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Estonia Republic of Estonia

Estonia Republic of Estonia

Toponymic Guidelines for Map and Other Editors

Estonia Republic of

Area: 45,227 km2 Toponymic Guidelines Population: 1 294 236 Capital: for Map and Other Editors – *Statistical Office of Estonia, 2012 Estonia

Compiled by Peeter Päll, Institute of the

Published by the Ministry of the Interior, Republic of Estonia, 2012 Fourth edition, 2012 Contents:

1. Languages 1.1 remarks 1.2 National language - Estonian 1.2.1 The alphabet 1.2.2 Spelling rules for the Estonian geographical names 1.2.2.1 Capitalization 1.2.2.2 Use of hyphens 1.2.2.3 Use of one or two words 1.2.3 Pronunciation of Estonian geographical names 1.2.4 Linguistic strata recognizable in Estonian place names 1.2.5 Estonian 1.3 Place names in minority languages 1.3.1 Swedish 1.3.2 Russian

2. Names authorities and names standardization

3. Source materials 3.1 Maps 3.2 Databases and gazetteers

4. Glossary of appellatives, adjectives and other words necessary for the understanding of maps

5. Abbreviations used in maps

Annex: Administrative division of Estonia 1 LANGUAGES 1.2.1 The alphabet A a H h O o ž* ö 1.1 General remarks B b I i P p T t Ü ü (C c) J j ( q) U u (X x) The official language of the Republic of Estonia (in Estonian: Eesti D d K k R r V v (Y y) Vabariik, short form: Eesti) is Estonian. The language is spoken E e L l S s (W w) in Estonia by about 890,000 or 68.7% of the population F f* M m š* Õ õ (preliminary results from census 2012). In 1945 the percentage G g N n Z z* Ä ä of Estonians was 97.3. Historical territorial minorities are The letters shown in parentheses appear only in names of foreign and (see 1.3). Many people have immigrated into origin. w was used in older instead of v and it still Estonia since 1940; they have mainly settled in the big industrial appears in some family names. In alphabetic ordering w is often of the North-East and the capital Tallinn. According to the regarded as variant of v and names with these letters are grouped last census in 2000 there were 346,000 (25.7%) Russians, 28,000 together. The letters indicated by an asterisk (*) represent sounds (2.1%) , 16,000 (1.2%) Byelorussians, 11,000 (0.8%) that appear in recent loanwords only. . The vowels õ, ä, ö and ü represent independent sounds and The provides that in the where should be distinguished from the vowels o, a and u. Due to the majority of the population are non-Estonians, official technical problems the letter õ (‘o with tilde’) may in some older documentation may also be in the language of the majority. typewritten or printed texts appear as ô, ó, ò or even ö, but in Place names in actual usage have been only monolingual (in correct usage this must be avoided. Estonian, with some exceptions) since the 1920s. In recent maps on South-East Estonia (Võrumaa), the acute accent (´) is used after some consonants to denote 1.2 National language – Estonian their palatalization, e.g. Kol´o, Mar´amäe. Though this is not considered to be part of normal orthography, this sign has been Estonian is a Finno-Ugrian language using the Roman alphabet. accepted as essential in writing local names.

1.2.2 Spelling rules for the Estonian geographical names

1.2.2.1 Capitalization

Place names always begin with a capital letter. If the generic term is written as a separate word, it begins with a small letter: Tallinna laht, Pärnu jõgi, saar. If the name consists of more than

4 5 one word, all words except for the generic term are written with A. As a rule, the specific part of the name and the generic term a capital initial: Taani Kuninga aed, Väike Munamägi. are written as one word: Emajõgi, Munamägi, Põhjalaht, Lasnamägi, Loodeots, Pelgurand, Mõisaküla, Rannavärav, 1.2.2.2 Use of hyphens Suveaed, Rohukabjasoo, Tähigenotsumägi, Loodekarjamaa (generic terms underlined). Exceptions to the rule are The hyphen is used: listed below (rules B-E). B. In elliptical names, where the name can be used with or (a) if the name is preceded by a qualifying word, like Suur(e)- without the generic term in the same meaning, the ge- ‘G r e a t ’, Vana- ‘Old’, Põhja- ‘Northern’, Ala- ‘Lower’, etc., neric term is written as a separate word: Peipsi järv (=Pei- incl. the name of a wider locality used to distinguish a psi), linn (=Tartu), Aakre küla (=Aakre), Räpina alev too frequent name: Vana-Võidu, Vastse-Roosa, Põhja- (=Räpina), mõis (=Surju), Kihnu saar (=Kihnu). Tartumaa, Suur-Patarei, -Suurtüki, Iru-Lepiku. C. In names of streets, squares and other features the Exceptionally, the hyphen is not used, if the qualifying generic term is written as a separate word: Harju tänav, word is an adjective that can be declined: Suur Munamägi Vabaduse väljak, Estonia puiestee, Lossi plats, Suitsu põik, (Adessive: Suurel Munamäel). Usually the second part of Järve tee. (There are a few exceptions, like Keskväljak, where those names is a compound word containing a generic the first part cannot be used as an independent word.) term (here: -mägi); D. If the specific part is a declinable adjective, it is written (b) if the name is a copulative compound name (like separately: Suur väin (Inessive: Suures väinas), Väike -, Baden-Württemberg, etc.): - Emajõgi (Adessive: Väikesel Emajõel), Vaikne järv (Adessive: Järve, -Nuia, Abja-Paluoja. Vaiksel järvel). In Estonian place names, however, adjectives often combine with the appellatives as compound names: Valgjärv, Suurjärv, Vanaküla, Uuemõisa, Kõverlaid. 1.2.2.3 Use of one or two words E. The generic term is also written separately, if the place name is a clear secondary name, i.e. arises from another Characteristic of Estonian place names is the abundance of ellip- geographical name: Tallinna laht (← name Tallinn), tical names. Most of the names of populated places and several Endla järv (← village name Endla), Kihnu väin (← of other place names are elliptical, i.e. they usually appear without Kihnu). a generic term. The generic term is used if confusion may arise, e.g. in official sources. In genuine Estonian elliptical names the nominative form coincides with the genitive form and the names end with a vowel (-a, -e, -i, -o, -u, exceptional vowels see 1.2.5).

6 7 1.2.3 Pronunciation of Estonian geographical names F. Vowel letter sequences denote diphthongs and the vowels in diphthongs are pronounced the same way as they would be pronounced separately. The following diphthongs are The main stress in Estonian place names is invariably on the first in Estonian: ae, ai, ao, au, ea, ei, eo, iu, oa, oe, oi, ou, ui, õa, syllable. A weaker secondary stress may occur on the second, õe, õi, õo, õu, äe, äi, äo, äu, öa, öe, öi, üi. third or fourth syllable of a word, unless it is a short final syllable. G. As a rule, the vowels õ, ä, ö, ü and o (except in the southern The pronunciation of Estonian is regular. The following notes dialects), long vowels and most diphthongs appear only in are, however, important for the pronunciation of Estonian names. the first syllable of a non-compound word. If they appear in other syllables, they signify that the word is compound.

A. n before g and k is pronounced [ŋ]: [ ], ˈɑŋ.ger.jɑ The following table gives an idea about the relationship between [ ]. ˈkuŋk.ˌsil.lɑ letters and sounds in Estonian. The letters in parentheses are B. b, d, g, s are pronounced voiceless or, between vowels, as used only in loanwords. half-voiced, weakened tenues. In genuine Estonian names

b, d, g are not used in an initial position. Pronunciation Pronunciation Pronunciation Spelling Spelling Spelling C. With sounds l, n, s, t weak palatalization may occur which IPA alphabet IPA alphabet IPA alphabet is not reflected in the orthography: Kantküla [ˈkɑnjt.ˌky. a l l,lj t t, tt, tj, tjt lɑ]. Palatalization is almost regular in consonant clusters aa m m u u j preceding i or j: Väljaküla [ˈvælj.jɑ.ˌky.lɑ], Kõltsi [ˈkɤljt.si]. b p, o n n, n uu u j o In clusters only the first consonant is palatalized. d t, oo, ng v v D. Vowel and consonant lengths are significant. Long e e nk k, kk õ consonants and vowels are represented by double letters: ee e o o õõ (f) f oo o ä æ [ ], Pööraküla [ ], Kõnnu o ˈsɑː.re.ˌmɑː ˈpøː.rɑ.ˌky.lɑ g pk, p, pp ää æ [ ], Tallinn [ j ]. ˈkɤn.nu ˈtɑl .ˌlinː h h r r ö ø E. Long stressed syllables in Estonian can have either light j j i i s s, s , oo, öö ø or heavy accent which in most cases is not reflected in the ii i (š) ü y orthography. In the case of simple sound sequences the j j (z) s, o üü y , yi

o light accent corresponds to long and the heavy accent to k k, kk (ž) , overlong vowels or consonants, e.g. Kääniku [ˈkæː.nik.ku] - light accent or long [æː], [ˈvæːˑ.nɑ] - heavy accent 1.2.4 Linguistic strata recognizable in Estonian place names or overlong [æːˑ]. No regular rules can be given to identify A. Names of Swedish origin are found, apart from the main correct accent from spelling, but usually names will be Swedish-populated territories, in the coastal of North understood even if pronounced with an incorrect accent. Estonia, in the western county of Läänemaa, the of and Saaremaa. 8 9 B. For centuries German was the language of the nobility and many places had, besides Estonian names, distinct A. Vowel harmony is being preserved; in non-compound German or Germanized variants. The names of German names only front vowels (ä, e, ö, ü) or back vowels (a, õ, o, u) origin in Estonian usage (e.g. , Vardi, ) may occur, e.g. Härmä {Standard Estonian: Härma}, Sepä usually proceed from the names of country estates, {Sepa}, Söödä {Sööda}, Mürgü {Mürgi}, Tammõ {Tamme}, landlords’ family names etc. and they appear throughout , Põrstõ {Põrste}, ; i is neutral, occurring in Estonia. Those names are often significantly adapted, e.g. both environments (Silla, Niidü {}). Vowel harmony Stackelberg → . is not complete, however; o occurs in words with front vowels instead of ö (Käätso, ), also, syllables he, gu, C. In the areas bordering with and names of ku may appear in words with front vowels. Russian or Latvian origin are encountered respectively. B. Raised heavy-accent long vowels ee, oo, öö are written ii, uu, üü: Tiidlä {}, Suuveere {Sooveere}, Tüütsmanni 1.2.5 Estonian dialects {Töötsmanni}. C. Affricate ds is used instead of ts in certain syllables: The Estonian dialects are usually divided into three groups: Madsa, Nedsäjä. the northern dialects, the southern dialects and the north-east D. Palatalization is marked with an acute accent: Mar´a coastal . They differ in phonology, morphology and lexis, {Marja}, Kar´a {}, Ton´a {Tonja}, Hul´aku {}, esp. the southern dialects from the others. The literary language Kol´o {Kolo}. is based mainly on the central dialect of the northern group. E. Local generic terms are used, if the specific part and Local dialects are reflected to a certain extent in normalized generic term are written as one word: Kirbumõts (cf. place names. Dialectal features are preserved mainly in names Väherü mets), Põdrasuu (cf. Ragandi soo). containing local dialect words. Names of minor places tend to Not all local features are preserved, however, e.g. the reflect more local colour than those with an established literary raised back vowel [ ] is written as õ (Nõnova, Võõlastõ); tradition. In writing place names the guiding principle has been ɨ also, laryngeal stop [ ] (q in Võru local orthography) at that names are spelled as far as possible according to their actual ʔ the end of names (rarely occurring in older recordings) is local pronunciation. neither reflected (, Määsi). Since 1995 a more favourable attitude towards dialectal features in place names has been adopted. On the Basic Map series of 1 : 20,000 the names of Võrumaa have been written close to their 1.3 Place names in minority languages local usage. The main differences from Standard Estonian are the following: The new Place Names Act (see section 2) states (Articles 9 and 11) that place names of Estonia’s historical minorities shall be entitled to official approval and use on maps, road signs, etc. In certain cases two parallel names are allowed, one in the language of the local majority, the other in the language of the local

10 11 minority. Linguistic situation prior to 1939 will be (Сыренец/Syrenec), Alajõe (Олешницы/Olešnicy), taken into account when deciding the priority of local languages. (Кольки/Kol’ki), (Воронья/Voron’ja), Piiri (on , Межа/Meža), (Березье/Berez’e). Russian uses 1.3.1 Swedish the Cyrillic alphabet. Russian place names are written in Estonian texts according to a transcription table using the letters from the Swedish, a Germanic language that belongs to the Indo-European Estonian alphabet proper, e.g. Smolnitsa (cf. Russian Смольница/ family, used to be spoken before War II by some 8,000 Smol’nica). If approved officially, they may be accompanied by people on the north- coast of Estonia (the islands of , romanization according to the 1987 UN romanization system, to , Pakri, and , Noarootsi Peninsula). record the original Cyrillic spelling. Most of the Swedes were forced to emigrate to in 1944, Since 1940, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, large numbers at present there are only a few hundred persons able to speak of people have immigrated into Estonia from parts of the Soviet Swedish. These areas have now been resettled mainly by Estonians. Union. Their lingua franca usually is Russian and they make up The place names in Vormsi (Swedish: Ormsö), Ruhnu (Runö), the vast majority of the present-day non-Estonian population. Osmussaar (Odensholm), Pakri (Rågö) and (Rickul) are They have mainly settled in the big industrial cities of the North- mostly Swedish while in Noarootsi (Nuckö), Risti (Kors) and East (, Sillamäe, Kohtla-Järve, Jõhvi), the capital Tallinn Naissaar (Nargö) the toponymy is mixed. The standardization of and the town and peninsula of . These processes have local names has posed problems because of the archaic nature had very little influence on local toponymy. of the Swedish dialects spoken in Estonia. Initial approach has been to keep to the traditional (standard) spellings for names of populated places (e.g. in Vormsi Norrby, Borrby, Rälby, Saxby) while those of natural features would be represented in a form closer to the local pronunciation: Austurgrunne {Standard Swedish: Östergrundet}, Västurvike {Västerviken}, Håubjärre {Högberget}, Äustrnäse {Östernäset}.

1.3.2 Russian

Russian, a Slavonic language, is spoken as a by the descendants of Old Orthodox believers on the north and west coast of Lake Peipsi, also by New Orthodox Russians in some border areas with Russia. Villages inhabited mainly by Russians include Permisküla (in Russian Cyrillic and in the 1987 UN romanization system: Верхнее Село/Verhnee Selo),

12 13 2 NAMES AUTHORITIES AND National Place Names Register will collect and record all official place names, making the data available online (Art. 17–19). NAMES STANDARDIZATION The Place Names Board is formed (Art. 20–22) to advise the Minister of Regional Affairs and other names authorities in name Basic principles in the standardization of Estonia’s geographical matters. The Board may also approve, by a resolution, official names are laid down in the Place Names Act, originally adopted place names for features that do not have official names yet, in on December 11, 1996 and subsequently revised on 5, the interests of cartography, etc. 2003. Based on some of the earlier legal acts this Act incorporates Articles of the Act also deal with the use of place names in texts all the main rules of names standardization. Short summary of and signs, (Art. 14), the use of non-official place names (Art. 15), the Act is as follows. etc. Article 5 determines the competence in establishing place ThePlace Names Board of Estonia (kohanimenõukogu, address: names. The Government is responsible for naming administrative Pikk 61, 15065 Tallinn; http://www.eki.ee/knn/), formed on 17 units. Naming populated places is, according to the latest June 1997 and succeeding the former Governmental Place Names version of the Territory of Estonia Administrative Division Committee, is the main advisory and coordinating body of the Act, the prerogative of the Minister of Regional Affairs. The place names standardization activities in Estonia. The Board is names of rural and city districts, streets and other advising the Minister of Regional Affairs. The Board consists of features located in the territory of one are representatives of various ministries as well as name experts from established by the local government authorities. Names for cross- scientific institutions, publishing companies, etc. The Board’s municipality features and water area features are established by statements are required before various name decisions are made the Government or a minister. and it has also a statutory right to approve certain official place Various requirements are to be followed in approving names. geographical names: publicity of naming procedures (Art. 6), The Institute of the Estonian Language (Eesti Keele Instituut, giving reasons for changing names (Art. 7), etc. The place names address: Roosikrantsi 6, 10119 Tallinn; http://www.eki.ee) is the of Estonia are in the Estonian language but exceptions may be Office for Onomastic Expertise being one of the main research allowed that are historically or culturally justified (Art. 9, see centres for names in Estonia. The basis of the onomastic also 1.3). The spelling of Estonian place names will comply with research and the treatment of names is field research which the rules for the Estonian orthography but may reflect the local has been conducted since the 1920s. As a result, a total of (dialectal) sound structure (Art. 10). The spelling of one and the 540,000 commented entries have been included in the place same specific part of a name will be harmonized. In certain cases names archives. The collections are arranged according to the parallel official names are allowed, either with Estonian and ecclesiastical parishes that have been the most significant and non-Estonian name variants or double Estonian names (Art. stable territorial units in Estonia throughout history. In addition, 11). Names with long-standing local usage and wide distribution there is a general card index listing all the collected place names as well as those with more historical and cultural value shall be in with references to the parishes where preferred in approving new official names (Art. 13).

14 15 they occur. Efforts are made to continue the field investigation 3 SOURCE MATERIALS of names. Apart from the collection, a computerized database KNAB (presently ca 44,000 records on Estonia) has been formed 3.1 Maps which contains mostly names from official sources, older maps, etc. The production of official maps of Estonia is maintained by The Võru Institute (Võru Instituut / Võro Instituut´, address: the Estonian Land Board (Maa-amet, address: Mustamäe tee Tartu 48, 65609 Võru; http://www.wi.ee) has been active in 51, 10621 Tallinn; http://www.maaamet.ee). Since 2007 all the collecting place names of South-East Estonia (Võrumaa) and main cartographic programmes have been centralized into the standardizing the Võru-based local form of the names. It also Estonian National Topographic Database (Eesti topograafiline participates in the national mapping programme by providing andmekogu, ETAK) that will serve as a core for producing all the names for the Estonian National Topographic Database. A maps in different scales (incl. the Basic Map, 1:10,000 digitally, computerized database of the toponyms of the historical county and 1:20,000 in printed form). Toponyms in printed maps are of Võrumaa AVKA is being compiled. usually carefully revised and more numerous than in the digital version, they can be considered as the most authoritative source for geographical names. Extensive map data is available through the of the Estonian Land Board (http://geoportaal.maaamet.ee/eng/) that has several public map applications, including the Basic Map, address data map, place names register map, cadastral map, and historical maps starting from the beginning of the 20th century. The maps can be queried using geographical names, the interface is bilingual Estonian-English. WMS service is also provided. All the spatial data on Estonia will be found in the newly opened Estonian National Geoportal (http://inspire.maaamet.ee/) that corresponds to the requirements of the INSPIRE directive. Nautical charts of Estonia are produced by the Estonian Maritime Admistration (EMA, Veeteede Amet, address: Valge 4, 11413 Tallinn; http://www.vta.ee) on scale 1:250,000, 1:100,00, 1:50,000, etc. Digital charts cover all coastal areas. For smaller ships 4 folios have been produced.

16 17 Various other maps are produced by cartographic companies. and populated places (Eesti Vabariigi haldus- ja asustusüksuste AS Regio (address: Riia 24, 51010 Tartu; http://www.regio.ee) has klassifikaator, EHAK). The current list of populated places (2012) published the Estonian Road Atlas 1:150,000 (the latest edition, holds more than 6,600 names, the full updated list is available on 2011, also available as a CD atlas and NAVI Garmin version) the Place Names Board’s website (http://www.eki.ee/knn). with an index of 11,000 place names. AS Eesti Kaardikeskus The Place Names Board has also approved a list of 1,166 official (Estonian Map Centre, address: Mustamäe tee 33, 10616 Tallinn; lake names. These have been published in Eesti järvede nimestik. http://www.ekk.ee) is mainly participating in national mapping Looduslikud ja tehisjärved (2006) by the Estonian Environment programmes by updating data for the topographic database. AS Information Centre. The publication contains descriptions of E.O. Map (address: 42, 11316 Tallinn; http://www.eomap. 2,804 lakes (some names have only been linguistically verified ee) used to publish mainly digital maps and atlases in different but not yet officially approved; there are also small water bodies scales but is not active any more in this field. in the listing that do not have a name). The list of 1,253 island names was approved by the Place Names 3.2 Databases and gazetteers Board in 2008 but currently some names have already become outdated because of the changes in the shoreline according to the All official geographical names are gathered into the National newest aerial photos. Place Names Register (http://xgis.maaamet.ee/knravalik/) which Official names for rivers and streams are usually taken from is maintained by the Estonian Land Board. Currently (May Eesti NSV jõgede, ojade ja kraavide ametlik nimestik, Tallinn 2012) the register contains 35,800 named features with some 1986 (Official Gazetteer of Rivers, Brooks and Ditches of the 39,000 names. Names can be queried online in Estonian or Estonian SSR), containing 1,755 names. This list is currently English. Named features can be viewed using a map interface. under review. Two other onomastic databases should be mentioned: Lists of other names have no official status. KNAB, maintained by the Institute of the Estonian Language (http://www.eki.ee/knab/knab.htm, 44,000 named features with some 111,000 names), and AVKA, maintained by the Võru Institute (23,000 entries). The data in these registers is unofficial but they both can also be viewed using the Estonian Land Board’s geoportal (as part of the address data). The names of populated places were first standardized in 1977 when the number of official names was reduced from 7,400 to about 3,500. In 1997 and 1998 more than 1,100 names were restored to the list and some names were changed. and the Ministry of the Interior produced in 2000 an official listing (with national codes) of administrative units

18 19 4 GLOSSARY OF APPELLATIVES, ida ‘east, eastern’ kuusik(u) ‘spruce wood’ jaam(a) ‘station’ kõnd (kõnnu) ‘wilderness, ADJECTIVES AND OTHER juga (joa) ‘waterfall’ waste land’ jõesuu ‘river mouth’ kõrge, korgõV ‘high’ WORDS NECESSARY FOR THE jõgi (jõe, jõõV) ‘river’ kõrgustik(u) ‘upland’ UNDERSTANDING OF MAPS järv(e) ‘lake’ küla, küläV ‘village, hamlet’ kaasik(u) ‘birch wood’ külanõukogu ‘village soviet, kabel(i) ‘chapel’ rural municipality’ /1945 - kadastik(u) ‘juniper scrub’ 1990, since 1990 cf. vald/ In parentheses the genitive form of the word is given, if different kaev(u) ‘well’ laas (laane, laanõV) ‘primeval kaevandus(e) ‘mine’ from the nominative. If the genitive form differs only in a vowel forest’ kagu ‘south-east(ern)’ being added to the end of the word, only the vowel is shown, laht (lahe) ‘bay, gulf’ kai ‘quay, wharf ’ lai(a), lai (laja)D ‘broad, wide’ otherwise the word is spelled out in full. Some words are given kaitseala ‘reservation’ in the genitive form only, as the nominative form is rarely, if laid (laiu) ‘islet’ kallas (kalda) ‘shore, ’ lamm(i) ‘valley flat’ ever, used in names. Plural nominative forms may be created by kalmistu ‘’ land (lannu)V ‘pool, puddle, adding -d to the singular genitive forms, e.g. järved, saared, etc. kanal(i) ‘canal’ muddy pond’ kare ‘islet’ For words typically used in dialects only, superscript symbols lennujaam(a) ‘airport’ D S kari ‘reef, rocky islet’ have been added: - dialectal (general), - lennuväli (lennuvälja) ‘airfield’ dialects, V - Võru dialect. kari (karja) ‘cattle’ karjamaa ‘pasture’ lepik(u) ‘alder grove’ kerik see kirik liiv(a) ‘sand’ kesk- ‘central, middle’ linn(a) ‘town’ abajas (abaja) ‘cove, inlet’ alt- ‘lower’ kihelkond () linnus(e) ‘castle, stronghold’ aedlinn(a) ‘garden city, garden aru ‘dry meadow’ ‘(ecclesiastical) parish’ lood (loo) ‘rocky islet; ’ suburb’ asula ‘populated place, kirde /Gen./ ‘north-east(ern)’ loode /Gen./ ‘north-west(ern)’ ala- ‘lower’ settlement’ kirik(u), kerik (kerigu)V looduskaitseala ‘nature alev(i) ‘borough’ /second- asundus(e) ‘settlement’ ‘church’ reservation’ degree urban settlement/ ede-S see ees- kivi ‘stone, boulder’ loss(i) ‘castle’ alevik(u) ‘small borough’ /first- edela /Gen./ ‘south-west(ern)’ koppel () ‘enclosure, luht (luha) ‘water meadow’ lõpp (lõpe) ‘cove’ degree rural settlement/ ees-, ede-S ‘front, fore-’ paddock’ korgõV see kõrge lõugas (lõuka) ‘cove, inlet’ allikas (allika) ‘’ heinamaa ‘meadow, hayfield’ D kosk (kose) ‘rapids’ lõuna ‘south, southern’ holm(i) ‘islet, peninsula’ kraav(i) ‘ditch’ läte (lätte) ‘source, spring’ kund (kunnu)V ‘wilderness, lääne /Gen./ ‘west, western’ waste land’ maa ‘land, county’ kurk (kurgu) ‘strait’ maakond (maakonna) ‘county’

20 21 maalinn(a) ‘fenced stronghold’ piir(i) ‘border, boundary’ tuletorn(i) ‘lighthouse’ vastne (vastse)S, vahtnõ ‘road, highway’ pikk (pika), pitk(a)D ‘long’ tuulik(u) ‘’ (vahtsõ)V ‘new’ maastikukaitseala ‘ plats(i) ‘square’ tänav(a) ‘street’ veehoidla ‘water reservoir’ reserve’ poolsaar(e) ‘peninsula’ uus (uue) ‘new’ veski ‘mill’ madal(a) ‘shoal, shallow’ puiestee ‘avenue, boulevard’ vabrik(u) ‘factory’ viik (viigi)D ‘bay, cove’ madalik(u) ‘lowland’ põhja /Gen./ ‘north, northern’ vahe- ‘middle’ majakas () ‘lighthouse’ voor(e) ‘hill, ’ põik (põigu) ‘lane, crossroad’ vahtnõ (vahtsõ)V see vastne väike (väikse, väikese), väikuV, majand(i) ‘, farm’ S meri (mere) ‘sea’ põld (põllu) ‘field’ (vastse) väikoV ‘small, little’ mets(a), mõts(a)V ‘wood, pää see pea vald (valla) ‘(civil) parish, väin(a) ‘strait, sound’ forest’ raba ‘, swamp’ rural municipality’ väli (välja, välläV) ‘field, plain’ must(a) ‘black’ rahu ‘reef ’ valge, valg- ‘white’ väljak(u) ‘square’ muul(i) ‘pier’ rahvuspark (rahvuspargi) vana ‘old’ ülem- ‘upper’ mõis(a) ‘(country) estate, ‘national park’ manor’ rajoon(i) ‘district’ /1950 - 1990, mõts(a)V see mets(a) since 1990 cf. maakond/ mäe- ‘upper’ rand (ranna) ‘shore, coast, mägi (mäe) ‘hill’ ’ männik(u) ‘pine wood’ raudtee ‘railway’ neem(e) ‘cape, foreland’ saar(e), saar(õ)V niit (niidu, niidüV) ‘meadow’ ‘island’ nina ‘cape, foreland’ saarestik(u) ‘archipelago’ nukk (nuki) ‘cape, promontory’ sadam(a) ‘harbour; ’ nurm(e), nurm(õ)V ‘field, saun(a) ‘small farm, ; pasture’ bath-house’ nõmm(e) ‘heath’ soo, suuV ‘swamp, marsh, ’ oja ‘brook, stream’ sild (silla) ‘bridge’ org (oru) ‘valley’ suu ‘mouth’ ots(a) ‘end, cape’ suuV see soo V palu, palo ‘low meadow or suur(e), suur(õ)V ‘great, large’ forest’ säär(e) ‘narrow foreland’ pank (panga) ‘steep taga- ‘hind’ coast, rocky cape’ talu, taloV park (pargi) ‘park’ ‘house, farm’ pea, pääS ‘head, point, end’ tammik(u) ‘ grove’ peakraav(i) ‘main ditch, canal’ tee ‘street, way’ pealt- ‘upper’ tehas(e) ‘works, factory’ peatus(e) ‘stop’ tiik () ‘pond’ pere ‘family, household’ tulepaak (tulepaagi) ‘beacon’

22 23 5 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN mnt maantee road, highway MAPS ms mõis (country) estate mtsn metsnik forester, head gamekeeper mv, mtsv metsavaht gamekeeper A asfalt, betoon asphalt or concrete pavement n neem cape, foreland a-k alevik small borough, rural settlement nav navigatsioonimärk navigation aid all allikas spring, source o oja brook, river as asundus settlement (old term) p põld field bass bassein pool pkr peakraav main ditch, canal gar garaaž garage prv piirivalve borderguard hgl haigla hospital prügi prügimägi dumping ground hot hotell hotel ps poolsaar peninsula j jõgi river pst puiestee avenue, boulevard jhv jahuveski mill põlevk põlevkivikarjäär quarry jm jaam station rhvm rahvamaja, klubi culture house, club jsk jaoskond department, ward s saar island jv järv lake sd sadam port K kruuskate gravel pavement SEJ soojuselektrijaam thermal power plant kan kanal canal sjsk sidejaoskond klm kalmistu cemetery std staadion stadium kpl kauplus shop t talu farm, house kr kraav ditch th tehas plant krk kirik church tk tiik pond krd kordon cordon tlt tuletorn lighthouse l laht bay, gulf tn tänav street LK, lka looduskaitseala nature reservation vh veehoidla water reservoir M munakivisillutis cobblestone pavement väljak square m mägi hill vlm vallamaja parish (municipality) house mk metskond forest district vtn veetorn water tower

24 25 ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION Counties

OF ESTONIA County centres are in brackets. (June 2012) 1 Harjumaa (Tallinn) 2 Hiiumaa (Kärdla) Estonia is divided into 15 counties (Estonian singular: maakond, 3 Ida- (Jõhvi) plural: maakonnad). Counties are divided into municipalities 4 Jõgevamaa (Jõgeva) which are of two kinds: rural municipalities (otherwise 5 Järvamaa () called communes, or parishes, vald, plural: vallad) and urban 6 Läänemaa () municipalities (or towns, linn, plural: linnad). Populated places 7 Lääne-Virumaa () are termed as towns (linn), boroughs (alev, plural: alevid), small 8 Põlvamaa (Põlva) boroughs (alevik, plural: alevikud) and villages (küla, plural: 9 Pärnumaa (Pärnu) külad) but these have no administrative functions. Note that since 10 Raplamaa () at least 1998 the towns may be either self-governing municipalities 11 Saaremaa () or they may be incorporated into rural municipalities (vallasisene 12 Tartumaa (Tartu) linn, town within a municipality). Some boroughs also have 13 Valgamaa (Valga) municipal status but in that capacity they are officially named 14 Viljandimaa () rural municipalities (vald, only exception is Vändra where 15 Võrumaa (Võru) there are two separate municipalities: Vändra vald and Vändra Note: The names of counties have double variants in Estonian. The vald (alev), the second is the borough). Some towns are divided compound names ending in -maa have wider usage and these are into districts (linnaosa, plural: linnaosad) with limited self- used in most contexts. In official practice, however, the use of two- government: Tallinn consists of 8 districts (, Kesklinn, word names prevails where the ending -maa is replaced with maakond , Lasnamäe, Mustamäe, Nõmme, , Põhja-Tallinn), and written as separate word: Harju maakond, Hiiu maakond, Jõgeva Kohtla-Järve of 6 districts (Ahtme, Kohtla-Järve, , Oru, maakond, Saare maakond, etc. Sompa, Viivikonna). For a chronology of administrative and territorial changes see a link http://www.eki.ee/knn/asmuu2.htm on the website of the Place Names Board.

26 27 Municipalities (urban /linn/ and rural /vald/) Kose vald 1 vald 11 Numbers refer to counties above. vald 6 vald 11 Kunda linn 7 linn 4 Abja vald 14 Jõgeva vald 4 Kuressaare linn 11 Mõisaküla linn 14 vald 1 Jõhvi vald 3 vald 1 Mõniste vald 15 vald 8 Järva-Jaani vald 5 Kõlleste vald 8 Mäetaguse vald 3 Alajõe vald 3 Järvakandi vald 10 Kõo vald 14 Mäksa vald 12 vald 12 vald 11 Kõpu vald 14 Märjamaa vald 10 Albu vald 5 vald 7 Kõrgessaare vald 2 Narva linn 3 vald 5 vald 10 Kõue vald 1 Narva-Jõesuu linn 3 vald 1 linn 12 Käina vald 2 Nissi vald 1 vald 15 vald 12 Kärdla linn 2 Noarootsi vald 6 Are vald 9 vald 8 Kärla vald 11 Nõo vald 12 vald 3 vald 5 Käru vald 10 Nõva vald 6 vald 9 Karksi vald 14 vald 7 Orava vald 8 vald 3 Karula vald 13 vald 12 vald 11 Elva linn 12 Kasepää vald 4 Laheda vald 8 Oru vald 6 vald 2 vald 10 vald 11 Otepää vald 13 vald 15 linn 1 Lasva vald 15 vald 1 Haapsalu linn 6 vald 9 Paide linn 5 Keila vald 1 vald 12 vald 11 Paide vald 5 vald 1 vald 9 vald 6 vald 9 Kihelkonna vald 11 vald 7 vald 3 vald 14 Kihnu vald 9 vald 14 linn 1 vald 4 vald 6 vald 1 vald 12 Pala vald 4 vald 1 Kiviõli linn 3 Lüganuse vald 3 vald 4 Helme vald 13 vald 5 Lümanda vald 11 Paldiski linn 1 vald 13 vald 10 linn 1 vald 13 Häädemeeste vald 9 Kohtla vald 3 Maidla vald 3 Peipsiääre vald 12 vald 3 Kohtla-Järve linn 3 vald 6 vald 11 vald 3 Kohtla-Nõmme vald 3 vald 12 Piirissaare vald 12 Imavere vald 5 Koigi vald 5 Meremäe vald 15 vald 12 vald 10 -Jaani vald 14 Mikitamäe vald 8 Puka vald 13 Jõelähtme vald 1 vald 12 vald 15 vald 4 Jõgeva linn 4 vald 9 vald 8 Põdrala vald 13 28 29 Põltsamaa linn 4 Sindi linn 9 vald 1 Võhma linn 14 Põltsamaa vald 4 Sonda vald 3 Vastse-Kuuste vald 8 Võnnu vald 12 Põlva linn 8 Surju vald 9 vald 15 Võru linn 15 Põlva vald 8 Suure-Jaani vald 14 vald 8 Võru vald 15 Pärnu linn 9 Sõmerpalu vald 15 Vigala vald 10 Väike-Maarja vald 7 Pärsti vald 14 Sõmeru vald 7 vald 7 Vändra vald 9 Pöide vald 11 vald 4 vald 1 Vändra vald (alev) 9 Pühalepa vald 2 vald 6 vald 14 Värska vald 8 Püssi linn 3 vald 13 Viljandi linn 14 Väätsa vald 5 vald 1 vald 9 Vinni vald 7 Õru vald 13 Rae vald 1 Tallinn 1 Viru-Nigula vald 7 Ülenurme vald 12 Raikküla vald 10 vald 7 Vormsi vald 6 vald 7 Tapa vald 7 Rakvere linn 7 Tartu linn 12 Rakvere vald 7 Tartu vald 12 vald 12 vald 14 Rapla vald 10 vald 3 vald 6 vald 9 Risti vald 6 Torgu vald 11 -Alliku vald 5 Tori vald 9 Ruhnu vald 11 Torma vald 4 Rõngu vald 12 vald 3 Rõuge vald 15 Tõlliste vald 13 Rägavere vald 7 Tõrva linn 13 Räpina vald 8 Tõstamaa vald 9 Saarde vald 9 Tähtvere vald 12 Saare vald 4 Türi vald 5 vald 14 vald 15 Saku vald 1 Vaivara vald 3 vald 11 Valga linn 13 vald 13 Valgjärve vald 8 linn 1 vald 11 Saue vald 1 Vara vald 12 vald 9 vald 9 Sillamäe linn 3 vald 15

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Place Names Board of Estonia Ministry of the Interior of Estonia Pikk 61 15065 Tallinn ESTONIA

[email protected] + 372 612 5147

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