DOCSLIB.ORG

Symbols Fall

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Symbols Fall S I A PUBLICATION OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM AND THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY • 11 DIVINITY AVENUE CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 “HUN, KA, OX, LIFT”: A BEHIND THE SCENES LOOK AT REHOUSING 720 PLASTER CASTS Catherine Cezeaux, Director of Finance and Administration “hun, ka, ox (osh), lift” or, to translate Yucatec Mayan, “1, 2, 3, lift” is often heard in the High Bay area of the 38 Oxford St. facility, a former particle accelerator, and is symbolic of the Peabody’s current undertaking to rehouse our invaluable plaster cast collection of a series of expeditions to Copán and other Mesoamerican sites between 1891 and 1895. During this period, Expedition members made paper molds of dozens of monuments and hieroglyphic inscriptions. These molds were brought to the museum by mule and ferry and were cast in plaster in the 1890s and 1900s. Since then, the Floor of the High Bay. November 2006, photo Featured in this issue: by Jeffrey Quilter. casts have been stored in many dif- “hun, ka, ox, lift ”: ABehind the Scenes Look at Rehousing ferent locations, first in the Peabody 720 Plaster Casts Museum and for the past several CATHERINE CEZEAUX page 1 decades, in the aisles of the Museum’s Annex or in a large metal storage struc- Casting New Light on the Origins of Tonina Monument 27 ture in the adjacent 38 Oxford St. facil- MARC ZENDER page 5 ity. The casts preserve many details of the glyphs and carvings that have since Origins and Development of the First Cities in the Ancient eroded or been destroyed by looters or Near East vandals. This summer, Harvard’s JASON UR page 9 Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) began planning a major renovation African Collections at the Peabody Museum for the 38 Oxford St. facility and an MONNI ADAMS page 11 upgrade of the conditions in the Annex. A major “obstacle” to this proj- Scanning History ect was the plaster casts. Could we get ALEXANDRE TOKOVININE and BARBARA FASH page 17 them all out of the way by February 29, 2008. We were thrilled at the possibility cleaning requirements and carefully created individualized future conser- vation plans for each cast. Collections staff photographed, measured, and weighed each cast, while the Corpus Director and other Mesoamerican specialists verified the identity of each cast and ensured that casts and any associated fragments from a given site were stored together. Box builders refined the rehousing process and designed structures for the larger 3D casts. These casts have been used in teaching for over a century and con- tinue to be a precious resource for scholars in this and many other coun- tries. Rehousing casts is very different Bob Ganong building a cast enclosure. Photo by David DeBono Schafer. from protecting a row of books. They could not just be put in moving boxes and be taken away in a moving van. of finally rehousing and conserving could look at the casts from all angles Educating Harvard Human Resources, the casts as well as upgrading the without removing them from their Finance, and FAS Planning was also environmental conditions of the housing. The final criterion was that an important part of the project so Annex, but the deadline was a serious the housing needed to be fast and easy that all parties understood the prob- challenge. to assemble to meet the February 29 lems and issues to ensure appropriate Rehousing the 720 plaster casts has deadline. After many prototypes and staffing and financial resources. The been a project involving much of the many conversations, we found a sys- museum staff also learned about the Museum. Cast project meetings often tem that would work. casts. Curators held information ses- had fifteen or more people around the The project required documenta- sions showing slides of the major sites table, including staff from Conserva- tion of every step. Conservators deter- represented and explaining the geo- tion, Collections, the Corpus of Maya mined immediate stabilization and graphical locations and physical ter- Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, Finance and Administration, Curators, and carpenters, as well as FAS Planning and Project Managers. The first step was to design new housing for the casts that would help to preserve the casts well into the next century. The containers could not be made of wood (potential insect dam- age) or petrochemical products (off gassing). It had to be strong enough to support casts weighing up to 300 lbs., and it had to be rigid, because too much flex could cause the casts to crack when they were picked up. While the goal was for each cast to have its own shelf, the new housing materials also needed to be sturdy enough to stack if necessary. We needed to be able to customize the height to minimize expensive storage Peabody Project Crew (back row, l–r) Jane Rousseau, Judy Jungels, Martha Labell, Scott Fulton, Catherine Cezeaux, Bob Ganong, Barbara Fash, Christie Pohl, Diana Medellin, Lynne Ambrose, space and the sides had to be remov- Stuart Heebner, Marc Zender, and Don Bissex. Kneeling: David DeBono Schafer, Sara Nash, and able so that researchers and students Roosevelt Julien. (Not pictured: T. Rose Holdcraft). Photo by James Rutherford. 2 • Symbo ls Long view of casts in the High Bay area. Photo by David DeBono Schafer. rain, highlights, carving style, hiero- learned that Uxmal is next to Chichen twisting their tongues, and to glyphic decipherments, and offered a Itzá and their casts should also be count in Mayan as they worked to basic lesson on the pronunciation of next to one another on the shelves, preserve a centuries old culture. Maya names. The cast project team to be able to say Xcalumkin without “Hun, ka, ox, lift”! These casts have been used in teaching for over a century and continue to be a precious resource for scholars in this and many other countries. Spring • • 3 I G R G O Q On July 9, 2007, Sir Ian Graham, founder and former director of the Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions (CMHI) Project, was awarded the Orden del Quetzal by the Guatemalan government in recognition of his tireless efforts to discover, preserve, record, and publish the hieroglyphic inscriptions of the ancient Maya. The Orden del Quetzal, established in 1973, is the highest honor bestowed by the Guatemalan government upon those individuals or organizations who, through humanitarian, civic, scientific, or artistic efforts, have benefited the nation of Guatemala in such a way as to merit particular acknowledgment. The award was conferred upon Ian by L-r: Robin Graham, Ian Graham, Chancellor Gert Rosenthal, and Anatolio López at the award Chancellor Gert Rosenthal, the minis- ceremony. Photo courtesy of the Guatemalan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Office. Photo by Lucia ter of foreign affairs, at a ceremony Henderson organized by Ian’s long-time friend and benefactor, Douglas Pilling of found the mysterious, block-like Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions had Guatemala. Ian was accompanied by designs that accompanied the scenes become a permanent project within his brother Robin Graham of on these sculptures particularly inter- the Peabody Museum. England, Anatolio López, his long- esting. Discovering that these symbols For over 40 years, Ian has worked time field assistant, of Guatemala, represented an as yet undeciphered to preserve Maya hieroglyphic inscrip- and Lucia Henderson (Harvard ’01) writing system, Ian decided there was tions, often under the most trying CMHI associate. a need to draw and disseminate accu- conditions. Because of his careful Ian was born in Campsey Ash, rate reproductions to scholars so they recording of Maya inscriptions, his England in 1923. In 1942 he began might have a better chance at deci- high standards for accuracy, and his studies in physics at Trinity College, pherment. emphasis on the distribution of his Cambridge, leaving in 1943 to join the During the 1960s, Ian roamed drawings, Ian is often credited with Royal Navy. After the War, he returned Central America and Mexico, map- making the decipherment of the Maya to his studies at Trinity College, ping sites and drawing and photo- hieroglyphic system possible. Dublin, earning his bachelor’s degree graphing their monuments. In 1964, Ian has worked in Belize, Mexico, in 1951 and spending the next years as he began work with Gordon Willey and Guatemala, and has been a guid- a professional photographer. of the Peabody Museum, mapping the ing force in the protection and preser- When asked how he became inter- site of Seibal, Guatemala. In 1968, sev- vation of sites and monuments across ested in the Maya culture, Ian usually eral distinguished leaders in the field, the Maya region. To date, the CMHI responds, “It all started with a love Dr. Ignacio Bernal, Mr. Stanton L. has produced eighteen volumes. In affair with a remarkable 1927 Rolls Catlin, Dr. Michael D. Coe, Dr. 2005, Ian retired from the project, Royce.” After purchasing this Rolls Gordon F. Ekholm, Dr. Luis Luján which continues under the direction Royce in England, Ian shipped it to Muñoz, Dr. Floyd Lounsbury, Ms. of Barbara Fash. the United States in 1958, planning to Tatiana Proskouriakoff, Dr. Gordon R. Awarded a MacArthur Foundation sell it in California, where the weather Willey, and Dr. Stephen Williams “genius grant” in 1981 and an hon- was deemed more favorable for Rolls enlisted Ian to initiate a five-year pilot orary doctorate from Tulane Univer- Royce convertibles. Luckily for Maya project to record the inscriptions of sity in 1998, Ian considers the Orden archaeology, on his way through the ancient Maya. The project received del Quetzal the greatest honor he has Texas, Ian took a detour into Mexico. the support of Edgar H.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Newsletternewsletter Volume 1 ■ Number 41 ■ Decemberapril 2003 2003
    newsletternewsletter Volume 1 ■ Number 41 ■ DecemberApril 2003 2003 Welcome In this Issue FEATURES Dear Colleagues, Scholarly Publishing: 12 Observations on the In the transition from the print to the electronic world, technology has Current Situation and Challenges for descended upon the library like a tsunami. Librarians have labored long the Future ..............................................................2-3 and hard to create and be steered by a clear sense of mission in this new age, rather than simply being swept along by the technological wave. Library Vision of the Future: University of Rochester Libraries — There have been enormous challenges in understanding the potential of Geoff Adams the new technology and how to harness it to a needs-driven environment. Focusing on Users, Hiding Technology ............4 Fundamental questions have even been raised about the very value of traditional libraries in this The Future of Librarianship: A View From a new environment, and librarians continue to wrestle with what their future role in the scientific and School of Library and Information Science ......5-6 academic communities will be. Libraries Look to the Future: As a member of these communities Elsevier is equally affected. This highly dynamic environment Place and Space, Physical and Virtual, presents both great challenges and great opportunities. In the course of the last few years we have Where are Libraries Headed? ................................7 seen production, pricing and packaging models from the print journal world change out of all recognition to accommodate the needs of the new digital environment. We have seen the emergence of e-publishing CENTER OF ATTENTION environments such as PUBMED, JSTOR, and most recently the Open Access movement.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rulers of Palenque a Beginner’S Guide
    The Rulers of Palenque A Beginner’s Guide By Joel Skidmore With illustrations by Merle Greene Robertson Citation: 2008 The Rulers of Palenque: A Beginner’s Guide. Third edition. Mesoweb: www. mesoweb.com/palenque/resources/rulers/PalenqueRulers-03.pdf. Publication history: The first edition of this work, in html format, was published in 2000. The second was published in 2007, when the revised edition of Martin and Grube’s Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens was still in press, and this third conforms to the final publica- tion (Martin and Grube 2008). To check for a more recent edition, see: www.mesoweb.com/palenque/resources/rulers/rulers.html. Copyright notice: All drawings by Merle Greene Robertson unless otherwise noted. Mesoweb Publications The Rulers of Palenque INTRODUCTION The unsung pioneer in the study of Palenque’s dynastic history is Heinrich Berlin, who in three seminal studies (Berlin 1959, 1965, 1968) provided the essential outline of the dynasty and explicitly identified the name glyphs and likely accession dates of the major Early and Late Classic rulers (Stuart 2005:148-149). More prominent and well deserved credit has gone to Linda Schele and Peter Mathews (1974), who summarized the rulers of Palenque’s Late Classic and gave them working names in Ch’ol Mayan (Stuart 2005:149). The present work is partly based on the transcript by Phil Wanyerka of a hieroglyphic workshop presented by Schele and Mathews at the 1993 Maya Meet- ings at Texas (Schele and Mathews 1993). Essential recourse has also been made to the insights and decipherments of David Stuart, who made his first Palenque Round Table presentation in 1978 at the age of twelve (Stuart 1979) and has recently advanced our understanding of Palenque and its rulers immeasurably (Stuart 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • 5455 Wilshire Blvd, #806 . Los Angeles, CA
    September 1, 2016 Erik Engstrom CEO, RELX Group 1-3 Strand London, WC2N 5JR, UK RE: ME/CFS coverage in your publication, The Lancet Dear Mr. Engstrom, On behalf of the Solve ME/CFS Initiative and as a patient with Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), commonly known as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), I am writing to bring your attention to a matter of vital importance to the ME/CFS community, the PACE Trials and your publication, The Lancet. I am writing to ask that you continue the good name and reputation of The Lancet within the ME/CFS scientific community by facilitating an open discussion of the PACE trials and committing to publish an independent review of the trial data now that a First- Tier Tribunal has ordered the data to be released. As you may know, ME/CFS is a complex, neuro-immune disease with no known cause, treatment, diagnostic tool, nor cure. It is estimated that up to 20 million people worldwide are stricken with ME/CFS from ages 10 to 80 of any race, gender, or socio- economic class and this disease leaves its patients with lower quality of life scores than lung cancer, stroke, and rheumatoid arthritis. (Source: Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness IOM 2015 And, The Health- Related Quality of Life for Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. PLoS One. 2015; 10(7): e0132421.Published online 2015 Jul 6.) The PACE Trials concluded, in contrast to over 4,000 other scientific publications, that this disease was psychological in nature. The Pace Trial evaluated a series of treatments which it claimed was successful in helping patients with ME/CFS.
    [Show full text]
  • Information for Authors
    Information for Authors The Lancet is an international general medical journal that will consider any original contribution that advances or illuminates medical science or practice, or that educates or entertains the journal’s readers. Whatever you have written, remember that it is the general reader whom you are trying to reach. One way to find out if you have succeeded is to show your draft to colleagues in other specialties. If they do not understand, neither, very probably, will The Lancet’s staff or readers. Manuscripts must be solely the work of the author(s) stated, must not have been previously published elsewhere, and must not be under consideration by another journal. For randomised controlled trials or research papers judged to warrant fast dissemination, The Lancet will publish a peer-reviewed manuscript within 4 weeks of receipt (see Swift+ and Fast-track publication). If you wish to discuss your proposed fast-track submission with an editor, please call one of the editorial offices in London (+44 [0] 20 7424 4950), New York (+1 212 633 3667), or Beijing (+86 10 852 08872). The Lancet is a signatory journal to the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Recommendations for the Medical Journals, issued by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE Recommendations), and to the Committee Conduct, Reporting, Editing, on Publication Ethics (COPE) code of conduct for editors. We follow COPE’s guidelines. and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals http://www.icmje.org If your question is not addressed on these pages then the journal’s editorial staff in London (+44 [0] 20 7424 4950), New York (+1 212 633 3810), or Beijing (+86 10 852 08872) will be pleased to help (email [email protected]).
    [Show full text]
  • Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya. A
    those who commissioned the works. Many have inscribed dates calcu­ lated accord ing to the Long Count, a way of marki ng historical time that scholarsfirst identified in the 1960s. One carved limestone hiero­ glyphic inscription on a lintel from Yaxchilan includes a date that is equivalent to Feb. 11,526, when K'inich Tatb'u Skull II,a ruler of this northern Guatemalan city-state, ascended to the throne. The Long Count began on a specific day in the year 3114 B.C., when, the Maya believed, their gods extracted blood from themselves and mi xed it with cornmeal to make humans. K'inich Tatb'u Skull II and other lords had Long Co unt dates carved on public wo rks both to locate themselves within historical time and to place themselves amo ng the gods, heroes and supernatural entities who had initiated and contin­ ued to perpetuate humanity. The text of this inscription is meticulously carved in so-called "full­ figure" form s ofanimalsand human faces, rather than the more frag­ mented shorthand of most Maya hieroglyphics. It reveals the essen­ tially hybrid and multivalent nature of Maya writing, filled with Three eccentric fl ints, Centro Regional, Copan, Honduras, ca. 755 A.D., combinations of animate and inanimate elements that stand for (left to right) J2 '/" 13 '/, and 10%inches high. Institu te Hondureiio de Antropologia e His toria, Tegucigalpa. sound, word or symbol [see sidebarJ. Just as Maya inscriptions can be intricately visual, so can visual representations be calligraphic, as in a number of so-called "eccen­ competitive ly pressuring each other to attain ever higher levels of tric" flints on view.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Reports and Financial Statements 2014 Statements Financial and Reports Annual
    Annual Reports and Financial Statements 2014 Annual Reports and Financial Statements www.relxgroup.com 2014 21654 Reed AR 2014 Cover Outer and Inner.indd 1-3 05/03/2015 18:52 RELX Group is a world-leading provider of information solutions for professional customers Credits across industries. Designed and produced by We help scientists make new discoveries, lawyers mslgroup.com Board photography by win cases, doctors save lives, and executives forge Douglas Fry, Piranha Photography Printed by commercial relationships with their clients. We help Pureprint Group, ISO14001, FSC® certified and CarbonNeutral® The 2014 Annual Reports and Financial Statements is printed insurance groups offer customers lower prices using paper containing a minimum of 75% recycled content, of which 100% is de-inked post-consumer waste. All of the pulp by assessing risk better, and save taxpayers and is bleached using an elemental chlorine free process (ECF). Printed in the UK by Pureprint using their environmental printing technology; vegetable inks were used throughout. Pureprint is a consumers money by enabling governments and CarbonNeutral® company. Both manufacturing mill and printer are ISO14001 registered and are Forest Stewardship Council® financial groups to detect fraud. (FSC) chain-of-custody certified. RELX Group is owned by two parent companies: Reed Elsevier PLC is the London Stock Exchange listed vehicle for holding shares in RELX Group. Shareholders in Reed Elsevier PLC own a 52.9% economic interest in the Group. Reed Elsevier NV is the Amsterdam Stock Exchange listed vehicle for holding shares in RELX Group. External shareholders in Reed Elsevier NV own a 47.1% economic interest in the Group.
    [Show full text]
  • Wayeb Notes No. 37
    f No. 37, 2011 WAYEB NOTES ISSN 1379-8286 A LOOK AT THE ENIGMATIC "GI TITLE" ASSOCIATED WITH THE MAYA WOMEN Boguchwała Tuszyńska Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland Many different titles used by the ancient Maya kings and nobles still remain poorly understood. Even if epigraphers are able to transliterate and transcribe some of them, their exact meaning and significance is not clear to us. It seems still more complicated in the case of titles that have not been fully deciphered, though at times it is possible to establish for what reason a specific title was held by a specific person. Such is the case with the so-called “vase title” (Proskouriakoff 1961). Even without an exact reading we know that this title was associated with Goddess O and was used by the Maya to designate married women, able to give birth (Colas 2004: xxiii). In the case of Maya women we have another enigmatic “godly title” found only in a few Classic period texts, known as the “GI title”. The title consists of three signs: 1) the undeciphered sign T217d, 2) the logogram T4 NAH and 3) the glyph representing the head of GI. The title is found in a few Early Classic texts (Boot 2001, Stuart 2005: 121) and Linda Schele considered it one of the name phrases of GI (Schele 1994). There are some glyphic variations of the title (Figure 1). The “hand” sign and the glyph NAH are sometimes accompanied only by the so-called “dotted” ajaw. In another example the “hand” sign and the logogram NAH are accompanied by the ajaw sign and the head of GI, and finally we have the “hand” sign attached to the logogram NAH and the head of GI.
    [Show full text]
  • National Citation Patterns of NEJM, the Lancet, JAMA and the BMJ in the Lay Press: a Quantitative Content Analysis
    Open Access Research BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018705 on 12 November 2017. Downloaded from National citation patterns of NEJM, The Lancet, JAMA and The BMJ in the lay press: a quantitative content analysis Gonzalo Casino,1 Roser Rius,2 Erik Cobo2 To cite: Casino G, Rius R, ABSTRACT Strengths and limitations of this study Cobo E. National citation Objectives To analyse the total number of newspaper patterns of NEJM, The Lancet, articles citing the four leading general medical journals ► This is the first study that analyses the citations of JAMA and The BMJ in the and to describe national citation patterns. lay press: a quantitative the four leading general medical journals in the lay Design Quantitative content analysis. content analysis. BMJ Open press. Setting/sample Full text of 22 general newspapers in 2017;0:e018705. doi:10.1136/ ► This study shows the existence of a national factor 14 countries over the period 2008–2015, collected from bmjopen-2017-018705 in science communication that needs to be further LexisNexis. The 14 countries have been categorised into monitored and analysed. ► Prepublication history for four regions: the USA, the UK, Western World (European ► Citation and correspondence analyses offer a new this paper is available online. countries other than the UK, and Australia, New Zealand To view these files, please visit way to quantify and monitor the media impact of and Canada) and Rest of the World (other countries). the journal online (http:// dx. doi. scientific journals. Main outcome measure Press citations of four medical org/ 10. 1136/ bmjopen- 2017- ► This study is observational and descriptive; thus, it journals (two American: NEJM and JAMA; and two British: 018705).
    [Show full text]
  • A Heretofore Unknown Monument of Tonina,Chiapas
    "Off with his head!" A Heretofore Unknown Monument of Tonina, Chiapas Nielsen, Jesper; Helmke, Christophe; Stuart, David ; Sánchez Gamboa, Ángel Published in: The P A R I Journal Publication date: 2019 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: Unspecified Citation for published version (APA): Nielsen, J., Helmke, C., Stuart, D., & Sánchez Gamboa, Á. (2019). "Off with his head!": A Heretofore Unknown Monument of Tonina, Chiapas. The P A R I Journal, 20(1), 1-14. Download date: 27. sep.. 2021 ThePARIJournal A quarterly publication of the Ancient Cultures Institute Volume XX, No. 1, Summer 2019 “Off with his head!”A Heretofore In This Issue: Unknown Monument of Tonina,Chiapas JESPER NIELSEN “Off With His University of Copenhagen Head!” A Heretofore Unknown CHRISTOPHE HELMKE University of Copenhagen Monument of Tonina, Chiapas DAVID STUART University of Texas at Austin by Jesper Nielsen, ÁNGEL A. SÁNCHEZ GAMBOA Christophe Helmke, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia David Stuart, and Ángel A. Sánchez In 2013, the Institute for Cross-Cultural Gamboa and Regional Studies at the University of PAGES 1-14 Copenhagen moved from its earlier loca- tion to become part of a large new campus • for the entire Faculty of Humanities on Arild Hvidtfeldt’s the island of Amager in the southern Contribution to part of Copenhagen. As part of the mov- Mesoamerican ing process, various archives containing Studies personal papers, photos, slides, and pub- by lications pertaining to the Department Jesper Nielsen of American Indian Languages and Cultures and its former employees were PAGES 15-16 reorganized.
    [Show full text]
  • Codex-Style Fragments from Structure XX, Calakmul
    Codex-style fragments from Structure XX, Calakmul by Kai Delvendahl During excavations in 2001 and 2003 by the Proyecto Arqueológico Calakmul (PAC) under the general direction of Ramón Carrasco Vargas, a so-called 'trash deposit' was uncovered on the south side of Structure XX of Calakmul, consisting of more than fifteen thousand ceramic fragments (Fig. 1). Structure XX, located on the western extreme of the Plaza de los Prisioneros of the Grand Acropolis or ‘West Group’, was during much of the Late Classic probably the main entrance to the largest palace complex in the Maya Lowlands, the Grand Acropolis Group. This palace complex measures roughly 336 m north-south by 344 m east-west and consists of 17 courtyards, surrounded by an estimated 80 buildings. The deposit was associated with the latest floor of a relatively small courtyard immediately behind Structure XX, some 1.6 m underneath actual soil surface. During the building’s use as an entrance to the Grand Acropolis Group at least from the early Late Classic onwards, the courtyard behind Structure XX might have functioned as a point of dispersion, granting relatively easy access to several of the other 16 courtyards of the palace complex (Delvendahl 2002, 2003, 2005, 2008). Of course, the location close to the only entrance to the palace group and the fact that almost no other material (such as conch, obsidian, carbon, etc.) was found, makes the term 'trash' dubious. However, around 95% of the ceramics were of domestic kind, especially of 'Ciricote Compuesto'-type, large bowls with wide necks used for storage, which were so popular in Calakmul that the same type was used all through the Early and Late Classic.
    [Show full text]
  • Government Policy for the Procurement of Food from Local Family Farming in Brazilian Public Institutions
    foods Article Government Policy for the Procurement of Food from Local Family Farming in Brazilian Public Institutions Panmela Soares 1 , Suellen Secchi Martinelli 2, Mari Carmen Davó-Blanes 3,* , Rafaela Karen Fabri 4, Vicente Clemente-Gómez 5 and Suzi Barletto Cavalli 1 1 Nutrition Post-Graduation Programme, Nutrition Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (S.B.C.) 2 Nutrition Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; [email protected] 3 Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain 4 Observatory of Studies on Healthy and Sustainable Food, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; [email protected] 5 Public Health Research Group, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This study aims to explore and compare Brazilian public institutional food services’ char- acteristics concerning the implementation of the government policy for the procurement of food from family farming (FF) and the opinions of food service managers on the benefits and difficulties of its implementation. We conducted a cross-sectional study employing an online questionnaire. Citation: Soares, P.; Martinelli, S.S.; The results were stratified by purchase. The Chi-square and Fisher’s Exact tests were applied. Five Davó-Blanes, M.C.; Fabri, R.K.; hundred forty-one food services’ managers participated in the study. Most claimed to buy food from Clemente-Gómez, V.; Cavalli, S.B. FF, and this acquisition was more frequent among those working in institutions of municipalities Government Policy for the <50,000 inhabitants, and educational and self-managed institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Epigraphic Interpretations of the Maya Snake Emblem Glyph
    ALTERNATIVE EPIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATIONS OF THE MAYA SNAKE EMBLEM GLYPH by CHRISTOPHER T. SAVAGE B.S. University of Central Florida, 1994 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Interdisciplinary Studies in the Office of the Vice Provost at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2007 ABSTRACT This thesis seeks to demonstrate that the Maya snake emblem glyph is associated with religious specialists, instead of geographic locations, as emblem glyphs are typically understood to be. The inscriptions and the media on which the snake emblem glyph occurs will be analyzed to determine the role or function of the “Lord of the Snake.” Temporal and spatial data has also been collected to aid in understanding the enigmatic glyph. The snake emblem glyph has recently been identified as originating from a broad area containing the sites of El Perú and La Corona in Guatemala, and Dzibanche, Mexico, a departure from the longstanding choice of Calakmul, Mexico. Unprovenanced snake emblem glyph texts have been cataloged under a “Site Q” designation („Q‟ for the Spanish word Que, meaning “which”) by Peter Mathews. Site Q is thus not securely identified geographically, which confounds efforts to designate a particular site as the snake emblem glyph site. Other problems with the snake emblem glyph, such as its geographically wide dispersal, hint that it is not a title of a particular city or region. Yet another problem is “a proper fit” between the individuals listed on unprovenanced material and individuals named at sites associated with the snake emblem glyph.
    [Show full text]