re- tees were correctly listed in the Cata- ports which became papers nos. 20 to 29 logue of Papers . . . 1731-1800 published of the Abbot Collection. Paper no. 24 in 1807, Mr. Hansard, or the party work- consists of an Appendix to the Fourth ing under his direction, failed to get the Report (no. 23).39 reports of these two committees properly Of this group of reports the original collated in the three original Abbot Col- edition of only no. 20, the First Report of lections. The Speaker's Gallery set at the committee on secrecy, seems to have University College not only lacks reports disappeared. That a small-folio official nos. 15, 16, and 20, but in the table of edition of this report was published may contents of the Reports, Vol. II, no. 16, be ascertained from the Journals. On 7 the Second Report of the first of above committees on India, is incorrectly listed December 1772 the committee on secrecy as no. 21, the Second Report of the sec- made its first report. The report was not ond of the above committees on India; printed in the Journals as part of the and no. 18, the Fourth Report of the proceedings, and it was not ordered to first committee, as no. 23, the Fourth Re- port of the second committee. In the 38 For "First Report of the Committee on the Nature, State and Condition of the East India Company, 26 Commons set reports nos. 15, 16, 20, 21, May 1772," see Report from the Select Committee Ap- pointed by the House of Commons . . . Fifth Session of 22, 23, and 24 are missing, and no. 19 is the Thirteenth Parliament, to enquire into East India bound in Vol. Ill instead of II. The Brit- Company, etc. (1773), Goldsmiths' Library, 1773 fol. For the "Second Report of the Committee on the Na- ish Museum set lacks nos. 15, 16 and 20. ture, State and Condition of the East India Company, &c.," see Report from the Select Committee ... to enquire into the Nature, State and Condition of the East India Company (1772), Goldsmiths' Library, 1772 fol. 37 Catalogue of Papers . . . 1731-1800, Reports sec- 40 7 Dec. 1772, Jour. H. C., XXXIV, 27, col. 1. tion; and H. C. Sess. Paps., 1731-1800, (Second Series), This paper was copied for the micronrint edition Reports, Vol. II. from the H. C. Sess. Raps., 1715-1801 (First Series), 38 7 Dec. 1772, Jour. H. C., XXXIV, 27, col. 1. IV, held by the Institute of Historical Research, Senate » See n. 37. House, University of London.

SEPTEMBER 1960 351 The reasons for the confusion in the of quarto size rather than of the official identification of the reports of the two small-folio. The quarto edition of the committees on India may be attributed report is a forty-six-page paper published to the fact that the committees were cov- privately for sale by J. DeBrett in 1794.45 ering approximately the same ground at Only the Commons set contains a copy of the same time in their investigations; report no. 112, Seditious Societies, and that there was delay in the publication of this a quarto 1794 edition. Even though some of the reports; that the titles of there is some doubt concerning the offi- some of the reports were incorrect in cial character of the quarto edition of no. their initial printing; and that the fail- 112, for want of a more official copy it is ure of Mr. Hansard to obtain origiijal being duplicated for the Readex micro- editions of some of the reports made dif- print edition. ficult the task of identifying correctly the The fourth and fifth major problems reports he did locate. The puzzling ques- concerning the collation of the Reports tion that arises is why did not the colla- involved the locating of the supplement- tors refer to the reprinted reports in the ary plans that were missing from the re- First Series, which appear to have been ports from committees for the improve- published before or simultaneously with ment of the Port of London, and what the collation of the Abbot Collections, to do with evidence taken by one of these for the correct identification of the re- committees, which though ordered to be ports? printed had not been included in the Ab- A third major problem encountered bot Collection. in the collation of the Reports pertains Beginning in 1796 and continuing into to paper no. 112, Seditious Societies the nineteenth century there were several (1794). This is a report from a committee bills introduced in Commons that had of secrecy, composed of twenty-one mem- for their purpose the improvement of bers of the House, elected by ballot and the Port of London. Committees held headed by William Pitt, appointed to ex- hearings on these bills, gathered evi- amine books and papers primarily of the dence, and submitted reports that were Society for Constitutional Reform and of printed upon the order of the House in 42 the London Corresponding Society. small-folio. The report no. 129 of 1796 The committee made its first report to of the Abbot Collection, was that of a the House on 16 May 1794 and on the "committee appointed to enquire into the basis of its findings introduced bills that best mode of providing sufficient accom- became laws empowering the govern- modation for the increased trade and ment to secure and detail persons sus- shipping of the Port of London."46 The pected of conspiracy against His Majesty 43 report consists of 216 pages of minutes of and his government. The report was evidence, together with Appendixes A-Z, published in the Journals as part of the Aa-Zz, and Aaa-Ppp. In the Appendixes proceedings of the day, and on the fol- are Plates I to XIX (Plans nos. 1 to 19). lowing day the House ordered that it be Three years later another committee was printed "in such number as shall be suf- 44 appointed "to consider the evidence ficient for use of the members." If this taken on the bills for the improvement printing for the members was done, of the Port of London."47 This commit- copies were not found by Mr. Hansard for the Abbot Collections, for the copy of the report in the Commons collection is 45 See H. C. Sess. Paps., 1731-1800 (Second Series), XLIV (Reports, XIV), no. 112. 48 For report no. 129, 13 May 1796 see H. C. Sess. Paps., 1731-1800 (Second Series), XLVII (Reports, Vol. XVII). « Jour. H. C., XLIX, 589-90, 594, 600. 4T 7 May 1799, Jour. H. C., LIV, 517-18. See also 43 Ibid., 600-610. H. C. Sess. Paps., 1731-1800 (Second Series), XLVII, 44 Ibid., 613. (Reports, XVII).

352 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES tee made its First Report (no. 153), 1 missing original plates or plans would June 1799, consisting of six pages and not be obtainable, when an inquiry by forty pages of appendixes. In this report the editor addressed to a staff member of there were no plates or plans. The same the Commons library turned up the committee made its Second Report on 11 mysterious Book of Plans. It is an ex- July 1799; it consists of two papers (nos. tra-large master-volume containing the 154 and 155), totaling 166 pages. No. 154 plans, numbered consecutively from one is a brief report of sixteen pages, and no. to sixty-five, of the reports on the im- 155 is appendixes, a part of which are provement of the Port of London for the Plates Nos. I to XIV (Plans nos. 20 to period 1796 to 1801.51 Plans twenty to 37) 48 The Third Report of the commit- sixty-two, inclusive, missing in the re- tee is no 167, 28 July 1800, of 149 pages, ports nos. 155 and 167 of the original Ab- the first twenty pages being report proper bot Collections, will be supplied for the and the remainder appendixes.49 In the Readex microprint edition from the appendixes are Plates Nos. I to XXI Book of Plans. (Plans nos. 38 to 62). A further report What to do with the two supplements was made in 1801 but that report is part of evidence taken in 1799 in connection of the nineteenth-century Sessional Pa- with bills relating to the improvement pers.50 of the Port of London is the fifth prob- Of the above reports it may be noted lem bearing on the collation of the re- that no. 129 of 1796, no. 155 of 1799, and ports. The first supplement is entitled no. 167 of 1800 each has plates or plans Minutes of Evidence Taken at the Com- as part of the appendixes. The plates or mittee on the Bill for Rendering More plans for no. 129 are complete in the Commodius, and for Better Regulating original Abbot Collections; but for nos. the Port of London, 11 February to 25 155 and 167 the plates or plans are nearly April 1799: Evidence, pp. 1-46; Appen- all missing. In each of the above reports dixes (A-C), pp. 47-58; Further 'Minutes, the numbered plates have also been as- pp. 59-80. The second of the supplements signed plan numbers coinciding with the is entitled Minutes of Evidence Taken at numbers of the plans in a Book of Plans. the Committee on the Bill for Making These plan numbers have been added by Wet Docks, Basons, Ceels, and Other hand in black ink at all places in the re- Works, for the Greater Accommodation ports and appendixes where references and Security of Shipping, Commerce, are made to the numbered plates. The and Revenue within the Port of London, repeated references to a Book of Plans 11 February to 25 April 1799 (Including indicated that such a book must exist, the Plan of the London Docks produced but there was no such book with the Ab- and explained by Captain Shields), pp. bot Collections at either the University 1-112. Also part of the supplement are College or at the British Museum. The Further Minutes,

48 For reports no. 153, 1 June 1799; nos. 154-155, 51 Book of Plans for the Improvement of the Port of 11 July 1799, see H. C. Sess. Paps., 1731-1800 (Second London, 1796-1801. Plans nos. 63 to 65 inclusive are Series), LIII (Reports, XXIII). part H. C. Sess. Paps., 1801 (102), III. 49 For report no. 167, 28 July 1800 see ibid., LVII 52 These two supplements are unbound in the library (Reports, XXVII). of the University College of London. 50 See Report from the Select Committee for the Im- 53 For actions on the two supplements in Commons on provement of the Port of London, H. C. Sess. Paps., 25 April and 7 May 1799 see Jour. H. C., LIV, 482-83, 1801 (102), III. 517-18.

SEPTEMBER 1960 353 ter date the House appointed a select spondence, papers respecting East India committee to consider all of the minutes affairs, reports of the East India Com- of evidence reported to the House by the pany that were not select committee re- committee on the above "Port of Lon- ports, reports of parliamentary commis- don" and "Wet Docks and Basons" sioners, and minutes and evidence taken bills.54 before committees of the House. Of the The select committee made its First 1,032 papers under the above heading in Report on 1 June 1799; its Second Re- the Abbot Collection, sixty-nine had to port on 11 July 1799; and its Third Re- be found in England. Of this number only port on 28 July 1800. These reports were two papers became problems of extensive papers nos. 153, 154-155, and 167 respec- research: the others were available in tively, of the Abbot Collection.55 But the the three original Abbot Collections, above minutes of evidence contained in again with the Speaker's Gallery set at the two supplements were not included University College serving as the best in the collection, even though they were source.56 officially ordered to be printed. In order The first of these problems involved to make the minutes of evidence avail- paper no. 788. The paper consists of sev- able to scholars, the two supplements are enteen days of evidence taken between being published in the Readex micro- March and May 1794 by a House of Com- print edition immediately following the mons committee on the occasion of the Appendix of the First Report, no. 153. second reading of a petition for the "Eau If the supplements were added to the Brink and King's Lynn drainage bill."57 Accounts and Papers group of the Abbot Although the bill itself was not printed Collection, they would be lost for want as a separate paper,58 the minutes of the of a listing in the Catalogue of Papers evidence were. The full title of the bill . . . 1731 to 1800; by placing the supple- is "A bill for improving drainage of the ments With the First Report from the middle and south levels, part of the great Committee on the Improvement of the level, and the low lands adjoining or Report of London they can be located near the river Ouze, in the county of without special citation in the Catalogue, Norfolk, draining through the same to for they will serve as an appendix to the the sea by the harbour of King's Lynn, report made in consideration of these in the said county, and for altering and very minutes of evidence that compose improving the navigation of the said the supplements. river Ouze, from or near a place called Eau Brink, in the parish of Wiggenhall Saint Mary's, in the said county, to the ACCOUNTS AND PAPERS: ABBOT said harbour of King's Lynn; and for im- COLLECTION proving and preserving the navigation of Papers not arranged under Bills and the several rivers communicating with Reports were included under Accounts the said river Ouze."59 and Papers. The latter group includes In his Catalogue of Papers . . . 1731 to papers pertaining to revenue, commerce, 1800, prepared in 1807, Mr. Hansard estimates and expenditures, other state- states in the entry for paper no. 788, that ments and accounts, and all papers the evidence for the seventh and tenth printed by order of the House of Com- 58 See Catalogue of Papers . . . 1731-1800, introduc- mons that were not proceedings of the tion to "Accounts and Papers." 57 Mar. 1794, Jour. H. C., XLIX, 271-72. House, such as narratives of particular 53 28 May 1794, ibid., XLIX, 635. On this date a motion to proceed further with the bill for improving the transactions, treaties, diplomatic corre- drainage, &c., passed in the negative. 58 14 Feb. 1794, ibid., XLIX, 166. On this date leave was given Sir John Wodehouse and Mr. Coke of Nor- 54 7 May 1799, Jour. H. C., LIV, 517-18. folk to prepare and bring in a petition for the "Eau 50 See nn. 47, 48, 49. Brink and King's Lynn drainage bill."

354 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES days of the committee hearings on the pe- jackpot, has finally resolved most of the tition for the "Eau Brink and King's problem. Almost simultaneously, as the Lynn drainage bill" is missing. This en- end of a long list of possible sources try indicates that Hansard had succeeded drew near, single copies of the paper, in locating all of the paper except the minus the evidence of the seventh and evidence for the two days. The seventh tenth days, were located at the House of day was probably 19 March 1794 and Lords in their incomplete Abbot Collec- the tenth day was probably 27 .March tion, and at the University College 1794, for these dates check with the among unbound miscellaneous papers known dates of the sixth, eighth, ninth, that certainly were not a part of the and eleventh days of the hearings, and Speaker's Gallery set. Although a search with dates listed in the Journals on for the missing two days of the paper which hearings were held.60 The House continues,62 the specifications of the pa- ordered the evidence taken by the com- per no. 788 for the Abbot Collection in mittee to be printed from time to time the Catalogue of Papers have been met on 4 March 1794,61 and the complete of- in the' microprint edition. ficial edition of the paper totaled 568 The final problem of collating the Ac- pages consecutively foliated. Since the counts and Papers of the Abbot Collec- missing printed portions of the edition tion concerns paper no. 923, Land Tax, for the seventh and tenth days were pages 1798- Propositions; and no. 924a, Land 283-340 and 407-442, respectively, it may Tax, 1798- Resolutions. In 1798 parlia- be assumed that the evidence for those ment passed "An act for granting an aid days was actually printed. to His Majesty, by a land tax, for the serv- Notwithstanding the rather conclusive ice of the year one thousand seven hun- evidence that Hansard located all of pa- dred and ninety-eight. . . ."63 The war per no. 788, except that for the two days, with France had been going on for five there is, on the other hand, almost years and the country was confronted equally conclusive evidence in the lacu- with the problems of financing the war. nae of the original Abbot Collections In the way of implementing the act that indicates that he also failed to locate granting the land tax, the Treasury laid other portions of the paper as well. For before Commons a group of fifteen pro- instance, the Abbot Collection at the positions which provided that several British Museum contains only pages 135- "sums of money shall be charged on the 241, the evidence for the fifth day; the counties and places in Great Britain, in House of Commons set is not much more respect of premises, ... to be raised, complete; and the Speaker's Gallery set levied and paid unto His Majesty within at University College lacks the entire pa- the space ot one year from 25th day of per no. 788 in its bound Vol. XXXIX, March 1798, and [shall] from and after Accounts and Papers. In the face of these the expiration of the said term, continue lacunae in the original Abbot Collec- to be raised, levied, and paid yearly to tions, the prospects were remote for ob- His Majesty, His Heirs, and successors, taining this paper for the Readex micro- from the 25th day of March in every year print edition. An intensive search, fea- forever. . . ,"64 The propositions became tured by countless dead ends and a final resolutions by the addition of an introductory clause, "Resolved that it is the 80 Jour. H. C., XLIX, 353, 387. The first page reference probably refers to the seventh day of hearings, and the second to the tenth day of the committee hearings, 63 The county archives at Lincoln, Norwich, and Cam- on the Eau Brink and King's Lynn drainage bill. The bridge, all directly in or near to the Bedford level areas, action on 18 March 1794 (the sixth day) is on page 350; have reported that the missing portions of paper no. that of 20 March, (the eighth day) on pages 356-57: 788 are not in their collections. that of 21 March (the ninth day), on pages 362-63; and os "Land Tax, 1798, Propositions," H. C. Sess. Paps., that of the eleventh day, 2 April 1794 on page 411. 1731-1800, Accounts and Papers, XLV, no. 923, par. 1. 61 4 Mar. 1794, Jour. H. C., XLIX, 290-91. « Ibid.

SEPTEMBER 1960 355 opinion of this committee," to each of only seventeen problems; the problems the propositions.65 Each of the three Ab- had been countless but the work had bot Collections contains no. 923 (10p.); been spread over such a long period that none contains no. 924a, which is listed time had permitted the widespread in- in the Catalogue of Papers as being the quiries for missing papers to turn up the same as paper no. 923; and in each of the ones not located in the New York Public collections the tables of contents of Vol. Library. It is not within the scope of this XLV, Accounts and Papers, list 924a as article. to recapitulate the solution of being "out of print;" and all three col- other than difficult collation problems lections contain no. 924b (10p.). in the last phase of the program. Of the The question that arises is whether seventeen papers to be located in Eng- there really ever was a paper no. 924a, land, five required considerable time and Land Tax, 1798- Propositions, in view of effort; the other twelve were found in the fact that no. 923 is listed as being of various nineteenth-century collections in the same year and identical in title. The England. Journals and the Votes of the House do The first of the problems concerned not contain the answer, but information paper no. 122, 2 June 1802, "A Sermon supplied by the staff of the Treasury and to be preached before the Honourable Cabinet Office Library, after a careful House of Commons at the Church of study of the treasury papers in the spe- Saint Margaret, Westminster, on Tues- cial collection of Accounts and Papers day, June 1, 1802, being the Day ap- held by the library, provides a basis for pointed for General Thanksgiving." The a resolution of the problem. In the vol- occasion for thanksgiving was peace with ume of papers in the library for 1796-97 France, and on 21 May 1802 the Rev- —1797-98, there are but two papers, erend Dr. Vincent was invited by the 66 Land Tax, 1798- Propositions, and Land House to preach the sermon. That he Tax, 1798- Resolutions. These papers performed the honor is confirmed by the are the same in text as nos. 923 and 924b expression of thanks the House voted to of the Abbot Collection. Since the Ac- Dr. Vincent on 2 June, and by the order counts and Papers collected and main- that the sermon was to be printed.67 The tained for the Treasury do not contain sermon was not printed in the Journals, what would be, if it ever existed, a treas- and it has not been found in any of the ury paper no. 924a, and since the staff of better collections of the papers. That it the library supports the conclusion that belongs in the 1801-2 series of papers is there is no basis for a paper so num- evidenced by the order for printing, by bered, the paper no. 924a is being de- the listing of the paper in the general in- leted from the Abbot Collection. dexes of the Sessional Papers as no. 122 of 1801-2, without a volume assignment, NINETEENTH-CENTURY SESSIONAL PAPERS and by an item in The London Chroni- Only seventeen papers of the nine- cle to the effect that the Commons held teenth-century collection of the Sessional a thanksgiving service in Saint Margaret's Papers remained to be located in Eng- and the Lords in Westminster Abbey.68 land in 1959. That is not to say that the The Times of London made no mention task of collating the sixty-five thousand of the occasion. House of Commons Papers and the four- Interesting as the leads confirming the teen thousand Command Papers that sermon were, they did not turn up the compose this collection had presented

88 Votes of the House of Commons, 1801-2, No. 118, 63 "Land Tax, 1798, Resolutions," H. C. Sess. Paps., p. 1135; Jour. H. C., LVTI, 483. 1731-1800, Accounts and Papers, XLV, no. 924b; and - 87 Tour. H. C., LVII, 533. 16 April 1798, Jour. H. C., LIII, 459-62. 03 The London Chronicle (1 to 3 June 1802), 521.

356 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES text of the sermon itself. This discovery Volunteers and Militia," 1801-2, Vol. IV, came from biographical data in Watt's p. 631. The second vote of thanks is en- Bibliotheca Britannica, identifying Vin- tered in the same index as "Letter from cent as Dr. William Vincent, Dean of the Speaker, with Votes of Thanks to Westminster, who preached the thanks- Militia, Local Miltia and Volunteers," giving sermon of 1 June 1802, which was 1813-14, Vol. XI, p. 140.74 The thanks in printed.69 With this information the ser- each instance were in the form of four mon was located at the British Museum resolutions: one to the officers and one in a volume entitled, Thanksgiving Ser- to the non-commissioned officers and mons, B-V.70 The sermon was entitled " 'A men of the militia, and one to the officers Sermon Preached before the Honoura- and one to the noncommissioned officers ble House of Commons at the Church of and men of the local militia, yeomanry, Saint Margaret, Westminster on Tuesday and volunteers. Neither of the above June 1, 1802, Being the Day Appointed votes of thanks of the House appear as for a General Thanksgiving.' By William separate papers in any of the nineteenth- Vincent, D.D. Printed by Luke Hansard, century collections. However, since the Lincoln's Inn Fields; and sold by T. Ca- votes were printed in both the Votes and dell, Jun. and W. Davis, in the Strand, Journals of the House, the resolutions 1802." The sermon consists of thirty- that express the thanks in 1802 and 1814, three pages and is the last in the volume. respectively, are being blocked out, mi- This text is being reproduced for the crocopied, and reproduced in the micro- microprint edition and will be located print edition. at the end of Vol. IV, 1801-2, immedi- The finding of the complete text of ately following paper no. 48, "Vote of paper no. 140, Controverted Election Thanks to the Local Militia and Volun- Petitions, 1806-07, was the fourth prob- teers." lem of collation in the last phase. The Problems two and three pertain to paper consisted of three parts, but Ses- votes of thanks of the House to militia, sional Papers collections in the Western local militia and volunteers made on 6 Hemisphere and in the United Kingdom, April 1802,71 on the occasion of the peace it appeared, at best contained only parts in that year, and on 6 July 1814,72 on two and three. Part two, 26 March 1807, the occasion of the overthrow of Napol- listed the names of the constituencies for eon. Both actions are recorded in the which controverted election petitions Votes and Journals, together with the were being filed, the petitioners, the resolutions of thanks, which were to be members sitting for the constituencies, sent to the lord lieutenants of each coun- the dates the committees for investigat- try, riding, and place in Great Britain ing the petition were appointed, and the and to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, determinations of the petitions. Part over the signature of the Speaker of the three, 27 April 1807, contained the same House. The first vote of thanks is entered list of petitions as two, but it was more in the General Index. . . ., 1801-183273 complete with respect to the determina- as paper no. 48, "Vote of Thanks to the tion of the cases. In the light of the fore- going data one was strongly tempted to 69 Robert Watt. Bibliotheca Britannica (Edinburgh, conclude that part one of paper no. 140 1824), II, 935k. 70 Thanksgiving Sermons, B-V (Brit. Mus. cat. no. probably was only a paper showing the 694, h. 8, 25). 71 6 April 1802, Votes H. C., 1801-2, No. 87, 801-2. initial action on the petitions listed in 6 April 1802, Jour. H. C., LVII, 303-4. 72 6 July 1814, Votes H. C., 1813-14, No. 104, p. parts two and three. The Journals did 845. Jour. H. C„ LXIX, 438. not reveal that there were three parts to 73 General Index to Bills, Reports, Accounts and Other Papers, Printed by the Order of the House of the paper, let alone distinguish be- Commons, 1801-1832, H. C. Sess. Paps., 1833 (737), XL: 253. 7< Ibid.

SEPTEMBER 1960 357 tween them. It looked as though paper which was ordered to be printed on 10 no. 140 would appear in microprint in August 1807,76 there was printed an un- two parts only, with a note to the effect numbered, and in the indexes undated, that it probably was an abridgement paper entitled Schedule of Requisi- consisting only of parts two and three. tions of six pages. The paper was as- As a last resort inquiry was made of the signed to Vol. II, 1807, beginning at page House of Lords Library, and there part 435, immediateely following the Third one was found. Contrary to presump- Report to which it was directly related.77 tion part one contained an entirely dif- This Schedule of Requisitions was ferent list of election petitions from missing from all of the major collections those in parts two and three. Only by of the nineteenth-century Sessional Pa- the narrowest of margins was this paper pers examined in the Western Hemis- located in complete text for the Readex phere and in the United Kingdom. The microprint edition.75 fact that the paper was unnumbered, In 1807 a committee of Commons was that the Journals supply no specific in- appointed to examine and consider what formation about it, and that it is missing regulations had been established in order in so many major collections of the Ses- to control the several branches of public sional Papers aroused the thought that expenditure in Great Britain and Ire- the paper might never have been printed. land. The committee was also to con- Once again, however, the final search sider the effectiveness of the regulations yielded the desired results, and again at and what further measures were neces- both the House of Lords and Treasury sary for reducing any part of the public and Cabinet Office Libraries was the pa- expenditure or for diminishing the per found. With this find the collation amount of salaries and emoluments of the nineteenth-century sessional pa- without detriment to the public service. pers was completed, and with the Abbot In addition to reports on "the pay of- Collection already taken care of, the cur- fice" and "the bank," the First Report tain can be lowered on the program of and the Second Report, respectively, the collation and publication that was begun committee made a Third Report on of- twenty years ago. fices, sinecures, places, and pensions. In connection with this Third Report, 78 Third Report from the Committee on Public Ex- penditures in Great Britain and Ireland; H. C. Sess. Paps., 1807 (109), pp. 1-12, 11:423-34; 10 Aug. 1807, Votes H. C., No. 40, p. 106; Jour. H. C.. LXII:836. 7S Controverted Election Petitions, 1806-7, Nos. 1, 2, 77 Schedule of Requisitions from the Select Committee 3; H. C. Sess. Paps., 1806-7 (140), pp. 1-10, 111:497- on Public Expenditures; H. C. Sess. Paps., 1807 (0), 508. pp. 1-6, 11:435-40.

APPLICATIONS FOR ACRL GRANTS

Forms on which applications for grants in ACRL's Grants Program for 1960/61 may be submitted have been distributed. They have been sent to all college and university libraries presumed to be eligible in the program on the basis of the information recorded in "Higher Education," part 3 of the Education Directory published by the U. S. Office of Education. Any eligible library that has not yet received the forms should request them from the ACRL office.

358 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Price Tag on a University Library

By ROBERT B. DOWNS and ROBERT F. DELZELL

T>UBLISHED ESTIMATES and guesses on the cost of developing a university library Dr. Downs is Dean of Library Administra- and its resources are, by and large, at tion, and Mr. Delzell, Administrative Assist- such wide variance that one can only ant, University of Illinois Library. conclude the figures have little factual basis. Taking into account varying prices of Five years ago, Donald Coney of the books in different fields, the value of University of California (Berkeley) as- rare books, non-book materials, and serted, "Twenty-five million dollars is other factors, Mixer came to the conclu- the kind of money it takes to create a sion that Columbia's collections, then passably good university library. A num- numbering 2,793,605 volumes, should be ber of universities, with the help of a evaluated at $12,237,808.3 host of private benefactors, but often A more recent estimate for Columbia mainly with tax funds, have put into was made by Maurice F. Tauber and his their libraries amounts of this order of associates in their survey of the library. magnitude or greater."1 "Columbia's collections have been ac- Mr. Coney did not reveal the method quired at great expense," they stated, by which he arrived at this nice round "and the insurance value on them in sum. His judgement appears moderate 1956 was placed at almost $20,000,000— and sober, however, when placed oppo- probably a conservative estimate of ac- site a feature story on the Library of tual worth. The collections contain ma- Congress appearing in the Chicago Daily terials that are highly specialized, and, News. Based on a collection of about in some instances, are among the best in eleven million volumes, plus millions of the world."4 manuscripts and other types of material, In his 1955 report on Harvard, the the reporter noted, "The cost of replac- largest of American university libraries, ing the items that could be replaced has Keyes Metcalf, using a somewhat differ- been estimated at more than $2,250,000,- ent approach, essayed an appraisal of 000." Correctly, he added, "Many of the the Harvard Library in terms of cost: items are priceless because they are ir- "The University's investment in the replaceable."2 Again, details are lacking Library is greater than is generally real- on the foundation for the astronomical ized. The following items, appraised on valuation of two-and-a-quarter billion the basis of prices prevailing today, dollars. might be listed: A down-to-earth, solidly factual study, Building plant, 12,000,000 for insurance purposes, was made by Charles W. Mixer of the Columbia Uni- cubic feet $25,000,000 versity Libraries, though his figures are Book collection, 6,000,000 now a decade old and do not reflect the volumes (The rare book inflationary values of the nineteen fifties. and manuscript collections alone may have a 1 "A Librarian's View of Library Finance." In E. E. Williams, ed., Problems and Prospects of the 3 "Insurance Evaluation of a University Library's Research Library (New Brunswick, N. J.: The Scare- Collections," CRL, XIII (1952) 18-23, 29. crow Press, 1955), p. 136. 4 Maurice F. Tauber, C. Donald Cook, and Richard a William McGaffin, "Did You Know You Owned H. Logsdon. The Columbia University Libraries (New This?" Chicago Daily News, February 1, 1958, p. 26. York: Columbia University Press, 1958), p. 40.

SEPTEMBER 1960 359 commercial value of prices. This figure ranged from 233.1 to $50,000,000, so this fig- 80.3, with 1947-1949 equalling 100. ure is undoubtedly con- The Library's cataloged holdings as of servative.) $60,000,000 June 30, 1959, were 3,209,404 volumes. Processing of 6,000,000 vol- Of the total, 2,676,281 volumes were ac- umes $25,000,000 quired by purchase, and 533,123 bound Annual expenditures of volumes were received by gift and ex- nearly $2,500,000 repre- change. senting the income of The Library's annual budgets are an endowment of $50,000,000 available for the period 1897 to 1959. For each of these years, the total ex- Total investment in the penditures for books, periodicals, and Library $160,000,000" 5 binding was multiplied by the purchasing power of the dollar, as determined The figures cited by Mr. Metcalf are by the tables of the United States Office comparable only in part to those pre- of Business Economics. The actual ex- viously mentioned, since they include penditures for 1897-1959 amounted to building plant, processing costs, and the $9,574,830, which was increased in value, value of the library's endowment. Never- by application of the index, to $11,510,- theless, all are legitimate considerations 648. in determining an institution's actual Statistics of expenditures prior to 1897 investment in its library. More debata- are not available, but using the best ble, perhaps, is the well-rounded esti- available guides to book prices for the pe- mate of $60,000,000 for the value of the riod 1868, when the University opened, book collection. As Metcalf insists, the to 1896, an arbitrary average of $3.50 per figure may err on the conservative side, volume was decided upon. Applying the but in the nature of things, it can hardly average to 31,646 volumes then held by be more than an educated guess, lack- the Library increased the total cost by ing detailed analyses. $90,661, or in terms of purchasing power Such an analysis has lately been at- to $211,330. tempted for the University of Illinois In trying to determine a total valua- Library and its collections. The primary tion of the collections, an imponderable sources of information were the Library's of considerable proportions is gifts and own annual reports, which are reason- exchanges. It is customary for a sizeable ably complete back to the beginning of number of any university library's rare the present century, when the Library's and costly books to be received by way development had barely started; and the of gifts, and therefore the unit value of transactions of the University's board of much material in this category may ex- trustees, which include detailed annual ceed that of purchased works. On the budgets for all divisions. other hand, it is realistic to recognize To have meaning, a cost study spread that a fair percentage of gifts are of rela- over a term of years must use an index tively low quality. The average is prob- dollar. For that purpose, the United ably on a par with purchased materials. States Office of Business Economics' Pur- The count of 533,123 volumes at Illinois chasing Poiuer of the Dollar was adopted. received by gift and exchange represents, The average monthly figure for each it should be emphasized, fully cataloged year was used to measure the purchasing bound volumes only, excluding paper- power of the dollar in terms of consumer bound, uncataloged publications, which 5 Report on the Harvard University Library; A would greatly increase the figure on Study of Present and Prospective Problems (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Library, 1955) p. 62. holdings.

360 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES In any case, it appears reasonable in give no recognition to tremendous in- this instance to apply the same average creases in prices for rare books—with value to gifts and exchanges as to pur- which the Illinois Library is richly en- chased items. Following the unit cost of dowed—many of which have trebled and approximately $4.30 ($11,510,648 di- quadrupled in value, or for thousands of vided by 2,676,281 volumes) produces a complete files of scarce learned journals, total valuation of $2,292,429 for the 533,- or for hundreds of thousands of out-of- 123 volumes of gifts and exchanges. print volumes, or for manuscripts, and Another type of expense involved in all the other types of material which go the growth of a university library collec- to form a major research library. In tion, equally valid, is technical process- many cases these materials are unpro- ing, the cost of acquisition, classification, curable at any price because they have and cataloging, without which the ex- simply disappeared from the market. penditures for materials would serve lit- Neither do the figures take into account tle purpose. Reliable figures for salaries the considerably higher salary and wage and wages for the University of Illinois scales now prevailing. Library are available since 1907, but not An intangible factor also of first sig- for the earlier period. The first forty nificance is the contribution that a com- years, however, were comparatively in- munity of scholars has made year after consequential. Expenditures for salaries year in guiding the development of and wages for acquisitions, cataloging, the Library's resources. The specialized serials, and binding from 1907 to 1959 knowledge, the intimate acquaintance totaled $6,887,213. Correcting that figure with the literature of their fields, the in terms of the index changes it to $7,- understanding of bibliographical prob- 727,489. lems, familiarity with the current book In sumary, the value of the University market, and whole-hearted devotion to of Illinois Library collections, based library interests of Harris F. Fletcher, upon actual expenditures, except for Thomas W. Baldwin, George W. White, gifts and exchanges and pre-1897 acquisi- Gordon N. Ray, William Spence Robert- tions, as of June 30, 1959, was as follows: son, William A. Oldfather, Nathan A. Weston, John VanHorne, Phineas L. Expenditures for books, pe- Windsor, and a host of other Illinois fac- riodicals, and binding (2,- ulty members and librarians are without 676,281 volumes) $11,510,648 price. Estimated value of 533,123 Of similar worth are the activities of volumes received by gift a number of noted private book collec- and exchange 2,292,429 tors, whose lifetime accumulations now Estimated value of 31,646 vol- enrich the Illinois library, notably: umes received before 1897. 211,330 Wilhelm Dittenberger and Johannes Total salaries and wages for Vahlen in classical philology, Count An- the technical departments, tonio Cavagna Sangiuliani de Gualdana 1907-1959 7,727,489 on Italian history and literature, Jacob Hollander on the history of economics, Total $21,741,896 William Spence Robertson on Latin- Could the University of Illinois Li- American history, George Sherburn on brary's present holdings, or any com- eighteenth-century English literature, parable research collection, be dupli- Harlan H. Horner and Carl Sandburg cated today for $21,598,053? Certainly on Abraham Lincoln, Franklin J. Meine not, if one were to attempt to assemble on American humor and folklore, Ar- original materials. The preceding figures (Continued on page 404)

SEPTEMBER 1960 361 Our Academic Library Leadership: From the Faculty? By ROBERT E. MOODY

HE SUBJECT ASSIGNED for our discus- Tsion today is a limited one: "aca- Dr. Moody is Director of Libraries, Boston demic libraries" and their "leadership." University. This paper was given at the We are not concerned with public li- Eastern College Librarians' Conference, Co- braries and their need of public rela- lumbia University, November 28, 1959. tions experts or politically oriented business managers. Nor are we talking about into one of these machines. How would the catalogers and reference librarians they appear—those librarian-robots— without whom the academic library coming out at the other end like so would be a wilderness of chaotic confu- many Frankensteins and Frankenstein- sion. (Of course, I would continue to esses? In some ways, I am glad that I hope that the scholarly people in these shall never know. Such competence, such fields will continue to advance to posi- personality, such knowledge! But would tions of leadership.) We are not even talk- not these ideal librarians, given these su- ing about the desirable personality traits perior skills and these superb qualities, of a good librarian, though their impor- be successful in almost every endeavor? tance is such that they mean the differ- Is leadership among librarians so difference between the success or failure of an ent from leadership everywhere? Perhaps otherwise competent man or woman. if we consider what it is that librarians With professional wisdom, our program are trying to do rather than what their committee has commissioned us to dis- personal qualities should be, we may cuss the type of background in education avoid the claim that they must be models and experience most likely to provide of perfection. our college and university libraries with First, let me ask, can we agree upon the kind of librarians best fitted to cope the ends of our careers as librarians? Per- with their growing complexities. haps not, but we must try to give some The real difficulty we face in this ques- indication of our purposes. "Where ends tion is that we all have extremely high are agreed," said Sir Isaiah Berlin, in his ideals as to what the "academic li- inaugural lecture at Oxford, "Two Con- brarian" should be. We expect him or cepts of Liberty," "the only questions her to have a combination of all the left are those of means, and these are not virtues. Indeed, what would the ideal political but technical, that is to say, leader in this field look like were he to capable of being settled by experts or be created in the flesh? In this day of machines like arguments between engi- automation, we have machines which, neers or doctors." given the necessary directions, can turn What is the academic role of the li- out the most intricate patterns. Suppose brarian? Where does he fit into the aca- that we put on tape symbols for all the demic scheme? Is he playing the organ tasks now performed by academic librar- with the orchestra, or is he merely keep- ians, together with symbols for the educa- ing it in tune? tion and experience ideally required for The work of the academic librarian their best performance, and feed the tape seems to be clearly a part of the scholarly

362 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES process described by Professor Howard ist, where they are located, how they are Mumford Jones in his report as chair- organized, and the means by which they man of a Commission on the Humanities may be obtained. Just as it is a wise of the American Council of Learned So- father who knows his own children, it is cieties. He wrote, "it concerns something a wise librarian that knows his own fundamental to both teaching and civili- books—and an even wiser one, if he zation; namely, how do you maintain knows the books of his neighbors. Let us and enrich the organized knowledge take up these points in order. about the achievements of mankind over Collection of Materials. Does any one the centuries, upon which teaching de- doubt that nearly every great collection 1 pends." His report, he adds, "concerns of scholarly materials has behind it a the education ... of scholars." At its scholar-librarian, or possibly several gen- highest, then, the academic librarian has erations of them? It is true that collectors as his aim the maintenance and enrich- like Lenox, Brown, Morgan, Hunting- ment of organized knowledge for the ton, Folger, Clements, founded great li- "education of scholars." Of course, not braries—usually with competent advice— all students in our academic institutions and we may devoutly hope that collectors are scholars, but if higher education fails will continue to flourish. But today it is to give to a significant number of them the librarian who is adding to existing some glimpses of the methods and at- collections, establishing new ones, advis- tainments of scholarship, then it has in- ing collectors on their purchases, and deed failed. putting their growing collections in What are the basic elements in our order for use. The scholar, the collector, academic system by which we hope to the librarian, are a triumvirate, indis- achieve the "education of scholars"? pensable to each other, all cooperating They are: (1) the scholarly teacher; (2) in the great task of gathering material the scholarly library (I recognize, of for the study of man and his universe. course, the equal place of the laboratory Do they not each share at least some of in the training of scientists); and (3) the the qualities of the other? scholarly product, whether it be brain or Preservation and Organization of Ma- books; for we cannot ignore the fact that terials. In this area the librarian has no the academic libraries which we have in rival. Why some librarians apologize for mind exist not merely to aid in the edu- being curators, I have never been able to cation of the scholars of the future, but see. The librarians of today who will be also to enable scholars in our own gen- longest remembered are those who have eration to write books or otherwise to preserved faithfully the materials placed create a useable body of knowledge. in their custody and who have greedily The academic'library occupies a criti- and shamelessly added to them. Long cally important middle position in this after the circulation figures have become outline, and the librarian is a key figure neglected statistics, long after the success- in the study of the culture of which we ful public relations program has been are a part. He is (1) the constant assistant forgotten, his name will continue to be of the non-librarian scholar in the col- recorded and blessed by the scholar who lection of basic documents; (2) the officer finds, no matter how dust-laden and neg- chiefly responsible for the preservation lected, no matter with what labor, the and orderly arrangement of these docu- items needed to make his work complete. ments; and (3) the depository of a reser- The efficiency expert may deplore the li- voir of knowledge of what materials ex- brarian pack-rat, who seems to be accum- ulating everything, but many a great 1 One Great Society (New York: Harcourt, Brace, collection began as a seemingly indis- 1959), p. v.

SEPTEMBER 1960 363 criminate aggregation of books. I like to writers which state most flatteringly remember, too, the words of the Bishop their obligations to libraries. of Oxford when he spoke some years ago At this point, I am thoroughly con- to the Friends of the Bodleian Library, scious of the fact that, educational de- answering the criticism that certain mands and budgets being what they are, groups of books were "rarely consulted." the librarians of many academic institu- The Bishop said, "The Bodleian has a tions may feel that the ends of academic right to receive a copy of every book librarianship, as I have described them, published in England, and much of what are foreign to their everyday work. "We it receives may be rubbish, but the world must be practical," they will say. "My would be a gloomier place if there were library now has 50,000 volumes, 500 pe- no actual rubbish in it, and a great li- riodical subscriptions, and a book budget, brary would be less atractive if all the if I am lucky, of $7,500. The only type books in it were worth reading and had of collection I am likely to be offered in to be read by somebody." I hope that I the near future is a collection of old do not need to emphasize here that I am theological books that a trustee wants to not talking about collections of books on give, and the president thinks we ought stenography, of old college catalogs, of to accept, and no scholar writing a book railroad time tables, and of corpora- ever so much as looked at my library, tion reports, even though these may thank goodness. Even the faculty have be important for certain users. I have to do their limited research in the sum- sympathy for the libraries with two mil- mer, and go somewhere else to do it." lion volumes that are fearful that their This is an important aspect of our prob- rate of growth will overwhelm them, but lem because there are so many of these how representative are they of academic libraries. But are their ends really differ- libraries as a group? ent from those which we have stated? I The problems of the organization of think not. At whatever level, the process materials are closely connected with is still teaching with books. librarianship. But the ends of organiza- I would say to the administrators of tion are scholarly ends and make neces- such institutions, whether junior col- sary a knowledge of the habits and meth- leges or four-year colleges, "You have a ods of scholars, (erratic though they may magnificent opportunity to integrate be) as well as of their demands, which your teaching program with your book are often, as everyone knows, somewhat collections by selecting a librarian who unrealistic. Here again, if the ends can has had teaching experience." It is my be agreed upon, the technical staff may belief that the staffs of such libraries be counted on to supply the means. should be strengthened. Of course, it is A Reservoir of Knowledge. The great- too often limited in size and relatively est satisfaction which a scholarly librar- inexperienced. But the administrative ian can have is to find his name or that problems are comparatively simple, and of his library included in an author's a faculty member who knows the aims of preface or list of acknowledgments. As a the curriculum and the practical prob- class, librarians have been humble and lems of teaching, who can at once place modest as well as generous in their serv- every interest of the library on a par ice—perhaps too humble and too mod- with other college interests, can ordi- est—never too generous. Authors have narily provide more effective leadership sometimes been too self-centered to ap- than any one else. The small institutions preciate fully the service performed for must struggle hard to keep the ideal be- them, but currently I seem to be reading fore them; they can often do it with rather frequently articles by prominent great success.

364 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES There is a more significant objection tion, he will spend all his time managing to my statement. You may say that the the business, and have no time to be a ends which I have described are the ends librarian. Or if he defines each position of the scholar, not of the librarian; that and its responsibilities with extreme care, the functions of the latter are service he may attain what appears to be great functions; and that, while it is desirable efficiency, and even occasionally have for the librarian to have some preten- time to go fishing. But if one prefers to sions to scholarship, or at least to like place his trust in the "other man," giv- books, it is considerably more important ing him every opportunity to develop his that he be competent in library tech- skills, which is a theory of industrial niques. In other words, the symbols management frequently advocated, he which we should feed into our imaginary may have some time for such things as machine should be those for business- scholarship, and, I hope, leadership. man, accountant, personnel manager, The kind of leadership an academic guidance counsellor, and the like. I rec- librarian gives, then, is to a large degree ognize that aptitude, training, or experi- up to the librarian, and his education ence in all these lines is valuable and to and experience inevitably influence his a considerable degree necessary to a li- definition of his job. My plea is for aca- brarian, but are they primary qualifica- demic leadership. tions, or are they merely qualifications There may be some who will say that which we should expect any person in a if a librarian does his main job well, he position of leadership in an academic will have no time for research or writing. institution to have or to Require? For This position has been maintained by myself, I would maintain that, service to some teachers. There are some scholars scholars and potential scholars being our who have no time for students. But I primary purpose, a librarian should first know no essential reason for conflict be- of all be a scholar. Now the word tween research and teaching. Need there "scholar" is a rather vague term. So, too, be between research and librarianship? in practice, is "librarian." A distin- It was not so in the older tradition of guished geographer was once asked to librarianship. define "geography" in the face of the But I have been overly long in coming ever expanding activities of practitioners to the discussion of the education of the in his field. He finally arrived at a defi- scholar-librarian. If I have so far carried nition. "Geography," he said, "is what out my intention, I have left myself con- geographers do." Perhaps the only defi- siderable latitude in the description of nition that we can agree upon is that the education, experience, and knowl- "Librarianship is what librarians do." edge of a librarian over and above his What librarians do is not entirely background as a scholar and teacher. I their own choice. Neither are all the ac- would particularly emphasize that one's tivities of the scholars who teach alto- total education as a scholar does include gether voluntary. But there is quite a education which is valuable for librar- range of choice. Background and interests ianship. To claim otherwise would be to are powerful determinants of one's con- say that the educational experience ception of his job, and particularly of needed for librarianship is so separated how one does it. Even if one thinks of from scholarship that a scholar ordi- librarianship only in terms of business narily will be unable to acquire it without unreasonable effort. Barzun's management, he still has to determine 2 the theory of organization to which he criticism of the jealousy of scholars is ap- subscribes. If one is an advocate of tight 2 Jacques Barzun, The House of Intellect, (New control over his library as an organiza- York: Harper, 1959), pp. 12-13.

SEPTEMBER 1960 365 plicable here. He writes, "The man who longer the most competent intellectually, denies that his subject has principles nor their pupils selected for their ability communicable to any receptive intellect, and interest. The liberal arts faculties and who says, 'Hands off! Unless you be- resisted, the educationists insisted, and long to my profession or will join it, you between them the school of the "how to are nothing to me,' is convinced that the do it" won over the "what and why," world is divided into the few who know with tragic effects both on the internal nothing about his specialty and the organization of our faculties and upon happy few who know everything." our whole educational system. We got My view does not oppose the concept little education and a great deal of that some training in library techniques training in life adjustment. may be desirable for one who undertakes Similarly, collegiate business schools the leadership of an academic library, divorced themselves to a great extent but I am of the definite opinion that from the humanities and the social sci- mastery of a subject field, so called, and ences, while medical schools, reaching experience in teaching are more impor- down into the colleges, set up rigid pre- tant qualifications. I would maintain this medical requirements which included position, also, were I discussing the qual- little of the humanities. ifications for the deanship of a college In short, in many fields of education, or the presidency of a university. the technician was thought more im- Suppose that, for the moment, we had portant than the scholar. Education be- narrowed our differences of opinion in came "indoctrinating the young in tribal our discussion of the proper education rites." , of an academic librarian to a discussion Librarianship first followed the pat- of the proportion of scholarly courses tern of the collegiate schools of education and of technical courses. Librarians are and business. In late years, except in the not the only professional class that have programs for school librarianship, the li- been concerned with the amount of brary schools have increasingly become "how to do it" in the curriculum. In the graduate schools. In this, in some ways, academic world at the close of the last they have anticipated the decisions century the education and training of which many schools of education and of secondary school teachers became mat- business seem to be making. Obviously ters of concern. College faculties gener- however, these graduate schools are not ally assumed that if a prospective teacher providing for the education of anything knew enough about his field he auto- like a great majority of the people who matically could convey this knowledge are practicing librarians today. They are, to others. At Harvard College, that east- I suppose, definitely trying to provide ern citadel of academic respectability, it the leadership for the academic libraries was years before Professor Paul Hanus's which we are discussing. That they are courses in education received much more not the sole source of such leadership than sarcastic mention from his col- seems to be a matter of great concern to leagues in the arts and sciences. I think some of them. To remedy this situation, everyone now recognizes that in the ever some propose to set requirements in increasing democratization of education much the same way that doctors, lawyers, a theory concerning the preparation of dentists, pharmacists, and other groups teachers which may not have worked out do—not to speak of plumbers, brick- too badly when the recipients of the layers, and the like. In the same breath, teaching were able and eager completely comes a demand for faculty status, partly failed to be realistic when faced with the at least because of summer vacations and fact that teachers themselves were no sabbatical leaves, not to speak of after-

366 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES noons off and irregular schedules. These would be teachers must be concerned proposals are not wholly compatible. So with the special obligations and tech- far, at least, the AAUP has not become a niques of teaching, whether they get union. And so far as the general staffs them by example, by study, or by prac- of academic libraries are concerned, I tice. Scholars who would be librarians think they should stand on their own must perforce get the knowledge neces- feet and ask for their own salary scales, sary to the practice of librarianship at privileges, and fringe benefits. What I the leadership level. I do maintain that fear is not the setting of high standards the "receptive intellect," to use Barzun's of education for librarians by the schools, term, can and will get that knowledge. but rather a concerted effort to demand But it is equally clear that there may that the colleges and universities hire no well be some means which are better one for a position of leadership who has than others. I am inclined to think that not the particularized degree. Perhaps I for library schools to proliferate courses am unnecessarily apprehensive. leading to the Ph.D. degrees is not the It is unfortunate, I think, that in this best way to provide leaders for academic commendable zeal to raise standards, the libraries. fact that there are many positions in The formal courses which might be large libraries for which a good general desirable are not many, in my opinion, education, a sense of responsibility and and these such as might be found room orderliness, coupled with a rather limited for within the usual doctoral program amount of technical library training is in a subject field. Possibly its length about all that is needed. Certainly a com- would need to be extended slightly. One plete library school training as now course in formal and symbolic logic; constituted is not necessary; but are we work in the behavioural sciences, pref- at some point going to say that courses erably with application directly to li- in library techniques are not to be avail- brary problems; internships such as are able anywhere except to those who are increasingly offered in the field of col- candidates for a master's or doctoral de- lege teaching, followed by special short- gree? Just what courses are going to be term institutes or seminars, would be of given for college undergraduates? In considerable value. If every library large medicine, if one must make comparisons, enough to provide a variety of experi- we have doctors, registered nurses, prac- ences found it possible to provide in- tical nurses, household nurses. Are we ternships as they now provide teaching trying to achieve a situation where we assistantships, it would help solve the have at the top only Library Doctors problem. There might be two kinds of and Registered Nurses and beyond that these internships. First, one which in- only the untrained? But I wander; this volves spending half time on the library is not my concern here. job, the other half completing the de- Let me return to my subject. I have gree work—not in library science per se, rejected the idea that the leadership in but in a subject field. A second type academic libraries be handed over to the might try the experiment of dividing technicians whether they be business between teaching and library experience managers, information retrievers, or cir- the time spent in the applied half of culation pushers. I have not rejected the the requirements. If the candidate went idea that the scholar librarian must have, into teaching, he would be the better in addition to the highest motivation, teacher for his understanding of librari- knowledge of the techniques involved in anship and, if he went on to become the the administration of libraries. I sub- academic leader of a library, his teach- scribe also to the idea that scholars who ing experience would be invaluable, all

SEPTEMBER 1960 367 the more if his work were in a small col- far as I could hear, from the ranks of lege. the library-school librarians. To some of There is unfortunately more than one them it seemed that another job in the obstacle in the way of achieving in this higher echelon had gone to a non-union way the providing of academic libraries man, and that there ought to be a law with scholarly heads. The qualified against it. Personally, I deplore both scholar must find in the librarian's job attitudes, not only because I think there the necessary satisfactions of status, re- is no essential barrier between the scholar spect, authority, and the salary commen- who teaches and the scholar who ad- surate with the importance of the po- ministers, but also because I have a sition. The problem is not necessarily very great respect for the competent one of faculty status of the incumbent. performers in both fields. And, need- The problem is one rather of the status less to say, a profound conviction that of the job. It must be recognized as a libraries are important to scholars. position comparable to that of the head I cannot close without asking myself of any academic department, assistant the question: Will the administrators of dean, or dean. Some scholars teach, some colleges and universities provide the scholars write, some administer academic status for the job, the respect for the institutions or departments, some ad- position, the authority as evidenced by minister libraries. assignment to important committees, and How can we obtain general recogni- above all the salaries which make li- tion for the job? If administrators of brarianship attractive to scholars? In colleges and universities mean it when general they certainly do not do so now. they say that an institution is no better It is because of these unanswered than its library, they must logically rec- questions and not because of any Tack ognize that the library administration is of theoretical convictions that I am led an equally important measure of excel- frankly to say that I am not able to an- lence. Fortunate are the institutions swer the question as to whether the where this recognition has had a long leadership of the academic libraries will tradition. There should be many more. come from the faculty or not. I do not Another serious problem is the crea- know. I can only hope, advocate, plead, tion of the desire on the part of quali- that in large measure it will do so. fied persons to become academic librari- My argument is simply this: that aca- ans. Already we are faced with the demic libraries are an integral part of problem of creating the desire on the the scholarly process, that their leader- part of otherwise qualified persons to be- ship ought to be in the hands of schol- come academic persons at all. It is harder ars, that technical knowledge of librarian- still to carry the process one step further ship as such should be subordinated to and create the desire in an academic scholarly knowledge of what libraries are person to become a librarian. Can we and what they are for, and that the obtain the recognition that academic practical education of scholars who in- librarianship is a desirable occupation tend to teach is not incompatible with for a scholar? Is mere recognition by the the practical education of scholars who administration enough? I must confess intend to become librarians. Let us not that when I entered into my present po- create barriers by refusing to recognize sition I found my colleagues astonished that the guild of scholars embraces all that anyone should abandon even in part who love learning. I want academic li- the ivy tower for the insoluble problems brarians to be members of the group in of the academic library. And, on the every respect, not merely technicians who other hand, there were few cheers, so serve it.

368 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Teaching Students To Use The Library: Whose Responsibility?

By VIRGINIA CLARK

T HAS ALWAYS SEEMED CUrioUS tO me I that the librarian, alone among pub- Miss Clark is Reference Librarian, Wright lic servants, eagerly insists on teaching Junior College, Chicago, III. the inmost secrets of his craft to his patrons. This permissive attitude toward tionally assumes the further function of the procedural mysteries of the card cata- making each such consultation a model log (so unlike that of the keepers of the for the "next time." It has become a uni- couch, the confessional, the prescription versal expectation that the librarian in pad, or the seal) if of course a concom- an advertising culture will promote his mitant of the public library and the goods and services. The question of re- open stack. It has not been always thus; sponsibility for formal, unsolicited in- and it might be interesting to speculate struction in the use of those goods and on what would happen were we to services is, however, debatable. swathe ourselves in our mysteries instead The offering of such instruction has of working so hard to explain them. But been assumed to be one of the objectives since explanation seems to be called for, of the librarian since the earliest days of this discussion will begin with some defi- American librarianship, indeed even be- nitions. fore the librarians were undergoing for- The three terms of the topic are lim- mal instruction.1 In accepting this duty ited to the areas within which the ques- the school or college librarian has tried tion of responsibility should be raised. many methods and used a variety of ma- The first is the word "teaching," which terials. What do we now know about may be defined as excluding those casual this instruction? contacts during which learning may oc- There has been—as reflected in library cur and emphasizing the planned en- periodicals—voluminous individual re- counter during which a conscious teach- porting of projects at their conception. ing effort is made. Second, "to use the There have been some surveys covering library" is defined as "how to use the more than one program. The 1951-52 library," ignoring the general promo- Biennial Survey of Education included tional campaigns like National Library one of these, reporting that separate li- Week or Book Week and concentrating brary courses are offered in 7.5 per cent on instruction in techniques. Third, by of universities and 6 per cent of liberal "students" is meant the student body as arts colleges. There are also courses a whole, not the few who will acquire taught as units in other courses: in sub- library skills by their own effort. ject courses in 28 per cent of universities There is absolutely no question of and 19 per cent of colleges and as part "whose responsibility" in these situations of a general orientation or skills course ruled out of consideration by definition. in 22 per cent of universities and 20 per Any librarian is responsible for giving cent of colleges. Offerings of a combina- the best service possible to the patron tion of a subject course and an orienta- with whom he finds himself confronted. 1 U. S. Bureau of Education. Public Libraries in the The school or college librarian tradi- United States (Washington: G.P.O., 1876).

SEPTEMBER 1960 369 tion program are made in 21.5 per cent faculty of greater numbers of students. of universities and 37 per cent of col- b. The pressure on librarians, fac- leges. Other combination programs also ulty and students of the increasing occur, but less frequently.2 Other surveys size and complexity of libraries. of the problem are primarily graduate theses in librarianship or education. A These pressures mean that the student particularly comprehensive and recent will have to work both more independ- study is Whitten's survey of 72 liberal ently and at a higher level of skill than arts colleges.3 There has been almost no he does now, to maintain even his pres- objective, quantitative follow-up evalua- ent fractional acquaintance with the tion of the effectiveness of any of these world of informational sources. programs. It is possible, however, to In the search for means to improve make the following generalizations: student library skills in the face of these pressures evidence should be considered 1. Attempts so far have yielded many that points to something that has long more curriculum-integrated libraries than library-integrated curricula. been suspected; namely, that the faculty play a more decisive role in determin- 2. There is dissatisfaction with the ing student library-use habits than many present level of student library skills librarians would like to admit. The few among librarians, faculty, and the students themselves.4 studies of student library use available are concerned primarily with amount of 3. This present skill level is likely to use rather than amount of skill. The become even more unsatisfactory because of two pressures: programs at Stephens College and at the Chicago Undergraduate Division of the a. The pressure on librarians and University of Illinois, among the programs most analyzed, report in terms of 3 "Statistics of Libraries in Institutions of Higher increased circulation and numbers of Education, 1951-52," Chapter 6 of Biennial Survey of 5 Education in the United States (Washington: Govern- reference questions. This discussion is ment Printing Office, 1952). more concerned with ability than with 552 Liberal Arts quantity. Nevertheless an examination of Institutions Reporting 107 Universities Colleges (no.) (%) (no.) (%) some of these studies may be relevant. 1. Separate course 8 7.5 33 6.0 2. Part of subject course 30 28.0 104 19.0 Harvie Branscomb, in his review of 3. Part of freshman orientation 24 22.5 112 20.0 4. Combination of 1 and 2 5 4.7 17 3.1 research on student use of several college 5. Combination of 1 and 3 6 5.6 29 5.3 6. Combination of 2 and 3 23 21.5 203 37.0 and university libraries for his Teaching 7. Combination of 1, 2, and 3 11 10.0 54 9.8 with Books, cited Stephens College and 3 L. W. Griffin and J. A. Clarke. "Orientation and Instruction of a Graduate Student by University Li- four others as having made particularly braries," CRL, XIX (1958), 451-54; "Library Orien- tation for College Freshmen: Symposium," Library spectacular increases in the amount of Journal, LXXXI (1956), 1224-31; M. C. Marquis. "A Study of the Teaching of Library Facilities to College student library use, as measured by in- Students." (M.A. thesis, George Peabody College for 6 Teachers, 1952);. Joseph N. Whitten. "Relationship of creased per student circulation. At College Instruction to Libraries in 72 Liberal Arts Col- leges." (Ed.D. dissertation, New York University, Stephens the library had simply taken 1958). over the instructional program when the •<• E. M. Clark. "How to Motivate Student Use of the Library?" American Association of University Profes- librarian was made dean of instruction. sors Bulletin," XXXIX (1953), 413-20; E.E. Emme. "Library Needs of College Students and Ways of Dis- At Antioch, Lawrence, Olivet, and covering Them," ALA Bulletin, XXX(1930), 134; Peyton Hurt. "The Need of College and University In- Southwestern modified tutorial plans struction in the Use of the Library," Library Quar- terly, IV (1934), 436-48; R. O. McKenna. "Introduc- had been inaugurated. The same basic tion in the Use of Libraries; a University Library Problem," Journal of Documentation, XI (1955), 67-72; A. S. Powell. "Survey Pinpoints Library Attitudes." 5 B. Lamar Johnson, The Librarian and the Teacher Library Journal, LXXIX (1954), 1463; L. R. Reed. in General Education (Chicago: ALA, 1948); Johnson, "Do Colleges Need Reference Service?" Library Quar- Vitalizing a College Library (Chicago: ALA, 1939): terly, XIII (1943), 232-40; J. S. Sharma. "Need for David K. Maxfield, "Counselor Librarianship at UIC," Library Education," Indian Librarian, XI (1957), CRL, XV (1954), 161-66. (Or see any of the annual 154-56; J. A. Wedemeyer. "Student Attitudes Toward reports of the librarian, Chicago Undergraduate Divi- Library Methods Courses in a University," CRL, XV sion of the University of Illinois, 1951 through 1954). (1954), 285-89. a Teaching with Books (Chicago: ALA, 1940).

370 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES type of change had occurred in all five scholastic standing and library use, the institutions: there had been a change in most obvious hypothesis; but in his dis- teaching methods. In one case the change tribution of the borrowers by section the had come about through the initiative pattern became clear. How much read- of the library, but the campaign had ing the student did depended simply on been aimed at the instructional program, which of the four professors he had. through the faculty, rather than at the All of the findings reported so far deal students directly. The implication of the with quantity of use. Their relevance effect of these five programs on library rests on the assumption that quantity circulation is echoed in the suggestions and ability are phenomena each of which of other recent writers on the teaching suggests the presence of the other. My function of the library that perhaps it is own experience, which I should like to the faculty who are the important ele- report to you, deals directly with ability. ment, rather than any program the li- The problem was much the same that brary can devise directly for the stu- faced Branscomb—variant performance 7 dents. among sections of the same course. The That the faculty should bear the re- course was a one-hour-one-semester coun- sponsibility is easily said. But since even seling course which included units on the most library-minded faculty member adjustment to college in general, study (and they are few enough) is never li- habits, vocational choice and library brary-minded enough for the librarian, skills. All entering freshmen carrying should not the librarian do the job? Fur- full time programs took the course. ther evidence that the faculty will re- (Thus the group of students represented main primary stimulants in student li- approximates the entering class of a tra- brary habits despite teaching efforts by ditional college more closely than would the library suggests the contrary. most samples drawn from a community In his Teaching with Books, Brans- college because of the elimination of the comb reported on his own survey of stu- part-time adult students who are the dent library use at a school referred to "different" elements in the community as "University A." In the section on re- college population.) Student assignment serve use he presented an intriguing dis- to sections was random. The library unit tribution of student reserve borrowing of the program consisted of a one-hour in four sections of the same history lecture, the issuing of a printed library course.8 Here were students who had handbook, and the completion of a writ- been exposed to whatever basic orienta- ten follow-up test done in the library tion program that university library of- during the week following the lecture fered. They were being taught the same and handed in at the next class period. course, with the same reading list, and The written test was so constructed as to were being offered the same library fa- be a completely individual project; no cilities with which to do their work. In copying was possible. All papers were earlier distributions Branscomb had graded and detailed records kept for five failed to find any correlation between semesters, 1956-1958. Some of the results are significant.

7 Griffin, op. cit.; S. E. Gwynn, "The Liberal Arts During this period there were eighty- Function of the University Library," In Chicago. Uni- versity. Graduate Library School. Function of the Li- five sections of counseling with a total brary in the Modern College (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1954) ; Patricia B. Knapp. "The Role of the enrollment of about 2,550 students. Sev- Library of a Given College in Implementing the Course and Non-Course Objectives of that College" (Ph.D. enty-eight per cent (1,995 students) com- dissertation, University of Chicago, 1957.) Knapp, pleted and turned in the test paper. "Suggested Program of College Instruction in the Use of the Library," Library Quarterly, XXVI (1956), (This figure tallies nicely with Peyton 224-31. 8 Branscomb, op. cit., p. 52. Hurt's finding that 78 per cent of Stan-

SEPTEMBER 1960 371 ford graduate students thought library median for the semester. The sections of instruction would have been helpful in four other instructors performed at a 2:1 undergraduate work.9 It also matches ex- consistency ratio. Only three instructors actly the 78 per cent of a sample of stu- had an inconclusive performance record, dents drawn from the Wright counseling e.g. two sections above and one below. course one semester during the study Only two had an even division of plus who rated the library unit "helpful.") and minus sections. That is to say, the The percentage of papers completed in- students of eleven of the sixteen instruc- creased slightly each semester. The 78 tors performed so consistently better (or per cent "helpful" rating referred to worse) than the norm, over a period of above was the second highest favorable five semesters, despite variations in lec- rating in the student evaluation of six- ture personnel, methods, and equipment teen elements of the counseling course. that it is impossible not to conclude that The library unit of the program seemed a decisive factor in the attitude and an established thing, but questions re- hence the performance of a student on a mained. The percentage of returns and library assignment in his classroom in- the mean and median scores varied structor. widely from section to section. At the This suggests strongly that the librar- end of five semesters a retrospective study ian face squarely the fact that in teach- was undertaken to determine why this ing students he has been teaching the variation occurred. wrong people. The responsibility for stu- None of the factors that might have dent library habits belongs to the teach- been supposed to correlate significantly ing faculty not only for the type of rea- with response and performance did so. son sometimes advanced: that it should There was no correlation between per- for one reason or another; but for the formance and which of two librarians simple and compelling reason that it gave the lecture. There was no correla- does. The faculty are responsible prob- tion between performance and whether ably not only for the amount of student an audio-visual aid was used. There were library use but for the level of skill; and a few sections which received direction we and they might as well realize this only from the instructor. A few of these and build our library programs from sections did surprisingly well; some did that premise. very poorly. An interesting pattern did This further suggests to me that to be emerge, however, when the sections were most effective the librarian should con- distributed, as Branscomb had done, by centrate his responsibility on providing instructor. Each section was labelled plus the best service he can to the patron or minus according to the relationship who presents himself voluntarily. This of its median score to the median for the service should probably include both group as a whole for that semester. A personal and printed guidance, and per- total of eighteen instructors from various haps even the offer of a course in library departments taught the eighty-five sec- skills—entirely elective. The librarian tions. Two with only one section each should further hold himself responsible were discounted, leaving sixteen. These for some sort of organized effort directed sixteen instructors taught from two to to make each faculty member of his in- sixteen sections each. Of these sixteen, stitution aware of what cooperation with seven rated 100.per cent plus (or minus); the library has to offer his particular that is, every section of each of these in- course. This effort should be aimed at structors performed on one side of the the faculty not only because it is easier (there are fewer of them to begin with, 0 Hurt, op. cit., p. 440. (Continued on page 402)

372 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Leadership in Academic Libraries

By WILLIAM S. DIX

HE TOPIC PROPOSED for discussion is T both important and interesting. It Dr. Dix is Librarian, Princeton Univer- faces issues of more concern to our pro- sity. This paper was given at the Eastern fession, I venture to say, than automa- College Librarians' Conference, Columbia tion, for example, the subject of a discus- University, November 28, 1959. sion over which I presided here several years ago. For leadership clearly deals with people, and people must be the rather than individually and when there prime concern in any enterprise of mo- is thorough discussion with many mem- ment. This era in Western civilization bers of the staff before the decision is may be inclined to forget this principle made; but the decision and presumably from time to time, but our profession is the leadership rest with the senior group. certainly one with a special responsi- It may be that my assignment was to bility to insist upon humanistic values, speak of the chief librarian only, and in for ourselves and for others. You will a sense I shall speak of him primarily, permit me then, I trust, to speak in quite but it is out of this group that chief li- personal terms, to try to respond to our brarians come, and aside from some un- question in terms of my own experience. avoidable specialization nearly all should In order to start the discussion, you be, I believe, on their way to senior posts will permit me, I hope, a neat bit of cir- and thus all should share in the experi- cular argument: to ask who the leaders ences and duties I shall try to outline. are, what the duties of their positions What does the representative member are, what preparation is desirable for the of this leadership group do? How does performance of those duties, and finally he spend his days and nights? Just what where this preparation may be obtained. are his activities and responsibilities? This formulation of the question begs First of all, he is by definition an of- any number of questions, such as, "Are ficer—and a responsible officer—of an the leaders really leading?", but it at educational institution. His objectives least gets us moving. Perhaps we can are identical with those of the teaching break out of the circle later. faculty in this respect, and the more Let us assume that leadership rests completely he can understand and par- with those assigned the responsibility of ticipate in regular faculty activities, the leading in our academic libraries, large more successful he will be. Some depart- and small: the chief librarians and their mental affiliation and some classroom immediate staff associates. One hopes teaching help immeasurably here, but that original thinking and new ideas they are not essential. The important emerge from all staff levels* but since thing seems to me to be that the teach- the implementation of these ideas tends ing faculty accept him spontaneously as to rest with the titular heads of these one of themselves, working in a common staffs, we should probably limit our defi- cause, and not as a hostile member of nition to the senior staff members. It is something over there called The Admin- my impression that better decisions re- istration. Happy is that college in which sult when they are made collectively the two groups are essentially one!

SEPTEMBER 1960 373 At the same time, he is a senior mem- or $500,000 from a state legislature, and ber of the college administration, usu- can read and catalog an Arabic manually reporting to the president and cer- script of the tenth century? It is too tainly owing his full loyalty to and much to expect any one person to be support of the administrative decisions able to perform these three and the of his superior officer. other hundreds of essential library acts. In this educational role the librarian Yet leadership at the management level, spends a great deal of time talking with which is I take it what we are talking classroom teachers, learning how the li- about, requires that one person make re- brary can function not merely as a serv- sponsible decisions on all of them. ice organization but as an integrated Having thus glanced briefly at the part of the curriculum. He must sit two principal and overlapping roles of with faculty and trustee committees on the academic librarian, the direct educa- educational policy, perhaps making ditional role and the collection building rect contributions, certainly making and organizing role, I should like to re- sure that the library is prepared to play turn to the question of how he spends its part in each new educational develop- his time, what he really does, always ment. He must by a variety of devices keeping in mind these twin purposes of maintain contact with the students of his the whole operation. institution, making sure that they find In the first place, alas, comes money. the library an inviting and exciting Libraries require money, and in con- place, not merely a warehouse of books stantly increasing quantities. Without it, hedged about with a forbidding network nothing is possible, and it is the respon- of rules. His is perhaps the post on the sibility of the academic librarian in a campus most clearly dedicated to get- position of leadership in an individual ting students to read widely and deeply, library to get it from somewhere. Money and every ounce of his energy and inge- for salaries, for acquisitions, for endow- nuity can be spent on this task alone. ment, for buildings and improvements, In the larger institutions the role of for dozens of miscellaneous activities and the library in providing its share of the programs must be obtained from the vast pool of research material on which college administration, from the legis- American scholarship depends and in lature, from federal research contracts, conserving the manuscript and printed from the foundations, from alumni, from record of civilization is clear. A major any source that is not downright illegal. activity of the librarian then must be Included are the steady and endless at- the assembling and the preparing for use tempts to convince those who have of the materials of scholarship. He must the money of the importance of libraries know what these materials are, he must and of yours in particular, the marshal- devise ways of acquiring them, and he ling of impressive arrays of statistics and must arrange them so that the scholar documents to show needs, which always can lay hands on the item he needs, even seem a little less impressive to those who though he may have no previous knowl- have the money, the little luncheons and edge of its existence. dinners carefully contrived to present the library in precisely the right light, This short sentence obviously contains and the speeches. All of this takes time a whole world of librarianship, really —time which you, your wife, and your beyond the grasp of any one person. staff all begrudge. You would like to What one of us can know what com- handle some books and have an evening prises a complete set of the Mongolian with your family, your wife thinks you Kanjur, can wheedle a family file of are ruining your health, and your staff plantation records from an elderly lady,

374 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES thinks you are off in the fleshpots of scholarly, withdrawn functionary, im- New York instead of running your li- mersed in the administrative detail of pro- brary or your department. Put this time viding books for his readers, is giving way down at 20 per cent of the librarian's to the energetic, gregarious individual of total. There is no short cut and no easy large acquaintanceship who spreads his nets far and wide for supporters and formula. The only rule I have learned backers. The former pedestrian acquisi- is, "Never ask for anything which you tion policies are being replaced by an un- don't sincerely believe is important." remitting and aggressive campaign for ma- The librarian who tries to get all he can terial of worth and publicity value. Where out of his college financial officer, re- formerly fund-raising was left to the presi- gardless of need, is not exercising lead- dent and the board of trustees, the librar- ership, nor will he continue to get real ian today has his own show, his own or- support for the library. ganization of library friends or associates, his house organ and his selected list of There is no substitute for money— devoted alumni or other benefactors good except books. A steady flow of gifts of for occasional or regular gifts of large important books and manuscripts solves amounts. The sky is the limit and the new a few of the problems which money wing or the whole new library building eases. The processes by which this flow not too much to hope for. is maintained need no explanation. I can let an eminent and scholarly New Put down another 20 per cent of the York collector, C. Waller Barrett, de- librarian's time for these activities. scribe the situation as he did at the Then he must spend a considerable ACRL Rare Books Section meeting last amount of time with the staff, more with summer in Washington: his chief aides, less with individual staff members of lesser rank. He will, I trust, . . . An engaging aspect of this discerni- not fall into that tempting trap of try- ble trend is the metamorphosis in the ing to do everything himself but will librarian-collector-benefactor relationship. devote his time to guiding and stimulat- No longer does the librarian or curator sit quietly in his ivory tower waiting for ing the staff in developing attitudes and collections or parts of collections to come procedures which will keep the daily his way by gift or bequest. He realizes that internal mechanism of the library run- the competition has become too keen. He ning smoothly. He will gather around must come out of the cloister and do bat- him good people, then give them their tle with the leaders of other libraries or heads. But he must make his own force his own institution will lose ground in the felt everywhere, especially in the basic race. Too often has he found scrawled on hiring and firing mechanism by which the wall the words "Jim Babb was here." the library organism, like the human Too often has he opened negotiations for organism, constantly renews itself. He a desirable library only to learn that the must make sure that library work is not material is already being packed by a bustling and peripatetic gentleman from the mechanical repetition of processes of California with "A Passion for Books." circulation, of cataloging, of whatever Moreover, his seismograph has recorded you will that once had meaning but no the tremors caused by the earth-shaking longer has any relevance to the central tread of a Behemoth educational empire roles of the academic library. Here there in the Southwest as it engulfs vast libraries is one more opportunity for real lead- in its voracious maw. He has likewise ex- ership, for devising the perfect balance perienced that gone feeling which results between means and ends. from watching choice collections and stel- lar rarities fall into the grasp of an opu- Put down at least 30 per cent of our lent and aggressive university in the Mid- librarian's time for the internal opera- dle West. No, for better or worse, the tion of the library.

SEPTEMBER 1960 375 Then the librarian has a special con- we are talking is more than local. There cern for the academic library's public— must be leadership at the national and or publics—the groups whom he must international levels. It becomes increas- somehow keep happy; not always an ingly clear that many of the problems of easy task even when there is enough libraries can be solved only by coopera- money, when the gifts are flowing in, tion and collaboration. We must con- when the internal machinery is hum- cern ourselves with such things as the ming. There are, as you all know, a sur- development of an international catalog- prising number of groups with whom ing code; new technological advances relations must be kept smooth: the un- with potential library applications; the dergraduates, the graduate students, the development of libraries and biblio- faculty, the administration, the trustees, graphic tools in other parts of the world. the alumni, the Friends of the Library, We must engage in research and publi- often the non-university users of the lication; even though we can expect more brary, the visitors both foreign and do- research to be carried on in the library mestic. In all of these groups there are schools, the practicing librarian, like the many people who insist upon dealing practicing medical man, must continue with the senior librarians and who must to inquire and report to the profession have their grievances amended. Better the results of these investigations. We yet, they must be prevented from devel- must participate in and guide the activi- oping grievances by being kept in- ties of our professional organizations and formed, by having their needs properly of related scholarly and bibliographic so- satisfied. This requires committees and cieties. meetings, speeches and articles, confer- In other words, it is essential that we ences and interviews—public relations be leaders in enterprises of this sort as in the real sense, not advertising but well as in the management of individual service and communication. libraries. Put down at least 20 per cent for this. Finally, in this hasty review of what Put down another 10 per cent for mis- the librarian actually does, I must not cellaneous activities. Every librarian, it neglect participation as a citizen in mat- is said, builds a new building at least ters which have no direct relation to li- once in his career and in the larger in- brarianship. If we are to increase the stitutions he is constantly faced with respect in which our profession is held, architectural problems. He must be at librarians must take part prominently in least an amateur architect. He must the activities of the hundreds of non- carry his share of the non-library fac- governmental organizations which are so ulty load—the President's Committee to characteristic a feature of American so- Solve the Parking Problem (which never ciety, from the PTA and the Community does), the chairmanship of the Faculty Fund, at the local level, on up. The stock Club (which always faces a financial image of the librarian as a timid, inef- crisis), the Freshman Parents' Day fectual old lady will continue to haunt speech, etc., etc. us until we demonstrate our ability to Our librarian has now used up 100 per participate forcefully in public affairs. cent of his day (and I do not mean a 9- Don't ask me where the librarian can to-5 day) in the affairs of his own library find time for these activities which I and his own university. Is he yet exer- have sketched out as those of the library cising library leadership, even though he leader! We have ruthlessly assigned 100 performs all of these varied activities to per cent of his working day; his evenings perfection? I doubt it. and week ends are not sufficient for his The leadership about which I think outside professional and civic activities,

376 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES and he must still find time to read, to ing languages, the more the better. He think, and to go fishing if he is to remain had better, I think, be a bookman and sane and useful. But there it is. These collector at heart; although some good are the activities which leadership en- teachers and scholars are not, I rather tails, these are the occupations of the think that the librarian should be. library leader, as I see them. In combination then, the closer the li- You may not agree with this hasty brarian approaches the ideal of the over-simplification, this distribution of teacher-scholar the better. But he must the librarian's time. There is a semantic do this without giving up some other difficulty in discussing a topic of this sort qualities which the teacher-scholar may without giving offense or sounding su- lack and which our survey of his daily perior. I am merely trying to identify activities suggests as desirable. the activities of a group occupying a po- To be able to lay his hands on money sition of leadership, not to make social, and to keep on doing it he must be re- or economic, or intellectual distinctions. sponsible about money. He must be able Once we have identified those activities, to demonstrate to his college administra- we can then ask what qualities are re- tion or to any other source of funds that quired to perform these duties and, after he makes each dollar work as hard as it that, ask where one looks to find men can. This canny thriftiness is often in di- possessing these qualities. rect opposition to the enthusiasm of the What then are the qualities that seem teacher-scholar-collector, but he must to be required for the exercise of library have both. (You can see that the picture leadership of the sort I have attempted already emerging here involves often a to outline? It was my original plan to reconciliation of opposites; the word list these qualities under each category "balance" suggests itself here.) He must of activities as I went along, but I soon be able to persuade by talking, by writ- ran out of abstract nouns describing the ing, and by certain intangibles which I virtues. Thus, I shall try to list these shall not even attempt to explain, but qualities here. he must certainly be able, upon occasion, First of all, if you accept my formula- to use his native tongue subtly, elo- tion of the two roles of the academic li- quently, and forcefully. He must be a brary, our librarian must have a deep good committee man, must know in- conviction of the importance of educa- stinctively that magic moment in discus- tion and an imaginative perception of sion when a group can be swayed to his the place of books and libraries in the own point of view. educational process. He must be what is In his begging of books he must have commonly called a "born teacher," with empathy. He must be able to enjoy all a joy in observing what happens to kinds of collectors, both sane and insane. young men and women during four years For the internal management of the of college. library he must of course have a thor- To develop a research collection and ough knowledge of library theory and make it serve scholarship he must be a procedures, from acquisitions to weed- scholar in some field, almost any field. ing. And he must know these operations I hasten to add that he need not be a in human terms, for they will be carried very profound scholar, but he must have out by people under his direction. Thus, experienced the excitement of research his task is primarily to introduce, to de- himself in order to understand the velop, to revise processes appropriate to scholar, who may be a very different sort the job to be done and which can be of person from the teacher. He should operated by the people actually avail- possess the tools of scholarship, includ- able. The mechanisms themselves do not

SEPTEMBER 1960 377 seem to be very complicated, but getting tunities for leadership for academic li- them to operate efficiently and economi- brarians. But I suspect that these quali- cally in the hands of other people is ter- ties are not substantially different. ribly complicated. The qualities needed What can one say about this list of here are perhaps ingenuity, firmness, de- qualities and skills which we have been cision, and a great deal of human kind- compiling? In the first place, it is a stag- ness and sympathy. Perhaps they are not gering list. Mr. Wilmarth Lewis com- very different from those required of a piled a similar list in 1960 when Yale successful shop foreman, or football was seeking a president: coach, or president of a shipping com- Yale's next President must first of all be pany—anyone who gets a job done a Yale man and a great scholar—also a through others. The kinds of basic social philosopher who has at his finger knowledge required are vastly different, tips a solution of all world problems, from of course. The good librarian to make Formosa to birth control. his systems work to serve education and He must be a good public relations man scholarship must know a great deal and an experienced fund-raiser. about the alternative ways of getting He must be a magnificent speaker and things done in a library—call it library a great writer. He must be a man of the world and yet science—about the aims and devices of he must also have great spiritual qualities education itself, and about the methods —a great administrator who can delegate of research. In addition he should know authority. all he possibly can about the history and He must be a leader—not too far to the content of every book ever printed, right, not too far to the left, and of course hardly a project for a rainy Sunday. not too much in the middle. In his dealings with his various pub- He must be a man of iron health and stamina, a young man—but also mature lics, perhaps the qualities most service- and full of wisdom. able are patience and tolerance, firmness He must be married to a paragon—a and decision. It will also be useful if he combination of Queen Victoria, Florence has a fund of good stories (and I do not Nightingale, and the best-dressed woman mean jokes) and if he knows enough not of the year. to use out-of-date undergraduate slang As I have been talking, you have, I or the wrong fork or someone else's club don't doubt, realized that there is only One tie. who has most of these qualifications. But For our 10 per cent miscellaneous cate- there is a question even about Him: Is gory of library activities the qualifica- God a Yale Man? tions are so diverse that it is useless to We are not likely to find this paragon try to list them; you know as well as I and shall have to stagger along without that practically anything can happen in leadership if we have to wait for him. a library. May we simply say that the We shall have to put up with men and ideal librarian would fill out any room women who possess only some of these he has for more qualities with those of qualities. But we cannot do without the lawyer, the architect, the psychia- many of them. For ours is a demanding trist, and any other half dozen profes- profession. It can use just about as much sions you choose to name. as one can bring to it, and perfection is I have spent too much time already to inconceivable, thank goodness. attempt a list of the qualities needed by I still remember something that was the librarian for his professional activi- said to me nearly twenty years ago by an ties outside his own library or his ac- eminent brain surgeon, reputed then to tivities as a citizen, although it may be be one of the three best in the world, a that here lie the most important oppor- simple man of incredible skill who used

378 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES to use his idle moments tying sutures for mands which our evolving society makes practice with thumb and forefinger in- are increasing so rapidly that we simply side a match box, a safety match box. do not have enough people of fundamen- We were riding along through the No- tal native ability, we cannot educate vember night to a duck-shooting blind a them up out of the lower I.Q. ranks fast hundred miles away and had fallen into enough to fill the number of more de- one of those moods of intimacy that can manding jobs which our society now re- grow in such circumstances. This great quires. The library profession simply man turned to me, an awed instructor must compete harder for its share of of English, and said, "I am just a plum- leadership material. ber! I have certain skills and a certain Assuming that we can get our share body of knowledge, but I envy you men of the material in some stage of develop- who deal with ideas and books, and hu- ment, what do we then do with it? Our man beings. You have the possibilities!" list of qualities and skills seems to me to Now I cannot accept his view of brain indicate that a really sound liberal edu- surgery, but I have come to think he was cation is the best preparation for them. right about education and the teachers You will note that I do not say a B.A. and librarians who work at the core of degree; a liberal education can be ac- it. We have the possibilities, and as a quired in several ways, of which the consequence our list of requisites for easiest start is probably a good four-year optimum performance will be a stag- college course. What about subject spe- gering one. cialization? This, in my view, is related Look at the list again and ask our final to the attaining of a feeling for teaching question: Where shall the academic li- and a feeling for research, I cannot es- brary find its leadership? How can it be cape the impression that these two es- produced? One thing that is apparent is sential attributes can be attained best that a great many of the items on this through actual practice. So, if a man is list are fundamental personal attributes, to teach or do research he must teach or desirable in any man or any profession, do research in a subject. He must take essential in many. (But, note, not all. A at least the first steps toward knowing man may achieve greatness in some fields quite a lot about some one thing. The of science, and yet totally lack the ability subject does not seem to me very im- to direct others, to work through a portant so long as it is something he can group. The bibliographer might become get his teeth into. great with the same lack, but not the What about the essential library skills librarian.) These essential personal at- and knowledge? To be precise, what tributes can be cultivated but, I think, about the fifth-year library school de- not created. If you would create them in gree? It seems to me highly desirable but a man, begin with his great-grand- not absolutely essential. Much of the parents. The indestructibility,, the re- actual material of the present master's flexes, and the muscular coordination degree curriculum can be learned in that make Joe Brown, or whoever it is, other ways: from experience, from the the leading ground gainer in profes- professional literature. But a year in a sional football were nourished in some graduate library school is in my observa- school, but they were not created there. tion surely the obvious way to acquire To get our leaders we must start with the necessary specialized library knowl- good raw material, and this presents a edge, just as four years in an undergrad- problem, for the competition for this uate college is the obvious way to get top-grade material among the professions started on a liberal education. is severe. It seems obvious that the de- The library school seems to be the

SEPTEMBER 1960 379 best place also to get something else library problems, and as the molder and which may be more important. Attitudes conservator of the traditions which mark seem to be high on my personal list of a true profession. But if an occasional attributes for leadership. I have observed academic librarian appears from some through the years that there is a most other source, even from outside the li- important library attitude—toward the braries, let us give thanks and welcome role of libraries, toward the library's him with the magnificent friendliness public, toward a number of things—and and helpfulness with which I was wel- that this attitude comes naturally to the comed a dozen years ago. We can use library school graduate and has to be him. learned with some difficulty by many Another problem which the library (but not all) of those who enter the pro- schools face, and which is of course a fession by other routes. This attitude determining one for the product, is the may well be the most important product quality of the people who seek admis- of library school education. I leave it to sion. There are good people, to be sure, our colleagues in the schools to analyze but not all of them are good, and there the chemistry of its birth. It is closely are not enough of them to fill all the po- related to the attitudes toward teaching sitions of leadership after the normal at- and toward scholarship which I have trition. It is not to the credit of any of stressed, and perhaps by a little tinkering us who run academic libraries that we with the molecules which make up the fail year after year to make our own ac- curriculum these attitudes too can be en- tivities seem interesting and important gendered in the library school. enough to attract our own students into I think that we are asking too much if the profession. In self defense we might we expect the library schools to create li- say that librarianship appeals to the brary leaders. There are too many factors more mature; that the undergraduate involved; there are more years needed simply can't appreciate the joys and than the one year of library school. A beauties of our occupation. It is un- Ph.D. won't make a leader, in library doubtedly true that some of our best re- science or any other subject. Not all the cruits come in relatively late, and I am great generals go to West Point. glad to see the schools adapting them- There are some jobs, some activities, selves to work-study schedules and other for which there probably can be no com- devices to facilitate this late entry. pletely effective formal training. A col- Is it not, then, at this point that we lege presidency is one. Where is the recruit from the faculty? The problem is school for training college presidents? I to make library careers attractive enough, suspect that an analysis of the way the in salary and in prestige, to invite faculty great college president spends his time, members at the instructor level to under- of the qualities which make him effec- take library careers, learning the profes- tive, might produce a list not unlike the sional background in library school or one we have just compiled. Where do elsewhere at this point. They would then you go to find a good college president? presumably have had the exposure to To the colleges, I hope, although I am teaching and research which, as I have told that good ones have come from indicated, seems to me desirable. I am of other sources. Similarly, for library lead- course not talking about the misfits and ers one goes to the libraries, and in the failures, although it is quite possible that production of these leaders the library a very promising librarian might not school plays an important part, as the find classroom teaching congenial. I am best place for learning both techniques talking about establishing ties between and attitudes, as a center of research into (Continued on page 388)

380 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES New Periodicals of 1960-Part I

By GERALDINE KAUFMAN

EW PERIODICALS will probably always N be started in the familiar fields as Miss Kaufman is Head of the Serials Sec- for example in education, history, sci- tion, Descriptive Cataloging Division, Li- ence, and technology; but this list in- brary of Congress. cludes some journals with new or unique slants. The "little magazines" and literary reviews sprout like mushrooms. supplements. Ararat is an attempt to reflect past and contemporary Armenian BIBLIOGRAPHY, LIBRARIES. The "Weekly culture, especially for contemporary Ar- Record" section of Publishers' Weekly menians with a dual heritage; the first is being issued monthly as the American issue is devoted to the short stories and Book Publishing Record, arranged by articles of young Armenians. The emerg- subject (Dewey Decimal Classification) ence of China as a major power demands with the data of the Library of Congress objective analysis and study of its evolve- cards, plus annotations. Public Library ment on the part of the Western na- Abstracts will abstract objective pub- tions, and to this end, The China Quar- lished or unpublished studies which can terly will publish articles by specialists help the operation of, or research in, on contemporary Chinese developments. public libraries. The editor, Herbert One section will give an unbiased docu- Goldhor, has arranged the material by mented account of more or less current author under subject, each item num- major events; later issues will contain bered. book reviews. DDR in Wort und Bild will give a picture of the political, eco- COUNTRIES. One of the most timely new nomic, and cultural life in Eastern Ger- publications is Cahiers d'Etudes Afri- many and of the growth of socialism caines which proposes to present both there. ALASorgan of the Association old and new aspects of the Dark Conti- for Latin American Studies, will be a nent in order to mirror and explain the kind of clearing house for news in writ- great experience taking place there. By ting, teaching, travels, conferences, any means of contributors, technical and activities in the field of Latin American scholarly, outstanding in politics, econ- studies. Accion Liberal is devoted to Co- omy, and literature, the Revue Encyclo- lombia, to orient and to explain, both pedique de I'Ajrique hopes to be an ac- in and out of the country, its social curate and documental reflection of problems and ferment, reforms and Africa in respect to its evolution, its ef- growth; the first issue includes also arti- forts, and its aspirations. The articles, cles on movies, painting, literature, and usually signed, are illustrated, sometimes the theater. Articles are signed and some helpfully by maps. The first issue is ac- are accompanied by portraits. companied by a supplement devoted to the Republic of the Ivory Coast. Sub- EDUCATION, GUIDANCE. American Youth scriptions may be placed omitting the is chiefly for the teenagers, judging by

SEPTEMBER 1960 381 the first issue, which has highly illus- Character & Culture of Europe plus edi- trated articles on young people the coun- tions in French, German, and Italian. try wide telling how they earn money, The first issue contains cultural articles how they develop talents, how they have from several countries and a series of won scholarships, plus a page devoted scientific articles "By courtesy of 'The to one question, with answers from Sunday Times'"; and in addition, a young people. The question for Janu- questionnaire for the reader, concern- ary is "Should Teen-Agers Go Steady?" ing the future contents of the journal— Increased resources are enabling the should it contain cultural articles re- School of Hotel Administration at Cor- printed in the reader's own language, nell University to publish The Cornell cultural articles in the original language, Hotel and Restaurant Administration or only information on foundation ac- Quarterly through which it will share in tivities? Forum der Letteren, superseding the education of hotel men by furnishing Museum, will contain general aspects of a forum for serious and scholarly dis- world philology, literature, and history. cussions on pertinent problems or prog- The articles in the first issue, spread ress of the industry. With a subject ar- over these fields, are well documented. rangement Guidance Exchange digests Midway; a Magazine of Discovery in the books, pamphlets, magazine articles, Arts and Sciences will choose scholarly playlets, films, posters, etc., dealing with articles from books and journals pub- guidance literature. Neither scope nor lished by The University of Chicago criteria of what is examined or included Press and will offer them in nontechnical in this publication is outlined in the language for scholars and laymen, all first issue. Happiness is a large-print scholars being considered laymen when magazine for those legally blind who removed from their own fields. The first have a small fraction of vision, written two issues present widely ranging arti- for older teenagers and for adults up to cles: psychology, sociology, economics, thirty or thirty-five years of age. The baseball, patent laws, Sir Arthur Conan contents are stories, some continued, Doyle, poetry, and a story from ancient some articles of general information (one India. The Czechoslovak Society for on names of states), poetry, humor, Eastern Studies has assumed the vast task chiefly with a religious slant. Education of publishing in New Orient articles on by correspondence is very popular in the the "cultural life, history, literature, the United States and is rising in popularity arts, folklore, ethnography, archaeology, in western Europe, Scandinavia, and the philosophy, religion, and the languages Soviet Union. To encourage exchange of all countries of Asia and Africa." The of experiences, to stimulate research, and well illustrated first issue also includes to furnish reliable information the Na- tional Home Study Council is sponsor- book reviews. ing The Home Study Review under the editorship of its executive director, Dr. HISTORY. SOCIAL QUESTIONS. The Cot- Robert Allen. Overview is for all educa- ton History Review contains historical tional executives. It contains articles on sketches of early cotton mills, biogra- educational theory as well as on prac- phies of cotton manufacturers, and arti- tical help. It has also book reviews, sec- cles on the origin or development of the tions on products for schools, personali- industry, in a very readable, nontechni- ties, and news round-up. cal style. Interspersed are small news items or ads which appeared in early newspapers; signed book reviews are in- GENERAL CULTURE. The Fondation Eu- cluded. The contributors are chiefly ropeenne de la Culture is publishing from educational institutions or from

382 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES some phase of industry. The National ple with a "different sense of the soci- Association of Intergroup Relations Of- ety" will enter the discussion, thus se- ficials intends The Journal of Inter- curing "a genuine dialogue between group Relations to be a medium for intellectual and industrial workers." those interested in racial, religious, and The journal includes signed book re- ethnic relationships by exchanging ex- views. periences and knowledge. The first issue has an article on Puerto Ricans in New LAW. The Civil Service Bar Associa- York City and on the part of the gov- tion is seeking "to unite in common pro- ernment in housing, along with the pres- fessional pursuits the corps of municipal entation of other current problems. It career lawyers scattered in different de- includes signed book reviews, briefer no- partments and places in the City of New tations, and annotations of some period- York" through The City Lawyer. The icals. Unique in its field, Labor History first issue contains an article on better will be a scholarly journal devoted to re- municipal government, notes on recent search in the history of American labor cases, and signed book reviews. The In- in all reaches—biography, studies of index to Foreign Legal Periodicals will individual unions, theory, research. There dex the chief legal periodicals in the are signed reviews of books on labor his- fields of comparative, municipal, and tory. In the first issue, all articles and public and private international law of book reviews are by university faculty. all countries aside from the United Beginning with the Spring issue, there States and those members of the British will be included a series of inventories of Commonwealth whose law systems have labor-history materials in university, a common-law basis, thus complement- public, and special libraries. The Louisi- ing the Index to Legal Periodicals. The ana Historical Association in coopera- publication will be a quarterly, the last tion with the Louisiana State University quarter constituting an annual cumu- is issuing Louisiana History, which con- lation, with the hope that at the end of tains, among others, an article on differ- the fifth year the cumulative issue will ent kinds of outdoor ovens in Louisiana, be quinquennial. on foreign slave trade after 1808, and a biographical sketch of a Confederate LITERATURE. The first issue of Arbor soldier of Louisiana, Joseph Carson; the contains short stories, poetry, and a play. authors are faculty members of various The contributors are from general fields. educational institutions. The periodical Bryn Mawr Review contains poetry, also contains a section entitled "Vi- short stories, and sketches, presumably gnettes," and signed reviews of pertinent the work of students and faculty of the books. As indicated by the title, Michi- college, although no attributions are gan Jewish History, official organ of the made. The Carleton Miscellany, edited Jewish Historical Society of Michigan, by Reed Whittemore, contains poetry, contains articles pertaining to the Jews essays, and stories. The contributors to and Jewish incidents in Michigan. The the first issue are chiefly faculty mem- first issue has articles not only on the bers of United States universities and Jews early in Michigan but also an arti- colleges. Monument, making its appear- cle on the first Israeli ship to reach De- ance with contributions chiefly from stu- troit through the St. Lawrence Seaway. dents and faculty of Arizona State Col- New Left Review, formed by the union lege, Flagstaff, will contain essays, short of Universities and Left Review and The stories, poetry, "a review of the humani- New Reasoner, will emphasize socialist ties and the arts." Edited by A. Norman analysis and education, and hopes peo- Jeffares of the University of Leeds, A

SEPTEMBER 1960 383 Review of English Literature hopes to can Research and Development Corpo- interest the general reader as well as the ration of Boston, is a newspaper for professional one in its presentations of physicians giving rapid coverage of criticism of English literature which world developments in medicine and re- will include the United States and the lated fields; and in this effort, it intends Commonwealth, past and present writ- soon to be a daily issue. It purposes to ers, prose, poetry, and literary journals. be the "medical equivalent of the finest Salon 13 will be a bilingual magazine examples of accurate and authoritative containing poetry, short stories, essays, journalism." In fulfilling a Presidential literary criticism, and photographic arti- directive, the Division of Radiological cles, in a serious effort to bring about Health, Public Health Service, was as- better understanding between the intel- signed the "primary responsibility lectuals of Guatemala and the United within the Executive Branch for the col- States. Wisconsin Studies in Contempo- lection, analysis, and interpretation of rary Literature will be devoted to criti- data on environmental radiation levels." cism of post-World War II literature, As a facet of this responsibility, the from the United States and Europe. Service is issuing Radiological Health The five contributors to the first issue Data, each third issue of which will in- are faculty members of United States clude interpretative statements as well colleges and universities. as data.

MEDICINE, HEALTH. Original articles, MUSIC. The American Recorder will offered only to Clinical Pharmacology be of interest to all those amateurs who and Therapeutics, will discuss the effects have taken up this gentle art, and who of drugs in man and evaluate their ac- by joining the American Recorder So- tions. The editor is Walter Modell, ciety will receive the magazine. The M.D., of Cornell University Medical first issue contains articles on music and College, with a vast editorial board technique, reviews or records, a section drawn chiefly from the United States on chapter news, plus charming illustra- representing both medical and research tions and interesting advertisements. fields. This journal will furnish a much The band instrument company of Dorn needed forum because of the great num- and Kirschner has decided to winnow ber of new drugs being introduced into the vast amount of new music and to medicine. In spite of the fact that there present in Pre-Views and Re-Views those are many psychiatric journals published, items which music teachers should in- nevertheless Comprehensive Psychiatry clude in their portfolios and libraries. does not intend to duplicate them since The items in the first issue, devoted to its purpose is to establish a "truly cos- band music, are annotated and arranged mopolitan orientation in psychiatry." It by difficulty of performance. The editor, plans to devote entire issues to topics of Dr. Walter E. Nallin, has included re- widespread interest. Of the journals cur- views of records and books. rently received in the National Library of Medicine at present only those which RECREATION, COLLECTING. Adjutant's will be most useful to the consumers are Call, the journal of the Military Histori- in the Index Medicus, but the Library cal Society, will appeal not only to the intends to expand the list as quickly as collector of military miniatures but also possible. Medical Tribune, published by to those interested in collecting weapons a wholly owned subsidiary of Medical and in military and uniforms research and Science Communications Develop- in respect to the Western World. To ment Corporation, an affiliate of Ameri- meet the demand, the new magazine on

384 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES dancing is called Ballroom Dance Maga- keting sludge. Current Anthropology, zine. The first issue includes articles on sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Founda- contests and more technical articles, e.g. tion for Anthropological Research, Inc., directions (with diagrams) of the Cuban is to be a clearinghouse and forum on a cha cha and mambo and the U. S. Ball- world-wide basis for all scholars in the room Council's list of abbreviations and sciences of man. It will contain " 'Re- definitions of ballroom terminology. view' articles" and " 'News and Refer- Better Camping is a highly illustrated ence' materials." A review article is a journal including articles not only on guide to the current knowledge and bib- camping spots and parks but also on liography of any broad relevant field by helpful subjects such as new camping a specialist in that field for specialists in equipment and how to build different other fields. To afford physicists and types of campfires. Judaica Post will con- mathematicians a common forum, the tain "articles and check-lists pertaining American Institute of Physics is begin- to Jews on stamps, the Bible on stamps, ning Journal of Mathematical Physics, Jewish history and the contribution of presently bimonthly but to be monthly. Jews to civilization as reflected philatel- Emphasis will be given to "mathemati- ically." cal aspects of quantum field theory, statistical mechanics of interacting parti- SCIENCES. The purpose of Ciencia In- cles, new approaches to eigenvalue and teramericana is to disseminate informa- scattering problems, theory of stochastic tion concerning the progress of science processes, novel variational methods, in America to all peoples and institu- and the theory of graphs." The Journal tions interested in that progress; it will of Petrology is to contain original re- also include activities in the scientific searches in the field of petrology, field developed by the Pan American boardly interpreted. The contributions Union. To fill the time lag between in the first issue chiefly by faculty mem- periodical publications in chemistry and bers, are illustrated and technical, pref- the publication of abstracts, the Ameri- aced by abstracts; the board of editors is can Chemical Society is introducing international. National Young Scientist Chemical Titles. Each issue will be in is the organ of Young Scientists of Amer- two parts, the first being an alphabeti- ica Foundation, an association started cal listing of authors and titles, plus the at South Mountain High School, Phoe- periodicals in which the articles ap- nix, Arizona, modeled on the set-up of peared; the second being a permuted Future Farmers of America and aimed title index arranged alphabetically by at leadership in science. Any school in keywords which have been centered in any state is invited to join. This first is- the column. The IBM 704 computer sue is chiefly concerned with promoting and ancillary machines have been used the membership. The American Geo- to handle in the short time allowed the graphical Society has begun publishing contents of 550 journals of pure and Soviet Geography: Review and Transla- applied chemistry. Joining the some- tion to disseminate Soviet geographic re- what scanty number of periodicals on search in the United States. The articles fertilizers, Compost Science will provide translated are mainly from Izvestiya information on converting industrial Akademii Nauk SSR, Seriya Geografi- and municipal wastes into useful prod- cheskaya, Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geog- ducts. The first issue contains articles on raficheskogo Obshchestva, and Voprosy city composting, in the United States Geografii. and around the world, on using wastes in agriculture, and on selling and mar- TECHNOLOGY. MANUFACTURING. Con-

SEPTEMBER 1960 385 temporary Photographer is a "limited agement whose job is making decisions circulation, non-commercial publication concerning specifications in protective dedicated to the improvement of com- packaging. The periodical will contain munications between the serious ama- illustrated articles on solving packag- teur photographer, the professional, and ing and techniques problems, on new the transient between these states." The developments, industry activities, trade commercial application of the gas tur- news, etc. Radio & Television is issued bine is a new field and to reflect devel- by the International Radio and Televi- opment and growth, manufacture and sion Organization, superseding its Doc- market, literature and news, Gas Tur- umentation and Information Bulletin. bine is presented. To cover more easily The first issue is in three major sections: the developments that have occurred "Questions Concerning Radio and Tele- since the first issue in 1917 of its Journal, vision Programmes," with articles on the Society of Glass Technology decided Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Hungarian, to divide that publication into Glass etc. experiences; "Questions of Sound Technology and Physics and Chemistry and Television Broadcasting Tech- of Glasses. The former devotes itself to niques," with articles on Czech experi- the application of science to the indus- ences; "Bibliography," which comprises try and news of the Society; the latter summaries of pertinent periodical arti- contains contributions "describing the cles. The first issue of Studies, published results of theoretical and experimental by the Food Research Institute of Stan- studies of glasses, their formation and ford University, contains four articles: properties"; both contain abstracts of "Price Effects of Futures Trading," pertinent articles published in various "Food Crops and the Isoline of Ninety scientific and technical journals. Four- Frost-Free Days in the United States," teen firms concerned with packaging are "The Small holder in Tropical Export presenting Protective Packaging and Pack- Crop Production," "The Farm Policy aging Techniques, to help those in man- Debate: Discussion."

Periodicals

ALAS. ALAS, Box 3768, University Station, no. 1, January-February 1960. Frequency not Gainesville, Fla. v.l, no.l, February 1960. given. Price not given. Quarterly. $25. (institutional membership). Ararat. Armenian General Benevolent Union of Action Liberal. Plinio Apuleyo Mundoza, Di- America, Inc., 250 Fifth Avenue, New York 1. rector, Carrera 6-A, No. 14-43, Bogota, Co- v. 1, no. 1, Winter 1960. Quarterly. $5. lombia. no. 1, January 1960. Frequency not Arbor. Arbor, P. O. Box 2065, Ann Arbor, Mich. given. Col$25. 1st issue, 1960. Quarterly. $2. Ballroom Dance Magazine. 231 West 58th Street, Adjutant's Call. Henry Becker, 1428 Chandler New York 19. v. 1, no. 1, February 1960. Drive, Fairlawn, N. J. v. 1, no. 1, 1960. Quar- Monthly. $2.50. terly. $6. Better Camping. Kalmbach Publishing Com- American Book Publishing Record. R. R. Bow- pany, 1027 North 7th Street, Milwaukee 3, ker Company, 62 W. 45th Street, New York Wis. v. 1, no. 1, March-April 1960. Bimonthly. 36. v. 1, no. 1, February 1960. Monthly. $10. $2. The American Recorder. American Recorder So- Bryn Mawr Review. Bryn Mawr College, Bryn ciety, 114 East 85th Street, New York 28. v. 1, Mawr, Pa. January 1960. Frequency not given. no. 1, Winter 1960. Quarterly. $2.50. Price not given. American Youth. Ceco Publishing Company, 3- Cahiers d'it tildes Africaines. Ecole Pratique des 135 General Motors Building, Detroit 2. v. 1, Hautes Etudes, 20 rue de la Baume, Paris, 8.

386 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES 1, January 1960. Frequency not given. Price Glass Technology. Society of Glass Technology, not given. Thornton, Hallam Gate Road, Sheffield 10, The Carleton Miscellany. Carleton College, England, v. 1, no. 1, February 1960. Bi- Northfield, Minn. v. 1, no. 1, Winter I960. monthly. £6 15s. per volume. 4 nos. a year. $3.50. Guidance Exchange, c/o Occu-Press, 489 Fifth Character & Culture of Europe. Fondation Eu- Avenue, New York 17. v. 1, no. 1, January ropeene de la Culture, Vijzelstraat 77, Amster- 1960. Monthly (except June-August). $8. dam C. v. 1, no. 1, January 1960. Frequency Happiness. The Christian Record Benevolent not given. £10. Association, Inc., Box 3666, Lincoln, Neb. Chemical Titles. American Chemical Society, v. 1, no. 1, January 1960. Monthly. Free. 1155 Sixteenth Street, Washington 6, D. C. The Home Study Review. National Home Study no. 1, April 5, 1960 (sample) Bimonthly. $25.- Council, 1420 New York Avenue N. W., Wash- $65. (not definitely determined). ington 5, D. C. v. 1, no. 1, Spring 1960. Quar- The China Quarterly. Summit House, 1-2 Lang- terly $3. ham Place, London, W. 1. no. 1, January- Index Medicus. Superintendent of Documents, March I960. $3. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. v. 1, no. 1, January 1960. Monthly. Ciencia Interamericana. Pan American Union, $20. Dept. of Cultural Affairs, Washington, D. C. v. 1, no. 1, January-February 1960. Bimonthly. Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals. Treasurer, 15 centavos. American Association of Law Libraries, Wil- liam I). Murphy, Esq., 2900 Prudential Plaza, The City Lawyer. Civil Service Bar Association, Chicago 1. v. 1, no. 1, February 1960. Quar- 120 West 32d Street, New York 1. v. 1, no. 1, terly. $25. January 1960. Semiannual. Price not given. The Journal of Intergroup Relations. National Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. C. V. Association of Intergroup Relations, Inc., 426 Mosby Company, 3207 Washington Blvd., St. West 58th Street, New York 19. v. 1, no. 1, Louis 3, Mo. v. 1, no. 1, January 1960. Bi- Winter 1959/60. Quarterly. $6. monthly. $12.50. Journal of Mathematical Physics. American In- Compost Science. Rodale Press, Inc., 33 East stitute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New Minor Street, Emmaus, Pa. v. 1, no. 1, York 17. v. 1, no. 1, January-February 1960. Spring 1960. Quarterly. $4. Bimonthly. $10. Comprehensive Psychiatry. Grune & Stratton, Journal of Petrology. Oxford University Press, Inc., 381 Park Avenue South, New York 16. Amen House, London', E. C. 4. v. 1, no. 1 v. 1, no. 1, February 1960. Bimonthly. $8. February 1960. 3 nos. a year. $12. Contemporary Photographer. Thomas M. Hill, Judaica Post. Eli Grad, Editor, 19769 Steel Ave Jr. 33 College Place, Oberlin, Ohio. v. 1, no. 1, nue, Detroit 35. no. 1, January 1960. Monthly. May-June 1960. Bimonthly. $3. $3. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administra- Labor History. Tamiment Institute, 7 East 15th tion Quarterly. School of Hotel Administra- Street, New York, 3. v. 1, no. 1, Winter 1960. tion, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. $3.50. 3 nos. a year. $4. The Cotton History Review. Secretary of the Louisiana History. Louisiana Historical Associa- Cotton History Group, Auburn University, tion, Baton Rouge, v. 1, no. 1, Winter 1960. Auburn, Ala. v. 1, no. 1, January 1960. Quar- Quarterly. $2. per issue. terly. $3. Medical Tribune. Medical Tribune, Inc., 624 Current Anthropology. University of Chicago, Madison Avenue, New York 22. v. 1, Intro- 1126 East 59th Street, Chicago 37. v. 1, no. 1, ductory Issue, February 29, 1960. Weekly. January 1960. 6 nos. a year. $10. Price not given. DDR in Wort und Bild. Gesellschaft fur Kul- Michigan Jewish History. Rabbi Emanuel Ap- turelle Verbindungen mit dem Ausland. Ber- plebaum, Editor. 18632 Hartwell Street, De- lin W 8, Thalmannplatz 8/9. v. 1, no. 1, 1960. troit 35. v. 1, no. 1, March 1960. Frequency Monthly. Price not given. not given. Price not given. Forum der Letteren. A. W. Sijthofl's Uitgever- Midiuay; a Magazine of Discovery in the Arts smaatschappij, Leiden. February 1960. 4 nos. and Sciences. The University of Chicago Press, a year. £15. 5750 Ellis Avenue, Chicago 37. no. 1, [Jan- Gas Turbine. Gas Turbine Publications, Inc., 80 uary?] 1960. Quarterly. $3.50. Lincoln Avenue, Stamford, Conn. v. 1, no. 1, Monument. Arizona State College, Room 27 January-February 1960. Frequency not given. Old Main, Flagstaff, no. 1, Winter 1960. Semi- $3. annual. $1.

SEPTEMBER 1960 387 National Young Scientist. Young Scientists of ganization, Prague XVI, Liebknechtova 15, America Foundation, Inc., P. O. Box 9007, Czechoslovakia. 1, February 1960. 6 nos. a Phoenix, Ariz. v. 1, no. 1, January 1960. Fre- year. $6. quency not given. Price not given. Radiological Health Data. U. S. Dept. of Com- New Left Review. American Distributor: B. De merce, Office of Technical Services, Washing- Boer, 102 Beverley Road, Bloomfield, N. J. ton 25, D. C. April 1960. Monthly. $3., 6 no. 1, January-February 1960. 6 issues per months' subscription. year. $4. A Review of English Literature. Longmans, New Orient. Artia, P. O. B. 790, Praha, Czecho- Green & Company, 6 & 7 Clifford Street, Lon- slovakia. v. 1, no. 1, February 1960. Bi- don, Wl. v. 1, no. 1, January 1960. Frequency monthly. $4. not given. 15s. Overview. Buttenheim Publishing Corporation, Revue Encyclopedique de I'Afrique. Editions 470 Park Avenue South. New York 16. v. 1, Universitaires de I'Afrique, Immeuble C. I. no. 1, January 1960. Monthly. $5. C. A., Avenue Charles de Gaulle, Abidjan, Physics and Chemistry of Glasses. Society of French West Africa, no. 1, January 1960. 3.400 Glass Technology, Thornton, Hallam Gate fr. CFA (edition complete). 2.700fr. CFA (Edi- Road, Sheffield 10, England, v. 1, no. I, Feb- tion simple). ruary 1960. Bimonthly. £6 155. per volume. Salon 13. Institute Guatemalteco Americano, 13 Pre-Views and Re-Views. Dorn and Kirschner Calle 2-52, zona 1, Guatemala, C. A. v. 1, no. Band Instrument Company, 77 Springfield 1, February 1960. Quarterly. $2. Avenue, Newark 3, N. J. v. 1, no. 1, March Soviet Geography: Review and Translation. 1960. Quarterly. Price not given. American Geographical Society, Broadway at Protective Packaging and Packaging Techniques. 156th Street, New York 32. v. 1, no. 1/2, Jan- Boston Publishing Company, Inc., 221 Co- uary-February 1960. Monthly (except July and lumbus Avenue, Boston. April 1960. Quarterly. August). $6. Price not given. Stanford University. Food Research Institute. Public Library Abstracts. Division of Library Studies. Stanford, Calif, v. 1, no. 1, February Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, 1960. 3 nos. a year. $7. Ind. v. 1, no. 1, January 1960. Quarterly. Wisconsin Studies in Contemporary Literature. Price not given. University of Wisconsin, 1118 West Johnson Radio & Television. Administrative Council of Street, Madison 6. v. 1, no. 1, Winter 1960. the International Radio and Television Or- 3 nos. a year. $2.50.

Leadership in Academic Libraries (Continued from page 380) the professions so close that it might be When I first moved into organized li- taken as a matter of course that some brary activities quite a while ago, I was teaching is a common preparation for a impressed most favorably by the real library career or the reverse. Such a flex- quality of library leadership as compared ible situation would, I think, strengthen with what I had seen in learned societies. both professions. I am still impressed, and I do not worry Let us then find leadership for our aca- about the quality of this leadership. The demic libraries wherever it can be lo- constant self-examination and critical cated, nourish it at whatever level it be- self-appraisal of libraries and library gins to emerge. There is strength in an schools lead me to suspect that the open society, either political or profes- quantity will not be lacking either, that sional. There are weaknesses in oriental the supply of leadership will keep pace castes or medieval guilds. with the ever-increasing demand.

388 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES A Publisher's View of College Library Opportunities By THEODORE WALLER

OLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARIANS C Mr. Waller is Vice-President, The Grolier have a special role—unique re- Society, Inc., and the Americana Corporation. sponsibilities and opportunities. The col- This article is adapted from a paper pre- lege librarian can be a bridge between the sented at the College and University Section rest of the profession and the academic of the Louisiana Library Association, Mon- world. He can interpret the interests and roe, March 25, 1960. objectives of the library world to the acad- emes and bring the sophistications and tween professionals and nonprofessionals insights of the academy to his fellow within the library. Considerable profes- librarians. sional talent could obviously be freed if If this is to be accomplished, however, we were to relax and update somewhat the college librarian must be almost the prevailing orthodoxy with respect to equally of the college and of librarian- library functions requiring professional ship. Too often he is a librarian isolated training. Something might be learned in the university community or a scholar here from the educators who, in the so- remote from general librarianship. called team teaching concept, are mak- There are a number of areas in which ing use of classroom assistants, reserving the college librarian can make a very the teacher for functions which require special and unique contribution: his special expertise and background. 1. Recruitment for librarianship. It is apparent that college and univer- 2. Strengthening the role of the col- sity librarians might profitably involve lege and university in the develop- themselves far more fully in recruiting ment of lifetime reading habits. for librarianship, both informally and as 3. The evolvement of a program to a part of ALA's person-to-person recruit- strengthen library public relations, ing campaign. Other professions invest profession-wide and with special ref- very substantial resources in recruiting: erence to college library problems. nursing, social service, teaching, to name 4. Interpretation of major intellectual, only a few, have well financed high pri- scientific, and technological develop- ority recruiting operations. If we comments of concern to other branches of pare the resources invested in recruiting librarianship. for librarianship, the evidence would 5. Planning the role of the library in suggest that we accord a low priority to the "exploded" college. recruitment. The situation can be cor- We certainly need to take a new look rected, in part, by strengthening the re- at recruitment for librarianship. We cruiting resources available to ALA. need a considerable increment in the More important, however, the profession quantity of librarians being recruited as a whole, and college and university li- and an improvement in the general qual- brarians in particular, might take a more ity level. Any discussion of recruiting explicit and urgent view of their oppor- needs to be in juxtaposition to an investi- tunities and responsibilities in this area. gation of the division of labor be- Why, we may ask, do 10 per cent of the

SEPTEMBER 1960 389 colleges supply 60 per cent of graduate A conference on "The Undergraduate library school students? Perhaps those col- and Lifetime Reading Interest" was held lege libraries that are most effective in at the University of Michigan in 1958, interesting students in librarianship have sponsored by the National Book Com- been particularly successful in one varia- mittee and directed by Dr. Frederick tion or another of the internship idea. Wagman, to explore the extent to which Certainly the exposure of a student with college experience leads to lifetime read- predilections toward librarianship to a ing and to continuing self-education. Can vital, intellectually deciding college li- we not agree that the college and uni- brary program is recruiting at its best. versity library should have a specific and The commitment of many fine college urgent role in developing the kind of librarians to efforts of this kind, however, motivation and in sparking the interest would not seem to discharge fully their that will lead students to read creatively obligations to contribute to a profession- and develop mentally throughout their wide recruiting program. lives, that will make the college student There is something to be learned from a book-oriented man? And may I suggest, the North Carolina experiment as re- further, that the college and university ported by the North Carolina Council on librarian can effectively address himself Librarianship. Here all segments of the to this problem through two channels: profession have banded together in a on the one hand by developing his own statewide demonstration of a wide va- library program with these ends in mind, riety of recruiting techniques. Whatever and second, by becoming the center of else the North Carolina experiment may agitation in the faculty with a view to demonstrate it would seem conclusively making more and more professors con- to establish the desirability of aggressive scious of this mission of the university? and dynamic cooperation at the state Why shouldn't a college or university level among all branches of the profes- faculty, as a committee of the whole, ex- sion. amine the status of books and reading in the lives of the graduates of their institu- A study has recently been designed to tions? On every campus there are a few explore the percentage of the top 10 per professors who realize that whatever in- cent of certain high school and college formation and skills they may transmit, student bodies that select educational they have truly succeeded in their administration as a career. The concern mission only when the love of con- here is that, Dr. Conant and Admiral tinual learning—the lifelong appetite for Rickover aside, it is going to be difficult knowledge—has been instilled in their significantly to upgrade American educa- students. These professors are the li- tion unless and until an appropriate per- brarians' natural allies. This alliance centage of the most gifted young people might well reorient the academic pro- in the country turn to school administra- gram on many a campus. In this con- tion as a career. nection we may take as our text the What about librarianship? How many book published by the University of of the very ablest students in our insti- Michigan Press, Reading for Life, a re- tutions have decided by their sophomore port on the National Book Committee or junior years that their destiny is in University of Michigan Conference. the library? And what can be done to increase that number? Harold K. Cuinzberg has written1 Is the development of what we are about the dearth of retail book outlets currently calling lifetime reading habits in college communities. This, too, is cer- a proper concern of the college and uni- 1 Reading for Life (Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of versity librarians and of the total facuty? Michigan Press, 1959).

390 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES tainly a subject of compelling interest with the other matters with which this to college librarians, as it is to pub- paper is concerned, these points are made lishers. with the greatest circumspection. The The subject of conventional public re- "view" taken here may not be wholly ap- lations is anathema to many college li- propriate to the subject. brarians. In the very nature of things, In this enumeration of challenges and National Library Week was abhorrent opportunities, we mentioned interpret- or, at least, an object of slightly irritated ing major intellectual, scientific, and tolerance to many if not most ACRL technological developments of concern people. Somehow, the more handsomely to other branches of librarianship to the such promotion and public relations pro- rest of the profession. We are in a period grams succeed, the less many college li- not only of explosion of general knowl- brarians like them, or so we have been edge but of incipient revolution in sev- led to believe. But doesn't this whole eral phases of education. Librarians are question need a new look? Don't we want either going to be part of the inner cir- much closer and more functional ties be- cle, planning and guiding these striking tween college and university librarians developments, or they are going to be and the rest of the profession, notably service personnel passively at the com- public librarians and school librarians? mand of trends. Is it not more than desirable for college As an example, there is the matter of librarians to exercise strengthened lead- educational television. In less than a ership profession-wide and particularly year the Council for Airborne Instruc- in such projects as National Library tional Television is going to put a DC- Week, and, apart from obligations to the OB in orbit over Lafayette, Indiana, and rest of the profession, might not Na- through transmitters in that airplane tional Library Week be an opportunity broadcast twenty-four (possibly seventy- to do some fundamental interpreting of six) half-hour programs a day to a five- the college library role to faculty, trus- state area with a potential audience of tees, and student body? Further, is it not five million children. These programs possible that in many situations Library will be at the elementary, secondary Week would provide the occasion for school, and college level. The project has making the local community more con- been made possible by a grant from the scious of the college or university library Ford Foundation and through the sig- and its role in the institution? Which nificant financial support of half a dozen is not to deny that many college and of the greatest industrial enterprises in university librarians devote great energy the country. The Council is being di- and imagination to interpreting the li- rected by the able John Ivey, recently brary to students, faculty, and towns- vice-president of New York University. people. We must be careful to avoid This is a demonstration. It may become letting this argument run aground on a permanent part of the educational pat- semantic shoals. Any well administered tern in the area and lead to other com- college or university library, of course, parable projects. Ten airplanes could has an aggressive "public relations" pro- blanket the country. It may not be long gram ranging from work with "the before more sophisticated devices than friends of the library" to exhibits. Here, a DC-6 will be used for transmission. however, we address ourselves, as in the case of recruiting, less to what is being Even if this project does not succeed done in individual libraries than to the per se it is certain to be effective shock opportunity for college library participa- therapy. It is certain to introduce new tion in profession-wide programs. And, as ideas, new techniques, new concepts to educators in that region and nationally.

SEPTEMBER 1960 391 The television teachers are now being library service—junior colleges burgeon- recruited. They will be brought together ing into universities, community colleges, for a period of training at Purdue and state teachers colleges. The weight of then will operate from production cen- the increase in the national college stu- ters adjacent to their homes. All broad- dent body will not be in established in- casting will be from video tape. In the stitutions which can, after all, in some five-state area thirty regional centers will considerable degree control the size of be established on thirty college cam- their student bodies by adjusting en- puses. These centers staffed with project trance requirements. It will be in these personnel will help schools tool-up both new institutions or newly significant in- mechanically and educationally. They stitutions. Is it too much to suggest that will train elementary, secondary school, lack of adequate library facilities in these and college faculties in the use of this latent universities is a critical national educational television. problem? Where are librarians in this picture? Where are the college librarians to Shouldn't they be in the very middle of come from? Will the administrations and the act? If library insights and skills are legislatures understand that substantial brought to bear early, intensively, and resources will be required to build col- consistently, will this unprecedented ven- lections from scratch or are we going to ture in educational television not result have sumptuous library buildings rela- in infinitely increased use of the library, tively barren of materials? Is the old either school library or university li- Shaw list adequate to meet this chal- brary? Will it not make independent lenge? Don't we urgently need more new study, reading, and research a far more thinking and profession-wide action significant part of the individual stu- here? Might it not be appropriate for dent's academic life? college and university librarians to put But is this inevitable? the weight of their profession behind Finally, how about the role of the li- proposals for a national study? brary in the "exploded" college? In ten Many college librarians would be sur- years there is no doubt that double the prised to know how many publishers and number of college students will require National Book Committee-type citizens more than double the present library fa- have an acute interest in the problems cilities. More library resources will be of college and university libraries. The needed to deal with more students and college and university library is every- more faculty and vastly more knowledge. body's business. It is the business of the Existing institutions must undoubtedly student body, of the faculty as a whole, expand their book budgets. There is, of of the library profession as a whole, of course, local planning on many cam- everybody in the national community puses to deal with the anticipated prob- who is concerned about books and read- lems. But who is worrying about college ing. College librarians have strong allies and university library planning nation- in the National Book Committee and ally? among the citizens across the country The increase in enrollment will occur who have been involved in National Li- in institutions least equipped to provide brary Week.

392 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Operation Book Shift

By DONALD P. HAMMER

NEW $800,000 BOOKSTACK addition Acompleted in November 1958 made Formerly on the University of Illinois Li- it necessary to shift the entire one-and-a- brary staff, Mr. Hammer is now Head, Serials half million volume bookstack collection Unit, Purdue University Libraries. in the University of Illinois Library. Over a period of about four months the the expansion available on each floor work of fifty students, each working from would be most useful in the future by twelve to twenty hours a week, three distributing it more or less evenly half-time deck supervisors, and the full- throughout all the shelving. This deci- time bookstack librarian was needed to sion made it necessary to account for all complete the project. Since this move available expansion in both the old and was made while normal service was pro- new stack additions. vided in the library, only a part of the The first step in planning the occupa- deck supervisors' and the bookstack li- tion of the new stacks was to determine brarian's time could be devoted to the the exact amount of expansion in terms project. The cost of the move amounted of whole shelves that would be available to about twelve thousand dollars. on each floor in both the old and new The new addition consisted of ten The problem of accounting for all the floors or decks with about twenty-two odds and ends of empty shelving was hundred shelves or about a fifty thou- solved in a very unconventional way. A sand-volume capacity per floor. The older piece of ordinary string was used as a sections of the bookstacks also consist of measuring device. ten floors, but with about five thousand A piece of string as long as a shelf was to fifty-five hundred shelves providing a matched with as many empty portions book capacity of about a hundred and of shelves as was necessary to reach the fifty thousand volumes per floor. end of the string. This, then, indicated As in every library that reaches ca- that one empty shelf was available. This pacity or near capacity, many of the procedure was continued throughout the Dewey classes in the old building had to bookstacks until the number of empty be broken at undesirable places in order shelves on each floor was determined. to provide shelving space for rapidly ex- At the same time an actual count of panding subject fields. At best, many all shelves, utilized or not, on each indi- patrons find a large library difficult to vidual floor was made. use, and such a condition of separation In accordance with the decision men- only intensifies the difficulties. It was tioned previously, it was necessary at this hoped that this new addition would point to determine how much expansion make possible a better shelving arrange- per shelf was available. This was found ment on some of the floors. In many cases by dividing the number of empty shelves this proved possible; in a few cases no in the old and new stacks as determined improvement could be made because of through the use of the string by the total a lack of shelf space for further expan- number of shelves both used and empty, sion in spite of the new addition. old and new. It had been previously decided that As an example, if through the use of

SEPTEMBER 1960 393 the string it was determined that there viously, this could not be done by eye were 2,527 empty shelves on a certain alone since most of us are poor judges of floor, and by actual count it was deter- space and distances. The use of rulers mined that there was a total of 7,757 would certainly maintain constant ex- shelves, both utilized and empty, on the pansion, but they would be clumsy to same floor, the 2,527 was then divided by use. the 7,757. This indicated that there was This difficulty was overcome by cutting .325 expansion available per shelf. The 2" X 4" blocks of wood the length of the decimal figure then had to be converted intended expansion to be left per shelf to inches to be useful. This was done by on each floor. The block was then placed multiplying the decimal figure by the on the right-hand side of a shelf as the length in inches of a typical shelf; that is, shifting progressed and the books were .325 X 35 = 11.375. This indicated that shelved up to it. A book end was then approximately eleven inches expansion put in place, and the block moved to the could be left available on each shelf when next shelf, ad infinitum. the books were shifted on that particular This system, with its detailed plan- floor. ning, eliminated much of the guesswork After it was determined that sufficient from the shifting, and the amount of ex- future expansion was available on each pansion planned per shelf was main- floor for the preferred arrangement of tained. the various Dewey classes, it was felt On the whole, the system worked well. necessary to present the preferred plan The expansion, however, had to be ad- in graphic form to all staff members con- justed in some individual areas as the cerned. Ten large floor plans were pro- shifting progressed because of human vided, one for each floor of the building, error or because of the expansion needs showing the exact position of all shelv- of some subject fields over others. ing. The proposed position of the major In a few places the system did not Dewey classes on the various floors with meet expectations because of the lack of the possible expansion determined as ex- close supervision. As an example, the plained above was illustrated by colored total number of shelves needed on each paper thumbtacked over the position of floor was known, but as the work pro- the shelving on each plan. The colored gressed no record was kept of the num- paper represented the area occupied by ber of shelves removed or added in order each class including expansion. This to adjust to the varying height of books. method made it simple, by moving the It cannot be stressed enough that ac- colored paper from place to place on the curacy in using the string and in count- floor plans, to prove or disprove the feasi- ing shelves was an absolute necessity. bility of each staff member's hypotheti- Carelessness in accounting for the odds cally suggested shelving plan. In this and ends of empty shelves can easily manner a definite arrangement for all throw off the whole approach. It is ob- classes was agreed upon, and the actual vious that three inches or so ignored book shifting could be done with confi- throughout several thousand shelves will dence that the books intended for a total up to considerable shelf space. certain area would fit into that area with Many people contributed ideas toward sufficient space for expansion allowed. the development of this shifting system, The last of the mechanical problems and most of those people spent many involved was the need for a method that hours in planning and supervision. It would maintain the planned expansion was only through this detailed planning per shelf during the actual shifting. Ob- that the system was successful.

394 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES News from the Field

ACQUISITIONS, GIFTS, COLLECTIONS of American history at Columbia University. The gift includes letters and documents writ- A COLLECTION OF ONE HUNDRED CATALOGS ten by Theodore Roosevelt, Eli Whitney, of private and institutional libraries, dating Jefferson Davis, and Henry Adams, Hamil- from the early seventeenth century, has been ton Fish documents, Grover Cleveland pa- purchased by the University of California pers, Henry White papers, and Brand Whit- Library at Berkeley from Archer Taylor, lock materials as well as the manuscripts of noted bibliographer and author of Book Professor Nevin's books and four file drawers Catalogs: Their Varieties and Uses. The col- of notes for a biography of John D. Rocke- lection contains many of the most useful feller. Professor Nevins, holder of two Pu- catalogs of the seventeenth and eighteenth litzer prizes for biography, retired from Co- centuries, including catalogs of the private lumbia in 1958 and is now a senior member libraries of J. B. Mencken (1670); Angelico of the research staff at Huntington Library Aprosio (1671); Nicolaus Heinsius (1682); in San Marino, Calif. Jacob Oisel (1687); Charles Bulteau (1711); THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Due D'Estrees (1740); and Camille Falconet, has received a gift of 5,111 volumes of Eng- consulting physician to the King of France lish and American poetry containing the first (1763). printings of poems relating to childhood. THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Santa John MacKay Shaw, recently retired execu- Barbara, has acquired by special purchase tive of the American Telephone and Tele- the private library of Roland D. Hussey, a graph Company of New York, is the donor of prominent historian on the West Coast and this unique collection, valued conservatively professor of Latin American history at the at $35,000. Most of the major and many of University of California at Los Angeles. This the minor poets are represented by first or collection of nearly three thousand volumes other early editions, from Quarles and and periodicals relating to Latin America Wither in the seventeenth century to Frost includes most of the standard monographs and Masefield in the twentieth. The collec- on Latin America written in English and tion is especially rich in the mid-Victorian many representative works in Spanish. The poets, and in the recognized poets of child- emphasis is on the Caribbean, the West In- hood such as Stevenson, Field, Riley, de la dies, Mexico, and Central America. Particu- Mare, and Milne. larly useful are the many bibliographies of JACKSONVILLE (FLA.) UNIVERSITY has re- the individual countries. cently received two substantial gifts for its A TWENTY-FIVE VOLUME Chinese translation library. John E. Meyer presented $5,000 to of an important part of the Buddhist Tripi- purchase books for the general collection, taka has been donated to the library of the and the Junior League of Jacksonville gave University of Chicago by W. P. Yuen of La- $10,000 to purchase material in the field of Salle College, Hong Kong. The books, a philosophy. photolithographic reproduction of a nine- LEHIGH UNIVERSITY LIBRARY has been pre- teenth-century block-print edition preserved sented with a collection of rare books and in Hong Kong, have been placed in the uni- manuscripts by Robert B. Honeyman, alum- versity's Far Eastern Library. The set com- nus and trustee, and Mrs. Honeyman, of prises the Maha-Prajna-Paramitra Sutra of Pasadena, Calif. The gift, valued at $25,000, the Tripitaka, the entire collection of Bud- includes a number of Darwin's works re- dhist writings. This Sutra contains 600 books cently exhibited in commemoration of the of five million words dealing with the Bud- first publication of On the Origin of Species. dhist view of the unfolding nature of man. Final page proof of the historical work with COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY has been presented all corrections and notations in Charles Dar- with a significant portion of the private col- win's hand, a first edition, and a copy of lection of Allan Nevins, professor emeritus each of the five subsequent editions are in-

SEPTEMBER 1960 395 eluded. Literary works of an earlier period lished in 1779 as the weekly New Jersey are among the volumes received. Additions Journal. to the poetry collection are first and second issues of the first edition of Walt Whitman's BUILDINGS Leaves of Grass. THE WOODROW WILSON COLLECTION at Li- LIBRARIES are burgeoning in California. brary of Congress has been presented with a New library buildings are in use at Monterey small group of papers, including six letters Peninsula College and on the Alta Loma (1910-17) from President Wilson to Harold campus of Chaffey College. Under construc- Godwin, a classmate. Elizabeth Godwin of tion are a new library at the Dominican Col- Roslyn, N. Y., is the donor. Included is a lege of San Rafael; a six-story addition for holograph letter dated November 29, 1883, San Jose State College at a cost of $2,000,000; addressed to "Pete," and a cablegram sent by a second unit of the library building for President Wilson from Paris to Robert Santa Barbara City College, doubling its size; Bridges at Scribner's on May 29, 1919. a new library building for Menlo College to be completed by the end of 1961; and a new NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY has one for California Western University to be augmented its impressive collection of ma- completed this fall. terial published during the French Revolu- tion. The new material, acquired in Belgium, THE NEW LIBRARY on the Cornell Univer- consists of about 450 pamphlets and 100 legal sity campus is nearing completion. It will be documents and periodical issues. About 365 known as the John M. Olin Library in of the pieces are in Flemish (the remainder honor of the university trustee and chairman in French) and deal with the revolutionary of the executive committee of Olin Mathie- events in Flanders. All the publications were son Chemical Corporation, who contributed published during the Revolution. $3,000,000 toward its cost. A gift of $100,000 toward construction costs has been received LETTERS OF LOUIS WILEY, business man- from Mr. and Mrs. Harold D. Uris of New ager of the New York Times for twenty-nine York City, in addition to an earlier contri- years before his death in 1935, have been bution by Uris Brothers firm. This brings presented to the University of Rochester li- the total amount raised for the project to brary by a niece, Mrs. Maxine Wiley of $5,000,000 of the estimated $5,700,000 cost. Hanover, N. H. The collection includes let- The new seven-story library building has a ters from Herbert Hoover, Theodore Roose- capacity of 2,000,000 volumes and offers ex- velt, William Howard Taft, Warren G. Hard- ceptional facilities to serve graduate students ing, Calvin Coolidge, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and faculty. Woodrow Wilson, Alfred E. Smith, Charles Evans Hughes, Dwight W. Morrow, Mrs. THE ADDITION to the Jacksonville (Fla.) Eleanor Roosevelt, and many other notables. University Library, dedicated in May, has This collection has been added to the 4,000 increased the book capacity from 32,000 to letters and other papers previously presented 120,000, and the seating capacity from 166 by Mr. Wiley's brothers and sisters. to 500. This is a major step in the university's program to develop the library and the insti- ANOTHER NEWSPAPER, the Ocean City Senti- tution for accreditation by the Southern As- has been added to the growing nel-Ledger, sociation in 1961. The new addition, costing list of New Jersey publications preserved at $375,000, has three levels and is completely the Rutgers University Library. Early copies air-conditioned. of this weekly publication have been received by the library's photoduplication de- MARY BALDWIN COLLEGE plans to construct partment, where plans have been made to a new library in the summer of 1962. The transfer the entire file to microfilm. The li- building, costing $680,000, will house 100,000 brary has also obtained original copies of the books. It is expected that the new library will Ocean Daily Reporter, four-page predecessor enable the college to increase its enrollment. of the Sentinel-Ledger. Included in the more NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY recently dedi- than forty publications on microfilm at the cated the new addition to its law library. library is the state's oldest surviving news- Total cost of the Owen L. Coon Library paper, the Elizabeth Daily Journal, estab- and its equipment was $1,500,000. Funds

396 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES were provided by the Robert R. McCormick Two WINGS will be added to the Detroit Charitable Trust, the Owen L. Coon Foun- Public Library at a cost of $10,000,000. dation, the Law School Alumni Association, Money for the additions is being provided and the university. The fire-proof and air- by the city, and additional funds for furnish- conditioned building will double the space ings and equipment will be sought through allocated to the library and will provide an gifts. Included in the plans are committee auditorium and a practice courtroom as well rooms, study carrels, and two auditoriums. as additional classrooms, faculty offices, and The library, doubled in size, will be com- facilities for law school publications. The pleted in 1962. Working in close cooperation new library will accommodate 170,000 vol- with nearby Wayne State University Library, umes, the largest law collection in Chicago the Detroit Public Library will form one of and the sixth largest in the United States. the great library research centers of the Individual carrels, typing cubicles, special country. equipment for the use of microfilm and microprint, a faculty library, and a treasure room for an outstanding collection of rare MISCELLANEOUS books are only part of the library's expand- THE FIRST WIDE-SCALE TEST of Illinois State ing service. Normal University's $30,000 television sta- GROUND has been broken for the new Uni- tion and closed-circuit hookup to twenty-five versity of Pennsylvania undergraduate li- classrooms on the campus has been made, brary, seminar, and classroom building. A testing a group of 200 freshman English stu- new eight-story building, with a housing dents. Mrs. A. T. Faberburg, Jr., library in- capacity for 1,500,000 books, is the first unit structor, gave a series of three lessons de- of a proposed two-unit library. Made possi- scribing Milner Library and its operations. ble by allocation of $4,000,000 by the Gen- University officials hope that the lessons can eral State Authority of the Commonwealth be filmed for presentation next fall to the of Pennsylvania, and $1,000,000 from gifts by forty-eight sections of students enrolled in trustees and other friends of the university, freshman English. This method of teaching the new building will be entirely air-condi- by television will not only conserve staff tioned. To prevent condensation, glass time but it will enable beginning students to throughout the building will be heat-absorb- learn how to use the library earlier in the ing, grey double glass. A vapor barrier will school year. A report of the results will prob- be used in the construction of the brick walls ably be made in a library periodical. and roof, and walls of the three lower floors A SURVEY to locate all information centers will be of glass. Included in the plans are a in the United States serving the physical and microfilm reading room, photographic labo- life sciences and technologies, and to collect ratory for producing microfilm, study areas, factual data relating to their activities and and seminar classrooms. services, is being conducted by Battelle Me- THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH has an- morial Institute for the National Science nounced plans for a new and more unified Foundation. The findings will be used to concept of library planning. With construc- prepare a national directory of information tion of the $10,000,000 central Hillman Li- centers and to relate the activities of the brary, a start will be made to create a "social centers to the total United States scientific professions quadrangle." The projected and technical information program. All sci- buildings will house the professional schools entific and technical information centers are of business, education, law, public and in- urged to cooperate in answering questions ternational affairs, and social work. Each for the survey. Any activity identifiable as an will have its own professional library, but all information center should be reported to will be connected with each other and with William H. Bickley, Battelle Memorial In- the central library. Cataloging and acquisi- stitute, 505 King Avenue, Columbus 1, Ohio. tions will be centralized. The guiding idea THE SLA TRANSLATION CENTER at the John is to link the world of books for liberal edu- Crerar Library in Chicago has received two cation, professional training, and special re- grants from the National Science Founda- search. tion. The first, for $24,000, is for continued

SEPTEMBER 1960 397 support for the operation of the center. The sion, Library of Congress. In his work Dr. second, for $34,105, is for a "survey of trans- Born will be assisted by an advisory commit- lation activities in universities, societies and tee and he will consult with interested con- industry, in the fields of science and tech- stituent societies of ACLS and other organi- nology" under the direction of Donald W. zations. His report is expected to feature Ramsdell, chief of the center. The survey proposals for general principles and stand- will attempt to determine sources, extent, ards for photocopying projects and a discus- and cost of translating activities and to stim- sion of problems involved in foreign acquisi- ulate donation of copies of translations to tions. T he inquiry should be completed in the SLA Center. about one year.

THE MIDWEST INTER-LIBRARY CENTER has A BROAD PROGRAM of user standards for the extended eligibility for full membership in professional librarian was undertaken in the corporation to university and research June at the first -meeting of the sectional libraries throughout the country. In the past, committee for standardization of library sup- membership has been restricted to midwest- plies and equipment at the American Stand- ern institutions. Robert B. Downs, chairman ards Association offices at New York City. of the board, has pointed out that some ac- ALA is the administrative sponsor of this tivities of the center clearly indicate a trend new ASA project, and Frazer G. Poole, direc- towards a national basis of operation. A pro- tor of the ALA Library Technology Project, posal for associate membership with limited is chairman of the sectional committee. Three privileges and responsibilities, reduced dues, subcommittees have been set up: one to work and no board representation, may be made on library steel bookstacks, another on li- available for libraries located outside the brary furniture, and a third on library sup- Midwest that do not want full membership. plies. Each group has established specific AFRICAN NEWSPAPERS are being microfilmed initial standardization objectives. This is the by the photoduplication service of the Li- first attempt to obtain standards for library brary of Congress, which has available a list supplies and equipment. of the newspapers considered for microfilm- LAKE FOREST COLLEGE is benefitting from ing on a current basis. The project has been a new venture in library-community coop- inaugurated by the Libraries Committee of eration. The library has been added to the the African Studies Association. If libraries list of agencies to which the women of the wish to have additional African newspapers community devote hours of volunteer serv- considered for microfilming, they should ices each week. These volunteers assist in the make suggestions to the chairman of the technical services department where work is committee, Robert D. Baum, 1106 Seaton particularly heavy as a result of the library's Lane, Falls Church, Va. reclassification program. THE UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY LIBRARY for the past three years has been laying the THE CARNEGIE CORPORATION of New York basis for a Kentucky Union Catalog to serve has granted $45,000 to ALA to survey state librarians and readers in the state. The cata- libraries and to establish standards. Robert logs of the College of the Bible, the Lexing- D. Leigh, dean emeritus of the Columbia ton Library, and Transylvania College have University School of Library Service, will been reproduced in full, and these libraries direct the project. Leon Carnovsky and Ed- and seven others from Frankfort to More- ward A. Wight have been appointed to the head are now contributing author cards to research staff. The survey and standards com- the Eastern Kentucky Union Catalog. mittee of the American Association of State Libraries will act as an advisory group with THE AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SO- the cooperation of the Council of State Gov- CIETIES is sponsoring an inquiry into the ernments. Slated to begin in January 1961, bases for planning microfilming and other the project will take eighteen months. scholarly photocopying projects. Financed by a $28,888 grant from the Council on Library AN ADDRESS ON "Adventures with Rare Resources, Inc., the investigation will be Books" was given at Goucher College May 13 conducted by Lester K. Born, head, Manu- by Dorothy E. Miner, librarian and keeper scripts Section, Descriptive Cataloging Divi- of manuscripts of the Walters Art Gallery.

398 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Personnel

WILLIAM R. LANSBERG has been appointed he has been assistant professor and secretary director of libraries at Elmira College, El- of the Faculty Committee on the Library. mira, New York. In addition to Phi Beta Kappa Mr. Lans- Born in Boston in berg earned other numerous undergraduate 1916, Mr. Lansberg honors, and in his professional life many received his A.B. de- other honors have come to him. He was the gree (cum laude and winner of the John Cotton Dana Publicity Phi Beta Kappa) at Award for the Baker Library at Dartmouth Dartmouth in 1938. College in 1953 and again in 1954. He He pursued graduate travelled in France during the summer of study at the Univer- 1946 at the invitation of the French govern- sity of North Caro- ment.—G. F. Shepherd, Jr. lina, earning the M.A. in 1940 and the Ph.D. (Romance lan- CLARENCE C. GORCHELS has been head li- guages) in 1945. Part- brarian and chairman of the department of William R. Lansberg time work as a library science at the Central Washington student in the Uni- College of Education, Ellenburg, since July 1. versity of North Carolina Library convinced Previously he had been acting assistant di- him that library work had a strong appeal, rector of libraries, Washington State Univer- and after three years of teaching at South- sity, Pullman, where he held other positions west Missouri State College and Boston union the staff since 1945. His experience also versity he studied Library science at Simmons includes work in county, municipal, and College where he received his degree in 1949. special libraries. From varied experiences in depth Mr. During 1958/59 Mr. Gorchels was visiting Lansberg has gained much that he can bring assistant professor in the School of Librarian- to bear on his new position at Elmira Col- ship of the University of Washington. Dur- lege. He was at the University of North ing the past year he was an associate on the Carolina Library as supervisor in the circu- faculty of the School of Library Service, lation department, 1940-42, and an indexer Columbia University, where he completed with the H. W. Wilson Company, 1949-51; at his work for the doctorate except for the dis- Dartmouth he has been assistant to the li- sertation. He is a graduate of Wisconsin brarian, 1951-52, head of acquisitions, 1952- State Teachers College, Oshkosh, and holds 53, director of the division of acquisitions a B.L.S. degree from Wisconsin (1945) and a and preparations, 1953-60, and since 1952 master's degree from Columbia (1952).

Appointments

VINCENT JOHN ACETO, formerly librarian, RICHARD BECK, formerly science-technology Central School and Community Library, librarian, University of Idaho Library, is Burnt Hills, N. Y., is now assistant professor now assistant librarian for readers service. of library science, New York State College for ROBERT W. BURNS, JR., formerly loan li- Teachers, Albany. brarian, University of Idaho Library, is now JACQUELINE D. BASTILLE, formerly librarian science-technology librarian. II, Free Library of Philadelphia, is now li- J. MICHAEL BRUNO has been appointed as- brarian, Smith, Kline and French Labora- sistant librarian, Michigan State University, tories, Philadelphia. Oakland, Rochester.

SEPTEMBER 1960 399 CHARLES E. BUTLER, formerly librarian, Relations, Cornell University, has been as- Canisius College, Buffalo, N. Y., is now li- signed duties, in addition to his present re- brarian, Longwood College, Farmville, Va. sponsibility, as assistant director of libraries RICHARD M. COLVIG is music cataloger, for the entire university. Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. WILHELM MOLL, formerly first assistant, RUDOLF HIRSCH, formerly assistant director documents department, Indiana University and curator of the rare book collection, has Library, is now assistant medical librarian, been appointed associate director of the Medical Center Library, University of Ken- University of Pennsylvania Library. tucky.

TERENCE J. HOVERTER has been appointed WHITON POWELL, librarian of the Mann librarian of The Franklin F. Moon Me- Library of the New York State Colleges of morial Library of the State University Col- Agriculture and Home Economics, Cornell lege of Forestry at Syracuse University, and University, has been assigned duties, in addi- a member of the faculty as associate profes- tion to his present responsibility, as assistant sor. To his new position Mr. Hoverter brings director of libraries for the entire university. a broad educational background and the ex- FELIX REICHMANN, assistant director of the perience of twenty-three years of professional Cornell University Library, and -head of the library work. He has served as head of the technical service departments, has been as- circulation department of the library of the signed duties, in addition to his present re- Catholic University of America, as serials sponsibility, as assistant director of libraries librarian at Queens College, and as librarian for the entire university. of the State University of New York Mari- time College at Fort Schuyler, Bronx, N. Y., RETA W. RIDINGS, formerly director, his- where he set up and organized a complete torical division, Wyoming State Archives and college library. Historical Department, Cheyenne, is now reference librarian, Vassar College, Pough- HENRY CHARLES KOCH has been appointed keepsie, N. Y. assistant director of libraries at Michigan State University with a major responsibility LYMAN W. RILEY, formerly assistant cura- in development of resources. Mr. Koch brings tor of rare books for continental European an interesting and varied background of ex- materials, is now bibliographer of the rare perience and training to his new position. book collection, University of Pennsylvania Prior to assuming his new duties on July 1, Library. he served for five years at MSU as humani- GILES F. SHEPHERD, JR., assistant director ties librarian and two years as assistant divi- of the Cornell University Library and head sion head (history) at the Cleveland Public of reader services, has been assigned duties, Library. He received an A.B. at Carleton in addition to his present responsibility, as College, M.A. (history) at Columbia, and the assistant director of libraries for the entire M.A.L.S. at Michigan. In addition he has university. done graduate work at Johns Hopkins and JOYCE D. TURNER, formerly senior librar- research in the municipal archives at Basel, ian, Cornell Public Library, is now assistant Switzerland. librarian, State University College of Edu- STEPHEN A. MCCARTHY, director of the cation, Brockport, N. Y. University Library at Cornell University, has MRS. NEDA M. WESTLAKE, formerly assistant been named director of libraries for the en- curator of rare books for English and Ameri- tire university. Mr. McCarthy will be respon- can materials, is now curator of the rare book sible for all libraries at Cornell, including collection of the University of Pennsylvania those on the state campus. Library. LOUIS MARTIN, formerly circulation librar- LABIB ZUWIYYA-YAMAK, formerly head, ian, University of Detroit, is now assistant technical processes, American University of librarian, Michigan State University, Oak- Beirut, is now Middle Eastern specialist, land, Rochester. Harvard College Library, and associate in J. GORMLY MILLER, librarian of the New the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at York State School of Industrial and Labor Harvard.

400 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Retirements

HELEN GUNZ, assistant librarian, The Memphis, after forty-two years of service. American Museum of Natural History, has retired after forty-two years of service. RUTH SAVORD, librarian, Council on For- eign Relations, Inc., New York, has retired MARGARET V. JONES, librarian, Virginia after thirty years of service. Military Institute, Lexington, Va., has retired after thirty-two years of service. L. BELLE VOEGELEIN resigned as editor of the Library of Congress Classification Sched- EMILY HOYT MCCURDY has retired as li- ules March 31, 1960, after nearly thirty brarian, Mooney Memorial Library, Uni- years of service in the Library's subject versity of Tennessee (Medical Units), cataloging division.

Necrology

From his many contributions to librarian- units in the forefront of library thinking ship it is possible to choose two which are through long years of work with ALA's Fed- most likely to honor his memory, and which eral Relations Committee, through research Professor CARLETON B. JOECKEL, who died on and writing, and through the sponsorship of April 15, 1960, might have chosen himself, institutes in the field of library extension had it been possible to penetrate his sincere and the subsequent editing of their papers. sense of modesty, as most worthy of remem- And, always, through his teaching. So much brance. The first of these is suggested in his so that it is possible to say—with a real sense title of professor, for he began teaching at of historical accuracy—that the Library California only eleven years after being grad- Services Act, now in its fourth successful uated from the New York State Library year, is a creation of the fertile mind and School in 1910—and continued an active in- persistent hard work of Professor Joeckel.— terest in the progress of the School of Li- LeRoy C. Merritt, University of California. brarianship long after he retired from Cali- fornia in 1950. Throughout this long period WILLIAM CARROLL BENNET, order librar- —whether he happened to be resident at ian, Northwestern State College of Louisi- California, Michigan, Chicago, or again at ana, died January 30, 1960. California—his interest was centered in the ROSE E. BOOTS, chief librarian, McGraw- student, in persistently seeking ways to stim- Hill Publishing Co., died February 26, 1960. ulate the student into making his maximum contribution. Significantly more than most SISTER MICHAEL JAMES CARTER, O.P., for eminent scholars, Professor Joeckel recog- twenty years librarian of Barry College, nized and fulfilled his obligation to discover, Miami, Fla., died March 9, 1960. stimulate, and train the scholars and admin- F. EVELYN CROWN, head of the monthly istrators of the future, not only in the public checklist section and editor of the Monthly library field, but in college and university Checklist of State Publications, exchange libraries as well. and gift division, Library of Congress, died Another major contribution for which January 25, 1960 after more than nineteen Jock will be long remembered is his faith in years service. the concept of larger units of service for the development of good library service to the NORMA M. HAMMOND, librarian at Albion people of America—a faith and concept for (Mich.) College for more than ten years, died which he is known the world over. Already February 24, 1960. fully developed in his monumental 1935 dis- ALFRED WHITAL STERN, distinguished sertation, The Government of the American Lincoln scholar and collector, died May 3, Public Library, Jock kept the idea of larger 1960 at the age of 79.

SEPTEMBER 1960 401 Foreign Libraries

M. T. FREYRE DE A. DE VELAZQUEZ has T. D. SPROD, formerly liaison officer, Com- been appointed director of the Biblioteca monwealth National Library, and librarian Nacional Jose Marti in Havana. of the Australian Reference Library at the WILHELM GULICH, director of the library, Australian Consulate-General, New York, Kiel Institute of World Economics, died has returned to Australia after three years April 15 at the age of 65. service in America.

Teaching Students to Use the Library (Continued, from page 372)

and the turnover is slower), but because students despite efforts of the library to the evidence suggests that this is the only reach the students directly. way to reach the student body as a The student also must assume certain whole. If his time and his library are not responsibilities. The fact is that in most already full, the librarian may still want institutions there already are—and in to storm the fraternity lounges and cam- the rest there soon will be—enough pus bars for marginal users. But the evi- "volunteer" library users to keep both dence seems to indicate that unless he faculty and library staff too busy to approaches these students through their worry about the others. My conclusion is not so much a rec- professors his efforts will be largely in- ommendation as a realization of the way effective. things are. The librarian is most effec- Faculty members have their responsi- tive at making a success of the casual, bilities, of course, to do their teaching voluntary student contact. He should, jobs to the best of their abilities. This further, feel responsible for "teaching" may not always produce the amount and the faculty. But "teaching students to the kind of library use the librarian use the library"—"formal instruction in would like to see; but it may just be library technique for the student body possible that the pattern of successful in general" as I have defined it—this is scholarship at certain levels and within the job of the teaching faculty. The pro- certain areas does not demand our kind fessor should be and clearly is responsi- of library use. We may try, through our ble not only for his students' grasp of work with these faculty members, to con- the subject content of a course, but also vince them otherwise, but in the end for their concept and acquisition of the they must be allowed to judge. Besides, skills, including library skills, necessary their feelings will be reflected in their to master that content.

402 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Grants for Libraries and Individuals: The ACRL Program for 1960/61

More grants for research by individual librarians as well as somewhat larger grants to libraries are made possible for the 1960/61 grants program of ACRL by wider foundation participation in the program and larger grants to it. Contributors to the support of the program this year are the United States Steel Foundation, Inc. (the principal contributor since the inception of the ACRL grants), the International Business Machines Corporation, Alex L. Baptie, treasurer of the Microcard Foundation, hands a the Koppers Founda- check from the Foundation to Wyman W. Parker, 1959/60 presi- tion, the Microcard dent of ACRL, at the Montreal Conference of ALA. Looking on Foundation, Micro is Albert J. Diaz, executive director of the Foundation. Photo, Inc., the National Biscuit Company, reads in part: "Applications for sub-grants the Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation, are invited from privately endowed institu- Time, Inc., and the H. W. Wilson Founda- tions whose curriculum constitutes or in- tion, Inc. Approximately $50,000 will be corporates a four-year program of undergrad- available for distribution by the ACRL uate instruction. ... It is expected that sin- Grants Committee. gle sub-grants will range as high as $1200- It is expected that the committee will $1500. Applications may be requests for make about the same number of grants as in books or equipment. They should be for previous years of the program. "We feel," support of a project which is conceived as a says Robert W. Orr, director of the library unit within the library's program and should of Iowa State University and chairman of not be for items normally supported by the the committee, "that we can best serve the library's own budget." interests of libraries and also best carry out Applications for grants are due to be re-- the wishes of the donors of our funds by ceived in the ACRL office not later than keeping the number of our grants about the October 17. Copies of all applications will same and increasing somewhat the size of the be reviewed by each of the members of the ones we make. We believe that an increase grants committee, and the committee will in the size of our grants will bring us more meet late in the fall to make the awards. applications which reflect imaginative ways Grants will be announced in the January of making a library useful through the addi- issue of CRL. tion of a small 'extra' to its budget." GRANTS TO INDIVIDUALS Forms for applications by libraries are being distributed this month to all eligible Research by individual librarians will be institutions. A note introducing the form made possible by an unspecified number of

SEPTEMBER 1960 403 grants for that purpose. The number of succinctly the nature and purpose of the grants in this area will be adjusted to the project, a budget for the amount of the need exhibited by worthwhile applications. grant requested, the project's present state Grants may be requested for work in any of development (if already begun), its pro- area of librarianship or bibliography. They posed date of completion, and the reasons will not be made, however, for any project why funds from outside the applicant's own which is part of work toward an academic institution are sought. The deadline for ap- degree. Grants will be made in amounts up plications is the same as for institutional re- to $1,000. quests. They will be considered in the same Research grants have been made in several fashion and grants will be announced at the of the previous annual programs, but they same time as are those to libraries. will be emphasized more strongly than ever Robert W. Orr, director of the library of before this year. At least two grants of ap- Iowa State University, is chairman of the proximately $1,000 each will be made as ACRL Grants Committee. Other members bibliographical fellowships. It has been the of the committee are Lois Engleman, Ed- special request of the Microcard Foundation ward C. Heintz, Edmon S. Low, Flora B. that such fellowships be established with Ludington, Richard Morin, and Giles Shep- its contribution to the ACRL Grants Pro- herd. Humphrey G. Bousfield has been desig- gram. nated as a consultant to the committee, and In presenting the check of the Microcard the executive secretary of ACRL works with Foundation to President Wyman W. Parker it as an ex-officio member. at Montreal, A. L. Baptie, treasurer of the Foundation, commented: "Originally a li- FORMS MAILED brarian conceived the idea of Microcards as Forms on which applications in the Grants a solution to certain library problems. In the Program for 1960/61 should be submitted years following the Microcard Foundation have been mailed from the ACRL office to has had the privilege of working closely with well over a thousand libraries presumed to many libraries and librarians and is pleased be eligible for grants. The librarian of any to express its appreciation in a tangible way. institution which has not received forms We sincerely hope that our contribution to and which is believed to be eligible in the the ACRL Grants Program will allow the program should request forms from the undertaking of some of the tremendous ACRL office immediately. Concerning eligi- amount of bibliographic work which needs bility in the program the introductory note to be done." to the application form comments: "The There are no professional or associational Committee has authority to make sub-grants qualifications on the eligibility of individ- for any projects which present extraordinary uals to apply for a research grant from needs or possibilities. An institution which ACRL. An application form is not necessary. feels that the limitations on eligibility cre- The committee invites application by letter. ate an injustice in its case is urged to submit Letters of application should be addressed an application anyway. Each request will to Richard Harwell, Executive Secretary, be considered on its merit. Accreditation is ACRL, 50 East Huron Street, Chicago 11, not a prerequisite for the award of an ACRL Illinois. An applicant's letter should state sub-grant."

Price Tag on a University Library (Continued from page 361) nold Muirhead on William Cobbett, that bring distinction to an institution, Tom Turner on modern English litera- and mark the difference between merely ture, Harry G. Oberholser on ornithol- a good library and a great library. To ogy, and Henry B. Ward on parasi- put a price tag on them is doubtless tology. These are the kinds of collections meaningless.

404 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES ACRL President's Report, 1959-60

LL OF THE SECTIONS of ACRL have been book on library buildings. This project is A busy this year, with encouraging re- jointly sponsored by ACRL and the Asso- sults. The Junior College Libraries Sec- ciation of Research Libraries and is admin- tion has actively supported its representatives istered through ALA. on the Committee on Standards, effectively Other groups which have silently done a led by Felix Hirsch. Junior college library necessary job to make possible the running standards have been approved this year, as of this complicated body include the Con- were the college library standards last year. ference Program Committee, devotedly led This represents continued achievement by Richard Morin; the Committee on Com- through hard work. As a national organiza- mittees, wisely chaired by Arthur Hamlin; tion one of our primary obligations is to the Nominating Committee, under the ex- promulgate standards which clarify and im- perienced leadership of Katherine Walker; prove the conditions of libraries and li- the Committee on National Library Week, brarians throughout the United States. As with Vail Deale's enthusiastic leadership; North American libraries are recognized as and Porter Kellam's important Publications the most efficiently organized in the world, Committee. Robert Orr's special Committee standards established by our organizations on Organization has completed its assign- improve the libraries of the world. ment and has received Board ratification of The recently organized Rare Books Sec- its final recommendation that its duties be tion, in its continued enthusiasm, plans a combined with those of the Committee on pre-conference session at Oberlin next year Constitution and Bylaws and those of the and promises to complete a rare book manual Committee on Committees, the whole to be this fall to be published as part of the ACRL the responsibility of one committee. Monograph Series. The Duplicates Exchange Union was trans- The University Libraries Section con- ferred to ALA's Resources and Technical tinues active in many directions, one of the Services Division as its activities "fall more most interesting being a study of the aca- naturally now to that division. demic status of librarians. This study will Our publication, College and Research Li- be of decided significance to the profession. braries, has entered its twenty-first year and The Subject Specialists Section has capi- is fully established as one of the most in- talized on its diversity and has already pro- fluential and interesting in the whole li- duced subsections in art and political science. brary field. Under the devoted editorship of The Political Science Subsection will un- Maurice Tauber it is newsworthy, scholarly, doubtedly follow up work similar to that so and readable. None of the projected ACRL admirably handled this year by Ralph Ells- Monographs has reached publication stage worth's Committee To Explore the Relation- this year. The ACRL Microcard Series, how- ships Between the Law Library and the Gen- ever, continues to add titles at an impressive eral Library of a University. This committee rate. has been in close and influential contact with The ACRL Grants Program has received the American Bar Association, the American increased impetus this year, and it is a Association of Law Libraries, and the Na- pleasure to report for this committee, ably tional Commission on Accrediting. guided by Robert Orr, that an even greater ACRL has librarians in Burma at Rangoon sum than ever before will be available this and Mandalay directing Ford Foundation fall. U. S. Steel has given the Association the experimental libraries. The successful rela- considerable sum of $35,000 for grants to tionships in Burma of Paul Bixler and Jay libraries and has promised to match funds Daily indicate the probable continuation of given by new contributors to the program up this Ford Foundation grant. to an additional $15,000. Through the special The Council on Library Resources, Inc., work of Edward Heintz and the good advice has made a grant to Keyes Metcalf for four of Humphrey Bousfield, the gifts from addi- years to aid him in producing a definitive tional corporate foundations, ACRL has al-

SEPTEMBER 1960 405 ready in hand over $45,000 to help libraries continue on the path so encouragingly de- across the country by its 1960/61 grants. veloped this year: constantly improving At the Montreal Convention the ACRL standards, always giving a hand-up to those Board was troubled by drastic cuts appor- who need help, continuing concentration on tioned to ACRL by ALA's Program Evalua- better relationships with other associations tion and Budget Committee in trimming the and within our own, and increased work by budget requests of ALA's divisions to fit all to secure money for books and libraries predictable income. Although there appeared from private individuals, foundations, and to be no discrimination in PEBCO's cuts to through legislation. Our chief concern is divisions, ACRL's were of such dimensions with quality, and our continued effort should that the Board instructed its Budget Com- be to improve this profession through better mittee to take special notice of the budget service by wise people working with the best procedures for next year. selection of books.—Wyman W. Parker, For the future ACRL can well afford to President, 1959/60.

ACRL Microcard Series— Abstracts of Titles

HE ACRL MICROCARD SERIES is published This is a study of research training in master's Tfor ACRL by the University of Rochester degree programs in thirty library schools ac- Press under the editorship of Mrs. Margaret credited in 1956 by ALA. Attention was given to K. Toth. Titles are available directly from selected aspects of the research "environment" in the Press. Recently published titles include: the schools and their parent institutions, formal and informal instruction in research method- ology, and status of the research study. Research GILES, FLEETWOOD. Texas Librari- No. 113 instruction was found to be offered in twenty- ans: A Study Based on Who's Who in Library three schools; a thesis is required in four schools; Service, Third Edition, 1955. (Thesis: M.L.S., a thesis or other type of study is required or an University of Texas, 1958.) 1960. xi, 174, 61., elective in twenty-one other schools. Potential for tables, map. $2.25. research appears, in general, to be stronger in An analysis and description of professional li- state universities than in other types of institu- brarians who have had some identifiable connec- tions. tion with Texas. First the 335 librarians living in Texas were examined for current geographical TAYLOR, GERRY MAILAND. Voca- No. 115 location by county, for age and sex, education, tional Interests of Male Librarians in the academic and professional honors and association United States. (Thesis: M.L.S., University of memberships, and experience. Second, analysis Texas, 1955.) vi, 731., tables. $1.50. was made of four categories of librarians (644 in number) who had had some connection with The author has made a study of vocational Texas—Texas-born librarians employed in Texas, interests of male librarians in the United States Texas-born librarians employed outside Texas, based on use of the "Strong Vocational Interest out-of-state librarians employed in Texas, and Blank" and employing a sample representative of out-of-state librarians formerly employed in librarians in major types of libraries and job Texas. Comparisons made among the four cate- classes within the profession. A librarian scale gories covered sex and age, education, and em- was constructed for use with the Strong inventory ployment. The presentation is offered in five and, when used, will identify men whose in- chapters and an appendix. terests compare closely with those of successful male librarians in the nation, as shown by the KAY, CAROLYN. Research Training No. 114 sample. The conclusion reached in this study is at the Master's Degree Level in A.L.A.-Ac- that male librarians are like public administra- credited Library Schools, 1956. (Thesis: M.L.S., tors, personnel managers, and lawyers in terms of University of Texas, 1959.) viii, 1351., tables. vocational interest, and least like engineers, $1.50. artists, and office workers.

406 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES The U. S. Office of Education Statistics Survey By JOHN CARSON RATHER

ARLY THIS MONTH the Office of Education E of the U. S. Department of Health, Mr. Rather is Specialist for College and Education, and Welfare, began the first of Research Libraries, Library Services Branch, its series of annual statistical surveys of col- Office of Education, Department of Health, lege and university libraries in the United Education, and Welfare. States. The survey will gather basic data on library operations and staff salaries to be Office of Education's Division of Statistics used by administrators, chief librarians, and and Research Services. It will be under the others concerned with planning library budg- supervision of John Carson Rather, whose ets and the development of library service basic responsibilities include reporting on to higher education. This survey is in the the status of libraries of higher education as direct tradition of Office of Education li- well as providing related consultative serv- brary studies since in many particulars it ices. He will be assisted in the survey by the follows the form and content of a quinquen- research and statistical staff of the Library nial series dating from 1939/40, and its in- Services Branch with technical advice from creased frequency falls in step with the the Educational Statistics Branch. series of public library statistics compiled annually since 1945. COVERAGE The survey continues statistical compila- The survey aims to include all institutions for college and university libraries tions of higher education in the United gathered by ALA since 1922. These statistics States. The mailing list for distribution of were for two decades incorporated into the the questionnaire was the one used for the annual tables of library statistics published Office of Education's survey of fall enroll- in the ALA Bulletin. In 1943 their compila- ment in higher education.1 This list com- tion was undertaken separately by ACRL prises 1,952 institutions and is essentially and the resulting tables were published in the same as the slightly larger and longer CRL. During the remaining war years pub- list published as Part 3 of the Education Di- lication lapsed but was resumed in 1947. rectory, 1959-1960 (OE-50000; Washington, The compilation of the statistics became a D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1959.) responsibility of ALA's Library Adminis- The 1,952 institutions fall into the follow- tration Division upon ALA's reorganization ing categories: in 1957. After that time the statistics were compiled by a committee of college and Type Number university librarians within LAD, but their Four-year institutions: publication as a feature of the first number Universities 141 of each volume of continued through Liberal arts colleges 756 CRL Independently organized profes- this year. The collection, analysis, and pub- sional schools: lication of statistics for other libraries Teachers colleges 198 (principally public libraries and school li- Technological schools 51 braries) having been a function of the Of- Theological, religious 173 fice of Education for some years, LAD's com- Schools of art 46 mittee agreed at its 1960 Midwinter meet- Other professional 75 ing that the collection, analysis, and publica- Junior colleges 512 tion of college and university library statistics also be undertaken by that office. TOTAL 1,952 The survey will be conducted by the Li- 1 Opening (Fall) Enrollment in Higher Education, 1959 (Circular No. 606, OE-S4003; Washington, D. C.: brary Services Branch, a component of the Government Printing Office, 1959.)

SEPTEMBER 1960 407 In responding to the questionnaire, each 9. Wages (before deductions): Student institution has been requested to report service and other hourly help data on all library agencies of the institu- 10. Total salaries and wages (items 8 tion, regardless of location, even if they are and 9) not under the general direction of the col- 11. Expenditures for books and other library materials lege or university librarian. Any libraries 12. Expenditures for binding excluded from the report are to be listed in 13. Total for library materials and space provided on the questionnaire. The binding (items 11 and 12) Library Services Branch will attempt to ob- 14. Other operating expenditures tain the missing data so that final statistics 15. Total operating expenditures will reflect the total library resources of each (items 10, 13, and 14) institution. With an adequate response from Institutional Data the 1,952 institutions, the individual statistics 16. Number of resident students at the will contribute to a rounded view of the campuses included in this report, regular session (fall through spring), 1959- current state of higher education libraries. 60. (a) Undergraduates and first pro- THE QUESTIONNAIRE fessional The questionnaire for the survey is desig- (b) Graduate nated as "College and University Library (c) Total (items 16a and 16b) Statistics, 1959-60" (Form LSB-8). Its twenty- 17. Total expenditures of institution for six questions are divided into two parts: the educational and general purposes first deals with collections, staff, expendi- A few definitions of terms in these ques- tures, and related institutional data for tions are worthy of discussion: 1959/60; the second with salaries of specific Full-time equivalent: "To compute 'ful- staff positions as of September 1, 1960. The time equivalents' (FTE) of part-time person- questions and definitions of terms are sub- nel, add the total number of hours worked stantially the same as those used in previous per week by all part-time personnel of each USOE or ALA surveys. They were reviewed type (i.e., professional or nonprofessional) and approved by members of the LAD Sec- and divide by the number of hours in your tion on Library Organization and Manage- full-time work week." This instruction offers ment's Statistics Committee for College and an easier way of computing full-time equiva- University Libraries, formerly responsible lents than juggling fractions. for compiling the statistics. Number of resident students: "Data on enrollment should be obtained from the registrar. The figures should be consistent PART 1 with the definitions of Items 7c, 8c, 92 of The exact wording of questions 1-17 com- Schedule III, Form RSH 50-59, 'Comprehen- prised by Part 1 is as follows: sive Report on Enrollment (Summer Session and Fall): 1959.' " The form cited and its Library Collection related definitions are well known to regis- 1. Number of volumes at end of fiscal trars, but there is a pitfall here: The enroll- year ment should only be for campuses included 2. Number of volumes added during fis- in the library report. If a report excludes cal year library data for a branch, the enrollment of 3. Number of periodicals currently re- that branch also must be excluded, other- ceived (excluding duplicates) wise the figure for library operating cost Personal (Full-time equivalent) per student will be distorted. 4. Number of professional employees Total expenditures for institution for edu- (FTE) cational and general purposes: "Data on 5. Number of nonprofessional employees total expenditures of institution for educa- (FTE) tional and general purposes should be ob- 6. Total number of employees (FTE) tained from the comptroller or business of- 7. Number of hours of student assistance ficer. The figure should be consistent with during fiscal year the definition of Item E-32 of Schedule II Library Expenditures (Include expenditures of all libraries. Give sums to nearest dollar; omit cents.) 2 That is, total undergraduate and first professional students, graduate students in liberal arts and sciences, 8. Salaries (before deductions): Library and students beyond the first professional degree, and staff total students.

408 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES of Form RSS-041 (58), 'Financial Statistics The table of salaries requests information of Institutions of Higher Education.' " The on the following positions: chief librarian definition cited requires reporting of ex- or director; associate or assistant librarian; penditures for organized research. Regard- department and division heads; heads of less of the source of these funds, they are school, college, or departmental libraries; part of the total institutional budget and cannot reasonably be excluded. all other professional assistant; all nonprofes- It will be noted that the questions in Part sional assistants. For each type of position, 1 do not include either library operating the responding library should list the num- cost per student or the percentage of total ber of full-time salaries reported in that institutional expenditures for educational category, the highest salary actually paid, and general purposes allocated to the li- the lowest salary actually paid, and the brary. These calculations will be made by mean (average) salary of all full-time persons the statistical staff of the Library Services in that category. Since actual salaries are re- Branch as the questionnaires are edited. quested, when only one person is employed in a given category, only one salary should PART 2 be listed. In such a case, the salary must be Part 2 of the questionnaire is concerned entered as the "highest salary." This ar- with salaries of full-time personnel as of bitrary instruction is intended to facilitate September 1, 1960. Instructions and ques- analysis of the data. tions in this part were formulated differ- The question about mean salary has been ently from those in earlier surveys. introduced to permit calculation of a single The most important point to note is the median salary for each category as well as limitation of salary data to full-time per- median salaries for all professional and non- sonnel. Earlier surveys have accepted sal- professional positions. The mean salary is aries of part-time staff inflated to full-time determined by adding individual salaries in equivalents. The main defect of this approach a category and dividing by their number. is that the fact that an institution pays a The arithmetic will be laborious only for given amount for (say) a half-time employee larger institutions that have many full-time does not guarantee that it would pay twice employees in various categories. as much for a full-time employee. Moreover, The final questions in Part 2 of the ques- when the part-time staff member divides his tionnaire ask about the beginning salary of time between library work and teaching, it a library school graduate without experience is misleading to report his salary on the and the number of budgeted professional same basis as that of a full-time librarian positions (in full-time equivalents) vacant on or to work out the full-time equivalent of September 1, 1960. This last query attempts the salary ascribable to the library. In either to establish a firm figure for existing va- case the resulting salary figure is artificial cancies in academic libraries as a contribu- and adds little or nothing to our knowledge tion to an evaluation of the overall proof library salaries. For the same reasons, es- fessional employment situation. The question timates of salaries for staff who contribute has already been asked by the Library Serv- services (as in Catholic institutions) and the ices Branch in its survey of public libraries full-time-equivalent salary of anyone who and will be asked in a forthcoming survey of works less than the full academic year have school libraries. been excluded from this part of the questionnaire. PUBLICATION PLANS This limitation will cause some salaries Data collected in this survey will be pub- formerly reported in the statistics to be ex- ished in two parts. The first will be a listing cluded from the USOE study. However, the of institutional data, arranged by state. It is absence of these data will be offset by the intended primarily to serve the needs of greater reliability of bona fide full-time chief librarians and administrators con- salaries reported. Further accuracy will be cerned with preparing budgets for the com- achieved by asking each institution to in- ing fiscal year. Since their deliberations are dicate whether its salaries are paid for the based on specific figures from comparable academic year (9-10 months) or the fiscal institutions, no attempt will be made to year (11-12 months). analyze the data in this first report.

SEPTEMBER 1960 409 Part 2 of the survey report will present (about 8 x 10 inches). Copies of each report analytical summaries of the data grouped will be sent automatically to all institutions by type of institution and control (i.e., pub- of higher education. Individual copies may lic or private), and by enrollment size and be obtained from the Publication Inquiry control. In the enrollment tables, a dis- Unit of the USOE. Multiple copies should tinction will be made between four-year in- be purchased from the Government Printing stitutions and two-year institutions. The Office. The price of the reports has yet to be tables will show ranges and medians for all determined. significant categories of information and an effort will be made to lay the foundation SUMMARY for discerning trends in the growth and de- The Library Services Branch has formu- velopment of academic libraries. Of course, lated the content and format of the ques- full development of this trend analysis will tionnaire with full awareness of the require- not be realized until the statistical series ments of potential users of these data and has been continued for several years. of the desirability of simplifying the effort Part 1 (institutional data) is scheduled for of responding. Plans for listing and analysis publication as early in 1961 as possible; Part take account of the uses of these data and the 2 (analysis) will appear approximately three urgency of prompt publication. However, months later. Obviously, speedy publication despite this care, chief librarians and admin- demands adherence to a tight schedule. istrators must cooperate wholeheartedly if The questionnaires were distributed as the results of the survey are to be of maxi- close to September 1 as possible. The dead- mum value. line for responses to be listed in Part 1 is As yet there is no valid means of sampling October 1. However, all returns received by higher education institutions to determine December 1 will be used in the analysis, so the characteristics of the entire group by chief librarians have been urged to submit statistical expansion of partial data. Thus reports even when they will be too late for each library should report in this survey. listing. Reminder-cards and follow-up letters Full participation will insure comprehen- are being sent during September to insure siveness in the listing and accuracy in the the largest possible response for the section analysis. on institutional data. Secondly, each library should answer all Each form is being carefully edited and questions that apply to its operations. The discrepancies noted. In general, data will be required information should be found used as submitted, but an effort will be made readily in the records of the institution. If to clarify obvious inconsistencies. The edited it is not, a reasonable estimate (properly form will then be sent to the Statistical designated) should be made; a guess is bet- Processing Branch of the Department of ter than a blank. Although each library Health, Education, and Welfare so that a should answer the questionnaire fully, for set of IBM cards may be punched. Every purposes of listing, an incomplete form sub- card in the set will include common coding mitted before October 1 is preferable to a for state, institution number, type, control, form submitted too late. Reports should not enrollment category, geographical region, as be delayed merely to obtain a missing piece well as size categories for book stock and of data; for example, the total institutional total operating expenditures. These codes expenditures for educational and general will facilitate immediate analysis and will purposes. If the information becomes avail- prepare for future machine-processing of the able after October 1, it can be submitted in cards in the interests of library research. a supplementary report. The IBM cards will be used to print a The advantages of complete responses may listing of institutional data, and as raw be counterbalanced by the unwillingness of material for analysis. The IBM tabulation some libraries to state actual salaries for will be reproduced directly by multilith as specific positions. Some colleges and univer- Part 1 of the published report; IBM tapes sities have a policy against divulging this in- of the analysis will be converted to conven- formation, especially when it may be listed tional tables for Part 2. Both publications for publication. It is hoped that this re- will appear as circular-size publications (Continued on page 416)

410 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Recent Foreign Books on the Graphic Arts, Bibliography, and Library Science

By LAWRENCE S. THOMPSON

DECIPHERMENT OF ANCIENT SCRIPTS Ernst Doblhofer's Zeichen und Wunder; Dr. Thompson is Director of Libraries, die Entzifferung verschollener Schriften und University of Kentucky. Sprachen (Vienna: Paul Neff Verlag, 1957) is the history of the decipherment of ancient scripts; and it ranges from the Rosetta Stone plates is exceptionally well produced and to the yet undeciphered Etruscan, Indus, and can be used effectively for display or as a Easter Island inscriptions. Well illustrated teaching aid as well as for reference. La and fully documented with references to the grande invention de I'ecriture and Les lan- basic monographs and articles in scholarly gues du monde are indispensable for all ref- journals, Doblhofer's text is nevertheless in erence collections. a light, almost journalistic style. He deals not only with the language of peoples who GERMAN MANUSCRIPTS developed a high level of culture, but also The late Albert Boeckler's Deutsche Buch- with the languages and scripts of more primi- malerei vorgotischer Zeit (Konigstein im tive civilizations. As a text for courses in the Taunus: Karl Robert Langewiesche, 1959) history of books and writing, Zeichen und and his Deutsche Buchmalerei der Gotik Wunder deserves a high place on the reading (Konigstein im Taunus: Karl Robert Lange- lists. At the same time, however, the rapid wiesche, 1959) are now available either sepa- advances being made in many fields covered rately (as Langewiesche's "Blaue Bucher") by this book suggest the need for frequent at DM 5.40 each or in a single volume un- revision of this book. der one cover for DM 12.80. These extraordi- narily handsome books are accompanied by HISTORY OF WRITING short texts that are simple, direct, and com- The definitive general work on the history prehensive in spite of their brevity. Boeckler of writing is Marcel Cohen's La grande in- was an acknowledged master in the field, and vention de I'ecriture et son evolution (Paris: these two little books are an adequate intro- Imprimerie Nationale, Librairie C. Klinck- duction to the history of illumination in the sieck, 1958; 3 v.). The first volume is the text Germanies during the Middle Ages. Boeck- proper, the second the notes, bibliography, ler's introductory essays give us a broad pic- and index, and the third a carefully selected ture of the intellectual and social back- portfolio of plates. The authority of the ground for the manuscript luxury book, and author, one of the half dozen greatest living at the same time there is proper attention linguists, is beyond question. He has spent to techniques and factual detail. over twenty years on the project, and the final product reflects a full maturity of MANUSCRIPTS OF THE BIBLIA PAUPERUM scholarship. When the very, very occasional manuscript This work is a logical complement to or even more occasional xylographic Biblia Cohen's famous joint work with Alphonse Pauperum turns up at auction, one can only Meillet, Les langues du monde (2d ed., 1952), watch for the sale price and wonder why and it has the same broad and comprehen- these rarissima are not called biblia picta or sive coverage. Cohen traces the origins of biblia parabolica. Indeed, even in the late writing, using the most recent scholarship, Middle Ages this designation would proba- and he covers all recorded written languages bly have been considerably more accurate. and their peculiar vehicles. The portfolio of Henrik Cornell's Biblia Pauperum (Stock-

SEPTEMBER 1960 411 holm, 1925) is and will remain a basic work JAGIELLONIAN TREASURES in this field, but a great deal of other signifi- Zofia Ameisenowa's Rekopisy i pierwod- cant research on the subject has come out in the last quarter of a century. Gerhard ruki iluminoivane Bibliotek: Jagiellonskiej (Wroclaw and Krakow: Zaklad Narodowy Schmidt's Die Armenbibel des XIV, Jahrhun- Imienia Ossoliriskich, 1958) is a handsome and (Graz and Cologne: Bohlau, 1959) uses derts highly detailed catalog of illuminated manu- this material and combines it with his own scripts and illustrated incunabula in the Uni- extensive, often ingenious research to pro- versity of Krakow's Jagiellonian Library. In duce the definitive study of the Biblia Pau- all there are 215 manuscripts and printed perum. He reconstructs the lost original, books, all described minutely, with special which was created in Bavaria or Austria reference to the illustration and ornamenta- around the middle of the thirteenth century, tion. The largest number of entries is for and he traces carefully the changes in various Italy. The other sections are devoted to textual lines during the next hundred years. France, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and frag- In this analysis it is very clear that an emo- ments. There is an extensive bibliography, tional, subjective tradition of religion existed and several indexes make the work quite easy on a level of mediaeval society that was far to use. Most important, perhaps, are the 256 removed from the learned clerks and their illustrations in the section of plates and the objective, highly systematized theological eight handsome colored plates in the text. The speculation. book is a monument both of Polish biblio- The forty-four plates from some twenty graphical scholarship and of book production. manuscripts show a rich variety of examples of south German book painting in the four- MANUSCRIPTS IN FF.RMO teenth century. There are sophisticated, often inspired drawings in some of the manu- Serafino Prete's I Codici della Biblioteca scripts, the scribblings of idle monks in oth- comunale di Fermo ("Biblioteca de bibliog- ers. In both we can see (especially with the rafia italiana," XXXV; Florence: Olschki, help of Schmidt's analysis) the bases of 1960) is a comprehensive catalog of 122 manu- Gothic art. For art historians, for general scripts in the library of Fermo. A partial list mediaevalists, and for students of the history appeared earlier in Studia Picena in 1954-57. of the book Schmidt's work is a cornerstone The library was founded in 1688, and it has of their literature. had a long history of worthwhile service to scholarship, especially under the administration of Filippo Raffaelli from 1872 to 1893. MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE BOOK ART The manuscript collection itself is rather Buchkunst und Bibliophilie in Spatgotik miscellaneous in content, including classical und Renaissance (Munich: Karl Zink Verlag, texts, liturgical and theological works, some 1959) is a handsome catalog of an exhibit by rather interesting medical texts, legal works, the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in honor of a herbal and lapidary, a seventeenth-century the First International Congress of Biblio- nautical chart, and so on through the cus- philes and the sixtieth annual conference of tomary list of subjects found in late medi- the Gesellschaft der Bibliophilen in 1959. aeval manuscripts. Most of the manuscripts There are 213 entries with very brief anno- date from the tenth to the fifteenth century. tations; and there are a half dozen carefully The texts of many of the manuscripts are of chosen illustrations, including one in color greatest importance for the palaeographical of a miniature from the vellum copy of the history of the individual titles, and Professor Decretum Gratiani (Mainz: Peter Schoffer, Prete's careful descriptions, including biblio- 1472). The treasures of the Bavarian State ographical references, will earn him the grati- Library are sufficient for a thousand such tude of scholars in many fields. There is a exhibits, but this one is tastefully chosen and general index and an index of incipits. edited, just sufficient to make any bibliophile yearn to spend the rest of his days in EARLY TRANSYLVANIA PRINTING Munich. A small group of a dozen and a half Veturia Jugareanu's Bibliographie der modern illustrated books in editions for bib- siebenburgischen Frilhdrucke ("Bibliotheca liophiles was also exhibited. bibliographica aureliana," I; Baden-Baden:

412 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Verlag Heitz, 1959) is an alphabetical check- (Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1958). Like other list of 380 sixteenth-century imprints from Prestel books, this little volume is so well Transylvania (mainly Kronstadt, Klausen- produced and the facsimiles are so sharp burg, Hermannstadt, and Karlsburg). Print- that the translation deserves a place on the ing was introduced to Transylvania by the shelf even of a library owning the original. Kronstadt humanist and reformer Johannes Steinberg's narrative moves swiftly, and he Honterus (1498-1549), and the craft thrived is judicious in the choice of high spots in vigorously in the main centers. The twenty- the history of the craft. The bibliography in nine facsimiles in the bibliography indicate this edition has been brought up to date, a highly developed state of the black art and a few minor adjustments made in the among the Siebenbiirgen Swabians of the text. Reformation period. There is a list of An incidental but not totally irrelevant sources, a list of libraries for which locations value of books of which there are editions are given, and indexes of Cyrillic books, il- both in English and in French or German is lustrations, languages, and localities (with a for graduate students who are preparing for chronological list under each). An introduc- a reading knowledge examination. The un- tory note on the library of the Brukenthal dergraduate training of many of them is so Museum in Hermannstadt contains an inter- poor that intelligent use of a "pony" may esting bit of Eastern European library his- often be helpful. tory. This library has what is probably the largest existing collection of Transylvania BOOK HISTORY imprints. The Archiv fiir Geschichte des Buchwesens appears irregularly under the editorship of RUSSIAN PROTOTYPOGRAPHY Bertold Hack and Bernhard Wendt and, fortunately, allows the inclusion of longer es- Y istokov russkogo Knigopechataniia (Mos- cow: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSR, says than most learned journals accept. In 1959), edited by M. N. Tikhomirov, A. A. Fascicles 7-9 of vol. II (1960) Heinrich Sidorov, and A. N. Nazarov, is a handsome Grimm has a long study of "Die deutschen and significant work on Russian printing in 'Teufelsbiicher' des 16. Jahrhunderts: ihre the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Rolle im Buchwesen unci ihre Bedeutung." There are chapters on the beginning of This interesting genre had an important printing in Russia, physical characteristics of roll in the book trade of the Reformation the earliest imprints, early Cyrillic printing era, and Grimm brings out their significance in other parts of Russia, Ukraine, and Rou- within the whole framework of the religious, mania, ornaments, and other related mat- social, political, and economic conditions of ters. Problems of descriptive and historical the age. These fascicles of the Archiv (deliv- bibliography are skillfully handled in the ered under one cover) also contain thirteen light of the technical aspects of composition, other shorter studies. presswork, and paper. There are numerous facsimiles, all well reproduced. There is a Rococo ILLUSRATION useful short bibliography on Russian pro- Joachim Wiecler's new edition of Wilhelm totypography at the end of the book, but un- Hausenstein's Rokoko: franzosische und fortunately there is no index. As an intro- deutsche Illustratdren des 18. Jahrhunderts duction to Slavic historical bibliography, the (Munich: R. Piper, 1958) is a welcome addi- work of Tikhomirov and his colleagues is tion to the lists of books in print. Hausen- the best available book, and it should be in stein's account of eighteenth-century book il- every collection of books on early European lustration in Germany and France is a pene- printing and historical bibliography. trating study of the whole era; for the fine nuances of artistic creation are perhaps the HISTORY OF PRINTING best vehicles for describing the galanterie of H. Steinberg's Five Hundred Years of the salons, radiant melancholy, heroic scenes, Printing (1955) has appeared in a German and endless variations of erotic rendezvous, translation by Jakob Hasslin under the title all so typical of the fashionable book of the of Die schwarze Kunst: 500 Jahre Buchdruck eighteenth century and the culture behind

SEPTEMBER 1960 413 it. The careers of the artists from poverty to chosen and well reproduced, will justify the prosperity (or, too often, poverty back to presence of the book in a collection where poverty) and the roles of the patrons Danish is not widely understood by readers, are among the most characteristic and and the collection of technical terms with the most revealing aspects of society in the definitions has a substantial reference value. moribund ancien regime. Hausenstein's book Charles Moegreen's Laerebog i Typografi is heavily loaded with factual data, but his (Copenhagen: Fagskolen for Boghaandvaerk, narrative moves rapidly. There is an index 1958) is a comprehensive and compact text- of artists and a short but concise biblio- book in all aspects of typography. Richly il- graphical essay adequate for the purpose. lustrated and with an index containing some Rokoko is a work that is a "must" on the six hundred terms, Moegreen's book is lucid, reading lists for all courses in the history authoritative, and well organized, and a of the book, not to mention general studies quarter of a century of experience as a in eighteenth-century European history. teacher undergirds the entire work. Although the book was written with special attention OTTO DORFNER to the needs of students, it may also be used Wolfgand Eckardt's Otto Dorfner (Stutt- for reference. We have no comparable work gart: Max Hettler Verlag, 1960) describes the in English with so many detailed illustra- life and work of one of the greatest book- tions, and the text is also considerably more binders and teachers of binding in the extensive than anything we have in any sin- twentieth century. When Professor Dorfner gle volume. The bibliography, a select but died in Weimar at the age of seventy in 1955, adequate list of about seventy titles on typo- he left one of the great traditions of German graphical practice, reveals clearly the relative art binding. He had received nearly every volume and quality of the literature in vari- professional honor in his field, had served ous languages. In English-speaking countries effectively as director of the Thuringian we must depend heavily on works such as Crafts School in Weimar, and had personally Moegreen's and comparable books in Ger- created some of the most remarkable original man and Swedish. designs of bindings to be found in twentieth- century Germany. Eckhardt's narrative is pri- TUSCAN SERIALS marily biographical, but there are many Clementina Rotondi's Bibliografia dei pe- worthwhile glimpses into the well-springs of riodici toscani (1852-1864) ("Biblioteca di Dorfner's genius. The thirty-two plates are bibliografia italiana," XXXVI; Florence: halftones printed letterpress, and they bring Olschki, 1960) is an analytical list of 207 out the details of Dorfner's craftsmanship serials published in Tuscany, mainly in Flor- effectively. ence, during a critical period of Italian history. All types of serials are included, regard- DANISH BOOK PRODUCTION less of periodicity, content, or importance. The superior quality of Danish books sug- For each title there is information on the gests, inter alia, the existence of superior complete history of the printing, the period training facilities in the book production covered, editors, a historical and descriptive industry and of good textbooks. One such note, bibliographical references, and location manual which has received insufficient atten- of copies. The arrangement is chronological, tion abroad is Otto Andersen's Boghaand- and there is an alphabetical index of titles vaerket: Bogtryk, Papir, Reproduktion, Bog- and another index of persons. Miss Rotondi's bind (3d ed.; Copenhagen: Boghandlerfag- work is a key to Italian history of the period skolen, 1954). The author, a Copenhagen just prior to national unification, but it is publisher and bookseller, covers the various also a basic contribution to the history of processes of composition and presswork, pa- Italian journalism. Comparable works for per, pictorial reproduction, binding (hand other periods and other jurisdictions would and machine), design, the development of do well to follow this model. types, technical terms (arranged logically by process but fully indexed), samples of print- THE VERTICAL FILE ing types commonly used in Denmark, and Werner Liebich's Anwendungsmoglichkei- a bibliography. The illustrations, carefully ten der Vertikalablage ("Arbeiten aus dem

414 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Bibliothekar-Lehrinstitut des Landes Nord- Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione, 1955; rhein-Westfalen," 18; Cologne: Greven Ver- 2 v.) reveals considerably greater damage to lag, 1959) is a definitive study of die verti- Italian libraries than was generally suspected cal file. Liebich examines die history, the in this country. Divided by regions, each physical forms, inclusion of materials, and Italian library of any significance is described administration of the vertical file, and he briefly, and, when possible, the exact extent provides an exhaustive bibliography. His of the damage caused by military action is treatment is tempered with common sense, noted. The second volume is organized on but at the same time he shows much imagina- parallel lines and gives detailed accounts of tion about the potential of the vertical file reconstruction. Both volumes are richly il- in all types of libraries and library situations. lustrated. As a prime source of twentieth- There is a section of illustrations showing century library history, these two volumes various types of vertical file equipment. Ref- deserve careful study, for they provide con- erence librarians in this country as well as siderable insight into the present status of in Europe will find that this work will be a Italian libraries. The vigor and imagination useful addition to their desk-top reference applied to the problem of reconstruction is a set. partial indication of the Italians' appreciation of their great libraries as a national re- THE BIBLIOTHEQUE NATIONALE source. Julien Cain's Les Transformations de la The second edition of the Annuario delle Bibliotheque Nationale de 1936 a 1959 (Paris, biblioteche italiane (Rome: Direzione Gen- 1959) is a handsomely illustrated brochure erale delle Accademie e Biblioteche, Ministero of seventy-four pages showing the physical della Pubblica Istruzione, 1959; 3v.) reveals changes in the French national library dur- a healthy library situation in Italy, at least ing the past quarter of a century. The spatial as far as the organization, housing, and avail- problems of the Bibliotheque Nationale ability of the collections are concerned. The were probably the most aggravated of any of first two volumes cover, in alphabetical or- the great national libraries, but M. Cain and der, the libraries outside of Rome; and the his colleagues have attacked them with vigor third covers Rome, Vatican City, and San and imagination. Many of their solutions are Marino. History, holdings, special collections, suggestive for research libraries of all types and catalogs are noted, and there is a list of and in different countries of the world. references to literature about the library, There is a subject index and a topographi- when such exist. At the end of each volume cal index to the various parts of the library. there is an extensive collection of photographs of the libraries in the volume in ques- ITALIAN LIBRARIES tion. The Annuario is one of those contribu- La ricostruzione delle biblioteche italiane tions to library literature which can be read dopo la guerra 1950-55 (Rome: Direzione with pleasure and also serve as a key ref- Generale delle Accademie e Biblioteche, erence book.

BOOKS ARE FOR READING

"Books Are for Reading," a speech by Paul Bixler at the Burma-American In- stitute, Rangoon, Burma, has been printed as a pamphlet. The ACRL office will fill requests for copies as long as its limited supply lasts. Mr. Bixler has been on leave from Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio, since the summer of 1958 as Library Adviser to the Social Science Library of the University of Rangoon. He returns to Antioch this month.

SEPTEMBER 1960 415 The U. S. Office of Education (Continued, from page 410) striction will not apply to furnishing data dens during the 1960's when enrollments are for analysis. The USOE guarantees that in- expected to increase by 70 per cent. How dividual salaries will not be listed in Part much more serious then are the problems of 1 of the survey report only with institutional less favored libraries that strain to meet the approval and, moreover, that the analytical demands of the present . summaries in Part 2 will conceal any rela- Traditional means of support for higher tionship between these salaries and specific education are slowly giving way to newer institutions. sources of income. What this trend implies Library statistics are essential for plan- for libraries is unclear, but one thing is ning, not only on the institutional level but certain: any consideration of the require- also on the national level. Although cur- ments of college and university libraries will rent planning more immediately concerns be greatly facilitated by the existence of a administrators and librarians, the long- substantial body of current, complete, and range issue cannot be ignored. During the reliable facts about them. The USOE urges past decade when college enrollments rose all administrators and chief librarians to 40 per cent, academic libraries that improved cooperate in laying a firm foundation for their resources and services were fortunate. planning the development of academic li- But even they are confronted by heavy bur- braries.

A Pamphlet in Your Hand

Dr. Richard P. Feynman, professor of physics at the California Institute of Tech- nology, is the author of "The Wonders That Await a Micro-Microscope, Including an Encyclopaedia Britannica on a Pinhead," in the Saturday Review for April 2, 1960. His proposal for placing the EB on a pinhead is just the beginning. He writes further: "Now let's consider all the books of the world. The Library of Congress has approximately nine million volumes; the British Museum has five million volumes; there are also five million volumes in the National Library in France. There are many other collections, but duplications occur among them, so let us say that there are some twenty-four million books of interest in the world." Thus, if you put twenty-four volumes on one pinhead, there would be a need of one million pinheads for the twenty-four million volumes. Dr. Feynman writes: ". . . we would need a million pinheads, and these can be put in a square of a thousand pins on a side, about three square yards altogether, approximately the area of thirty-five pages of the Encyclopaedia. That is to say, all the information in all the books of interest in the world could be carried around in a pamphlet in your hand—not in code, but as a simple reproduction of the original pictures, engravings, and printed text."

416 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Review Articles

row with a grant from the Council on Li- Durability of Paper brary Resources. The title of the pamphlet is a bit misleading for it deals with the causes Deterioration of Book Stock: Causes and of the deterioration of book stock only by Remedies; Two Studies on the Perma- inference. However, the subtitles within the nence of Book Paper Conducted by W. J. booklet are specific and more clearly indica- Barrow. Edited by Randolph W. Church. (Virginia State Library Publications, No. tive of the contents: "Study 1, Physical 10.) Richmond, Va.: The Virginia State Strength of Non-Fiction Book Papers, 1900- Library, 1959. 70p. 1949"; and "Study 2, The Stabilization of Modern Book Papers." Other reports of the During the 1930's the National Bureau of work on these studies have appeared in Pub- Standards conducted an extensive research lishers' Weekly, September 2, 1957 and Janu- program on the permanence of book and ary 5, 1959, and a quite detailed report ap- other papers. The findings were, on balance, peared in Science, April 24, 1959. This book- anything but reassuring. While these studies let gives supplementary data on the books were certainly well known to at least some chosen for the samples, 1900-1949, and 1955- librarians and book publishers, no general 57, and the results of the stabilization of tocsins were sounded and no organized ac- modern book papers, but it should be read tions were taken to remedy the deteriorating in conjunction with the other reports to get paper situation, with the major exception of a reasonably complete picture of the re- a series of steps to microfilm newspapers. The search to date. scientific phraseology of the Bureau's reports, In brief, the research completed or in prog- the non-library media in which most of the ress under these grants involves these topics reports appeared, and even some of the op- or problems: (1) To ascertain the current timistic statements contained in some of the physical strength, determined principally by reports, may have combined to minimize tear resistance and folding endurance, of the professional response to the issues posed. One paper in a carefully chosen sample of some example of optimism was the following state- five hundred unused books, published in the ment: "The tests indicated that the quality United States between 1900 and 1949. (2) of paper available at the time for perma- Similar data were compiled for thirty-two nent records was not in general as good as titles published between 1955 and 1957 as a considered desirable, and this was attributed basis for comparison. (3) Some twenty-six dif- to the probability of good printing quality ferent reams of frequently used American having been given more attention than per- book papers were obtained and samples of manence. The situation in this respect has these papers were tested in a similar fashion since been materially improved by the in- before and after accelerated aging tests. (4) creased attention given permanence require- These same paper samples were also treated ments by paper manufacturers, printers, and with a stabilizing solution and then tested librarians."1 for endurance before and after accelerated This new pamphlet, Deterioration of Book aging. (5) Finally, the investigators have Stock: Causes and Remedies, strongly sug- turned their attention to the feasibility of gests that this optimism of 1937 was probably economically manufacturing attractive and ill-founded. The new report is a partial pres- reasonably permanent book papers. entation of the results of a series of studies Substantial evidence on all of these prob- on the deterioration of modern book papers lems has been given in the cited reports. conducted by the Virginia State Library un- The investigators conclude that while atmos- der the technical supervision of W. J. Bar- pheric sulphur dioxide and other adverse external effects may hasten the physical deteri- 1 A. E. Kimberly and B. W. Scribner, Summary Re- port of National Bureau of Standards Research on oration of book papers in libraries, the pri- Preservation of Records. (National Bureau of Standards mary causes of paper deterioration are the Miscellaneous * Publication Ml 54; Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1937). result of the original ingredients in the pa-

SEPTEMBER 1960 417 per, the manufacturing processes, or both, to be long overdue, relatively easy to organ- The study reveals that the useful life of the ize, and relatively easy to enforce. In many paper used in books printed between 1900- ways, a failure to take such action promptly 49 is likely to be short: e.g., "The median could be regarded as an abdication of profes- folding endurance of the total sample for sional responsibility. An assurance by a pub- the five decades is well below the correspond- lisher that a work is printed on "good book ing figure for new newsprint. Actually 76 paper, free of ground wood fibers" is not per cent of the books for the first four dec- sufficient by itself to assure reasonable per- ades are below the range for new newsprint manence. The tests conducted by Mr. Bar- (twelve to forty-five folds) in folding endur- row reveal not only that special papers, de- ance; 17 per cent are within that range, and signed for permanence, can now be manu- only 6 per cent are stronger."2 Or, more factured, but that there are a few papers pungently: ". . . it seems probable that most that are already manufactured with reason- library books printed in the first half of the ably acceptable characteristics. There are twentieth century will be in an unusable almost certainly others. Proper efforts to per- condition in the next century."3 suade paper manufacturers to make and gen- Other findings are to the effect that many eral publishers to use permanent papers will of the papers frequently used for current surely be effective but are likely to take books printing have very unsatisfactory life longer than efforts directed toward publica- expectancies; that treating these papers with tions destined essentially for the library an aqueous solution of magnesium carbonate market. and calcium carbonate will apparently ex- The second broad issue emerging from tend their folding and tear resistance enough these studies relates to the actions that li- to suggest that some of them might serve brarians will have to take with respect to usefully for an indefinite period; and that books already in their collections. For those a book paper of excellent appearance with books that are already falling apart, the only fine printing quality can be manufactured relief is still some form of reproduction. For with sufficient alkalinity to predict a long the others, Barrow recommends soaking the life. The report itself is printed on such pages of the book in the alkaline stabilizing specially manufactured paper. Paper that has solution after the binding has been removed. already deteriorated cannot, of course, be He asserts that with simple equipment semi- restored to useful life by the proposed sta- skilled labor can process some 2,500 pages bilization treatment; the process is one that per day. Based on a very unscientifically se- can only arrest deterioration. Further re- lected sample, we determined that a rela- search may be needed to determine the level tively full three-foot shelf (chosen more or of deterioration beyond which stabilization less at random in American history) held is unlikely to be worthwhile. twenty-two bound volumes and three un- Clearly there are at least two major issues bound pamphlets, containing approximately emerging from this research that deserve 9,281 pages. Based upon Barrow's estimate prompt and vigorous library attention. Li- of 2,500 pages per day, and an eight-hour brarians must begin to exert whatever influ- day, the production rate would be approxi- ence they can to see that books intended for mately 312 pages per hour. Applying this permanent use are printed on papers with rate to the sample shelf of books would thus a reasonable, and tested, prospect of perma- require at least 28.9 production man hours. nence. Action should not be delayed on this Assuming a $1.50 per hour minimum labor matter where libraries are the primary or cost, and adding a conservative $1.25 per sole purchasers and can, in consequence, en- volume for re-binding (journals would, of force compliance with acceptable standards course, be much higher) would bring the or decline to purchase. Such action with re- total cost to a rather conservative $70.85 or spect to many major bibliographical, ab- about $.0076 per page. If we assume, unlike stracting, and reference tools would appear our sample, that the average number of pages in a typical library "volume" is 3124, we

2 W. J. Barrow and Peavis C. Sproull, "Permanence in Book Papers." Science, 129 (April 24, 1959) 1078. 3 Deterioration of Book Stock: Causes and Remedies 4 This is a completely arbitrary figure" to match the ... p. 16. estimated stabilizing rate per man hour.

418 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES might reasonably anticipate that the costs of brary Resources for a well designed and stabilization may be in the vicinity of $2.75, clearly reported investigation of a very seri- ± 50 per cent, per volume. We assume the ous problem. While it would be helpful to cost of equipment and chemicals to be negli- have the presently scattered reports on this gible. This cost would be less than that of investigation brought together in one con- making a single negative microfilm. Coopera- solidated report, it does not appear too soon tive filming might produce a more competi- for the ALA, ARL, and other affected groups tive rate whether a master negative were to begin weighing the impfications of this made to be used only if, as, and when a investigation and to set about designing an need for a copy materialized, or duplicate efficient and effective program to respond prints were run off and distributed to the to the situation. It appears to be later than participants. Microfilming would also offer we think.—Herman H. Fussier, University reduced space costs, but it would result in of Chicago Library. higher costs for use and be much less convenient or even impractical for many types of material. Furthermore, if a cooperative microfilm negative is feasible in terms of accessibility, then the profession might be A Rewarding Festschrift well advised to consider a cooperatively sta- bilized copy or two of seldom used titles. It Libris et Litteris. Festschrift fiir Hermann might be less costly and much more conven- Tiemann zum 60. Geburtstag. Hrsg. von ient in the long run than for each library Christian Voigt und Erich Zimmermann. independently to try to stabilize or micro- [Hamburg] Maximilian-Gesellschaft, 1959. film everything of possible interest. The 364p„ 16 illus. DM40. economies of massive cooperative reprinting This volume, excellently produced for the may also be competitive with microfilm or Maximilian-Gesellschaft, was issued in honor chemical stabilization. It should be possible of the librarian of the State and University to mechanize the stabilizing operation and Library of Hamburg, Dr. Hermann Tie- possibly reduce the labor costs very signifi- mann. The variety of articles, of which many cantly; the re-binding cost appears inescapa- are of scholarly value, reflects the wide in- ble. Current periodicals, if needed in original terest and the erudition of one of the lead- form, should obviously be treated before ing figures in contemporary German li- the initial binding. If chemical stabilization brarianship. The Festschrift is divided into is to be used, it is abundantly clear that the three parts, one dealing with librarianship, sooner it is started, the greater will be the another with the history of books, and a number of important books salvaged in use- third with literary history. This review will ful form. for obvious reasons be more concerned with One may take the happy and complacent the first than with the second and third view that the permanent loss of a few thou- parts. sand tons of books and journals each year Dr. Schmidt-Kunsemuller reviews Her- for the next fifty or one hundred years may mann Tiemann's place in librarianship, par- do the world little harm—possibly some ticularly the rebuilding of the largely de- good—and be right. But unfortunately, no stroyed Hamburg library and the formula- two people are likely to agree on the titles tion of West German library policies after to be condemned to extinction, and even if the debacle of 1945. Two carefully discussed they could, it would not be just the worthless problems will be of special interest to books and journals that will be stricken. As American readers: (1) the relationship be- all librarians know, the best along with the tween central and departmental libraries in worst will be eager candidates for disintegra- universities (Tiemann, like so many of us, tion. Research and other libraries of perma- strives towards a policy of supplementation nent record may confidently anticipate that rather than competition); and (2) the place a growing percentage of their budgets will of a central national library in the network be required to meet, in one way or another, of research libraries (he sees a central library this problem. We are indebted to Messrs. not as an overpowering universal library, Barrow and Church and the Council on Li- but as an institution which should furnish a

SEPTEMBER 1960 419 balance through its services in the national cataloging" is evident from this and the ar- interest (Ausgleichbibliothek), providing the ticle following by Johannes Fock, who ana- facilities for exchange, information, cata- lyzes the pros and the cons of the classified loging, etc.). The second article, by Christian and the alphabetical subject catalog. The au- Voigt, tells the history of the State and Uni- thors of both these articles are well informed versity Library of Hamburg, from its hum- on American library literature. ble beginnings in 1479 as a city council li- This concludes the first part of the book. brary (Ratsbibliothek) to the present; from In the section on book history we find ar- town library to scholar's library, to public ticles on Bible illustrations in early manu- city library, to research library with a more scripts, on the study of incunables and general and carefully defined scope, accented printing in Louvain, on music printing in by the founding of the University of Ham- fifteenth-century books, on a Koran printed burg in 1919. The last part deals with the in Hamburg in 1695, on a late sixteenth- spectacular recovery and reconstruction of century binding, and on a stock catalog of a this important library which had suffered large horticultural establishment of the heavier losses during World War II than eighteenth century. The third and final part any other; it lost 600,000 volumes (only 120,- deals with such literary figures as Quevedo, 000 were saved). Voigt's historical sketch is Kleist, de Toqueville, and Thomas Mann; it supplemented by an article by Erich Zim- is of interest primarily to the student of mermann on Hinrich Murmester and the Romance and Germanic literature. founding of the library in 1479-1481. In conclusion I should like to make the Two important law libraries devoted to subjective observation that reading this vol- foreign and international law were founded ume was rewarding. In contrast to so many in Germany soon after the first World War, Festschriften, it contains a large number of one specializing in public and the other in well written, thoughtful, and carefully ed- private law. It is the latter which is the sub- ited articles.—Rudolf Hirsch, University of ject of H. P. des Coudres's article. Known as Pennsylvania Library. the library of the Max-Planck-Institute, it was evacuated from Berlin to Tubingen and Sigmaringen in 1943, and moved to Ham- burg in 1956. Its coordination with other Classification and Indexing libraries in Hamburg, and its new building, are described in some detail. Classification and Indexing in Science. 2d ed., Peter Karstedt contributes a somewhat enl. By B. C. Vickery, with an introduction theoretical article on the sociology of li- by D. }. Foskett. New York: Academic braries in which he attempts an interpreta- Press, Inc., 1959. 235p. $6.00. tion of the differences between university libraries, with their purpose of promoting the Some years ago, a Cambridge don, noted universality of learning, and the city research both for his wit and narrowness of vision, libraries, which by necessity develop along remarked that "America is the place where the same lines as the city or region which all good fallacies go when they die, to be they serve. The next contribution, by born again as the latest discoveries of the Meyer-Abich, covers two questions: (1) what local professors." Our British cousins recog- is library science, and (2) to what extent is nize that they borrow from us fashions in jazz a library a research institution? The author and soft drinks, but they pride themselves on sees need for a concept of librarianship gov- the fact that the intellectual movement across erned by scholarship rather than technology. the Atlantic is from east to west. Hermann Fuchs' article on the alphabetical However true this may be in general, it is catalog begins with a quotation from Pierce certainly the case that the development of Butler which had amused many of us when modern librarianship moved from west to we read it in 1953: "Nobody loves a cata- east. The public library movement is dis- loged Catalogers are the pariahs, the un- tinctly an American creation, and so is die touchables, in the caste system of librarian- development of classification systems as a ship. Everyone seems to loathe or to pity method of organizing book collections and them." That Germany too has its "crisis in providing reference and information service

420 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES to such collections. The Universal Decimal ordination in alphabetical indexing, this fact Classification is a lineal descendant of the no more proves the basic nature of classifica- Dewey decimai system, and many of the spe- tion systems than the fact that classification cial classifications developed in England and systems fist many sub-classes alphabetically or elsewhere were stimulated by similar devel- chronologically proves that alphabetization opments in this country around the turn of or chronological arrangement is basic to clas- the century. sification. The fact is there are no pure sys- The contemporary developments in li- tems. The only real issue is not whether an brarianship (in methods of storing and re- alphabetical index does or does not em- trieving information which utilize ideas ploy inversions or subordinate headings but borrowed not from biology, but from mathe- whether a total system of headings is organ- matics and logic, and a concomitant empha- ized into a systematic hierarchical array, sis on mechanized systems) are also American rather than alphabetically. To go from the in origin. As part of this contemporary de- presence of inverted headings in alphabetical velopment there has grown up in this coun- systems to the statement that total classifica- try a general awareness that classification sys- tion systems are thereby proven necessary is tems have little utility beyond their function probably the longest non sequitur in library as a method of arranging books in open-shelf literature. Vickery's argument that coordi- libraries for the use of the public and univer- nate systems must employ categories of terms sity undergraduates. We have recognized that is again utterly baseless and exhibits a curi- close classification and universal classification ous lack of interest in the literature on the systems as methods of organizing rapidly subject. After describing coordinate indexing growing fields of information and collections as presented in Volume I of Studies in Co- of material are chimeras; but now these ordinate Indexing, Vickery goes on to point chimeras have migrated from west to east and out that Irma Wachtel recommended that have been reconstituted as the latest intel- terms in a coordinate system be arranged in lectual contributions of the Classification Re- categories, and he concludes his demonstra- search Group in England. Vickery's book can tion of the need for classification by again be considered a representative contribution pointing out that Miss Wachtel's discussion of the Classification Research Group. of hierarchical relationships proves that a The book notes the existence of four sys- classification of knowledge is necessary for tems of organizing information, which it calls coordinate systems. As a matter of fact, the alphabetical indexing, coordinate indexing, experimental work reported by Miss Wachtel classification, and mechanical selection. It led to just the opposite conclusion (cf. "Ma- should be clear from the very statement that chines and Classification in the Organization mechanical selection is not a form of organiz- of Information," Studies in Coordinate In- ing information on a par with the other dexing, Vol. II, Chapter 1). three. As a matter of fact, the author himself After considering the "need" for classifica- recognizes that the other three can all be tion, Vickery devotes a chapter to describing mechanized. Contrariwise, a system of me- the construction of classification schedules. chanical selection can employ alphabetical This crucial chapter, which is basic to the indexing, coordinate indexing, or classifica- volume, defies comprehension, and even the tion. Hence we will eliminate from what fol- author admits this fact. He sums up as follows any concern with mechanical selection lows: "The preceding discussion of problems as a method of organizing information. in the construction of classification schedules The first chapter of the book is concerned may have left a somewhat confused picture to establish a need for classification as con- of the final product."—and adds that the trasted with other forms of organizing infor- whole problem "demands further study." mation. It does this by purporting to show There is, however, one positive suggestion that all other forms employ classification de- derivable from this chapter. Vickery appar- vices; e.g., alphabetical indexing employs ently feels that all previous classification sys- inverted headings and subordinate headings, tems have failed because they attempted to and soipe forms of coordinate indexing di- classify literature in accordance with fields of vide their lists of terms into categories or knowledge. He suggests the following as an classes. With reference to inversion and sub- alternative: "The basis of the classification

SEPTEMBER 1960 421 suggested here is a long schedule of sub- recommend any one. As for a faceted classi- stances or 'things'—natural inorganic sub- fication, apparently what this means is a sys- stances ranging from the subatomic particle tem which presents both inclusive and coor- to the galaxy, living organisms and communi- dinate relationships among its classes. One ties, societies and institutions, material prod- might argue that if inversion or categoriza- ucts and conceptual entities." Apparently, tion establishes the primacy of classification, the author feels that we can divide things the use of facets establishes the primacy of without overlapping, whereas we cannot di- coordination. As a matter of fact, the relation vide scientific fields without overlapping. of inclusion is definable on the basis of the The whole rationale of this effort escapes intersection of classes in the algebra of classes, me. My chair does not overlap my table, nor that is to say, inclusion is a certain type of does my table overlap my chair, but a book coordination or set intersection. about office furniture would discuss both The next chapter on mechanical selection tables and chairs, and it is the book about is, as remarked earlier, irrelevant to the major furniture which requires to be stored and argument of the book, but again the progress retrieved, not tables or chairs. of ideas from west to east can be noted by the The chapter on the construction of classifi- time lapse. Vickery discusses the Chemical- cation schedules is followed by a chapter on Biological Coordination Center System as an notation. In order to understand this chap- example of an operating mechanical system, ter one must understand not only classes, but whereas the CBCC System has been closed how categories differ from classes, how facets down for approximately two years. He men- differ from classes and categories, and how tions the Peakes unit card system, which may phases differ from all three. One must also or may not still be operating, and shows that attempt to understand chains and arrays, as he has completely failed to understand the well as "flexional symbols." A man or a COMAC System or its exemplification in the group has a right to use a special vocabulary, IBM Special Index Analyzer. but the general lack of impact of Rangana- The final chapter deals with the possibility than's work on librarianship, outside of India, of a unified theory of information retrieval should have constituted a warning to the and notes that "one of the purposes of this Classification Research Group. There ought book has been to stress this unity." To be in to be some assurance that th'ere is a pot of favor of a unified theory is like being against gold at the end of the rainbow before anyone sin. To be more than a pious hope, the is asked to attempt to walk on its diaphanous search for a unified theory must go beyond material. Since all the evidence points to the classification and categorization to a concern fact that universal classification systems are with the mathematics of types of order. as dead as dodo birds, why should one devote Underlying Vickery's position is a reliance a large part of one's mental effort to learning on an outworn Aristotelian philosophy of a special, highly technical vocabulary just to substantial forms. Hence, his conclusion that find this fact out? the "primary category" is substance. Aris- Following the chapter on notation, there totle's view, like Vickery's, is basically bio- is a discussion of indexing. The burden of logical; both depart from the deeper mathe- this chapter is that the development of chain matical insight of Plato. Although modern indexing as an adjunct to faceted classifica- science from the Renaissance followed Plato, tion solves both the problem of multiple Aristotle still reigned supreme in a subject- place classification systems and permutations predicate logic based upon a substance-attri- of indexing terms. A chain index resembles bute philosophy. Beginning with Boole's what Bernier has called a correlative index. work in the middle of the nineteenth cen- It avoids permutations of terms by prescrib- tury, the Aristotelian restrictions on logic ing a fixed order of subordinate terms in an were eliminated and the subject-predicate index. Given a four-term heading, this re- logic of syllogisms was recognized to be only duces the number of entries from fifteen to a special branch of a wider mathematical four. The utility of such indexes and the pos- logic. sibility of prescribing fixed orders of subordi- The great development of mathematical nation remain doubtful. As a matter of fact, logic took place after the main development Vickery suggests several orders and does not of library classification. And it has only been

422 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES in recent years that the new mathematical peared in England, but Howard Barlow is. logic has had any impact on librarianship; Also, a more careful proof-reading might and now there is no going back. The Classi- have led to the discovery that Luening's first fication Research Group in England and this name of Otto is used correctly four times but book of Vickery's do not contribute to nor appears once as Oscar. advance towards a unified theory of informa- The volume is divided into two parts. The tion retrieval; rather, they represent an anti- first deals with administration, reference scientific obscurantism which is defending books and periodicals, cataloging, classifica- tradition against scientific and logical ad- tion, gramophone record libraries, and an vance.—Mortimer Taube, Documentation, appendix containing a rather forlorn list of Inc. subject headings. Part two is given over to a graded list of instrumental and vocal music, miniature scores, and three supplementary sections, including an index to the works listed in this part, music publishers and their English agents, and instrumental tutors. Music Librarianship The sections on cataloging and classification are given in great detail and with copious Music Librarianship, a Practical Guide. By examples. The classification systems outlined Eric Thomas Bryant. London: James are Brown's Subject, the Cutter Expansive, Clarke, 1959; New York: Hafner, 1959. the Dewey Decimal, the Library of Congress, 503p. $6.50. Bliss' Bibliographic, and the British Cata- The first book on music librarianship to logue of Music. The author states that all of appear since McColvin and Reeves published these sections have been checked by experts, their basic guide over twenty years ago including Bliss who, before his death, read should have been greeted with cries of joy. the first two drafts of die discussion of his With the development of so many new music system. Bryant also points out that any opin- collections in libraries during that period, ions expressed are his own. A helpful chart the time was certainly ripe for an up-to-date at the end of the chapter shows clearly how volume on the subject. This latest effort, fifteen scores and books would be classed in however, should not deter aspiring authors each of the systems. who might have been considering a publica- Mr. Bryant does doff his hat slightly sev- tion similar to this one. eral times to American librarianship for its Mr. Bryant is the borough librarian of cataloging codes, its many publications in Widnes, Lancashire, and according to his books and journals on the various facets of introductory remarks, the book "was written organizing and maintaining music collections, primarily for public librarians and their and he also deplores the lack of people in assistants, and from a British standpoint." Britain to make up an organization such as The latter phrase was most timely and wise the American Music Library Association. I and should serve Mr. Bryant as some form expect that he will receive some replies to his of protection against the ire of American statement that "the American record user is reviewers and readers. apparently tending to become more inter- His American sources, other than corre- ested in the actual work recorded and to pay spondence, included the ALA Bulletin, Li- less attention to the particular artist; the as- brary Journal, student theses from Kent sumption is growing that any orchestra, State University and the University of Chi- soloist, etc., that is good enough to achieve a cago, and the Public Library Inquiry vol- contract wath a gramophone record manu- ume on music which was written by Otto facturer must be competent." In the light of Luening. More detailed checking of data such a bold and also erroneous statement I might have spared Mr. Bryant some future wonder how Mr. Bryant would explain the headaches as well as rid him of some of his works currently available that have twenty headstrong ideas. The Harold Barlow of the or more different recorded performances, and Barlow and Morgenstern Dictionaries of why the American record reviewers consist- Musical Themes is not an American con- ently point out the differences between A's ductor whose 78rpm recordings have ap- performance as contrasted with B's and why

SEPTEMBER 1960 423 consumers purchase the A performance rather dated at this point, having been published than the B performance of the same work. in 1954, and even then was not entirely free British librarians, in general, and Mr. from errors of omission! A random sampling Bryant, in particular, seem to have one soul- of the opera scores in the graded lists shows searching problem and that is the cataloging that the smallest library would be likely to of the "recital" disc, for he speaks of it often. have a fairly representative collection of the American librarians have found a rather popular repertory as well as Britten's Peter simple remedy for this and similar problems Grimes, Gay's Beggar's Opera, and two scores by using extended added entries. I am sure by Edward German, Merrie England and that any American librarian would have been Tom Jones, as well as all the Gilbert and only too happy to help with this solution if Sullivan scores. Only the largest collection the invitation had been offered. The entire would be able to supply a reader with a copy chapter on recordings is garrulous beyond of Wozzeck, Louise, Martha, Andrea Chenier, endurance with overly detailed comments on Parsifal, and Salome! all phases of the work from selection to with- Mr. Bryant does give credit to America for drawal. Isn't it about time that libraries, with "its musicals that have far greater vitality the exception of the major archival types, than the home-grown specimens. The King face the fact that recordings are ephemeral and I and My Fair Lady are more recent materials and treat them as such? Readers ac- examples of American successes (though with customed to our generous lending policies some British collaboration)." might be horrified to learn that one English Altogether, Mr. Bryant has written a book library actually sends a staff member to check which should prove helpful to the newer the playing equipment in the borrower's British libraries being formed as well as to home before a record borrowing permit is those which are already in existence. The issued, and that after a certain period of time "matters of interest and use that librarians the borrower must show a receipt to prove overseas will find in it" will probably be re- that he has purchased a replacement for his stricted mainly to purposes of comparison, cartridge or stylus. and wonderment over die extremely biased Mr. Bryant has evidently put a great deal and chauvinistic attitude displayed through- of thought and effort into this volume and out and without apparent reason.—Thomas the fact that it has been in progress for quite T. Watkins, Music Library, Columbia Uni- some time is evident from his statement con- versity. cerning the Angel DeLuxe packaging, which has not been available for more than a year. He also mentions that a study on the preservation of recordings is "about to be under- Cataloging Persian Books taken" by the Library of Congress. This study was completed and published as of October Cataloging of Persian Works; Including 1959. Rules for Transliteration, Entry and De- Following the pattern of McColvin and scription. By Nasser Sharify. Chicago: Reeves and other authors on the subject, the ALA, 1959. 161p. $3.50. second half comprises lists of recommended scores graded A to E and signifying materials For centuries, libraries in the Middle East to be included in A, the smallest independ- were storehouses—safe-deposit buildings for ent library, and moving progressively to E, books and manuscripts. Their sole function the largest collection. The ideas expressed in was to protect their valuables but to dis- these lists are rather strange in contrast to an courage their use. Standard cataloging codes, earlier remark that only music heard in con- uniformity in author entries, and other ac- certs or available on records should be the cepted practices of present-day libraries were basis for purchasing. Furthermore, for the unknown. Every library had its own par- more adventurous there is the stern warning ticular system for recording the material it to "withdraw or do not buy works by com- housed, but that system was not devised with posers who rate but a few lines in Grove's service to the user principally in view. Dictionary or do not appear there." Grove, in When libraries began to be used by the addition to being very pro-British, is slightly people, they ceased to function merely as

424 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES safe-deposit buildings and became interested is set forth. He also treats such controversial in attracting readers and having their ma- problems as Iranian personal names (which terials easily accessible to all users. Librar- part of the name should be used as the ians in the Middle East consequently be- entry word?), giving in an appendix a list came aware of the necessity of a standard of aids to catalogers for the establishment cataloging code and modern library practices. of entries. The last two chapters are devoted Many attempts at standardization of cata- to a discussion of the current cataloging loging methods were made, but nothing ap- practices of a few North American libraries peared in print except an article by Labib —their sample cards and rules for descrip- Zuwiyya entitled "Arabic Cataloging: a tions. Catalogers will find many excellent Criticism of the Present Rules" which dis- pointers.—Flora R. Jones, United Nations cussed form of entry of Arabic personal au- Library. thors (Library Resources and Technical Services, Winter 1957). The publication of Dr. Sharify's book is the first complete work of this nature. Al- though it is limited to Iranian works, cata- Electronic Computers logers of Arabic material will find it most useful and informative. Electronic Computers: Principles and Appli- By T. E. Ivall. I^ew York: Philo- The numerous problems involved in cata- cations. sophical Library, 1960. 263p. $15.00. loging Middle Eastern material, especially in the vernacular, have been a source of many In the relatively few years that electronic worries to libraries with such collections. computers have been loosed upon the land As Dr. Sharify points out, because of the they have had a revolutionary impact on lack of rules for descriptive cataloging of many problems of information processing. Persian material, and a standard Persian Their impact upon libraries, which must be transliteration scheme, there are in the considered among the primary information United States many libraries whose Persian handling agencies of the world, has been collections have not yet been cataloged at only slight, however. In a few instances this all. Now, with the growing interest in Near slight disturbance has been more of an un- and Middle Eastern Studies on the part of nerving for a short period of time as an universities and other institutions, libraries occasional librarian has approached the can no longer afford to ignore these collec- problem of learning more about computers tions. and how they might be applied to library Dr. Sharify's library experience and back- operations. Most probably these librarians ground have made him thoroughly knowl- have been turned away because of unintelli- edgeable of problems confronting catalogers gible technical presentations, or all-too-in- of Persian material in the Middle East and telligible reports of lack of economic justifi- in the Western world. In Iran, his home cation for the use of computers in libraries. country, he was deputy director of the Li- Most librarians, however, have probably ig- brary of the Parliament. In the United nored computers as library equipment. States he studied at the School of Library Computers are finding some use in infor- Service of Columbia University and received mation systems, as is shown in the recently his Master of Science degree and his doctoral published National Science Foundation sur- degree from that institution. He also worked veys on nonconventional technical informa- with the Library of Congress cataloging Per- tion systems in current use. A glance at the sian material. array of imposing names of scientific and in- The cataloger will find in Dr. Sharify's dustrial firms wherein most of these noncon- book a detailed and comprehensive tool. ventional systems have been installed, and After discussing the existing systems of at the description of the contents of infor- transliteration and their shortcomings, he mation handled by the system, has probably recommends the system which he helped to confirmed many librarians' beliefs that, after develop when he was on the staff at the Li- all, computers in information systems are brary of Congress. That system—a table of limited to a few high-powered, nationally ur- transliteration with rules for application— gent, narrowly defined scientific and techni-

SEPTEMBER 1960 425 cal subject areas supported by vast amounts sion as to when and where to introduce a of research funds. Also, the lack of publicity computer into an operation, and guidance for any use of electronic computers in other in the reasoning about these fundamental library operations (e.g. circulation proce- factors in library terms. dures, which in computer terms can be de- What the book does, it does very well. fined as inventory control systems and hence Ivall has revised the first edition of the book, within the province of computer capabili- which was originally a group of chapters by ties) may lead one to believe that electronic various authors, to produce a more uni- computers are useful only in information formly prepared text. He has added very storage and retrieval work. important chapters on analogue computing There are probably some librarians, how- circuits, digital computer programming, and ever, whose consciences may tweak them oc- recent technical developments. The presen- casionally with the feeling that perhaps they tation is built up piece by piece in a most are doing their library systems an injustice logical fashion, moving from the general by not exploring more earnestly the field of characteristics of electronic circuits to the computers and computer application to specific relationship of circuits in a system hitherto tradition-bound library operations. which will compute, store, and actuate in- (These pangs of conscience usually come im- formation read-out components. The book mediately after a patron, a professor, a col- handles the nonelectronic parts of electronic lege president, or a research director tosses computer systems well also. The book can off a casual "What you need here instead of be read rapidly, but must be read carefully. a card catalog is a computer.") A glance at After all, computers are complicated mecha- the title, the statement of potential reader- nisms. The careful reader will find himself ship (people about to become involved in asking questions about various statements in some specialized aspect of computing either the book only to find that these very ques- as users or as electronic designers), the tions are almost immediately answered in photographs, and the largely nonmathemati- the next paragraph or the next chapter. cal approach of Ivall's book will undoubt- The author states that nontechnical peo- edly catch the eyes of some of these li- ple will probably be able to manage certain brarians. Here, they might hope, will be a chapters, particularly those relating to the clear expose which will allow them to under- evolution and general principles of comput- stand computers and will open the door to a ing, the applications of analogue and digital reasonable approach to the decisions in- computers, and the chapter on computers of volved in determining the applicability of the future. While they may be able to read electronic computers to library operations. the words in these chapters, many of the This is not the book for them though. terms used or concepts referred to will be First of all, Ivall assumes the reader will completely without meaning unless the have a grounding in electronic or radio tech- reader knows and understands what has been niques. This will exclude most librarians. said in the unread chapters. For example, in Secondly, the book is devoted largely to a the discussion of the use of electronic com- presentation of why an electronic computer puters in the translation of languages, Ivall computes, and this is not the kind of infor- states that the words to be translated would mation which the potential library user of all have to be coded into the form of binary computers needs. Ivall gets a start on some numbers and all the foreign-language words of the vital questions for librarians in his likely to be required stored in one set of ad- chapters on the applications of analogue and dresses while their English equivalents are digital computers, but his accounts are de- stored in another set of addresses. Coding scriptive and not analytical. It takes great into binary numbers and "addressing" words ingenuity and considerable inference to for storage in a computer are all quite well carry over information from the descriptions explained in odier chapters of the book, but in the book to the field of librarianship, and what visions will terms such as these conjur this is what many librarian readers may turn up on the minds of even the most knowl- to books like this to avoid. What we still edgable person who has not seen them dealt need in librarianship is a statement of the with in computer terms. fundamental factors that go into the deci- Even in the second chapter, "General

426 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Principles of Computing," which Ivall claims The first edition of this book was very in his introduction is written in such excel- well received in Great Britain in 1956, and lent expository style that it would be pre- was reprinted in 1957. This second edition sumptuous to change it from the presenta- will undoubtedly be well received, at least tion of the first edition, there are some so- by beginning students of electronic com- phisticated technical elements. In one part puter design. It is a superb first assignment of this chapter it is stated that an electron for these people. Probably the most distress- tube is initially biased beyond cut-off. The ing factor to potential American readers will author also refers to the characteristic curve be the price of the American edition. In of a vacuum tube and the fact that the curve view of the British price for the first and is curved and not straight. The style is ex- second editions of $3.50, and of the British pository, but the language is hardly intelli- Book Center's price for the first edition of gible to a person not familiar with the tech- $4.25, the American publisher's price of the nical operations of a vacuum tube. In fact, current edition of $15 is outrageous. The this language will probably be quite puzzling book is good—but the information in it just to some readers. Seamstresses cut on the bias isn't worth that much to anyone.—Russell all the time, and of course, if a curve is a Shank, University of California Library, curve, it isn't straight! Berkeley.

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