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MS Dissertation Flinterman Final Final UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The cult of Qalāwūn Waqf, commemoration, and dynasty in early Mamluk Cairo, ca. 1280-1340 Flinterman, W.A. Publication date 2017 Document Version Final published version License Other Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Flinterman, W. A. (2017). The cult of Qalāwūn: Waqf, commemoration, and dynasty in early Mamluk Cairo, ca. 1280-1340. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:04 Oct 2021 The Cult of Qalāwūn Waqf, Commemoration, and Dynasty in early Mamluk Cairo, ca. 1280-1340 Willem A. Flinterman THE CULT OF QALĀWŪN. WAQF, COMMEMORATION, AND DYNASTY IN EARLY MAMLUK CAIRO, CA. 1280-1340 ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. ir. K.I.J. Maex ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit op vrijdag 7 juli 2017, te 11:00 uur door Willem Adriaan Flinterman geboren te ’s-Gravenhage Promotiecommissie: Promotores: Prof. dr. M.L.M. van Berkel Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen Prof. dr. G. Geltner Universiteit van Amsterdam Copromotor: Prof. dr. J. Van Steenbergen Universiteit Gent Overige leden: Prof. dr. A.F.W. Bosman Universiteit van Amsterdam Dr. N. Scholz Universiteit van Amsterdam Dr. R.L.A. van Leeuwen Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. dr. P.M. Sijpesteijn Universiteit Leiden Prof. dr. J.F.J. Duindam Universiteit Leiden Prof. dr. K. Hirschler Freie Universität Berlin Faculteit: Geesteswetenschappen This PhD research has been funded by NWO, as part of the NWO-Horizon programme: Eurasian Empires. Integration Processes and Identity Formations. 4 Key to Arabic transcription أ\ا ḍ ض ’/ā ṭ ط b ب ẓ ظ t ت ‘ ع th ث gh غ j ج f ف ḥ ح q ق kh خ k ك d د l ل dh ذ m م r ر n ن z ز h ه s س ū/w و sh ش 5 Table of contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................ 9 List of figures ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 9 PART I ..................................................................................................................................... 23 1 | Sources ........................................................................................................................................ 25 1.1. Literary sources ..................................................................................................................... 25 1.2. Waqf documents ..................................................................................................................... 30 1.3 Material testimonies ............................................................................................................... 33 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 34 2 | Historical context ........................................................................................................................ 37 2.1 The sultanate .......................................................................................................................... 37 2.2 The bayt of Qalāwūn ............................................................................................................... 44 2.3 The Qalāwūnids from bayt to dawla ........................................................................................ 51 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 58 3 | Waqf and memoria ........................................................................................................................ 61 3.1. What is waqf? ......................................................................................................................... 61 3.2. Waqf in Egypt ......................................................................................................................... 65 3.3. Waqf, patronage, and patrimony ........................................................................................... 66 3.4. Waqf and commemoration ..................................................................................................... 69 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 83 PART II ................................................................................................................................... 85 4 | Qalāwūn’s funerary foundation .................................................................................................. 87 4.1. Initiative ................................................................................................................................ 88 4.2. Building Qalāwūn’s foundation ............................................................................................. 92 4.3. The people of the waqf ......................................................................................................... 100 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 109 5 | Qalāwūn’s waqf as commemorative structure ........................................................................... 111 5.1. Preliminary considerations ................................................................................................. 111 5.2. The minaret ......................................................................................................................... 115 5.3. The dome ............................................................................................................................. 121 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 128 6 | Epigraphy: an effigy in titles ..................................................................................................... 131 6.1. Commemorative slabs and window inscriptions ................................................................ 132 6.2. The ṭirāz inscriptions ........................................................................................................... 137 6.3. Discussion of a number of individual titles ......................................................................... 139 6 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 146 PART III ................................................................................................................................ 149 7 | Qalāwūn’s foundation and memoria after his death until the second reign of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad. ................................................................................................................................... 151 7.1. Commemorative events ....................................................................................................... 152 7.2. The waqf of al-Ashraf Khalīl ................................................................................................. 162 7.3. Interlude: Kitbughā and the ‘Ādilyya, Lājīn and the mosque of Ibn Ṭūlūn ......................... 173 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 180 8 | al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and ‘the cult of Qalāwūn’ ........................................................................ 183 8.1. The restoration of the Manṣūrī Minaret ............................................................................. 184 8.2. Qalāwūnid space, Qalāwūnid style ...................................................................................... 189 8.3. The investiture of the amirs ................................................................................................ 198 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 208 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 211 Addenda ........................................................................................................................................
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