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Royal United Services Institution. Journal the Rumanian This article was downloaded by: [McGill University Library] On: 18 March 2015, At: 19:51 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Royal United Services Institution. Journal Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rusi19 The Rumanian Campaign, 1916–17 Major T. E. Compton Published online: 11 Sep 2009. To cite this article: Major T. E. Compton (1918) The Rumanian Campaign, 1916–17, Royal United Services Institution. Journal, 63:451, 418-437, DOI: 10.1080/03071841809421873 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071841809421873 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub- licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions Downloaded by [McGill University Library] at 19:51 18 March 2015 THE RUMANIAN CAMPAIGN, 1916-17. TO tlie Entente peoples of tlie \Vest of Europe, and indeed to all licr well-uGliers, the result of tlie intervention of Runiania in tlic vast conflict between Right and Alight was profoundly disappointing. Downloaded by [McGill University Library] at 19:51 18 March 2015 h'.'cu. The (hick blurh fi/w-niurk.sbie limit of thc artwiicz of (At- Roumanimt I&Zl Armic-s nmtiwirds in iTwfsjfIwtiu. IIer entry into tlic war was one of the great events of the year ~glG, and following on the successes of tlie Sonirne, Verdun, Goritzn, and in Galicia, seemed to even well-informed opinion to be tlie heginning of the final stage of the struggle leading to victory. IIIEI:UN.\SI.\S c.\>II’.\IGS, I~IG-I7 419 In all the capitals there was but one opinion, visibly espressed 1)y rejoicing in Idondon, Roilit‘, Paris, and by corresponding depres- sio~iin \’ienna, Hudapvst, and 13erlin. I\/lasimilian IJarden wrote in the Zukziujt (since suppressed): “ It is no use pretending not to see tlie gravity of the situation for Germans, Austrians, 1 Tunprians, 13uIgarians, and Turlts. It is the fight for our existence that is being played, and the play may end in tragedy. If the enemy can have his way, Bulgaria will be crushed, Hungary dismenibered, Greece gained over, Turkey isolated, and Germany hunted down like a dangerous wild beast.” It is even now somewhat of an enigma why the Rumanian offensive i~asso feeble and tlie defence of the greater part of her territory and capital so futile, not~ithstanding tlie undoubted gdlantry of the Rumanian troops. TVhat were the Rhssians about to allow their allies to be crushed in this fashion? ?’hey would seem to have been quite satisfied n-ith the estension of their front to the Dlacii Sea, by tlie line of the Sereth to the nioutli of the Danube. In the following pages it will be described how the unfortunate Rumanians were twice betrayed : once by Imperial Russia, at the opening of the campaign, for mliich a reason is suggested, and again by Revolutionary I< ussia, when the Rumanian Army, reorganized and well-equipped and commanded, was in the full tide of victory, with every hope of recovering at least a large tract of the conquered territory. For tlie details of the campaign I am indebted to a series of articles in LE Corrcspoizdnnt, by M. Charles Stihon, entitled I’ Lc A1lysli.rc Rozmaiit.” The Ilunianians claim to be tlie descendants of the Romans; that is to say, of the Latin emigrants and Roman citizens who colonized ancient Dacia, after the Emperor Trajan’s conquest of that country- now Iinoivn as TVallachia and AIoldavia (Rumania), Transylvania and Bessarabia-in the year ro; of our era. The Dacians, of whom Horace (sonic 135 years earlier) wrote: “ TE Daczts asPcr,”1 and who for two centuries had been a constant source of trouble and anxiety to Rome, were finally driven across the Danube by ;\Iarcns ,Crassus in two campaigns (ayaS R.c.), and the whole of their territory south of that river conquered and annesed to the Empire. This action was consequent on the attitude of the Dacians during the war with Antony, when a Dacian invasion of Italy was a continual dread, and Downloaded by [McGill University Library] at 19:51 18 March 2015 only internal dissensions appear to have prevented it. After 1Marcu.s Crassus’ victory over the Dacians, under their King Cotiso, the Danube I~ecaniethe Roman frontier and a Roman river practically along its whole course.2 ‘‘ Noit pi profiiiidtm Ilnrizibiiint bibtiiil Edicln rziiiipent Idin . .w3 Hut this did not stop the Dacians from making frequent incur- sions into Roman territory on the right hank, which is now Rulgaria, and at last Trajan, \vho in military skill and in imagination was the 1 Odcs J., SXXV. 2Celebrnted-by IIorncc in Odes III., viii. 3 Odes IV., SV. 420 THE RUMANIAN CAJIP.\IGN, 1916-17 most worthy successor of Julius and Augustus that lhad as yet occupied the throne of the Czsars, determined to make an end, once and for all, of Dacian aggression. He conquered and occupied the country, and proceeded to deal with it much as Cromwell did, after him, with the North of Ireland. From Italy, Greece, Illyria, Spain, and probably Gaul, and from other parts of the Empire, colonists were brought to occupy and exploit this new fertile territory. -4s for the Dacians, most of them who were not slaughtered or carried away into slavery, retreated northwards, and if nothing had happened to interfere with the peaceful development of this prosperous colony until the inrush of the Magyars in the year p, there would be no doubt whatever that the modern Rumanian was a descendant of the Roman. But this Roman colony only lasted 167 years. In the reign of the Emperor Aurelian, owing to attacks from the north in the year 274, it was decided to make the Danube again the frontier. The Roman troops and civil functionaries crossed to the right bank, and the country was left without any official administration or protection. hlagyar and German historians argue from this event that there was no Rumanian population in the lands that were once ancient Dacia, when in Sgj or cpo the Hungarians made their appearance from the steppes of Asia. They cite in their favour the Latin historians, Eutropius and Flavius Vopiscus, that Dacia-Trajana was completely abandoned by all the Daco-Roman population, and was desert at the time of the hlagyar invasion in Sgj. ?’lie Magyar argument is that the large Rumanian population now to be found in these lands is due to an emigration from the right bank of the Danube in the Middle Ages. This assertion, if it were true, would not malie the Rumanians less the descendants of Roman cifizens, but it ~vouldseriously affect their claim to be the original owners of Transylvania and Bukovina, where onerous language laws prevent the Rumanian majority from esercising anything like its full share in local administration, AIagFir being the official language in Rumanian-speaking provinces. The authors of two books on Rumania, recently published in Paris, are full of this grievance and its incidence, and h1. Comnene,l in his discussion on the Rumanian origin, is conclusive in his refuta- tion of the hlagyar-German argument. There is no trace of any evidence for an emigration from south of the Danube in the hliddle Ages, whereas for a large residue of the poorer people having remained Downloaded by [McGill University Library] at 19:51 18 March 2015 in Dacia-Trajana after it mas abandoned by the official and (possibly) richer classes in A.D. 274, he quotes, among many other authorities, the monk, Nestor, of the 11th century, and the anonymous chronicler of King Bella IV., of Hungary, who, in his history of the establish- ment of the Magyars in Transylvania, relates, with many details, the struggles of the Hungarians with the Rumanian dukes of that country. hloreover, rivers, mountains, and towns in the lands that were once Dacia-Trajana have preserved their Roman names. How is it possible to explain this marvellous coincidence, if, according to the Magyar theory, ancient Dacia remained completely deserted by the Daco- f ‘‘ Notes stir In Guerre Rownaine.” THE RUMANIAN CAMPAIGN, lg16-1; 4” 1 Roman population for Goo years before tlie Magyars appeared on the scene? JVe may therefore fairly accept the Rumanian ciain: that their people are the originat owners of the soil of ancient Dacia-Trajann, a considerable part of wliich is stiil under the domination of the: Magyar. EthnoIogy accounts, in great measure, both for the intervention’ of Rumania 011 the side of the Entente and for her invasion of Tran- sylvania in this war.
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